Advanced Architectural Construction Project 2: Construction Solutions

CONSTRUCTION SOLUTIONS Advanced Architectural Construction (ARC 60104)

Name: Chong Hou Yin 0336812 Tutor: Mr. Rizal

CONTENTS

1-2

Site introduction

18-19

Appropriateness for studio

Precedent study

20-21

Facade design scheme 1

Precedent study

22-23

-Site -The project 3-7

- perforated brick

-Spring House/ WLA -Structural system: steel post and beam construction -Flooring system: steel deck with concrete fill 8-11

- Junko Fukutake Hall/ SANAA

12-14

Precedent study

- vertical timber louvers

24-25

-Poroscope/ Young Han Chung + studio Archiholic -Facade system: perforated brick 15-17

Precedent study

-Concrete House/ Bar Orien Architects -Facade system: vertical timber louvers

Facade design scheme 2

Sectional perspective -ground level -top level

26

References

SITE The selected site is an approximately 3,500sqm site within the neighbourhood of Seksyen 1, Bangi. The project should be an academic project to revitalize the site and existing program. For the purpose of the exercise, it will be assumed that the existing structures on site will be demolished to make way for a new integrated neighbourhood market and food court.

SMK Bandar Baru Bangi

SITE

Green Area

Medan Usahawan

Al-Umm Mosque

Jalan 1/1

Shops

1

The Project The Neighbourhood Market The intention of the neighnourhood market is to have a space that allow conversation between young and old generation, the building as an extension for the adjacent green area.. by tackle the issue of lack of facilities in the green area, the building serve with recreational value to allow interaction of users, hence to evoke sense of togetherness.

The clustered form of building divided into 3 parts: wet market, dry market and roof terrace. programmes well seperated to avoid overlapping circulation due to purpose of users.

Monotonous traditional materials such as brick and concrete appllied to contrast with the vibrant activites happening in the building. By using timber louver as facade choice, to allow visual transparency from outside to inside and also provide shade for the food court area.

2

Precedent study - Structural system Name: Spring House Location: Guiren Distruct, Taiwan Function: Residential Architect: WLA

The ''SPRING HOUSE'' is located in Guiren Tainan, and surrounded by farms, Taiwan traditional house with courtyard, high way and high speed rail. on flat or very low sloped roofs. The design combines the client's unique personal living space and the temporary living space for her special friends. Combining the steel , bricks, concrete and metal plates to form the framework of traditional architecture and spatial order as a starting point to reinterpret modern residential construction. Besides, echo the surrounding environment , with an open attitude in the face near the neighbor's courtyard and house, defensive posture to face the high-speed road and rail . By using rainwater recycling and solar power and other systems to enhance the sustainability of the building.

Spring House/WLA

3

Structures

Materials

By using SPRING HOUSE as an example, a building compatible with Taiwan’s traditional architecture style, characteristic of the structural element as listed below:

wood structure and load-bearing brick structure, and combine them into a modern steel structure with brick

1. above the second floor, we lower and mosaic all the structural floors into the steel frame, the effect of this approach is that the exterior can be a complete presentation of pure "structure" without deliberately decoration, interior floor also rendered the existence of steel beams and form geometric patterns with wooden floors, it becomes a important feature of the second floor and 3rd floor.

brick

timber

steel

2. There is a secondary structure formed by square shape steel pipes and with some sealing details in the steel construction system, bricks can be integrated with these structures and mosaicked in the frame, to achieve reasonable mechanical continuity of structure system, and in the same time to achieve that the heavy material such as bricks could have a dramatic sense of lightness.

3. Metal plates are deliberately mosaicked between the steel frames, so the main steel structure exposed on the facade, the smooth texture of metal plates and the rugged texture of bricks have an interesting dialog between interior and exterior.

4. There are almost no decorating material covered on the structure indoor, even the ceiling is omitted, so that the entire circulation pipelines are exposed and must share the responsibility of the visual aesthetic of interior with the structure, while at the same time this approach makes a great convenience of replacement and maintenance of the building's facilities and circulation system.

Contextual response

external metal wall cladding

brick wall (reinforced steel)

master bedroom

study room

brick wall (reinforced steel) entryway

We use this combination to produce a unique local architectural type whereby create the symbol of the janus characteristics of the environment on the other.

In addition, to response the sunshine but features hot summers at southern Taiwan, we tried to use the roof, windows, doors and other architectural elements, arranging them in specific vertical or horizontal space to create a good ventilation and shade; The roof angle is designed in order to maximize the solar power generation efficiency ( with solar energy unit).

fair-face concrete

Section

4

Structural system: Steel post and beam construction Manufacturing process of beam

floor to wall connection

metal floor deck w/ concrete fill

steel connection

Construction sequences Construction of foundation

Generally, the types of foundation required for the given structure is based on the soil bearing capacity. soil investigation including surface and subsurface exploration is used to assess the condition of soil on which steel frame structure rests. steel column

steel column footing

steel column base plate

washer & tread grout

anchor rod

concrete footing shear lug

Placement of steel columns The section of the steel is specified based on the load imposed. There are various sizes of steel column section to choose and these steel columns are commonly produced in advance. The most significant point in column installation is the connection between foundation and column and splices between columns. Regarding foundation to column joints, base plates are welded to the end of columns. The most desired shape of base plate is square and rectangular shape.

Erection of Steel Beams Various prefabricated beam sections are available to be used in the construction multi storey steel frame structure. Beams commonly transfer loads from floors and roof to the columns. While steel beams are erected, column to beam connection and beam to beam connections are encountered. There are different types of column to beam connection which are selected based on the type of loads imposed on the column to beam joint.

5

column to beam connection

top and bottom flanges welded to column stiffener plates welded to column

tab plate welded to column and bolted to beam web

Conection usually use transitional elements, such as steel angles, tees or plates. The actual connections may be riveted but are more often bolted or welded. shear bolts backing bar stiffener

beam to beam connection

Weld flanges or use of a splices plated bolted to top flanges of girder and beam

Shear is carried by plates welded to girder web and bolted to beam web Plate welded to girder web and bolted to bottom flange of beam

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Steel frame constructions offer the following advantages compared to brick, concrete and wooden constructions.

Steel frame constructions do have a couple of disadvantages, the most regularly cited being:

1) Strength & Durability Structural steel components are lighter and stronger than weight-bearing wood or concrete products.

1) Thermal Conductivity The insulation value of walls can be reduced by as much as half when heat is transferred away through steel studs, which is not good news for energy retention in a building.

2) Easy Fabrication In Different Sizes Steel studs are available in a variety of sizes and can be fabricated order.

3) Fire Resistance Steel frame constructions are highly resistant to fire, reducing the fire risk to a building and retarding the spread of a fire should one occur.

4) Pest & Insect Resistant Structural steel components are immune to the degrading effects of burrowing insects and mammals – which can cause a problem for wooden framework unless adequately treated.

2) Reduced Flexibility On Site The measurements of steel need to be precisely calculated in advance, because a steel fabrication is delivered to site in its final form, ready to be slotted into the building. This is of course one of the big advantages of steel, but if the fabrication has resulted in an inaccurate component for whatever reason, the project may be held up while the framework is sent back to the workshop for adjustment.

3) Supporting Structures Steel frame constructions rarely work on their own. They usually require drywall, sheathing, insulation and supplementary wooden components to bring a building together. I

5) Moisture & Weather Resistance Structural steel can have good moisture resistant properties, depending on its carbon content. Hot zinc coating and extra powder treatments for enhanced rust resistance.

6

Flooring system: Composite Structural Steel Beams and Deck

Structural behavior: Composite construction refers to two load-carrying structural members that are integrally connected and deflect as a single unit. For composite beams, the two load carrying members are the structural steel beam and the concrete on composite metal deck with the shear studs being the element that connects them. Utilizing composite action creates a stiffer, lighter and less expensive structure than if the two elements were not integrally connected and makes this system one of the choice options for commercial construction.

Advantages:

1. Reduced structural steel frame cost compared to non-composite steel construction.

2. Reduction in time and labor cost due to composite deck serving as both the form deck (which in most cases does not require shoring) and the positive reinforcement in the final structure.

3. Compared to cast-in-place construction which requires shoring and re-shoring, composite construction can drastically reduce the construction schedule.

4. Reduction in weight of structural steel frame which also can lead to a less costly foundation.

5. Reduced live load deflection and improved vibration performance due the composite construction being stiffer than comparable systems.

6. Potential for shallower beams which can reduce building height.

Increased span lengths are possible.

Construction sequences 1. Trapezoidal steel decking is placed and spanned in a direction transverse to the secondary floor beams.

2. The decking is rigidly connected to the primary and secondary bemas by shear studs, which are connected through deck-welding techniques.

3. Steel mesh reinforcement, e.g. rebars, is placed above the steel decking to provide bending resistance and reduce cracking at the supports. The mesh also aids the distribution of the effects of localised point and line loads.

4. The profiled steel decking acts as a framework duringb construction and additional external reinforcement at the final stage of construction when reinforced concrete is cast on top of it.

Disadvantages:

1. Material cost typically higher compared to cast-in-place concrete systems.

2. Installation of shear connectors requires specialized equipment (automatic stud welders) which typically mean having to bring on a speciality sub-contractor.

3. Introduction of camber can create issues with concrete levelness and finishing.

7

Precedent study - Roofing system Name: Junko Fukutake Hall Location: Okayama University‘s Shikata Campus, Japan Function: Instituitional Architect: SANAA

Built on Okayama University‘s Shikata Campus, ‘Junko Fukutake Hall’ is designed as an open and inviting space, serving as a link between the university and the neighboring community. completed by renowned japanese architects SANAA, the building is composed of various glazed boxes contained beneath a series of angled roof planes. upon entering the building, a brightly lit foyer serves as a reception space that allows visitors to congregate before making their way to one of the site’s lecture halls. the larger auditorium, which contains 210 fixed seats, can be expanded to also include the two smaller rooms at its rear, meaning that a total of 410 people can be accommodated at once. owing to its simple steel frame construction, the single storey design took only eight months to complete.

Junko Fukotake Hall/ SANAA

8

Structures

Sloping roof beams support purlins.

Beam sloping - purrlin span Girders support roof beams at ridge and eaves.

Rafter and purlin connection

Structural framework

Roof truss

Steel column

Materials

steel

Section 9

Roofing system: Angled Roof Plan Roofing type: standing seam The term standing seam comes from the connections between the metal panels that are raised. The seams run vertically and are created by folding and crimping the edges between the panels. These roofs require minimal maintenance and provide both extreme resistance to high winds and a high fire rating. As a durable choice for roofing, we’re exploring the systems, materials and performance of standing seam roofs.

Splice plate- ends of beams maybe be tapered or lightened with cutouts.

Overhanging beams may be framed within the depth of the primary beam or be continuous over the main beam support.

Standing seam profile

Construction sequences 1. Rafters are secured to steel columns.

2. Purlins are installed to the rafters using angle cleat.

3. Layering of safety mesh and insulation are installed.

4. Metal decking is screwed on top of purlins using tek screw.

5.Flashing is applied at joint to prevent leakage to the interior.

Roof framework A flat roof structure maybe framed with structural steel member similar to the way steel floors are framed.

10

Roof gutter

Eave edges

Built-in gutter

Low slope cross joint

Roof details

Advantages:

Improved Heating and Cooling A steeply sloped roof creates extra space in the structure. All of the space below the roof fills with air, changing how heating and cooling systems work. A low slope roof limits this extra air and makes a structure easier to keep comfortable throughout the years.

Disadvantage:

Limited Materials Low slope roofs change how water flows off of the structure. High pitched roofs don't let water sit, so asphalt shingles and other materials that overlap work well.

Maintenance Requirements Since water and ice sit on the surface of a low slope roof much longer than on one with a high pitch, the roofing materials receive more wear, which increases the maintenance requirements and associated costs over the lifespan of the structure.

Installation Costs A low slope or flat roof requires less material to build, lowering the overall installation cost. The structure is easier to build because supports are installed from the sides of the building without workers having to lift up large trusses. Rolling out and sealing the roofing materials also takes less time than installing individual shingles.

11

Precedent study - Facade system 1: Perforated brick Name: Poroscope Location: Seoul, Korea Function: Retail Architect: Young Han Chung + studio Archiholic

Derived from the cultural weaving of hemp cloth, an exterior of woven masonry units features pores to screen and selectively reveal an internal framing of concrete and glass. beginning by first understanding the history of the encompassing context, the studio generated a map with measurements and simulations of existing buildings. the brand’s image as well as space requirements were integrated, reaching a total of 191 square meters on three levels.

Poroscape / Younghan Chung + studio Archiholic

12

Creating a Look by Re-composition The main point to be mentioned here is the work of creating another look on the motive of the existing structural part( column and beam).

In other words, the architectural method lies in Recomposition, i.e. resetting the relations with the new skin by tearing down the existing covering surrounding the structure and exposing a part of the existing structure as if the structural form were to be composed of a new skin.

Materials

brick

Perforated brick configuration

facade details 1. T1.6 steel plate 2. steel plate capping 3. traditional brick 4. 30×30 square pipe 5. 20×20 square pipe 6. L-angle 100x100x10T 7. by other’s finish 8. grass on light soil 9. T3 steel plate molding 10. T50 insulation 11. plant box 12.

T12 tempered glass 13. cedar exposed concrete finish

facade details 1. T1.6 steel plate 2. steel plate capping 3. traditional brick 4. 30×30 square pipe 5. 20×20 square pipe 6.L-angle 100x100x10T 7. by other’s finish 8. grass on light soil 9. T3 steel plate molding 10. T50 insulation 11. plant box 12. T12 tempered glass 13. cedar exposed concrete finish

elevations 13

Facade system 1: Perforated brick Construction sequences 1. Preparing of brick and mortar Brick should regular in shape and their edges should be sharp.

Bricks should not absorb water more than one-sixth of their weight after one-hour soaking by immersing in water. For cement mortar, cement should be fresh Portland cement or pozzolana Portland cement of standard specifications. Sand should be sharp, clean, and free from organic and foreign matters.

2. Soaking of bricks Brick should be fully soaked in clean water by submerging in a tank for a period of 12 hours immediately before use. Soaking should be continued till the air bubbles have ceased to appear.

steel frame

perforated brick

a. concrete block reinforced steel b. brickwork (perforated brick)

3. Laying of bricks Bricks should be laid in English bond unless specified and should be well bonded. Every course should be truly horizontal, and walls should be truly in plumb.

4. Curing of brickwork The brickwork should be kept wet for a period of at least 20 days after laying. At the end of day’s work, the tops of walls should be flooded with water by making small weak mortar edging to contain at least 2.5cm or 1 inch deep water.

5. Protection, Scarffolding and measurement of brickwork Advantages: 1. Uniform shape and size.

2. Handling is easy with brick as the pieces are light in weight.

3. Brick is easily available and transportation is less costly while stone needs to be brought in from quarries that limit the supply.

4. You can use any type of mortar with brick masonry.

5. Brick can be used for virtually any project including thin walls, where stone is not the best source.

6. Easy to form openings for doors and windows.

7. Construction cost can be reduced in brick masonry as mortar joints are thin.

horizontal joint reinforcement

Solid masonry walls may also consist of multiple wythes bonded by grout, corrosion-resistant metal wall ties, or horizontal joint reinforcement.

Disadvantages: 1. Not as strong as other materials such as stone.

2. Not as durable compared to stone.

3. Brick masonry needs plastering done to finish a project which can raise construction costs.

4. Brick absorbs water which will cause dampness and damage overtime.

Less aesthetic appeal with brick as there is limited sizes and colors.

14

Precedent study - Facade system 2: Ovperable vertical timber louvres Name: Concrete House Location: Tel Aviv, Israel Function: Residential Architect: Bar Orien Architects

Tel-Aviv based Bar Orian Architects, led by Tal Bar Orian, chose the simple form of two board-marked concrete boxes stacked on top of one another as a reference to Brutalist architecture. The upper volume is slightly offset from the lower to create two terraces on either side of the property.

Large openings in the facade that span from the floor to the ceiling and are fronted by vertical louvres set in box frames, which are made from strips of aluminium and Corten steel that have a dark red hue. This system allows various degrees of light filtering, creating an additional layer that enriches the space and brings the tangible outdoors experience into the house.

Concrete House/ Bar Orien Architects

15

SOL’ART OPERABLE LOUVRE - MANUAL The manually operable Louvre systems are easily controlled by hand adjusting the angle of the blades. This is done with ease thanks to our high-quality pivots that move only when and how desired.

APPLICATIONS: Residential Applications Commercial Applications Health / Aged Care Facilities Educational Institutions Hospitality Sector Retail & Shopping Centres

Materials

Section

Details 1. INNOWOOD Louvre Blade 2. Aluminium SHS Frame 3. Linkage Bar

PROFILES LB15035S PRODUCT CODES LB15035 COVERAGE 150mm HORIZONTAL SPAN 1800mm VERTICAL SPAN 2700mm INNOVATIVE COLOURS Available PREMIUM COLOURS Not Available

timber

16

Facade system 2: Operable vertical timber louvres

Installation Carrier Fin Suspender Fixed Disk U Profile Timber louvre fins

Construction sequences 1. Precast timber louvre fins with the ideal dimension and type of timber.

2. Installation of louvre frame due to its preferable size.

3. Fixing the mechanism bar on upper part and lower part of the framing.

4. Fixing the precast timber louvre fins onto the mechanism bar.

5. Adjustment and alignment for the operable angle of timber louver fins.

Advantages: Provide shade during the day while allowing cross breezes to flow through.

Can be fully closed at night for privacy, comfort and security.

SOL’ ART operable Louvre Systems allow you to tilt the blades at the appropriate angle to regulate natural sunlight.

SOL’ ART Louvre Systems have been proven to be a sound investment as they reduce the need to use air-conditioning resulting in ongoing energy cost savings.

SOL’ ART Motorised Opening Roof Systems are so easy to operate – just the touch of a button will improve the functionality and comfort of your environment.

Operable timber louvre fins

Disdvantages: 1. Significant security risk if installed without extra measures 2. Offer relatively poor insulation and may leak air 3. Non weatherproofing due to properties of timber material 4. Blockage of view due to array of slit of timber louvres

17

Appropriateness for studio

Steel post and beam construction as the proposed construction method forThe Neighbourhood Market is because of the durability of the steel structure to withsatand large horizontal load and flexibility of space to be designated.

Brickwork is use for the envelope for the building is to subtitute The Neighbourhood Market on site, which majority of the shoplot and residential is using brick as the main choice for construction material.

Steel post and beam construction

Angled sloped roof with standing seam roofing panel is applied for the building to well intergrate with the tropical climate with rain and sunlight for whole year. Standing seam allow rain water to be flow onto the ground and provide shade for user with better ventilation.

Angled slope roof

18

Appropriateness for studio

Perforated brick allow visual interaction between user in The Neighbourhood Market. User able to know activity happening inside the market through gap within the brick. Additionally, perforated brick promote better ventilation for wet market area with full of odour smell.

Perforated brick

Operable vertical timber louvres provide optimal natural light for food court area during daytime by control the amount of sunlight penetrate through the building. Besides its allow breeze flow through opening in between the timber slat to maximise user comfort.

Operable vertical timber louvres

19

Facade design scheme 1

1:150

Front Elevation

20

Facade design scheme 1

1:150

Rear Elevation

21

Facade design scheme 2

1:150

Front Elevation

22

Facade design scheme 2

1:150

Rear Elevation

23

Sectional Perspective (ground level)

1:50

3 NTS

2

1

FACADE CONNECTION

Perforated brick

1 Steel column to foundation connection

2 Steel beam with composite deck

3 Perforated brick facade details 24

Sectional Perspective (top level)

1:50

2 NTS

1

3

FACADE CONNECTION Roof truss Steel column

Steel column

1 Steel column to roof truss connection

2 Roof glazing details

3 Steel column to roof truss connection

25

References 1. “Younghan Chung Architects: Poroscape in Seoul.” Designboom, 8 Dec. 2015, www.designboom.com/architecture/younghan-chung-studio-archiholic-poroscape-in-seoul/.

2. Admin. Advantages & Disadvantages of Brick Masonry. 27 Dec. 2017, www.delucamasonry.com/2017/12/27/advantages-disadvantages-of-brick-masonry/.

3. Gibson, Eleanor. “Box-Framed Louvres Shade Windows of Concrete House in Tel Aviv.” Dezeen, 2 May 2017, www.dezeen.com/2017/05/02/house-tel-aviv-bar-orian-architects-israel-board-marked-concrete-louvres/.

4. “INNOWOOD Operable Louvre.” Composite Timber Decking | Composite Wood | Cladding, innowood.com/louvre-operable/.

5. “Double Lock Standing Seam Roofing.” RHEINZINK, www.rheinzink.us/systems/zinc-roof-and-gutter-systems/zinc-roofing/double-lock-standing-seam/.

6.“Roof Types: 24 Best Roof Styles + Materials For Your Home.” Décor Aid, 22 Apr. 2019, www.decoraid.com/blog/roof-types.

7. White, Geoffrey. The Advantages & Disadvantages Of Steel Frame Construction, 26 Oct. 2017, blog.glwengineering.co.uk/the-advantages-disadvantages-of-steel-frame-construction.

8. “Advantages & Disadvantages of Low Slope Roofs.” Hunker, www.hunker.com/13417849/advantages-disadvantages-of-low-slope-roofs.

9. Mena, Florencia. “Spring House / W L A.” ArchDaily, ArchDaily, 15 June 2016, www.archdaily.com/789515/spring-house-w-l-a\.

10. Nippon Steel Corporation, www.nipponsteel.com/.

11. “Construction of Steel Structure Foundations, Columns, Beams, Floors.” The Constructor, 10 Oct. 2017, theconstructor.org/structures/construction-steel-structure-foundations-columns-beams-floors/18648/.

12. Dudley, Drew. “Composite Structural Steel Beams and Deck.” Dudley Engineering, 2 July 2018, dudleyengineering.com/composite-structural-steel-beams-and-deck/.

26