An Anarchists Parliament

An Anarchists Parliament Stengade 52 2200 kobenhavn n

C

0.00 Introduction 0.01 Brief 0.02 Background 0.03 Site 0.04 Drawings

Existing Site Proposed Site Ground Floor Roof Plan Section AA Section BB Section CC Elevation DD

1.00 Procuring Brief Strategy 1.01 Method 1.02 Contract 1.03 Consultants 1.04 Information 1.05 Suppliers 1.06 Funding 1.07 Risk 1.08 Local Plan 1.09 Permitted Development

2.00 Building Brief Strategy 2.01 Construction 2.02 Accessibility 2.03 Maintenance 2.04 Escape 2.05 Fire 2.06 Safety 2.07 Systems

3.00 Tempering Brief Strategy 3.01 Power 3.02 Water 3.03 Drainage 3.04 Sustainability

4.00 Clothing Brief Strategy 4.01 Specification 4.02 Acoustics 4.03 Precipitation 4.04 Insulation 4.05 Condensation 4.06 Sunlight 4.07 Ventilation 4.08 Snow 4.09 Health

5.00 Conclusion

6.00 References 6.01 Images 6.02 Books 6.03 Quotes 6.04 Websites 6.05 Lectures 6.06 Interviews

7.00 Appendix 7.01 Lokalplan 215 7.02 Local Plan 215 7.03 Danish Building Regulations

"Above, they consume culture.

Here we make it."

Gustave Affeulpin

0.00 Introduction 0.01 Brief 0.02 Background 0.03 Site 0.04 Drawings Existing Site Proposed Site Ground Floor Roof Plan Section AA Section BB Section CC Elevation DD

0

A. An anarchist preparing to release the balloons

This anarchists parliament is situated in Copenhagen - a city with a past, present and future of autonomous living. The project proposes a parliament for a group of anarchists, providing one of the two process that anarchists can only do in a specific place – print making.

Printing has directly informed the architecture through its use as a mode of representation and production. Both the mark making and repetitive sensibilities have been used to generate an architecture of pattern.

0.01 Brief

B. A black block protest against the governments prosecution of the Ungdomshuset in 2007

The building must: - Provide facilities for a number of ministries. Each ministry is a bespoke printing press, as follows: The ministry for the environment - a lino and woodcut press The ministry for culture - an etching and lithography press The ministry for public information - two screenprinting beds The ministry of foreign affairs - a letterpress - Provide space for the mixing and storage of natural oil and water based inks. It must also provide space for the manufacture of handmade papers. These functions will require a greenhouse for various specific plants, herbs and vegtables.

- Allow access to the whole of the community, so as to provide functions and activities for the locality.

C. The group of anarchists whose protests have enabled them to build the parliament

The project must: - Not involve itself with the government - Embody the activism of protest - Allow spaces to be adjusted to their users needs - Relate itself to the production of prints

0.02 Background The project began as an investigation of the particularity and specificity of the present as an argument against the notion of a future. This was then interpreted into the exemplar project of protest in Copenhagen.

Via an inhabitation as protest of the oil storage depot at Provestenen Vadbulk to the East of Copenhagen, the project has moved forward to its present state and site.

The inhabitation as protest of an oil cylinder in Provestenen Vadbulk

D. A spherical panorama from 2009 of Folkets Park, Folkets Hus at rear

0.03 Site Folkets Hus and Folkets Park (“people’s house” and “people’s park”) have a history of being involved with the many self governance movements in Copenhagen over the last century.

The Folkets Hus was originally built in 1897 during the rise of the labour movement in Denmark (Bjorn and Leksikon, 2008). It was built to allow the un-harassed meeting of members of this burgeoning socialist movement – and a number of similar buildings can be found around Copenhagen and Scandinavia in general.

E. A plan of Norrebro from 1888, Folkets Hus not shown and buildings covering Folkets Park

As the labour movement became larger, more recognised and eventually gained power, the building turned into a community centre and finally fell out of use. Meanwhile the houses that surrounded the Folkets Hus were demolished over a number of years, clearing the way for an intended development that has never arrived (Dyck-Madsen, 2004).

The site’s current incarnation began on the 1st of May 1971. People from the surrounding area decided to make use of the undeveloped piece of land between Prinsjorgensgade, Stengade and Griffenfeldsgade as a “People’s park”.

This gained momentum since it wasn’t opposed by the government, and so, as the nights got longer and the days colder the local residents commandeered the derelict Folkets Hus on the 12th of September that year (Folketshus.dk, 2004).

Since then it has operated as a base for autonomous governance and provides a place for the local community to meet. It has survived the numerous riots – Builder in 1980, Ryesgade in 1986, FSB in 1996 and most recently the protests surrounding the demolition of the Ungdomshuset. Since these last riots in 2007, it has become more widely used by the groups that previously used Ungdomshuset (Katsell, 2009).

F. Police in Folkets Park during Builder, Folkets Hus far right, houses demolished by FSB to left

G. Occupying bulldozers sent to demolish Folkets Hus during FSB, Griffenfeldsgade shops behind

H. Aerial view of Folkets Park, looking South. Stengade to left, Griffenfeldsgade to right and Prinzjorgensgade obscured by buildings in foreround

I. View from Stengade, Folkets Hus in background

J. View of Folkets Park from Prinzjorgensgade

View of Folkets Hus

"Don't you understand that to demobilise us from your politics is exactly our way of making politics? " Gustave Affeulpin

1.00 Procuring Brief Strategy 1.01 Method 1.02 Contract 1.03 Consultants 1.04 Information 1.05 Suppliers 1.06 Funding 1.07 Risk 1.08 Local Plan 1.09 Permitted Development

1

K. Lokalplan for Folkets Park , showing the requirements discussed in 1.08

This section is the major of my report.

Brief Anarchy involves removing the state system in existence today. This also requires a rejection of the associated hierarchies of power. Thus this building must propose a way of circumventing and subverting the municipality and the construction industry.

Norrebro

x

The building must be produced with anarchic values – individualism, anti-statism and non-coercion. Since this building will use loopholes in the planning regulations and has specific funding, it must be constructed quickly, before the state can try to oppose it.

L. Map of the municipalities in Copenhagen

Strategy This protest against the state cannot ignore the statutes laid down, since this would result in a building that could not be built or, at most, would be built as a protest and then hastily knocked down. The project must understand and fit within the planning system and contractual laws, but subvert them and propose new ways of working.

Since they are similar in nature to British laws (Edwards, 1988) (Bonke & Levering, 1996) I will use my understanding of British practice to analyse them and then highlight similarities and differences. This will allow me to use a critical framework of British law on translations of Danish law. As Winch noted in 2000, this is a fertile method of examination.

Site

x

M. Map of the lokalplaner in Norrebro

N. Full contractual and communication diagram of the team in this project’s procurement

1.01 Method The anarchists want to use an unbureaucratic, non-hierarchical and competitive way of procuring the building.

The management form of procurement could be appropriated to facilitate this. This form of procurement, in brief, is: “Where the construction manager undertakes to manage the carrying out of the work through trade contractors, and where the trade contracts are directly with the client.” (p. 2, Elkington, 2004) O. The communication relations in a traditional method of procurement

In the Danish construction industry, the Fagenentreprise works in exactly the same way as management procurement and any further references to Fagenentreprise may be read as “management procurement”. Also, since it was the traditional style of procurement in Denmark until 1960 (Bonke & Levering, 1996), it means that the procurement system in Denmark is geared towards it.

P. The communication relations in a management method of procurement

The most important part of the Fagenentreprise method, for this project, is that it allows each work package to be contracted separately. Rather than having one main contractor, who then hierarchically appoints ‘sub-contractors’. The clue to their position in the project is given in their imposed title. This allows for more equal conversations between the trades and the client (Bonke & Levering, 1996), however I will discuss how this can be improved on in the next section.

Q. The communication relations in a Fagenentreprise method of procurement

R. The job stage organisation for this project

Since the works packages are individually tendered, their contents can be designed when needed in terms of the construction schedule, instead of in terms of the work stages. Thus while core elements will be tendered for at much the same time as in a traditional procurement method, fit out will be tendered much later - when the project is on site – and preliminaries can be carried out much earlier. This saves time, and provides the opportunity for the project to be designed as it is built.

“Its coordinated approach and potential for flexibility results in greater operational speed and efficiency.”

(Clamp,Cox & Lupton, 2007, p.37).

It can make site organisation more efficient, however there must be excellent communication between all contractors involved (Bonke & Levering, 1996). This high level of communication is inherent to anarchy, so it is natural that the anarchists will be exceptionally experienced at informing large volumes of people about changes and arbitrating decision making procedures. This is assisted by appointing a construction manager or Bygherreradgiver whose role I will discuss in 1.03.

S. Illustrating how parallel works packages run concurrently

T. The general Fasemodellen or “phase model” in Danish construction, comparable to RIBA job stages

1.02 Contract The Fagenentreprise method will achieve somewhat anarchic results, but the contractual system can build on this nature. Within management procurement the contract system that maintains equality is construction management. Construction management contracts are generally:

U. The contractual relations in a traditional method of contracting

“Appropriate for use with large scale projects where an early start and the earliest possible completion are required but where the client is closely involved in the running of the project and retains executive responsibility which he must have the ability and commitment to carry out. In such situations it is not always possible to prepare full design information before work commences, and much of the detail design may be of a sophisticated or innovative nature requiring proprietary systems or components designed by specialists.� (p.5, Elkington, 2004)

V. The contractual relations in a construction management method of contracting

This is administered via one form of contract for the construction manager or Bygherreradgiver (in the UK the JCT C/CM) and one for each of the contractors (the corresponding JCT TC/C). The contractual relations between the parties in construction management and Fagenentreprise are the same.

W. The contractual relations in a Fagenentreprise method of contracting

X. The JCT non-binding partnering contract

The JCT forms are standard contracts, but there are optional parts to them (Clamp, Cox & Lupton, 2007). Significant changes to a standard form of contract would make any dispute hard to mediate, since there are then no precedents for that specific contract.

However, contracts in Denmark are not standardised, meaning that the translation of the requirements here would lose the predictability they enjoyed in English law anyway. Danish contracts are drawn up in line with two legal conditions – AB 92 for client, contractors and suppliers or ABR 89 for consultants including architects (Bonke & Levering, 1996). This gives me the opportunity to include extra requirements in a custom contract for this project. A legal advisor would help to draw up the contract with input from the architect and the anarchists.

None of the standard JCT construction manager’s contract needs tailoring, but two adjustments are suggested for the contractor.

Under condition 1.9 the contractor would be required to provide design for the works, which I will discuss in section 4.01. Condition 4 would have to stipulate that works will be paid for, and should be tendered according to, a lump sum. This is due to a rejection of the labour theory of value by the anarchists. In addition, a partnering contract would be required for all contractors and consultants.

“We are confident that partnering can bring significant benefits by improving quality and timelines of completion whilst reducing costs.” (Latham, 1994) There are full partnering contracts, however these do not promote equality between the constituent contractors and the client, since they work backwards from the point of a hierarchical traditional contract. Also, they have no palpable benefits to the design or production of the building and finally they promote a socialist, rather than anarchic way of co-operating. Therefore a non-binding FA/N or PC/N contract would be used as a model for the specially drafted Danish equivalent. This is an agreement to “create a collaborative working environment” (JCT, 2005, p.i) and would involve sharing of information and encourage much better communication.

The driving factors in this project

Of course the anarchists cannot impose a form of working on others, so the partnering contracts are non-binding. However they can propose that all the companies that wish to work on this project work together, via the incisive use of the contract. This will mean that tendering becomes an important voluntary choice by the contractors and consultants, inherent to the nature of anarchic contracts.

A specially drafted section of the contract will state that every time a consultant or contractor is appointed they become part of a group called Bygherre. Bygherre will act as the client, with each member of it being a regularly rotated employee from each of the contracted parties. This means that each company, as they agree to become contracted to the client, also becomes part of the client. Thus when the next contractor or consultant is appointed they will be in contractual obligation to all those who have put some of their own work into the project so far. This ensures that it is not a communal architecture, but an anarchic one, relating to Rothbard’s reading of Locke (Stringham, 2007).

The Bygherre works anarchically, so a unanimous decision must be reached on anything a client would normally have to decide on within this group. This decision would be relayed to the design team, using the normally privileged position of the client to ensure that the anarchic decisions are respected. This type of syndicalism is found in the Zapatista movement in Mexico.

It also means that all design questions are posed to the entire group working on the project, giving different results to those that would have occurred had just the anarchists been the client. I will explain the effect of this in 4.01.

Within the anarchists one member will be chosen to act as a chair for Bygherre due to their experience in meetings. However this position will be passed on regularly, so that a non-hierarchical relationship within the anarchists is maintained. Since the transferral of information between the parties is critical in both the management procurement method and in anarchy this forum is a tool to aid better working relationships.

The communication relations in a Bygherre method of procurement

The contractual relations in a Bygherre method of contracting

1.03 Consultants It is the responsibility of the main architect to issue any amendments and act as lead designer. A local architectural practice would be appointed to produce drawings and oversee the project on site. Ideally this practice would be chosen for its experience in Fagenentreprise, site experience of similar projects and experience of working with a UK firm.

The planning consultant would play a key part, and a well informed and sympathetic person would be required. Ask Katsell, an activist and lecturer in town planning, whom I met in Copenhagen, would be contracted to the project. He organises an urbanism festival called Undoing the City and is disgruntled with the planning and intrinsically linked - political system in Copenhagen. Therefore he has proposed a “Communal Copenhagen� and would relish the opportunity to get back at the municipality with this built project. His advice would be crucial from stage A to C when designs are being proposed.

The Bygherreradgiver or construction manager’s will be contracted from an early stage to advise on the contracts and mediate between the contractors and the design team.

They will produce regular site reports and engage all of the contractors via contracts with the client. He will make reports on time lost and weather conditions on site (Bonke and Levering, 1996). For building regulation inspections there would need to be a Byggeinspektor or works inspector. A government supplied inspector would not be used, so a freelance inspector would be contracted. An understanding inspector would be contracted early on to aid with approved details and could have the details of 2.05 explained to him.

A surveyor would be contracted to produce drawings of the site and take soil samples for contamination and bearing capacity of the ground. In addition a quantity surveyor with experience of Fagenentreprise, an M&E engineer with a specialism in passive design and a structural engineer to provide structural dimensions would be contracted to the project. Any consultant or contractor would be allowed to set up a site office in the Folkets Hus, so as to oversee the construction of the building as directly as possible.

A poster calling for “52 NOW”

1.04 Information Due to the nature of the construction management form of procurement, only outline design has to be done before tendering. Since with many packages “detailed design work can be left to proceed in parallel with the site operations� (Clamp, Cox & Lupton, 2007, p.38). This also means that the client can makes changes to a reasonable degree during on site work.

Y. Construction management maintains the possibility for choice in the project

Therefore production of tender information will be constant. This will be achieved by using the printing processes of the anarchists to produce many copies of each of the documents detailed. These will then be pasted up around the city as open invitations to tender, rather than using the construction industries established modes of dissemination. There will then be a reasonably short tender period of four weeks before tender evaluation (Hayward, 2009) with site visits freely allowed.

Distrubuting the invitations to tender around the city

1.05 Suppliers Since some of the building will be made from specific materials as discussed in 4.01, the contracting of experienced installers will be necessary. Through Fagenentreprise these installers will be asked to suggest approved details for the jointing between their trade and the next. Thus efficient communication with suppliers and correct choice of contractors is tantamount to the production of this building.

The tender documentation needed Bill of quantities Letter from architects Drawings Drawing register Local specification

The campaign for an anarchists parliament

1.06 Funding The construction will be funded by the municipality of Copenhagen. This can be seen as the anarchists exploiting the state, or as a complete contradiction of their ideals.

The same dual reading can be applied to real world examples, for example in 2008 the Ungdomshuset got the Municipality to pay for a new centre. There are plans for part of Christiania to be sold to the municipality in return for their continued autonomy (Katsell, 2009). The protest by the anarchists on Provestenen Vadbulk would be used as leverage. But this provision means that the building should be constructed as quickly as possible in order to maintain the funding, before the political machine decides against it.

Z. Illustrating that design is cheap, compared to construction

The design of a building is relatively cheap, therefore if any changes are to be made, they can be made cheaply if the work to be re-designed has not been signed off. This is the case with construction management, where design, and therefore change, happens further into the construction. Since late decisions are intrinsic to the nature of the Bygherre this is ideal.

1.07 Risk Risk lies almost exclusively with the client in construction management, because the contractual obligations are made directly with the client and not “cushioned” by the main contractor. The trade off for this risk is that the building can be built in a flexible manner.

AA. A breakdown of the costs involved in building, again notice high percent for construction

However, via partnering methods and the anarchic structure, an ethos of “getting it right first time” is engendered. Also, since the client is Bygherre, the risk becomes spread between all of the parties as they are contracted to the project. Reporting any delays or problems as soon as they happen will ensure that any problems can be dealt with as soon as possible. This will be up to the Bygherreradgiver and there will naturally be several days where people decide not to work due to the anarchist ethos.

A 5% retention percentage on completion of the building is advised (Clamp, Cox & Lupton, 2007) (Hayward, 2009). Insurance and Limited Liability are admissible, since they are personal protection (Stringham, 2007).

BB. How the risk allocations differs between procurement methods

1.08 Local Plan Having created an anarchic organisational method, the building must create play within the planning laws. Copenhagen contains a third of the population of Denmark. Thus most of the country’s planning work is within the city and there are very specific requirements. The main piece of planning legislation for Folkets Park is from 1979, when the municipality decided to build over it. It is a Lokalplaner, which is the main method by which Byplanvedtoegter, or town planning by laws, are disseminated (Edwards, 1988). Therefore it explains what can be built, and anything in it will comply to the wider planning laws (Enemark, 2002).

1:500 Size

To begin with, location within the park and a relation between the massing of the building and the requirements of the plan must be formulated.

There were buildings to the South of the park which were knocked down during the production of this plan, which was created as a reaction to the inhabitation of the Folkets Hus. This building will act as a protest against that action and take their place.

215 5.4 states that the house depth must not extend more then 9m back from the road.

However 215 9.6 states that trees must be preserved wherever possible and the main line of trees on this side runs just beside the road. Therefore the building will be 9m wide on average, but will preserve the trees by being set back from the road.

1:500 Chamfer

215 4.2 requires the building to have chamfered corners, which is taken up as a motif around the building so it moves in plan. 215 6.3 requires the building to have a pitched roof, which also relates to the sloping floor I will detail later.

215 6.4 requires access from both the street and the park and in 215-1 4.4 a pedestrian connection is to be established across the site. These are combined into a thoroughfare through the building, so that it can be accessed and passed through.

215 3.1 and 9.1 state that the building must have a public service and contain common space. Since the whole building is acessible and can be used as a thoroughfare, it is common, and the local population can make use of it via the Folkets Hus association.

1:500 Circulation

1:10 relective handrail A. Polished stainless steel at 60 degree incline B. Galvanised steel C. Wooden handrail bolted between sides D. Sealed and screwed to roof buildup E. Roof structure

C

B

A

D E

1:50 antennae

view of anarchists preparing balloons

Secondly distinct elements within the building will have a discussion with the planning documents.

1:20 ink smearing windows

The building uses overshadowing, but also its counterpart of reflection to question these. Mirrored surfaces, that also double as handrails, line the sides of the ramp. These are angled so as to reflect sunlight (at 60 degrees) towards the North facades of the surrounding buildings. This provides extra daylight and solar gain to the usually cold and dim sides of the blocks in front of it.

A

Silvered weather balloons are raised every time a print run is finished in the parliament. These act as a signal, but also question the notion of local planning. The shadows they cast will be spread over the rest of the city, rather than overshadowing neighbours, suggesting the decisions made have a wider context than planning laws would like to think architecture has.

The necessity for communication antennas to be supplied is suggested in Lokalplan 215 6.7 this is hijacked to build the chimneys and validate 1.7 (1) 1) of the building regulations listed below.

Finally part 2.3 (2) 2) of the building regulations for Denmark states that “windows, balconies etc. do not have a significant overlooking impact on other buildings on the same plot or adjoining plot(s)�. There are windows on the South West facade for ventilation (see 4.06) but this means that they overlook the neighbouring block. To obscure the view, waste ink is smeared across them. As an act of protest the windows are cleaned regularly.

B

C 4 1 D

2 E

B 3

A A. B. C. D. E.

Structure Cladding Triple glazed opening window Cog mechanism Squeegee

1. Window opened and squeegees descend 2. Ink dripped into squeegees 3. Window closed and squeegees ascend 4. Ink smeared over windows

All steelwork is covered in rough black anti poster paint. The numbers are recessed and filled with lime mortar 1:50

The North East facade will slide on rollers to cantilever into the road and open up the side of the building for the Folkets Hus annual meeting on the 1st of May. The structure will block a little of Stengade and people will block Prins Jorgens gade.

This action agrees that Prins Jorgens gade should be more pedestrianised as suggested in Lokalplan 215-1 4.2, but goes on to propose more community integration and control of the street. This continues the protest as inhabitation of roads in Copenhagen by Bolsjefabrikken (Katsell, 2009). Which proved to be very challenging for the municipality, since it could not decide whether it was the job of the highways agency, or the planning agency to order their removal.

1:20 sliding wall A D B C

G

E F

Lokalplan 215 6.6 and Lokalplan 215-1 7.4 state that no advertising may be erected.

However, noting the tradition that street numbers become incredibly symbolic in autonomous Copenhagen – for example 69, 58 and 61 – the street number 52 will be constructed in 2.5m high numbers on the sliding wall. While not strictly advertising, it would be more of a rallying call than any slogan.

A. 3mm Formed steel B. 4100mm deep steel warren truss with vertical bracing C. Shadow gap D. Guide rail with rubber gasket E. Cladding F. Clunch wall (discontinuous) G. Structure with rubber gaskets between H. 400mm x 500mm universal beam as advised by Fawcus, 2010 I. Clamping frame J. Rollers K. Steel post

G

B A C

I

H

J K

1.2 (1) 3) bus shelter 1:100 permitted development

1.9 (1) 8) post box

1.9 (1) 2) 10m2 building

1.7 (1) 1) greenhouse

1.9 (1) 5) drying installation

1.2 (2) shed

1.7 (1) 1) equipment house for an analogue communication network, of no more than 50m2

1.10 (1) 2) platform demolished

1.09 Permitted Development In Denmark’s planning legislation “similar trends to those in England are identified. These involve reducing the scope and content of plans, relaxing control over development, and increasing the discretion as to what proposals might be allowed.”

(Edwards, 1988, p. 1). While not as extensive as Britain’s permitted development rights, there are structures that do not need a Danish building permit – the equivalent of planning permission. The building must exploit these rules, so that the building’s planning never involves itself with the municipality’s bureaucracy. This will create an “architecture that limbo dances under the radar of regulations” (SUB-PLAN, 2009, p.2).

Therefore the building is made of elements as illustrated, that would each be permitted by the municipality, but just happen to be built next to one another. In the building regulations numerical order these are: “The following building works may be carried out without a building permit or notice:” 1.2(1) 3) “bus shelters” 1.2(2) “sheds” 1.9(1) 5) “drying installations for grain, seeds and other crops.”

1.9(1) 8) “structures and systems which comprise user-operated functions, such as IT points, ATMs and self service machines and similar public-facing service functions” “The following building works may be carried out subject to a building notice being submitted to the municipal council:” 1.7(1) 1) “outbuildings, greenhouses ... equipment houses for electronic communications networks or services, of no more than 50 m2” 1.7(1) 5) “wind turbines” 1.9(1) 2) “building works of small buildings of no more than 10m2” “The following buildings may be demolished without permission or notice:” 1.10(1) 2) “Buildings listed in 1.9(1) paras 2-8” (Building Regulations, 2007)

"We don't want to change the world, it's the world that risks changing because we ourselves will have changed."

Gustave AffeulpiN

2.00 Building Brief Strategy 2.01 Construction 2.02 Accessibility 2.03 Maintenance 2.04 Escape 2.05 Fire 2.06 Safety 2.07 Systems

2

Brief The building must engage with the activism of the anarchists. It takes up the arguments of Architecture Principe, who espoused oblique floors as a method of creating momentum within the body equivalent to that of the protest (Johnston, 1996). The sloping floors of the building are not just a call for action, they must also be constructed with an honesty to this eagerness. The building must be erected quickly, before the authorities notice what has slipped beneath their noses.

Strategy This architecture of activism must be produced with equal attention to the methods of production and regulation, but play within them. The angled floors will all be compliant with the regulations on ramps within buildings, but at the same time will produce the maximum possible ramped surface within the building.

To enable rapid construction, prefabricated building elements will be used.

Danish construction, since the 1950’s (Bonke & Levring, 1996), has favoured the use of pre-fabricated components. Off-site construction will allow speed and efficiency on site, which is necessary due to the complex on site relations in construction management. To this end I have researched specific products, which have suggested details for construction that I will discuss in 4.01. This method of construction will mean that the works packages tendered will be well defined.

The structure is entirely in compression, except under extreme wind load

2.01 Construction To produce these surfaces, and to build the structure quickly, pre-fabricated cross laminated timber panels, such as KLH or LenoTec will be used to form the ceiling and floor, while off site manufactured steel will support them. Finally large panels of transparent cladding, such as Kalwall, will cover the building, producing a building with large elements that fit together quickly and accurately.

Each of these elements are sized to produce a spacious building within the planning requirements, while still being within the maximum sizes for fabrication and transportation. Since the structure is reasonably light, with short spans there is little need for large structural elements.

However, since the printing presses have a relatively high load and the roof needs to hold any snow that falls on it, I will size the cross laminated timber accordingly.

From the guidelines in Systems in Timber Engineering (Kolb, 2008) for a span of 3m to take a load of 4kN/m2 a thickness of 120mm is required. This equates to 4 layers of lamination, however odd numbers are needed.

Therefore to increase redundancy, improve fire performance and ease construction the floors and ceilings will be made of 150mm cross laminated timber.

1:10 structure

B

A. 150 mm cross laminated timber panel B. Factory routed bearing notch C. Factory drilled bolt hole D. Top member of steel truss E. Trussed steel at a 60 degree angle

A C

D E

G I

F. 150 mm cross laminated timber panel G. Factory drilled bolt hole H. Factory routed bearing notch I. Bottom member of steel truss J. Steel post K. Engineered thermal break (bolted through) L. Steel post from screw pile

F H

J K

L

M. 300mm crushed clunch hardcore N. Shallow, large-bore bearing plate (600mm below ground) O. Ground source air tube

M

N

O

Since the building is light, extensive foundations are not required. However they must be strong enough to hold the building down in a once in 100 year storm (Fawcus, 2010) and prop the building up. Steel screw piles are strong in both tension and compression and can be installed very quickly. They also provide high lateral stability, due to their wide bore.

CC. A screw pile being driven into the ground

Paragraph 7 of local plan 215 states that there may be contamination to the soil.

Therefore care must be taken to dispose of it if any is found, and a thorough set of soil samples would need to be taken during the survey to check for pollution and bearing strength.

All steel will be sized according to engineer’s details and rigid, welded trusses will be used, since structural thinness is not an issue (Gauld, 1995). Also, since the building is relatively light, modest member sized can be used without the danger of buckling (Fawcus, 2010).

Due to the need for this building to be constructed quickly, no wet building trades will be used.

Wind load will be transferred along the steel members, with cross bracing at the North and South Ends.

1:100 access Solid Red) 300mm contrasting hardwood edging at all changes in level Dotted Red) 1 in 12 Ramp, arrow indicating direction of rise. Rest spaces between Dotted Black) Access to roof for maintenance

2.02 Accessibility The entire building is accessible via a single route, able bodied or otherwise, ensuring that wheelchair users are socially included. This is not just efficient, it is also egalitarian. Since the building forms a continuously differentiated floor, handrails are only placed where there is an edge that drops more than 300mm. At the end of each five meters of sloping floor at 1 in 12 there is a 1500mm waiting area. The toilet area will be fitted with appropriate grab rails and all doors are electric, vertical shutters which remove the associated problems of door swings.

Handrails will be used wherever the drop between floors is 300mm or more

For people with a visual impairment, contrasting colours of veneer are used on the edges of all changes in level and incline.

These will be dark hardwood in contrast to the light bamboo of the majority of the floor. These edges will be heavily grooved, and as they sustain damage from being at the corners of changes in level this rough texture will be enhanced. This will ensure a differentiated tactile surface for people who are blind using the space. The low glare of the translucent walls is also preferable for people who are visually impaired. For people with hearing impairments, flashing smoke alarms will be installed.

2.03 Maintenance Regular access to the roof will be required for meetings and to release the balloons.

This is via the door that leads from the screen printing area. The roof is strong enough to take the live load of many people, since it is designed to tolerate the large dead load of deep snow.

The building is low rise and can be cleaned with long handled washing systems from the ground. This is an essential part of the protest acts that the building performs and will use grey water collected from the roof of the building. The park and nursery can also be watered by hand using grey water collected from the roof.

The large sliding wall will be used once a year, but the rolling gear must be maintained, to keep it from seizing up. This can easily be reached using a ladder. It will be manually opened and relative safety precautions muct be in place.

The windows on the South West facade can easily be cleaned from the ground

1:100 fire Solid Red) Maximum internal escape distance of 17.5m. Leading towards fire assembly point Dotted Red) Maximum roof escape distance of 32m.

Leading towards solid red denoting maximum internal escape distance of 17.5m.

Total 49.5m.

Solid Black) Angle between fire escape doors is more than 45 degrees.

Dotted Black) Partitions required for building regulations. To be demolished on approval

2.04 Escape This building is single storey with two entrances, therefore a maximum escape route of 45m is allowed. The furthest indoor point is 17.5m from an exit, and all routes are wide enough. The rooftop may have an overall travel distance of 60m, since there is only one door from the roof to the interior. This is well within the maximum distance of 32m outside plus 17.5m inside.

All structure must have a one hour fire rating to ensure safe evacuation. The timber has a sacrificial thickness as mentioned in 2.01, while all structural steel work will be covered with intumescent paint. This will be completed off site to ensure complete coverage, then painted with black anti graffiti paint for aesthetics and protection.

Any damage during transport or installation must be touched up.

Detail of intumescent coating on steel

The area outside the Folkets Hus will provide a fire assembly point, since it is an open space far enough from the building and out of the prevailing wind. The M&E engineer will be able to advise on the placement of smoke alarms, but they will generally be at the highest points of the ceiling. A fire alarm will not be installed, since occupants can warn each other quickly (Part B, 2007) and smoke detectors will provide an early warning.

2.05 Fire The building must be perceived be the authorities as several outbuildings, thus spread of flame between them is important.

However these legalities are circumvented using a widely practiced method. Nonstructural c-section stud walls with class O plasterboard will be installed to compartment the separately proposed buildings. Once approved by the independent works inspector, the anarchists will sign a disclaimer stating that they remove any responsibility from all contracted parties in terms of fire safety.

The stud walls will then be knocked down and used to build the handrails on the roof.

The whole building is a circulation space, so all walls and ceilings must be class O to the spread of flame (Part B, 2007).

Translucent plastic cladding is proven to be class O, while all timber will be treated with a colourless, matt coating.

1:1000 Location of the fire assembly point

1:100 systems Solid Red) Routed channels in ceiling for wiring to doors, lights and plugs for equipment Dotted Red) Routed channels in ceiling for piping to sinks, toilet and taps Black Lines) Low energy light fittings Black Dots) Flashing smoke alarms

2.06 Safety Due to the nature of the contracting system in Denmark, far more of the onus for health and safety documentation lies with the contractor, and there is no equivalent of a CDM coordinator. This said, there are obvious safety issues that will need to be addressed by any contractor.

The use of large, pre-fabricated elements means that they will have to be lifted into position by a lorry crane. Their weight poses a crushing risk, and they will need to be stabilised until cross bracing is in.

DD. Pre-routed service channels cut directly into the panel’s surface

2.07 Systems The manufacturing process of cross laminated timber panels allows recesses for light fittings, electrical ducting, smoke alarm cabling and water piping to be factory routed into the ceiling’s surface. Larger holes for soil vent pipes and ventilation stacks can be factory cut through the panels. In general there is a minimal level of servicing within the building, therefore no services will run along walls or under floors, all will be exposed, but flush with the ceiling. This enables rapid and accurate fixing, due to there being no need to mark out and cut channels for services. Due to the complexity of on site relations, these properties are ideal.

Wireless internet access will be scavanged from any local networks.

1:10 Detail of routed light recess

"Neither God nor master" Kaw-djer

3.00 Tempering Brief Strategy 3.01 Power 3.02 Water 3.03 Drainage 3.04 Sustainability

3

1:1000 opportunities Solid Red) Suitable area for urban wind turbines Dotted Red) Suitable area for ground source air tubes Solid Black) Sun path on winter equinox and summer equinox Dotted Black) Prevailing wind direction (map from Lokalplaner 215)

Brief The anarchists want a comfortable building in which they can adjust the internal environment. The most important factors for the parliament are heating and light.

Therefore I will make these adjustable by passive methods.

The most publicised action of the anarchists was the inhabitation as protest of the oil storage depot on Provestenen Vadbulk. This protest was against the unjust and statist nature of this trade, and acted as a platform to call for the construction of an anarchists parliament. Therefore this building will not use any oil or gas for heating. It will not subscribe to the socialist government sponsored communal heating, water or sewerage supplies.

Therefore ensuring that the building doesn’t need to be checked by officials from these departments (Lokalplaner 215, 1979), or pay money towards the monopolising government.

The protest on the oil and gas depot in Copenhagen

Strategy Section 1 of Lokalplan 215-1 states a wish “To strive for the ecological approach to be designed with environmentally friendly principles, which indicates a sustainable city is an integral part of the area’s makeup, including rainwater filtration (provided that no contamination found in the soil or groundwater), the use of natural and /or recyclable materials and the establishment of environmental service functions.” This naturally guides the way that I will attempt to make this building as self sufficient as possible.

A psychometric diagram for Copenhagen

Based on an initial psychometric chart for Copenhagen, to establish occupant comfort zones the building must be heated throughout the year, while a little ventilation is needed to stop the humidity from rising.

This is confirmed by Ecotect’s data, where large periods of heating are required during most of the year and a little cooling is needed during the summer. To achieve this several passive methods will be needed. To maintain efficiency a large amount of thermal insulation will be needed.

Degree hours of Heating, cooling and solar gain

1:100 power Solid Red) Routed channels in ceiling for wiring to doors, lights and plugs for equipment Dotted Red) 30m long buried ground source tubes supplying air at 15 degrees to base of ventillation chimneys Dotted Black) Power supply from on site generation or co-operative supplier Red Square) Stove

3.01 Power To ensure that as little energy as possible is needed to maintain a warm environment a large amount of insulation will be used to give U values well below the maximums allowed in Britain and Denmark, this is detailed in 4.03. In addition, the large, south facing areas of translucent walling will provide lots of solar gain throughout the year. Solar gain will be required throughout the day, all year round, but a method of controlling light levels will be explained in 4.06.

Detail of ground source passive ventilation

The labour required for mechanical printing means that a certain amount of heat will be released by the anarchists as they work. This twinned with the overalls and headgear they wear ensure that the building will not be the only thing keeping them warm. However, A small stove will be fuelled by waste paper produced during the printing processes when needed. It will also heat the grey water tank, keeping the water that runs through the taps at a comfortable temperature.

To supply the small amount of ventilation required, and to allow cooling during the summer, several chimneys poke through the building. These are detailed in 4.06.

The size and condition of the park makes it an ideal candidate to use certain technologies that are usually restricted by the size of plots. Therefore ground source air tubes can be installed. These pre-warm or cool air depending on the season, providing passively heated air in the winter and cooled air in the summer.

Since all the printing processes are mechanical (except for the vacuum beds for screen printing) and the only requirement for power will be for the doors and lighting during the winter, very little electricity is needed. This could be supplied through the national grid by a co-operative company, but another possibility presented to the Bygherre would be wind turbines located to the North of the site. These would be sourced from the Vestas plant on the Isle of Wight as a symbol of workerist solidarity.

1:100 water Solid Red) Internal ceiling mounted grey water filtering and storage tank Dotted Red) Routed channels in ceiling for piping to sinks, toilet and taps Dotted Black) Composting toilet Solid Black) Water butt

3.02 Water As mentioned above, the building will not be connected to the state sponsored water supply and waste removal utilities.

Detail of drainage from sink

Therefore the large, sloping roof area of the building will collect grey water.

This will be filtered into an internal tank for use in the building. Overflow will be directed to an external water butt to be used in Folkets park.

The composting toilet will flush with grey water, and once fully decomposed along with waste paper, all compost will be used for the plant nursery. All other waste water will drain directly onto the hardcore laid beneath the building, since no hazardous chemicals will be deposited down the sinks.

1:100 drainage Solid Red) Gutters, sized appropriately for area of roof Dotted Red) Pitched roof. Arrow indicating direction of rise.

3.03 Drainage Excess rainwater will be directed off the roof and onto the hardcore beneath the building. This hardcore will act as a soakaway, eliminating any possible waterlogging. All drinking water will come from the Folkets Hus cafe.

1:20 gutter

life cycles of materials

3.04 Sustainability Materials have, where possible, been specified to be as sustainable as possible, and many contain recycled content. The transparent plastic cladding has mineral wool insulation inside, which is made from a large amount of recycled content. The cellulose insulation is made from recycled paper.

Cross laminated timber comes from FSC sources, and is arguably a renewable resource. Offcuts from the manufacturing process are used to make furniture for the building. The panels have been specified to be sizes that can be transported on a standard lorry, and they can be sourced from factories within Scandinavia depending on the manufacturer, which reduces their carbon cost. Clunch can be quarried locally due to the geological makeup of Denmark.

The steelwork specified comes in lengths that could be reclaimed, this is feasible since the surface finish is not bare metal and different strength grades need to be used. They can then be reclaimed at the end of the building’s life cycle. All of the screw pile foundations are galvanised, and therefore can be removed and used again, since they will not be affected by rust.

TPO roofing has a long lifespan and is tough, it is therefore a sustainable use of the fossil fuels needed to make it. This is also true with the plastic panels that make up the cladding, which are extremely resistant to damage.

By using passive technologies and offgrid techniques, the carbon footprint of the building is massively reduced.

"To change society, we should begin by liberating within us all the forces of freedom that we would like to see succeed in the society of the future" Gustave Affeulpin

4.00 Clothing Brief Strategy 4.01 Specification 4.02 Acoustics 4.03 Precipitation 4.04 Insulation 4.05 Condensation 4.06 Sunlight 4.07 Ventilation 4.08 Snow 4.09 Health

4

Transparent cladding - highly insulating, with a surface like creased tracing paper. Here it is backlit to show the diffuse transmission of light. Sample courtesy of Kalwall

Brief The act of print making must be key to the materiality and operation of the building.

Therefore mark making, repetition and paper must work towards performing the tasks required by the structural and tempering strategies.

In the Bygherre the detailing of materials and their interfaces will be discussed.

A number of options will be possible, requiring a final unanimous decision before being passed on to the design team. This uses Michael Rotondi’s CDLT1,2 House as a precedent, which was built without any formal architectural drawings and in constant consultation with the builder as an equal.

Clunch - a hard chalk, or soft limestone, greyish in apperance

Strategy To investigate possibilities for the construction, without dictating the discussion in the Bygherre, I will supply “approved details� which could be used after consultation. One or none of these may be the solution, but the notion of possibilities within a building regulation framework heads towards a decentralised form of building where interested lay people can make decisions intrinsic to a building without being put off by the bureaucracy of the Eurocodes and alike.

The materiality of paper, the repetition of printing and the mark making in blocks and plates will be carried over into the translucent walls, the mechanics of the building and the texture of the floor and ceiling.

Cross laminated timber - usually made from pine or fir, sandblasted to raise the texture. Sample courtesy of KLH

A. Approx. 20mm unfixed bamboo laminate B. 3mm Isolating membrane C. 150 mm cross laminated timber panel D. Vapour barrier E. 200mm cellulose batt F. 100mm x 40mm battens with 100mm x 40mm cross battens at 600mm c/c G. 12mm WBP plywood H. DPM I. 30mm x 30mm battens J. 22mm Fir plank cladding, stained grey

1:10 possible floor

AB C D E F G

H

I

J

U = 0.09

1:10 possible floor

A

B C D

E F G

H

I

J

A. Approx. 20mm unfixed bamboo laminate B. 3mm Isolating membrane C. 150 mm cross laminated timber panel D. Vapour barrier E. 200mm cellulose batt F. 200mm x 50mm battens at 600mm c/c G. 12mm WBP plywood H. DPM I. 30mm x 30mm battens J. 22mm Fir plank cladding, stained grey U = 0.09

1:20 possible joints

Multiple possibilities exist for the jointing of the cross laminated timber panels. Four are illustrated to the left.

A

B

C

D

A. B. C. D.

Vertical fingers and dowel Horizontal fingers and dowel Rebate Peg

4.01 Specification To create an architecture that can be designed as it is built, procedures will need to be created. These will be regulated through the materials, which have specific, but multiple, ways of being detailed at junctions. Therefore materials must be well specified, and manufacturers consulted during design, with Bygherre deciding on the final construction.

Several manufacturers of the materials I suggest will be available in Denmark, and these would need to be assessed based on the tenders returned by contractors and in terms of the specification. NBS can be used, but there must be excellent translation from the English into the local version of the specification to avoid confusion.

The look of materials is important, therefore steel will use grades that allow the same thickness of material to be used throughout. Thus, rather than thicker sections to take larger loads, higher strength classes will be used instead. A test panel of the finished cross laminated timber will be required, so that its appearance can be signed off.

4.02 Acoustics As an example of the way “approved details� can guide, but not dictate the design of junctions, while maintaining the essential qualities required, is given by the robust details for part E. This process will be duplicated for the later details.

The building should not be an acoustically dead space, but the noise of printing must not be overwhelming. External noise, especially rain, will not be heard inside the space, due to the mass of cross laminated timber and highly insulated envelope. This will be detailed later. Internally, most surfaces are hard, textured materials, therefore both attenuation of sound and reducing footfall volume are of prime importance. To this end, the unglued laminate floor will cushion footfall noise, while an isolating membrane will stop vibrations from being transmitted through the structure.

The damaged floor, the poster wall and the steel bracing will will reflect sound inconsistently and stop echo. Since the space will be full of printing equipment and anarchists when completed, there should be no need for specific noise attenuation methods when the building is occupied.

A. 22mm Fir plank cladding, stained grey B. 30mm x 30mm battens C. 6mm mechanically fixed TPO waterproofing D. 12mm WBP plywood laid to fall of min 3 degrees E. 200mm cellulose batt F. 100mm x 40mm battens with 100mm x 40mm cross battens at 450mm c/c G. Vapour barrier H. 150mm cross laminated timber panel, sandblasted I. Factory routed service channels

1:10 possible roof

A

B

C D E F G H I

U = 0.08

1:10 possible roof junction A. Formed Aluminium upstand and drip B. 60mm crushed clunch C. 22mm Fir plank cladding, stained grey D. 30mm x 30mm batten E. 6mm mechanically fixed TPO waterproofing F. 12mm WBP plywood laid to fall of min 3 degrees G. 200mm cellulose batt H. 200mm x 50mm battens I. Vapour barrier J. Airtight membrane K. 150 mm cross laminated timber panel, sandblasted L. 2 sheets of lapped 12mm OSB

A B C D E F G

H

U = 0.08

I J K

L

4.03 Precipitation The building envelope will form a completely water impermeable surface as detailed. The roof will fall to gulley gutters, which will spout water onto the soak away beneath the building. The fall on the roof is generally 10 degrees, while on the flat sections the roofing is laid to a fall of 3 degrees, the minimum for TPO. On the sides of the building the transparent cladding will be water impermeable, while joints with the roof are covered by weatherboarding then a waterproof membrane to prevent wind driven rain from soaking the surface. On the North facade, the chalk wall will act as a rain screen to the waterproofed wall.

1:10 North eaves

1:10 possible eaves

A. Formed Aluminium upstand and drip B. 22mm Fir plank cladding, stained grey C. 30mm x 30mm batten D. DPM E. 12mm WBP plywood F. 200mm cellulose batt G. Vapour barrier H. Airtight membrane I. 100mm insulated transparent plastic cladding (back fixed) (U = 0.45) J. 150 mm cross laminated timber panel, sandblasted K. Factory routed bearing notch and bolt hole L. 40mm Hardwood frame M. Steel truss to engineer’s specification

A B

G

H

C D F E I

J K L M

1:10 possible eaves

A. TPO formed over timber for upstand and drip B - H. As above I. Softwood packing

A B

C D E

F G

Buildup of transparent cladding.

J. 150mm thermally broken aluminium frame (vertically fixed) with vertical thermally broken mullions every 300mm c/c K. 3mm plastic skin with internal mineral wool insulation (U = 0.35)

H

I

L

J K

M

L. 150 mm cross laminated timber panel, sandblasted M. 40mm Hardwood frame N. Steel truss to engineer’s specification

N

1:10 possible undercroft

K

E

L I J D C A

B

G

H

F

M

A. 22mm Fir plank cladding, stained grey B. 30mm x 30mm batten C. DPM D. 12mm WBP plywood E. 150mm insulated transparent plastic cladding (back fixed) (U = 0.35) F. Steel post from screw pile G. 200mm cellulose batt H. 80mm engineered thermal break (bolted through) I. Vapour barrier J. Airtight membrane K. 40mm Hardwood frame L. Steel truss to engineers specification M. Floor build up

4.04 Insulation Because of the climate in Copenhagen, a large amount of thermal insulation will be required to maintain a comfortable internal temperature, while using as little energy as possible to heat the space. Cellulose batt (0.04 W/mK), made from recycled paper, will be the main insulation material and large thicknesses will provide U values that surpass British and Danish requirements.

All paperwork produced for the building that is not required for final documentation will be mulched and used in this cellulose insulation. Since there will be a very large amount of paperwork produced, this will make a substantial volume of the cellulose insulation. Using this insulation on the outside of the structure will minimise cold bridging, maximise thermal mass and reduce the possibility of interstitial condensation.

More insulation will be needed on the North face than the south, because there is no solar gain. Therefore the South facade is purely insulated by the transparent cladding.

This is filled with glass fibre and has a thermally broken support system. All of the glazing fitted within the south West facade is triple glazed.

4.05 Condensation To prevent interstitial condensation, the cross laminated timber structure will be wrapped in a vapour barrier. This will prevent warm, moist air in the building from reaching a point in the insulation where it can condense. In addition the structure is very airtight – since cross laminated panels are airtight in the thicknesses I am using and the transparent plastic cladding is also airtight – so there will be very little air movement through the structure. This airtight construction will be maintained at joints between the elements by covering them with an airtight membrane. This will ensure that the building does not lose much heat due to the escape of air - apart from that needed for ventilation. Thus the building will maintain its optimum humidity for the timber panels.

Maximum average U-value for building elements in Britain, Denmark and this building.

1:10 drying rack section A. B. C. D. E. E

Structure Pivot bar Spring Steel frame Wire mesh

1. Spring holds rack upwards, mesh stops light, but not heat 2. Steel angle supports frame against steel structure, light let in

A

D C B

1:10 North wall window

I H

J

G F

L E D C

A

B

K M N

A. 200mm clunch cladding, tied back to structure B. 30mm cavity C. DPM D. 12mm WBP plywood E. Lead flashing F. Drip G. 40mm hardwood frame H. 150mm thermally broken aluminium frame (vertically fixed) I. 3mm plastic skin with internal mineral wool insulation (U = 0.35) J. 40mm Hardwood frame K. 150mm cellulose batt L. 50mm x 50mm x 4mm steel angle M. Vapour barrier N. 90mm cross laminated timber panel, sandblasted

4.06 Sunlight Since a large amount of heating is required for the building all year round and the function of the building requires good levels of light, passive solar gain will be very important. Looking at the sun path, the building should have a large South facade to take full advantage of solar radiation. There must be large transparent areas on this South facade to bring the heat and light inside.

Conversely because there is little solar gain there should be few openings on the North facade. Since most surfaces are made of light materials – bamboo on the floor and pine on the walls and ceiling – there will be a good daylight factor within the building.

Since the building requires heating all year round, there will be no methods to stop solar gain. Any cooling of the space will be through passive methods detailed in the next section. However, to easily adjust light levels, a series of internal drying racks that act as shading devices will cover the inside of all south facing areas of transparent cladding.

To produce paper-like walls that are highly insulating, there are various methods.

Shigeru Ban’s paper museum and naked house both use different techniques to get similar effects. One uses a manufactured method, the other a hand made one, but both are bespoke.

This is difficult to tender for, so a product that provides similar characteristics is proposed. A product such as Kalwall will allow a large amount of natural light into the space, while ensuring that it does not cause glare. This is due to the diffusion of the light by the interstitial glass fibre.

Sun path diagram for Copenhagen

A. Tapering gloss grey plastic tube B. Notches on leeward side for venting B

A

1:10 chimney vent

O

M

N L K J I

H F

G E

D C B 1:10 chimney to roof junction

A

A B D

C

E G

F H

I JK

1:10 chimney to floor junction

L

M N

A. 250mm diameter gloss grey plastic tube B. Brass and rubber sheath riveted to pipe C. Twisting brass grille to adjust ventilation D. Routed ventilation holes in plastic pipe E. Brass and rubber seal F. 150mm cross laminated timber panel G. Factory drilled void H. Vapour barrier I. Pre-formed 150mm roofing upstand J. 200mm cellulose batt K. 12 mm WBP plywood L. 6mm mechanically fixed TPO waterproofing M. Pre-formed 150mm roofing upstand N. Roof buildup O. To vent A. 250mm diameter gloss grey plastic tube B. Approx. 20mm unfixed bamboo laminate C. Brass and rubber seal D. Isolating membrane E. 150mm cross laminated timber panel F. Factory drilled void H. Vapour barrier G. Pre-formed 150mm roofing upstand I. 200mm cellulose batt J. 12 mm WBP plywood K. DPM L. Pre-formed 150mm roofing upstand M. 300mm crushed clunch hardcore N. To ground source air tube

4.07 Ventilation Since the space only needs a little occupant adjustable ventilation and cooling, passive systems are ideal. The construction has a relatively low thermal mass, therefore it will be quick to heat up and cool down and will react to its inhabitants wishes.

Wind blows mostly from the South West, as shown by the wind rose. Thus the building should have narrow South West and North East facades to minimise heat loss, but ventilation from the South West can be used to effectively passively ventilate the building.

Air change rates will be kept to a minimum to retain heat within the building. But requirements state there must be ventilation openings equal to 1/50th of the floor area (Part F, 2006). This equates to 4m2, with 2m2 supplied by opening windows on the South West facade. The rest is supplied by stack ventilation from five chimneys that pass through the building. Each draws air from pipes buried under the building which extend into the park. These 30m long perforated plastic tubes passively pre-heat the air entering the building in the winter and cool it in the summer using the ambient temperature of the earth. Vents at the base of the chimney allow this air into the building before circulating and exiting near the ceiling.

For purge ventilation, there must be openable windows and external doors with an area of 1/20th of the floor area. This comes to 10m2, with 8m2 supplied by the doors and the rest supplied by opening windows on the South West facade.

Wind rose diagram for Copenhagen

1:10 North wall

A

D

E F

B

G

C

H I J K L M

A. 200mm clunch cladding B. lime mortar C. tie back D. wire mesh re-enforcement E. 30mm cavity F. DPM G. 12mm WBP plywood H. 150mm cellulose batt I. 50mm x 30mm cross battens at 600mm c/c J. 100mm x 40mm battens at 600mm c/c K. Vapour barrier L. 90mm cross laminated timber panel, sandblasted M. variable thickness of posters

U = 0.14

4.08Snow Due to the large volume and therefore mass of snow that falls during the Danish winter, snow load and it’s melting need to be carefully considered.

One of the most dangerous risks involving snow on buildings in cold climates is the possibility of snow melting due to the heat emitted from a roof, then re-freezing as icicles on the side of gutters. These have the possibility of falling off and severely injuring passers-by. The building will tackle this in several ways. The large amount of insulation on the roof will prevent melting, while the gutters will not travel along the side of the building.

However there are interesting ways the low temperatures in Copenhagen can be used. The wall along the North side of the building that is made from chalk will be badly affected by freeze thaw damage due to the porosity and low hardness of the rocks.

However this will only happen on some of the sides of the stones in the herringbone pattern coursing. This will start to groove a pattern into the surface, creating a series of marks similar to woodcut and create a constantly re-made facade.

4.09 Health In Danish construction, the onus of health and safety documentation lies mostly with the contractor. This is especially evident with their being no equivalent of a CDM coordinator in the Danish procurement process.

No harmful materials are used in the construction process. Therefore any dangers will be those usually associated with a building site. Any accidents or near misses will however need to be reported by the Bygherredriver.

5.00 Conclusion The project has engaged with the pursuit of anarchy within an existing framework of the building sector. This has its limitations, but both provide a critical understanding to analyse ways of proposing new ways of working. To further this it would be useful to talk with a contract lawyer and a planner about the finer details of the methods I have proposed.

Further work on the meeting points between trades would provide more interesting and finer details. For example examining how shadow gaps, architraves and upstands could provide the language of an architecture constructed out of sheet materials.

5

6.00 References 6.01 Images 6.02 Books 6.03 Quotes 6.04 Websites 6.05 Lectures 6.06 Interviews

6

6.01 Images

6.02 Books

All images where not noted were drawn/ photographed/generated by the author

AA summer school Unit 4. 2009. SUB-PLAN. London, self published

All other images have been modified, but are cited below.

Bonke, Sten and Levering, Peter. 1996. The Contracting System in Danish Construction: Pinning down Autonomy. London, UCL Research papers

A. http://www.navy.mil/view_single. asp?id=54267 B. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:Gadekampe2.jpg C. http://www.news.navy.mil/view_single. asp?id=26673 D. copyright Thomas Aubin E. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karte_ Kopenhagen_MKL1888.jpg F. (Soren Dyck-Madsen, 2004, p. 75) G. http://www.folketshus.dk/park H. http://kort.eniro.dk/ I. http://www.cphx.dk/blog/2009/09/01/ folkets-park-til-folket/ J. copyright Ask Katsell K. Lokalplan 215 L. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:Districts_of_Copenhagen_municipality.svg M. Lokalplaner Indre Norrebro N. Fig 7.7 (Chappell and Willis, 2007, p.143) O. Trad comm P. Fig. 8.2 (Harris, McCaffer and EdumFotwe, 2006, p.157) and Fig 3.7 (Clamp, Cox & Lupton, 2007, p.43) Q. Fig 10 (Bonke and Levering, 1996, p.45) R. (Dalziel and Ostime, 2008, pp. 7-10) and Fig 3.3 (Clamp, Cox & Lupton, 2007, p.39) S. Fig 8 (Winch, 1996, p. 22) T. Fig 7 (Bonke and Levering, 1996, p. 29) U. traditional contract V. Fig. 8.2 (Harris, McCaffer and Edum-Fotwe, 2006, p.157) W. Fig 9 (Bonke and Levering, 1996, p. 44) X. JCT Partnering contract Y. Fig 10 (Winch, 1996, p. 24) Z. Fig 8 (Bonke and Levering, 1996, p. 34) AA. Table 2 (Bonke and Levering, 1996, p. 34) BB. Fig 3.8 (Clamp, Cox & Lupton, 2007, p.45) CC. http://www.screwfast.com/popup. php?id=22&pid=3&type=ctg DD. http://www.finnforest.co.uk/products/ engineeredwoodproducts/Pages/Leno.aspx

Chappell, David and Willis, Andrew. 2007. The Architect in Practice. Oxford, Blackwell Clamp, Hugh, Cox, Stanley and Lupton, Sarah.

2007. Which Contract?: Choosing the appropriate building contract. London, RIBA publishing Dalziel, Robert and Ostime, Nigel. 2008.

Architect’s Job book. London, RIBA publishing Dyck-Madsen, Soren. 2004. Kampen om Byggeren pa Norrebro 1980. Copenhagen, self published http://www.folketshus.dk/byggerbogen/ Byggerbogen-webudgave.pdf (Accessed 10/12/2009) Edwards, D. 1988. The Planning System and the Control of Development in Denmark. pp. 137-158 in The Town Planning Review. April, v. 59, n.

2. Liverpool, Liverpool University Press Elkington, John (ed.). 2004. Brief summary of JCT Standard form of Building contracts. London, RIBA bookshops http://www.pedr.co.uk/downloads/Brief%20 summary%20of%20JCT%20Forms%20of%20Contract. pdf (accessed 23/01/10) Enemark, Stig. 2002. Spatial Planning System in Denmark. Copenhagen, The Danish Association of Chartered Surveyors Frei, Luca. 2007. The so-called utopia of the centre beaubourg: An interpretation. London, Book Works Gauld, Bryan. 2000. Structures for architects.

Harlow, Longman Scientific & Technical Harris, Frank and McCaffer, Ronald with EdumFotwe, Francis. 2006. Modern Construction Management. Oxford, Blackwell publishing Jeska, Simone. 2009. Transparent Plastics: Design and Technology. Basel, Birkhauser

6.04 Websites Johnston, Pamela (ed.). 1996. AA Documents 3: The function of the oblique: the architecture of Claude Parent and Paul Virilio 1963-1969.

London, AA publications Kolb, Josef. 2008. Systems in Timber Engineering: Loadbearing Structures and Component Layers. Basel, Birkhauser Kwinter, Sanford. 2002. Architectures of time: Toward a Theory of the Event in Modernist Culture. Cabridge, MIT Press

Historien om Folkets Park. 2004. http://www. folketshus.dk/park/indexfroe.htm (accessed on 17/01/10) Bjorn, Claus and Leksikon, Gyldendal. 2008.

The Labour Movement. http://www.denmark.dk/en/menu/About-Denmark/ History/The-Period-1720-1900/18641901TheModer nBreakthrough/TheLabourMovement/ (accessed on 17/01/10)

Building Regulations. 2007. Copenhagen, The Danish Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs Building Regulations. 2007. Approved Document B, v.2 – buildings other than dwellinghouses. London, NBS Building Regulations. 2006. Approved Document F. London, NBS Stringham, Edward (ed.). 2007. Anarchy and the Law: the Political Economy of Choice.

London, Transaction Publishers Verne, Jules trans. Ivry, Benjamin. 2002.

Magellania. New York, Welcome Rain

6.05 Lectures Colin Hayward, KMCS, London, Procurement Lecture 01, UCL, 23/11/09 Colin Hayward, KMCS, London, Procurement Lecture 02, UCL, 30/11/09

Winch, Graham. 1996. The Contracting system in British Construction: The Rigidities of flexibility.

London, UCL Research papers Winch, Graham (ed.). 2000. Building Research & Information, v. 28, n. 2. Oxford, Routledge

6.03 Quotes 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00

(Frei, 2007, p. 115) (Frei, 2007, p. 101) (Frei, 2007, p. Oggi) (Verne, 2002, p. 72) (Frei, 2007, p. 75)

6.06 Interview Interview between author and Ask Katsell, organiser of Undoing the City, Copenhagen, 14/11/09 Interview between author and Sarah Fawcus, Structural engineer at Price and Myers, London, 04/02/10