제18기 유엔 전문가 교육 결과보고서 - The 18th Training Program on the United Nations Final Report by Hope to the Future Association

Special Thanks to. Group Programmes Unit, United Nations Department of Global Communications AND Permanent Mission of Republic of Korea to the United Nations New York Office, USA

HOPE TO THE FUTURE ASSOCIATION

CSO Representative at the United Nations Department of Global Communications Web: www.hopetofuture.org I Address: 4F, Bongeunsa-ro 176, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea Tel: +82-2-6952-1616 I Email: webmaster@hopetofuture.org

Writer and Editor in-Chief Hyeonkyung Ha I Program Manager

Assistant Editors Yewon Jeong I Program Assistant Taeyeon Eom I Program Assistant

18th Training Program on the United Nations Table of Contents

Program Information

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Program Introduction

Program Theme

Program Curriculum

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Participant Information

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Student List

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Staff List

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Speaker List

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Team Presentation on the UN and the SDGs

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Team 1. UN-Habitat

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Team 2. UNDESA

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Team 3. UNDP

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Team 4. UNESCO

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Team 5. UNODA

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Photo Gallery

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Individual Report Organizations

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Host

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Sponsors

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Cooperation Organization

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The 18th Training Program on the United Nations and the Sustainable Development Goals 4 Jan. – 8 Jan. 2022

PROGRAM INTRODUCTION ‘Training Program on the United Nations’ is a pedagogical training program customized and developed for Korean youth to provide intensive training on the works on the UN and the Sustainable Development Goals. Hosted by Hope to the Future Association, UN DGC associated NGO, the program mainly focuses on the global matters dealt by the UN organizations and the member states. Having UN high officers and experts with direct experience in the international organization as the main speakers, the program aims to promote a better understanding of the global issues and develop multi-perspective on the UN. The training also provides direct networking opportunities with UN officials, NGO representatives, and UN ambassadors. Particularly, the 2021 Training Program provides an opportunity to examine how well the United Nations carries out its stated aims to maintain international peace and security, protect human rights, deliver humanitarian aid, promote sustainable development, and uphold international law. In addition, students learn about not only the United Nations but also South Korea’s relationship with the United Nations as they build professional knowledge on pending issues of the international society. This year’s program had invited UN speakers from around the globe including Korea, the US, Japan, Mexico, South Africa, Sudan, and so on. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic situation, the program was virtually organized via an online platform.

2022 Winter Program Outline Host

 Hope to the Future Association

Title

 The 18th Training Program on the United Nations and the SDGs

Date

 4 January (Tue.) ~ 8 January (Sat.) 2022 (KST)

Venue Language

 Online platform ZOOM  English  Keynote Speech by UN high officials  UN Staff Lecture (UNHQ New York and Geneva)  Special Discussion with the UN Ambassadors

Program

 UN Career Development Session (Young Leaders)  Youth Presentations on the UN Agendas  Youth Declaration on the SDGs  Debate and discussions (pros and cons) on the UN Agendas  Student participants: 33 people

Participant Information

 Youth staff: 2 people  HFA staff: 6 people

Theme



PROGRAM THEME

“On September 25th 2015, the UN Member States adopted a set of goals to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all as part of a new sustainable development agenda. Each goal has specific targets to be achieved over the next 15 years.”

The SDGs, build on the success of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and aim to go further to end all forms of poverty. The new Goals are unique in that they call for action by all countries, poor, rich and middle-income to promote prosperity while protecting the planet. They recognize that ending poverty must go hand-in-hand with strategies that build economic growth and addresses a range of social needs including education, health, social protection, and job opportunities, while tackling climate change and environmental protection. While the SDGs are not legally binding, governments are expected to take ownership and establish national frameworks for the achievement of the 17 Goals. Countries have the primary responsibility for follow-up and review of the progress made in implementing the Goals, which will require quality, accessible and timely data collection.

Program Main Focus Goal 1: No Poverty End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

Goal 4: Quality Education Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

Goal 8: Decent Work & Economic Growth Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.

Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communicates Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.

Goal 13: Climate Action Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy.

Goal 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.

Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.

PROGRAM CURRICULUM Day 1 Opening Ceremony

4 January (Tues.) Opening Remark Maher Nasser | Director of the Outreach Division, UNDGC

Keynote Briefing

Global Mindset for Future Generations Ambassador Chang-beom Cho Vice-President of United Nations Associations Republic of Korea (UNAROK), (Former) Ambassador of the Republic of Korea to Australia

Keynote Briefing

FAO and its Contribution to SDGs Mr. Tang Shengyao (Ph.D) FAO Representative and Head of FAO PLO in ROK

Keynote Briefing

Roles of the Youth as Global Citizens Ambassador Won-soo Kim (Former) Under-Secretary-General, High Representative for the United Nations Disarmament Affairs (UNODA)

UN e-learning

UN Briefing

Day 2

Climate Responsive Budgeting Hyeonkyung Ha Education Department, Hope to the Future Association The #SDGeneration and Global Youth Impactful Action Rachel Harri Weiser Chief Strategic Officer, ConnectAID

5 January (Wed.)

UN irtual Tour

Asia and the Pacific from the Perspectives of the United Nations United Nations Guided Tours Team

Special Session: Ivy League

International Model United Nations and the SDGs Monique Nokolov Secretary-General of Yale International Model United Nations (YMUN)

Keynote Briefing

Strategy for SDG and Carbon Neutral Future Ambassador Rae-kwon Chung (Former) Director of the Environment and Development Division, UN Economics and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN ESCAP)

Keynote Briefing

United Nations and the Republic of Korea Ambassador Tae-yul Cho (Former) Chair of the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission (UN PBC), Permanent Representative of the Republic of Korea to the UN

UN e-learning

Day 3

Carbon Taxation Hyeonkyung Ha Education Department, Hope to the Future Association

6 January (Thur.)

UN Briefing

Global Disarmament and World Peace Junhoung Yoo Political Affairs Officer at United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs (UNODA)

UN Briefing

Climate Action and the Cop26 Esra Sergi Communications and Public Mobilisation Officer, Climate Action Team, Executive Office of the Secretary-General

UN Briefing

REFLECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE UN-HABITAT´s mandate and vision for our urbanizing world Ana Sabrina Martínez Feria Urban Development Specialist at United Nations Habitat

Special Session: Climate

Special Session: Ivy League

Green Policy Jack Bathe Intern on Uzbekistan Team at Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI)

What Should Korean Youth Do? Chaerin Park, University of Pennsylvania Hyunjo Koh, Brown University

Day 4

UN Briefing

Keynote Briefing

Special Session: Partnership

Special Session: Climate

7 January (Fri.) SDG 4: Quality Education Lily Gray UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

Work as a Diplomat and an Ambassador Ambassador Denis Godwin Antoine Permanent Representative of Grenada to the United Nations

Global Cooperation for the Post-Covid-Era Kadir Jun Ayhan (Dr.) Assistant Professor at Graduate School of International Studies, Ewha Womans University Climate Mobility and Climate-induced Migration Carine Valarché (Former) Research Assistant at the United Nations Office for Sustainable Development (UNOSD)

UN Briefing

Governance and Development Cooperation Seán O’Connell Head of Governance with United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Lao PDR

Special Session: Partnership

Partnerships for 2030 Agenda Youngjin Lee Training and Education Officer at World Federation of United Nations Associations (WFUNA)

Day 5

8 January (Sat.)

UN Briefing

The Impact of Covid-19 on the Sustainable Development Goals Donald Lee (Former) Chief of the Social Perspective on Development Branch, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)

SDGs Presentation

Final Presentation on the Sustainable Development Goals Team Presentation and Group Discussion

Closing

Closing Address: Award Ceremony and Certificate of Completion Jin-Hoan Choung President and Head Director, Hope to the Future Association

STUDENT LIST

MYEONG JUN KANG St. Johnsbury Academy Jeju

BOIN KANG

HYEWON KANG

CheongShim International Academy

Korean International School in Hanoi

EUN CHAE GO

SEOWOO KIM

JUNGEUN KIM

Korean International School in Hanoi

Daewon Foreign Language High School

Cornerstone Collegiate Academy of Seoul

JINSEO KIM US International School

CHAN HO KIM

TAE RIM KIM

Seoul Foreign Language High School

Daewon International Middle School

DAHYEON NAM

YEHUN RYU

Singapore Korean International School

Central Yeadam Christian Academy

GAYOUNG PARK Guangzhou Korean School

YU EUN PARK Homeschool

EUN AUO Korea International School, Jeju

CHAEN YOON Cornerstone Collegiate Academy of Seoul

JIN HEE LEE Daewon Foreign Language High School

SEUNGWOO BAIK Lighthouse International School

MIN JUNE YOU CMIS Canada

DONGHWAN YI Youngil High School

HYUN JI AN Korean International School in Hanoi

JIMIN YOUN Daewon International Middle School

JUNEHEE LEE Cumberland Christian Academy

HYEONJIN LEE

YOO JEONG JANG

The Stormking School

Guangzhou Korean School

SEONGEUN JEONG

SUYEON JEUNG

Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies

American International School of Guangzhou

HYUNSEUL CHUNG

HYUN BIN JOO

Dwight School Seoul

Korea International School

HYUNGEON CHUNG Dwight School Seoul

SEUNGJOO HA Daewon Foreign Language High School

JISUN HWANG

HARAM HONG Chungnam Samsung Academy

Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies

STAFF LIST

YOON GEON

TAEEUN KIM

YEWON JEONG

TAEYEON EOM

Konkuk University

Hanyang University

HFA Program Assistant

SPEAKER LIST Global Mindset for Future Generations United Nations Associations Republic of Korea Chang-beom Cho Vice-President of UNAROK Former, Ambassador of the Republic of Korea to Australia

FAO and its Contribution to SDGs Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Mr. Tang Shengyao (Ph.D) Representative and Head of FAO PLO in ROK

Roles of the Youth as Global Citizens UN Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) Won-soo Kim Former, Under-Secretary-General, High Representative for the UNODA

The #SDGeneration and Global Youth Impactful Action

ConnectAID Rachel Harri Weiser Chief Strategic Officer

International Model United Nations and the SDGs Yale University Model United Nations Secretariat Monique Nikolov Secretary-General of YMUN XLVIII

Strategy for SDG and Carbon Neutral Future United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) Rae-kwon Chung Former, Director of the Environment and Development Division

United Nations and the Republic of Korea Permanent Representative Republic of Korea to the UN Tae-yul Cho Former, Chair of the United Peacebuilding Commission

the

Nations

United Nations and the Republic of Korea United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) Aaron Junhoung Yoo Political Affairs Officer

Climate Action and the Cop26 Climate Action Team, Executive Office of the Secretary-General Esra Sergi Bertani Communications and Public Mobilization Officer

Sustainable Cities and UN-Habitat

United Nations Habitat (UN-Habitat) Ana Sabrina Martínez Feria Urban Development Specialist

The youth, climate change and sustainable development

Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) Jack Bathe Intern on Uzbekistan Team

SDG 4: Quality Education United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Lily Gray Senior Liaison Officer

Work as a Diplomat and an Ambassador Permanent Mission of Grenada to the United Nations Denis Godwin Antoine Former, Permanent Representative of Grenada to the United Nations

Global Cooperation for the Post-Covid-Era Ewha Womans University, Graduate School of International Studies Kadir Jun Ayhan Assistant Professor

Climate Mobility and Climate-induced Migration United Nations Office for Sustainable Development (UNOSD) Carine Valarché Former, Research Assistant `

Governance and Development Cooperation United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Lao PDR Seán O’Connell Head of Governance

Partnerships for 2030 Agenda

World Federation of United Nations Associations (WFUNA) Youngjin Peter Lee Training and Education Officer

The Impact of Covid-19 on the Sustainable Development Goals UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) Donald Lee Former, Chief of the Social Perspective on Development Branch

References: http://unarok.org https://www.fao.org/ www.un.org/disarmament/ https://connectaid.com/en/homepage https://ymun.org/ https://www.unescap.org/ https://www.un.org/peacebuilding/commission https://unhabitat.org/ https://www.unesco.org/en www.un.int/grenada/ www.ewha.ac.kr/ewhaen/index.do https://unosd.un.org/ https://www.undp.org/ https://wfuna.org/ https://www.un.org/en/desa www.un.org/en https://unhabitat.org/

Team 1

UN-Habitat and its response to Covid-19 Organization: UN-Habitat

Korean International School in Hanoi, Eun Chae Go Daewon Foreign Language High School, Seowoo Kim Cornerstone Collegiate Academy of Seoul, Jungeun Kim Daewon International Middle School, Tae Rim Kim Korea International School Jeju, Eun Auo Daewon International Middle School, Jimin Youn Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies, Jisun Hwang

The 18th UN Training Program Team 1 Report UN Habitat and its Response to Covid 19

Written by: Eleanor Auo Jimin Youn Jungeun Kim Eunchae Go Taerim Kim Jisun Hwang Seowoo Kim

-Table of ContentsI.

Introduction of UN-Habitat

II. Current UN-Habitat led project III. Covid-19 Response Report A. Action B. Result IV. SDG generations’ possible contributions to achieving goal 11

1. Introduction of UN Habitat Eleanor Auo (Korea International School Jeju)

Before any discussion on the specifics, knowing what UN Habitat is and its role in serving the world is important. To begin with, the image above is the logo and slogan of UN Habitat. The slogan goes, “For a Better Urban Future”. The full name of UN Habitat is United Nations Human Settlements Programme and it is a program for human settlements and sustainable urban development. UN Habitat was established in 1978 through the first United Nations Conference on Human Settlements and Sustainable Urban Development held in Vancouver, Canada, in 1976. For more in regards to UN Habitat, unhabitat.org is their official website. With that said, UN Habitat’s focus is to promote transformative change in cities and human settlements through knowledge, policy advice, technical assistance and collaborative action to leave no one and no place behind. The program's newly selected 4 focuses are (1) reducing spatial inequality and poverty in communities across the urban-rural continuum, (2) enhancing shared prosperity for cities and regions, (3) strengthening climate action and improved urban environment, and (4) creating effective urban crises prevention and response.

There are many ways to get involved with UN Habitat since through advocacy, communication and outreach, UN-Habitat mobilizes public, political, and financial support and collaborative action to inspire qualitative change in national development plans, policy frameworks, development practice and investment choices for sustainable urban development at the local, national and global level. There are also numerous forums and competitions that students can participate in to demonstrate their passion and knowledge in promoting and constructing a sustainable urban development. The following are a few. The World Urban Forum (WUF) is a premier global conference on sustainable urbanization. The WUF was established in 2001 by the United Nations to examine one of the most pressing issues facing the world today: rapid urbanization and its impact on communities, cities, economies, climate change and policies. Representatives of national, regional and local governments, academics, business people, community leaders, urban planners will be among the thousands of people who attend the World Urban Forum. World Cities Day aims to promote the international community's interest in global urbanization, push forward cooperation among countries in meeting opportunities and addressing challenges of urbanization, and contributing to sustainable urban development around the world. The observance day ties in with Sustainable Development Goal 11, to make cities "inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable". The general theme of World Cities Day is Better City, Better Life, while each year a different sub-theme and a location for its global observance is selected, to either promote successes of urbanization, or address specific challenges resulting from urbanization. World Habitat Day was designated by the United Nations as the first Monday of October of every year to reflect on the state of our habitats, and on the basic right of all to adequate shelter. The Day is also intended to remind the world that we all have the power and the responsibility to shape the future of our cities and towns. The theme for this year’s World Habitat Day is “Accelerating urban action for a carbon-free world”. The theme recognizes that cities are responsible for some 70 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions with transport, buildings, energy, and waste management accounting for the bulk of urban greenhouse gas emissions. Events and activities during World Habitat Day will explore how national, regional and local governments and organizations, communities, academic institutions, the private sector and all relevant stakeholders can work together to create sustainable, carbon-neutral, inclusive cities and towns. ClimateAction4Cities Campaign is where people supercharge ideas to solutions and take action in cities and communities to win the race of climate action. ClimateAction4Cities Campaign has its own messages that convey how the future of the planet depends on the collective action of governments, cities and communities and how cities are on the front line of climate change impact and must be at the heart of climate action. The overall message continues to emphasize the necessity of inspiring local climate action based on scientific research

and business engagement and the resisting effort in transforming cities to become zero-carbon, climate resilient and socially-just places to live, work and play. The World Urban Campaign acts as a global advocacy and partnership platform to promote dialogue, sharing, and learning about improving our urban future. It is driven by a wide range of dedicated partners including civil society organizations, local authorities, the private sector, research institutions, professionals, academia, parliamentarians, trade unions, youth groups, and the media. The Campaign works to place the urban agenda at the highest level in development policies. It also helps partners to share best practices and innovative ideas, working together towards a better urban future. The Campaign also works with national governments to encourage National Urban Campaigns, through which governments can develop, debate, and articulate their goals and national strategies on sustainable urban development.

2. Current UN Habitat - led project SDG Goal 11 and the introduction to GCP Jimin Youn (Daewon International Middle School) Our team would like to talk about the current UN Habitat led project, ‘Greener Cities Partnership’. Before moving on, the main goal of Un habitat is SDG goal 11, and greener cities partnership is also one

of the many projects that un habitat is working on to achieve this goal. Goal 11’s mission is ‘make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable’. There are 10 targets in this goal, but rather than reading out the goals, I’d like to talk about the goal 11 as a whole. SDG 11 represents a shift in international development cooperation from a focus on poverty as a rural phenomenon to recognizing that cities, especially in the global south, are facing major challenges with extreme poverty, environmental degradation and risks due to climate change and natural disasters. While solving these issues, SDG 11 tries to create a more resilient, inclusive, and sustainable international society. Moving on to explaining this project, UNEP and UN Habitat launched it together to advocate and promote environmental sustainability in urban development, and to mainstream environmental considerations into urban policy making. There are two objectives: one, mainstream environmental considerations into local, national and global urban policy-making and two, highlight local-global linkages of environmental issues. The priorities are resource flows, efficiency and resilience, waste and wastewater management, transport and mobility, monitoring and reporting urban environmental SDG indicators. Some examples of on-going works are China’s Chengdu and Iran’s Qazvin city projects.

Chengdu does not have natural barriers such as mountains or rivers confining the city in a particular shape. As a result, the city faces urban sprawl, causing a centralized urban heat island, poor ventilation, ecological fragility, traffic congestion and other urban environmental problems. To solve these problems, Chengdu is planning to set up an ecological green line with the help of the Greener Cities Partnership to protect the environment, curb urban sprawl, and optimize the spatial infrastructure of this ring. The picture on the left side is the expected version of the ecological green line that is in progress. Also, Shaocheng district has over the last few decades experienced diverse issues of deterioration. Not only is the historic significance of this neighborhood disappearing; the area also lacks green space, suffers in terms of air quality due to vehicle pollution; and has become overly touristy and commercial over the years. The municipality has now decided that with the help of UN-Habitat and UNEP, several activities can be put in action to upgrade and improve the area: attract young citizens through the development of artist studios; connect contemporary urban life with the historic value of the place through walking tours and exhibition areas; and making the neighborhood healthier through increasing green space. And for Iran Qazvin city, UNEP and UN Habitat helps monitor specific urban SDG indicators, which will help the Iran government to launch diverse sustainable city policies later in the future. The new indicators tackle the issues of water quality, water usage efficiency, more specifically reducing the use of potable water for non-drinking purposes, wastewater management, public transport and preservation of natural heritage. Some of these indicators can be aligned with already existing SDG indicators. In other cases, the GCP and CPI teams will develop new indicators representing the monitoring interests of the city. The data collections will be made available by the city, with the help of the National Statistics Organization and academic institutions, as appropriate. The Qazvin Pilot will be the first global project on Urban Environmental Indicators Monitoring, with the aim to collect long-term data and analyze these for more sustainable policies and results.

Examples of Green Cities Initiatives Seowoo Kim (Daewon Foreign Language Highschool)

Governments and NGOs have laid out and promoted projects related to green cities initiatives. Some of the most famous ideas about greener cities initiatives are urban agriculture and urban-rural linkages. Urban agriculture has multiple positive effects and can contribute to other greener city projects. First, urban agriculture allows a certain level of self-sustainability within the city. This shortens supply chains and also allows better access to fresher food for urban citizens. It also naturally increases urban green space. Green spaces in urban areas improve air quality and urban heating. Urban agriculture space is no different from urban green space, except that it provides us with fresh vegetables or flowers. Thus, such spaces heal urban citizens who are exhausted from dull buildings. For these reasons urban agriculture is one of the most expected aspects of sustainable cities. The other project we are going to introduce is called urban-rural linkage. Linkages such as roads (expressways) or bridges between urban and rural regions allow better access for urban populations to

rural areas. Rural areas have more space and manpower that contributes to producing crops and resources. Such linkages may also shorten supply chains which leads to lessening the emission of greenhouse gas. Moreover, increased interaction between the two areas accelerates the development of rural areas as well

An urban garden in Honolulu, Hawaii (FAO/© Eric Broder Van Dyke)

Bridge that divides urban and rural areas (© FAO/Simone Borelli)

as their infrastructure. Rural local governments have the better chance of developing their region.

Water Provision & Mobility Jisun Hwang (Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies)

Another category of Greener cities initiative is water provision. Water provision projects are increasingly in need because of contaminated water due to pollution and scarce water supply(droughts) due to global warming. UN habitat and UNEP focus on developing integrated waste management strategies that include both solid waste and waste water management. UN-Habitat also conducts independent projects for water provision such as 1. Supporting innovation in water and sanitation in Egypt and 2. Local support in Jordan and Lebanon. Targeted towards the vulnerable population in Egypt, UN-Habitat worked with its partners to provide water during the Covid-19 pandemic. Water scarcity is a major problem in Egypt worsened by climate change, rapid population growth, and the disrupted flow of the Nile. The programme “Supporting Innovation in Water and Sanitation in Egypt,” funded by Coca Cola, focuses on applying innovative technology for eco-friendly and cost-efficient solutions for water sanitation. River Bank Filtration Technology is an environmentally friendly process which relies on natural soil filtration to treat the water, River Bank Filtration System in producing clean water. The water is discharged into the Nile River until Egypt it reaches the government set water quality standard. Clean water is then directly sent to the local water

network of the towns. The technology is cost efficient in comparison to conventional large-scale water treatment stations and can be built rapidly.

Local Support in Jordan and Lebanon

The Arab region is one of the most vulnerable regions of the world to the negative effects of climate change and is now considered the planet’s most water-scarce region. At the same time, the region is home to the world’s largest population of refugees and displaced people, with Lebanon and Jordan ranked as the largest and second largest refugee-hosting countries in comparison to national population. UN-Habitat is conducting a 4-year program starting from 2021(twenty-twenty one) to support local communities with water supplies.

“We need to take bolder steps to confront the challenge of climate change and focus on the importance of resilience and adaptation - what the Secretary-General called the forgotten half of the climate change equation without which we have no hope of achieving our common climate goals.” -Munir Tabet, Deputy Executive Secretary at ESCWA Next, sustainable transportation and mobility. A lot of developed countries have a well-connected public transportation system. However, a lot of developing countries have local problems designing and constructing one of their own. The African continent, specifically, has the poorest public transport system in the world. UN habitat and UNEP are mostly focusing on the African Region to 1.

Promote rapid bus transport and non-motorized transport facilities in Africa

Contribute to the transport component of Kenya’s climate strategy

3. Establish a forum for promoting sustainable transport in Africa and support the development of an action plan for sustainable transport in Africa. Not only does the Sustainable Transportation system help us consume cleaner energy, it also helps us solve urbanization issues such as traffic congestion and accidents. UN habitat is additionally performing various independent projects to tackle the problem of public transportation as well. One example is the private-public partnership between the UN-Habitat and Kantar.

Public Transportation (Bus Terminals)

The project supports experts conducting a major research study to forecast how the population's preference for certain modes of transport in 31 cities around the world will evolve and which scenarios will be more beneficial from a consumer and expert perspective. The research includes providing predictions on which means of transport and technologies will increase or decrease, and to what extent they will have a major effect on existing business models in the transport sector and on how people commute in cities.

3. UN-Habitat Response to Covid-19 and the Results Jungeun Kim (Cornerstone Collegiate Academy of Seoul)

As the pandemic is having a major impact on the global economy the effects are felt at the local level. In 2020, the UN-Habitat launched its’ COVID-19 response plan to support communities and cities as they face challenges together. The response plan outlines the urgent actions the UN-Habitat will be taking in cities and communities in 64 countries. They aimed to help cities and local governments to protect their populations and start the recovery process. Over 70 percent of support targets work with informal settlements to improve affordable access to water and sanitation, raise awareness about COVID-19 prevention and care, and support initiatives to prevent people from becoming homeless. Stopping the spread of COVID-19 and reducing its effect in urban areas requires access to adequate water and sanitation services. People living in slums and informal settlements require special care when it comes to water, sanitation, and hygiene. The research found out that over 90% of COVID-19 instances are found in cities throughout the world. Cities are bearing the brunt of the crisis, with many suffering from overburdened health systems, insufficient water, and sanitation facilities, poor housing conditions, and other issues. This is especially true in poorer areas, where the pandemic has highlighted deepseated disparities, such as the one billion people living in slums and informal settlements. To add on, Covid-19 has the greatest impact in impoverished and densely populated urban areas, particularly for the one billion people living in informal settlements and slums throughout the world, with a particular focus on the most vulnerable, such as the elderly, persons with disabilities, women, youth, and children, as well as refugees, internally displaced people, and migrants.

This is one of the fact sheets published by UN-Habitat in 2020, stressing the Covid-19's impact in poor and densely populated urban areas as one of the most important concerns. The following is: the virus has infected over 1,430 cities in 210 nations. Over 95% of all occurrences occur in metropolitan settings. 1 billion people live in overcrowded and insufficient dwellings in informal settlements and slums. There are 2.4 billion individuals who do not have proper access to clean water and sanitation. UN-Habitat needs USD 72 million to assist in fulfilling pressing needs in cities and communities across 64 countries. UNHabitat responded by concluding that an immediate action is required to keep them safe and healthy.

Eun Chae Go (Korean International School in Hanoi)

In reference to COVID-19, UN-Habitat provided two different types of answers. UN-Habitat’s global, national, and city-level COVID-19 responses focused on urban areas that need help. Stopping the spread of COVID-19 and reducing its effect in urban areas requires access to adequate water and sanitation services. People living in slums and informal settlements require special care, especially during the pandemic, because it’s almost impossible for them to follow instructions such as lockdown and social distancing, which require the agency’s urgent actions to be taken. To solve these problems, UN-Habitat's support concentrated on three things: urban data, urban monitoring, and urban planning. Firstly, delivering water. UN Habitat has been supporting water and house supplies in cities affected by wars and other crises. In March 2020, UN Habitat projected a programme called "Strengthening the Long-Term Resilience of Subnational Authorities in Countries Affected by the Syrian and Iraqi Crisis." The programme was funded by the EU, managed by UN Habitat, and had a partnership with UNDP. Over 2,300 households have benefited from UN-Habitat’s rehabilitation of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure. Moreover, the WASH project granted 11,058 people equitable access to a safe and sustainable water supply. As an outcome of the project, it supports SDG #11, which is sustainable cities and communities, and SDG #6, clean water and sanitation. From their experience, UN Habitat responded to COVID-19 by delivering water to urban areas where services were needed. By doing this, the possibility of the availability of fundamental urban services increased and provided them with healthier lifestyles. Second, sanitation and hygiene facilities. Unfortunately, these basic and most important things were not available in these overcrowded areas. According to OCHA, over 700 million urban residents live without improved sanitation, causing serious effects on health and the environment. In January 2021, UN Habitat launched a new programme with support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. They tried to draw on the full range of available and appropriate technologies to promote a public service approach in order to sustain full sanitation services in urban service areas. Especially during the pandemic, it was more challenging to improve sanitation, and so these kinds of service providers must be supported. Lastly, UN Habitat used smart technologies to track and monitor the emergence spots to shape and localize responses. To ensure that the pandemic is under control, UN Habitat, together with CitiIQ, developed the COVID-19 tracker to allow countries to plan and implement their responses. They have been consistently adding new cities and daily trending data. As a result, the tracking platform covers 1700 cities globally. As shown in the picture below, the platform indicates trend scores by differentiating colors

such as red, orange, and green. It also shares the number of cases of infection and death in the United States.

As an example of these 3 solutions, UN-Habitat has been supporting Myanmar since the 1990s. In Yangon, 34% of the population of 5.2 million lives below the poverty line, and there are over 423 informal settlements. The rapid growth of informal settlements is due to the prolonged undersupply of housing and a lack of proper regulations. In order to solve these challenges, UN Habitat engaged with local governments and communities to plan for a better urban life in Myanmar. The impact of the project was successful. A total of 19 projects were completed in 2014–2019. Over 1,500,000 people had access to safe drinking water and sanitation, and more than 6,000 houses were built and upgraded in rural areas of Yangon. Regarding the pandemic, UN Habitat gave extra support to the city. After the first outbreak in Myanmar, they installed a network of 415 hand washing stations, distributed 157,210 surgical masks to residents, and supported 60 schools with critical cleaning supplies in informal settlements in Yangon. As a result, 157,000 individuals directly benefited from these.

Taerim Kim (Daewon International Middle School) Since the Covid 19 has a huge impact on human society, UN habitat is working to overcome the problems. They focus on three big pillars: delivering water, sanitation and hygiene facilities, and urban data and monitoring. They made successful programmatic results throughout 2020 march to august.

There are many results but here are some. They provided water in Ghana, especially for the slums which are the most vulnerable hierarchies. Water sanitation is the most important thing for covid 19 not to spread. They also educated people all around the world about the information about Covid. They trained the youths how to use sanitizers and clean their houses. In September, a total of $25 million was raised to support UN Habitat's COVID-19 response, totaling 35% of the $72 million allocated to fulfill the urgent needs of 64 countries. UN-Habitat has helped 6.8 million people in 37 countries and more than 250 cities as part of the overall response. As a result of the COVID-19, UN-Habitat has prioritized its efforts in slums and informal settlements. So far, residents of slums and informal settlements have reaped the greatest benefits. UN habitat will focus on these parts on Post Covid 19 eras. First, health and development, reviewing and setting standards, manuals, tools in relation to urban determinants, including poverty, inequality and morphology and impact on the SDGs. Second, governance and urban finance, reviewing lessons learned, capacity building tools that can inform innovative and resilient recovery strategies. Also, central role of urban planning, Understanding the central role of urban planning and infrastructure in the post COVID 19 recovery and the opportunity to start rethinking the way to plan cities. They will focus on emergencies as well, Understanding long term implications of pandemics and public health emergencies, for the ongoing work on UN habitat. Socio-economic, they will link with urban finance and spatial inequalities. Lastly, is the basic house services. They will invest in basic services, housing and slum upgrading.

4. SDG Generation’s possible contribution for Goal 11 Jisun Hwang, Seowoo Kim, Jimin Youn To make the research project more meaningful, Team 1 came up with a sustainable city plan for Seoul. How can we make the city of Seoul more sustainable? According to the world city population 2021 report, Seoul is the 33rd largest city in the world. And according to the United Nations News, experts estimate that by 2030, there would be 43 mega cities in the world with each more than 10 million inhabitants. These megacities face various challenges – including housing, transportation, energy systems, infrastructure, employment, education, and health care. Seoul is not free from these challenges either. So as a UN-Habitat team, we figured out several solutions for the Korean government to make Seoul a better place to live.

URBAN POVERTY The first problem is urban poverty. Urban poverty refers to a set of economic difficulties in industrialized cities due to low income or low wealth. It usually occurs because of housing crises or unemployment issues. An overcrowded area in which the urban poor live is called a slum. Seoul also has several communities where under-privileged people live together, mostly known as ‘Dal-dongne(달동네)’.

Urban poverty (Dal-dong-ne in Seoul City)

The local community can grab the public attention to the isolated area through reconstruction projects that can produce jobs. There are many successive examples of recovery projects – even in South Korea! ‘Soje-dong (소제동)’ in Daejeon city is where railroad workers during the Japanese colonial period used to live together in the past. The houses were abandoned for a long time until Daejeon city recreated the old houses into mini art galleries, restaurants, and cafes. The team preserved the outer structure of the traditional house but renovated the interior of the house. The old buildings were turned into cafes and restaurants for visitors. Murals on the walls also added on to the artistic atmosphere of the town. ‘Sojedong (소제동)’ attracted a lot of young tourists. And these efforts to recover slums and isolated communities should be continued by the local government.

Pictures of Soje-dong in Daejeon City Picture 1: The buildings were turned into a cafe and a restaurant respectively Picture 2: Murals on the walls

CARBON/METHANE EMISSION South Korea has produced 12.22 tons of carbon dioxide per capita in 2018, in which Seoul’s production contributes the most. Mass production of carbon dioxide in South Korea is mostly due to the country’s industrial structure, which is mostly oriented to manufacturing. To take a look at South Korea’s production of methane, South Korea has produced 28 million tons in 2018, which takes up 3.8 percent of world total production. The government’s aim is to cut down their emission amount to 19.7 million tons by 2030. South Korea’s mass production of methane is mostly generated by utilization of excessive personal vehicles. The country has signed the Global Methane Pledge on November 2nd, 2021.

Renewable communities in England, Ireland, and Wales successfully reduced 65 thousand tons of carbon emission and produced approximately 6 million community benefits.

Only 2% of the Seoul Population rides bicycles for transportation in a day while 40% of the Copenhagen population rides bicycles.

One solution to greenhouse gas emission is through installing and expending the areas of solar panels in households. In Europe, citizen energy cooperatives have installed small-sized solar panels on rooftops and balconies to be self-sufficient with the energy for each of their own individual households. This selfconsumption system can reduce excessive generation of electricity. Renewable communities in England, Ireland, and Wales have successfully reduced 65 thousand tons of carbon emission and produced approximately 6 million community benefits. The local government of South Korea is already financially supporting households to encourage the application of solar panels. However, the majority of the public don’t even know the existence of solar panel assistance programs. The government and local communities need to advertise the project for more active participation, and prior to that attention from their citizens. Reducing methane gas could happen through the construction of bicycle roads. According to the Pressian News, only 2% of the Seoul population rides bicycles for transportation while in Copenhagen, 40% of the population rides bicycles. The Seoul Environment Association conducted a survey, and a lot of citizens replied that there aren’t enough roads for bicycle riders. Not only that, some of the bicycle roads are damaged and dangerous. We should benchmark the system of European nations to prepare a greener, more eco -friendly public transportation system that will create a more sustainable city.

YOUTH PARTICIPATION Going more specifically, we thought of ways the MZ generations could contribute to Goal 11. First, we should try to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in our daily lives. We could take public transportation or walk to places that are nearby. When ordering food, we should consider carbon footprints and try to order things from the closest place possible. Sharing information and forming local connections are important. As a student, we can set up a free student database with environmental research, news, issues, and projects. Interconnecting diverse clubs from different schools is one possible way to form an archive. Lastly, we should bring down UN youth campaigns to the local level. By doing this, we can encourage local policies about the goal and also attract youth participation for such campaigns. We should always keep in mind our responsibility as the SDG Generation and try our best to make a sustainable city environment as much as we can.

References: https://unhabitat.org/ https://www.un.org/en/observances/habitat-day https://wuf.unhabitat.org/ https://www.un.org/en/observances/cities-day https://www.worldurbancampaign.org/ https://reliefweb.int/report/world/un-habitat-improve-sanitation-informal-settlements-worldwide https://unhabitat.org/un-habitat-marks-world-water-day-by-water-network-rehabilitation-in-five-cities-across-iraq https://reliefweb.int/report/world/un-habitat-improve-sanitation-informal-settlements-worldwide :https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnNBux1PZkE https://www.unicef.org/mena/wash https://unhabitat.org/un-habitat-covid-19-platform-tracks-hundreds-of-new-cities https://unhabitat.citiiq.com/ https://unhabitat.org/myanmar https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/10/covid-19_response_report_web26.10.20.pdf https://unhabitat.org/greener-cities-partnership https://unhabitat.org/chengdu-and-un-habitat-revive-their-environmental-partnership https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal1 https://unhabitat.org/monitoring-water-use-efficiency-in-qazvin-through-city-prosperity-initiative https://unhabitat.org/un-habitat-launches-new-regional-project-on-climate-change-to-increase-the-resilience-of-displaced https://unhabitat.org/un-habitat-and-partners-bank-on-new-technology-for-water-provision-to-egypt%E2%80%99s-vulnerable

Team 2 UNDESA Organization: UNDESA

Seoul Foreign Language High School, Chan Ho Kim CMIS Canada, Min June You Guangzhou Korean School, Yoo Jeong Jang Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies, Seongeun Jeong American International School of Guangzhou, Suyeon Jeung Dwight School Seoul, Hyunseul Chung

Table of Contents 1. Introduction to UN DESA 2. What does UN DESA do? 3. UN DESA and the Covid-19 Situation 3-1. UN DESA’s Response Toward Covid-19 crisis. 3-2. Action for Covid-19 3-3. Action for SDG achievement 4. What is Global Citizenship? 4-1. What is global citizenship? 4-2. Why is global citizenship important? 5. Programs for Youth 5-1. Program initiated by UN DESA for youth 5-2. Introducing a program UN DESA analyzed, TdmT 5-3. Extension for the suggested program 6. What Youth Can Do 6-1. The reasons why we need these new activities in a program 6-2. Activities of suggesting a project

Chan Ho Kim 1. Introduction to UN DESA The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) is part of the United Nations Secretariat and is responsible for the follow-up to major United Nations Summits and Conferences, as well as services to the United Nations Economic and Social Council and the Second and Third Committees of the United Nations General Assembly. UN DESA assists countries around the world in agenda-setting and decision-making with the goal of meeting their economic, social, and environmental challenges. It supports international cooperation to promote sustainable development for all, having as a foundation the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as adopted by the UN General Assembly on 25 September 2015. In providing a broad range of analytical products, policy advice, and technical assistance, UN DESA effectively translates global commitments in the economic, social and environmental spheres into national policies and actions and continues to play a key role in monitoring progress towards internationally agreed-upon development goals. It is also a member of the United Nations Development Group. UN DESA is part of the UN Secretariat, which is funded through regular assessed contributions from Member States. The department was reorganized into its present form in 1997. The department is headed

by Liu Zhenmin who assumed the office of Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, following his appointment to this position by Secretary-General António Guterres on 26 July 2017. Mr. Liu advises the Secretary-General on the three pillars of sustainable development – social, economic and environmental and nurtures key partnerships with governments, UN agencies and civil society organizations, including the SDGs. In directing and managing UN DESA, the Under-Secretary-General is supported by the Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development and the Assistant SecretaryGeneral for Policy Coordination and Inter-Agency Affairs. UN DESA's mission is to promote sustainable development for all, focusing on the most vulnerable. This reflects a fundamental concern for equity and equality in countries large and small, developed and developing. It underscores the need for all stakeholders – governments, UN and other international organizations, civil society, and the private sector – to do their part to improve economic and social wellbeing. This emphasis on equitable participation by all people and nations is what makes the United Nations unique and gives the development agenda its universal legitimacy.

Hyunseul Chung “Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts” Climate change is an undeniable threat to our civilization and our planet Earth. The consequences of our actions are clearly visible and will be catastrophic unless we act soon. The Sustainable Development Goal 13, Climate Action, aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change. The Paris Agreement, held in 2015, aims to strengthen the ability of countries to deal with the impacts of climate change, through appropriate financial budgeting, a new technology framework, and an enhanced capacitybuilding framework. SDG #13 aims to have its targets achieved by 2030. Targets include; strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climaterelated hazards and natural disasters in all countries (13.1), integrating climate change measures into national policies, strategies, and planning (13.2), etc. Keeping a global temperature rise this century below 2 degrees Celsius is another goal they are aiming to achieve.

2. What does UN DESA do? The Division for Inclusive Social Development assists governments and civil society organizations formulate social policies that foster more secure, just, free and harmonious societies. The Division works with development partners to promote the realization of a 'society for all', where all members, including older persons, youth, persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and other often-marginalized groups all have equal say and equal participation. It provides the primary support and servicing to the Commission

for Social Development, the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and the Conference of State Parties to the convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Inclusive Social Development encompasses a wide range of issues, including, but not limited to: poverty eradication, the reduction of inequalities, employment generation, the promotion of cooperatives, family, the role of civil society, older persons and aging, youth, disability, and indigenous peoples. The work of the United Nations on social development is guided by a number of international agreements, including but not limited to, the Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development and Programme of Action of the World Summit for Social Development, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the World Programme of Action on Youth, the Outcome document of the High Level Meeting on Disability and Development, the Madrid International Plan of Action on Aging, and the objectives of the International Year of the Family, the International Year of Cooperatives and the 3rd United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty UN DESA’s Division for Inclusive Social Development (DISD) is dedicated to fostering effective policy impact and intensified global dialogue on social development issues, to support the achievement of social inclusion, the reduction of inequalities and the eradication of poverty, leaving no one behind.

UN DESA, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs consists of various divisions within. The Division for Economic Analysis and Policy Division (EAPD) provides research/ policy analysis on global macroeconomic trends/ prospects, manages capacity development projects in developing countries, and so much more. EAPD analyzes issues depending on their status, which are frontier, emerging, and economic. They deal with issues associated with countries in conflict and countries in special situations. The issues regarding countries in conflict/ special situations follow the context of the implementation of the 2030 agenda. Serving as a secretariat of the Committee for Development Policy, they provide capacity development assistance to developing countries, analysis and policy research on global macroeconomic issues/ trends, implications for the achievement of the SDGs. Providing assistance comes through in various forms, which include an independent advisory body to the Economic and Social Council, providing recommendations on cross-cutting developments issues, and reviewing the status of member/ non-member countries in the Least Developed Country Category.

Min June You 3. UN DESA and Covid-19 Situation Covid-19 caused profound negative economic and social impacts on the works of the UN DESA. First, the destabilization of macroeconomics, heightened unemployment, and the decrease of global trade were how the economic sector was negatively impacted. These were being shown through a variety of measures, as according to the UN/DESA Policy Brief #85, this pandemic situation made countries into a more challenging situation. The WHO projected that global merchandise trade will fall by 9.2%, accurately portraying the trend of decreasing overall trade in the world, and the unemployment in May might have been as high as 16% according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Also, there were social impacts as well. Many countries indicated in their VNR’s (Voluntary National Reviews) that the pandemic “had their divides and inequalities worsened” along with other disparities as well. For example, the north-south polarization. It has been worsened in this pandemic situation and widened the gap between the poor and the rich. According to the 2020 UNSTATS SDG Review, the primary completion rate is 34 percent for children from the poorest 20 percent of households and 79 percent for children from the richest 20 percent of households.

Seongeun Jeong 3-1. UN DESA’s Response Toward Covid-19 crisis After the spread of Covid-19 all over the world starting from January 2020, several national and international institutions have established lots of guidelines and responses toward the Covid-19 crisis. According to the report released from 2019 to 2020, which was the era when the seriousness of covid-19 was at its apex, UN DESA proposed mainly five things as the responses to the Covid-19 situation based on their original works: Analysis, Intergovernmental Support, and Capacity Building.

3-2. Action for Covid-19 We can divide the works done by UN DESA into ‘action for COVID-19 and action for SDGs'. As the action for Covid-19, Supporting the Secretary-General’s initiatives in response to Covid-19 and Policy brief and webinar series on the economic and social impact of Covid-19. i) Supporting the Secretary-General’s initiatives in response to Covid-19. UN DESA analyzes the critical issues especially related to the Covid-19 and transmits its report to the member states and secretary-general to decide what to perform on this crisis. For example, With the in-depth analysis of particular 10 countries, UN DESA helped the policymakers of each country to navigate the uncertainties in the height of the Covid19 situation. UN DESA released [UN DESA working paper NO.172 Variations in COVID Strategies:

Determinants and Lessons] for policymakers determining the strategies for saving citizens from socioeconomic chaos. ii) Policy brief and webinar series on the economic and social impact of COVID-19 UN DESA analyzes the critical issues and recommends the policies to solve the problems caused by COVID-19 as well as to recover from the COVID-19 situation. Meanwhile, UN DESA provides some suggestions for achieving SDGs. iii) UN COVID-19 database UN DESA published the rapid and in-time updating information: UN COVID-19 database. It includes COVID-19 data, healthcare resources, economic situation, and current populations. This database helped for the better and immediate decision-making of member states.

3-3. Action for SDG achievement i) Sustainable development outlook 2020, Event: recover better: economic and social challenges and opportunities As the action for SDG goals, sustainable development outlook 2020 and event: recover better: economic and social challenges and opportunities published and raised by UN DESA gave a better help to the governments achieve SDG goals despite the COVID-19 situation and gather together to make the better future in the post-covid-19 situations. ii) Help for developing countries while achieving SDGs UN DESA also did lots of things to support developing countries in danger of the COVID-19 crisis. They supported coordinated action on poverty eradication. Also, for achieving SDG 13: Climate actions, UN DESA mobilized all stakeholders like UN agencies, funds, and programs to implement the plan for the forest and the ocean 2030. In addition to these examples, UN DESA supports countries in a special situation like Africa. For instance, UN DESA asked countries for a critical need for investments in the protection of socially weak people to help African nations and people in Africa. As a result, UN DESA was able to develop partnerships and support their efforts on social equality which was discouraged by the Covid-19 situation with the slogan Leaving no one behind. Even though all of the world has stopped economically and socially, UN DESA worked hard to perform its duties for a more sustainable future.

Suyeon Jeung 4. What is Global Citizenship? 4-1. What is global citizenship? Global citizenship is the term that individuals are a member of multiple, diverse, local, and non-local networks rather than single actors affecting isolated societies. It allows individuals to embrace their social responsibility to act for the benefit of all societies, not just their own. It is what all the UN organizations pursue, including UN DESA which is willing to achieve equity and equality between nations with different conditions. The concept of global citizenship is embodied in the SDG 4, ensuring inclusive and quality education for all and promoting lifelong learning which includes global citizenship as one of its targets. International community has decided to ensure all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development including global citizenship by 2030. With global citizenship, the world can accomplish more economic development, sustainability, and diversity.

4-2. Why is global citizenship important? The main reason for global citizenship's rising attention is related to intensified globalization. Globalization means the growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, flows of monetary, people, and information. Through industrialization, advanced technology connected world zones, and people started mutual relationships globally. It has become very common to see different cultures in different places, like us living in different regions while having the same identity as Koreans and meeting each other through the HFA program using online platforms. So, now it is not very meaningful to distinguish people by how they look, where they were born or where they live, and what language they speak because the border between those aspects is diluted so now it's better to define the world as one big group with various identities. Another important term that we should consider is multilateralism. Multilateralism simply means an alliance of multiple countries pursuing a common goal. Because the world achieved mutual connection through globalization, every nation inevitably influences one another, making organizations such as the UN more critical. Without considering multilateralism, there would be an unfair distribution of power between nations that resists the world's development. Russia federation and Ukraine are well-known examples showing how lack of multilateralism can lead to large-scale conflict. Russia declared Crimea, which is attached to Ukraine but also connected to Russia through a bridge, as their territory in 2014 by saying that more than half of the population in Crimea is Russian and only 15% is Ukrainian. However, it is hard to find a common consensus on the problem without proper understanding and conversation. Therefore, we need organizations like UN DESA that can balance out Great Powers and Small Powers with global citizenship and multilateralism. Moreover, utilizing these ideas would bring notable benefits not just to individuals but also to the whole society. Learning global citizenship raises awareness of world events and participation in local, national, or even global communities. And this individual development eventually provokes enhancement to society such as collaboration with different communities, the advance of technology, or awareness of cross-cultural affairs.

5. Programs for Youth 5-1. Programs initiated by UN DESA for youth Regarding global citizenship, UN DESA published the World Youth Report, and one of the projects was named "Youth lead the change," targeting high school students in the United States of America to participate in budgeting in schools. The Phoenix Union High School District in Arizona initiated a participatory budgeting process in 2016. Five schools undertook six months of the program, including training, outreach efforts, idea collection events, and meeting with district staff to transform ideas about improving their schools into project proposals. A total of 3,854 students in the five public high schools

were directly involved in deciding how to spend 26,000 dollars in school district funds. Experience of participating for communal benefit led to the understanding of multilateralism and global citizenship by both considering and sharing all the members' various perspectives. Furthermore, it leads to the advance of SDGs number 11, sustainable cities and communities, which is actively supported by UN DESA. Because this program raises awareness of the structure of budgeting and dissimilar perspectives, so when they grow up, they will be able to contribute to constructing sustainable and safe communities.

Yoo Jeong Jang 5-2. Introducing a program UN DESA analyzed, TdmT The TdmT is a program called Training Disaster Medicine Trainers. Students who are in IFMSA and experts from the WHO and other 4 institutions lead a program that kits out medical students with the knowledge and skills they need to take action in disaster situations. This project is different from other programs including hands-on curriculums such as peer-to-peer training, research or residential courses, as well as advocacy campaigns.

5-3. Extension for the suggested program Adding on to the mentioned program, which was student participated school budgeting program, this type of education provides a comprehensive picture of the economic and social system, however, this program is limited to the very small scale of community that it’s enough for basic comprehending of budgeting procedure, but it would not conduct to further understanding or active involving to additional program. For this reason, we want to suggest UN DESA and also youth to expand the program as state-wide, or if possible nation-wide, so students can argue what they want the government to do and what the community they are included in needs. In this revised program, students are required to submit petitions, proposals, or amendments about the usage of revenue in their community considering social and economic conditions. This would help both the development of government and youth because the government can have an opinion of the new generation that will lead the future; also, it is the opinion from the members of society that includes feasibility and practicality. Additionally, youth can have critical thinking and various perspectives of individuals, institutions, and governments. Therefore, participation in the issues of their community would achieve SDG #11, which makes cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. And this program would offer accessibility to the economy, society, and also politics for the young generation. Related to what UN DESA does, such as facilitating conferences and providing the field for finding consensus. As a teenager who belongs to society, we should have a multilateral view to be the connection between community and government for the attainment of sustainability.

6. What Youth Can Do 6-1. The reasons why we need these new activities in a program Youth should be more active toward climate action absolutely like UN DESA pursues with achieving SDG 13: Climate action. However, the TdmT program does not care about achieving SDGs, even though they are mentioned in the report released by UN DESA. Supposing some people would feel like there are numerous plastic bottles and injection bottles used from hospitals while participating in the program like TdmT or during the covid-19 situation, we need a program for them to be able to accomplish SDGs as youth. As global citizens and youth, youth must have the ability to look around their environment, find problems and search for solutions in the favor of SDGs. We believe that this project will help youth to achieve their goals.

6-2. Activities of suggesting a project In the program, we would like to suggest an activity like analyzing the present condition of how many plastic bottles and injections are wasted in a day or a year. Youth can analyze the situation and also, they can report those results to the public like to their schools or their towns if it’s possible. The most important thing that youth have to do as future global leaders is to consider what they can do with those disposable products. This project would leave that question and the decision would be onto the youths. As to give an example for that decision, we would like to suggest the establishment of a youth recycling association with the people near each youth or the creation of new products that have artistic values.

References: https://www.unescap.org/about/history https://www.unescap.org/2030-agenda/sustainable-development-goals “About Us – UNODA.” Un.org, 2019, www.un.org/disarmament/about/. Disarmament and Sustainable Development – UNODA. www.un.org/disarmament/sustainable-development/ . “Sustainable Development Goals|UN-Habitat.” Unhabitat.org, unhabitat.org/about-us/sustainable-development-goals. en.unesco.org/themes/science-sustainable-future. “Science for a Sustainable Future.” UNESCO, 2 Apr. 2019, “Social and Human Sciences.” UNESCO, 12 Apr. 2019, en.unesco.org/themes/learning-live-together. “About Us.” United Nations Development Programme, www.undp.org/about-us. United Nations Development Programme. “Sustainable Development Goals.” UNDP, 2015, www.undp.org/sustainabledevelopment-goals. Nations, United. “DESA.” United Nations, 2021, www.un.org/en/desa. “SDG Indicators.” Unstats.un.org, unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2021. “Global Citizenship.” United Nations, www.un.org/en/academic-impact/global-citizenship. Kolb, Melina. “What Is Globalization?” Peterson Institute for International Economics, 29 Oct. 2018, www.piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is-globalization. “World Economic Situation and Prospects 2021 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs.” Www.un.org, www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2021/. “Economic Analysis and Policy Division | UN DESA | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.” Www.un.org, www.un.org/development/desa/en/about/desa-divisions/policy-analysis.html. United Nations. “Envision 2030: 17 Goals to Transform the World for Persons with Disabilities | United Nations Enable.” Un.org, United Nations, 2015, www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030.html.

Team 3 How UNDP Promotes SDGs and UNDP’s Potential in the Face of COVID-19 Organization: UNDP

Central Yeadam Christian Academy, Yehun Ryu Lighthouse International School, Seungwoo Baik Korean International School in Hanoi, Hyun Ji An Cornerstone Collegiate Academy of Seoul, Chaen Yoon Youngil High School, Donghwan Yi Daewon Foreign Language High School, Seungjoo Ha

Team 3: UNDP

How UNDP Promotes SDGs and UNDP’s Potential in the Face of COVID-19

1. About the UNDP Hyungeon Chung

UNDP was founded in 1965 in New York by the general assembly of the United Nations to end poverty, achieve economic growth, decrease carbon emission and ensure peace to the world. Making better choices to create a better place for people to live in, the UNDP’s goals are to scale up results significantly and build the balance between the environment and people in order to bring the SDGs back into reach. The UNDP has accomplished a lot of its goals as of today, with 35 million people having better services for poverty, 63 million people gaining financial services which is the most incredible out of all. Lastly, 290 million tons of carbon emissions have been cut. Even though the world produced 45 billion tons in 2019, it is a good start to decrease carbon emissions. But after COVID-19, it is said that it made achievements for poverty go 20 years back. The three main goals of UNDP are Sustainable development, climate and disaster resilience, and democratic governance and peace building. The first, sustainable development, is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own. Right now, even though we are getting better technology than before, we are destroying the world faster than in 2019. By creating new technology, the development we need right now is more about the energy sources we are using for the things that we are creating. Many have begun to use more renewable energy sources, but the amount of fumes such as fossil fuels and coal burning should be significantly decreased in order for society to actually develop. Climate, disaster and resilience is what tries to prevent climate disaster.

UNDP tries to solve the issue by supporting countries that are shaped by four main areas. Climate Change Adaptation, Climate Finance, Sustainable Energy and Disaster Risk Reduction. One of the agreements that were made for this was the Paris Agreement made in 2015. It’s goal is to limit climate change to less than 1.5 celsius. For Climate change adaptation, it is important for us to know how to adapt to climate change and also to look for opportunities within the negativity. Changes in policy made due to climate change, or something that is to be expected. Climate Finance refers to public, private or alternative sources for funding that is aiming to support migration and also adaptation changes (Climate Change Adaptation) that will address climate change. Sustainable energy: aiming to decrease the finite resources and an increased usage of solar, wind and water energy. Disaster risk reduction: many disasters can occur due to climate change, and reducing this risk will indefinitely help with the other goals. By limiting the damage done by climate change, there will be more time spent on actually building on the goals. Looking at the three pillars, it is seen that human rights, peace and security, and development play huge roles in the continuation of progress toward achieving the SDGs. Primarily focusing on goal 8, 13 and 16,

we see the actions taken for the maintenance of economic growth, making changes to combat climate change and how it will impact the earth, and strengthening the peace forged between societies to continue toward sustained development. Democratic governance and peace building is what makes peace between countries. It also helps restore the core functions of the government. This is in charge of the peace in the world. Lastly, they are all related because All of these are trying to solve one issue: World peace and a better future. As you know, the world is at risk with peace, and climate change. Together, the SDGs will make the world a better place to live. 2. UNDP and SDG8 Seungjoo Ha 2-1. Sustainable Development Goal 8 Sustainable Development Goal 8 is “Decent Work and Economic Growth”, with its full name being “Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all”. Yet, the full name of this goal might be confusing; what is the difference between sustained and sustainable, and why are they important? That is why I will be introducing you to SDG8 focusing on these words first, and go on to UNDP’s efforts that contribute to this goal. Chaeun will then explain the hardships SDG8 faced due to COVID19 and explain what the UNDP has done to overcome them. First, what does ‘sustain’ mean? Sustained economic growth means that economic growth is maintained over time, while sustainable economic growth means that economic growth is maintained over time without damaging the environment. The ecosystem fuels economic growth by providing land, natural resources, labor, and capital. It is important for the economy to grow without damaging the environment, as if these resources are depleted, it will not be available for future generations. Finally, inclusive economic growth refers to economic growth that is distributed fairly across society and creates opportunities for all. Growth should be shared with everyone, no matter their race, gender, or wealth. Being inclusive is important as it lowers barriers for the flow of capital, goods, technology, etc, and benefits the society as a whole. Under this overarching goal of three types of economic growth, there are a total of twelve targets, with promoting policies for job creation and labor rights to name a few.

2-2. Sustained Economic Growth and the UNDP One of the things UNDP has done for sustained economic growth is project ‘Live Lebanon’. Live Lebanon is a donation-based fundraising platform that reaches out to Lebanese diaspora worldwide to give them the chance to support people in their homeland. However, gathering money is just one part of what they are doing. Live Lebanon mostly focuses its efforts and funds into projects that will be catalysts for economic and community development in underprivileged and underdeveloped Lebanese communities. There are four pillars of Live Lebanon, which are “Prosperous Lebanon, Young Lebanon, Green Lebanon, and Healthy Lebanon’. In accordance with these four pillars, projects are aimed to support income-generating activities, education, environment, and healthcare.

One example is supporting the Holy Family cooperative in Qena, which is a project under the pillar of ‘Prosperous Lebanon’. The cooperative; initially an agricultural and homemade products association that lacked any equipment, was able to expand its business and offer traditional Lebanese sweets and pastries for a larger market after receiving essential equipment that allowed the women to increase their production and cater to a large consumer base. Since its launch in 2009, Live Lebanon has raised $5 million and implement around 70 projects. Its success has motivated UNDP to expand their efforts, and using the insights gained from Live Lebanon, UNDP is supporting many other projects, such as Tadamon, a community and platform for CSOs and OIC Member countries committed to building stronger communities and helping the less fortunate. This project is effective overall, and there are two points that we can learn from this. First, it has successfully reflected Lebanon’s economy in creating the platform. The estimated 10 million Lebanese diaspora who live abroad play a vital role in Lebanon’s economy, sending home 7.9 billion USD in 2017, and creating a platform where they can do that more easily, and where the money can be spent more effectively, can be seen as a success. Second, there are many successful projects completed. One such example is the Holy Family Cooperative in Qena. The cooperative initially lacked any equipment, but was able to expand its business and offer traditional Lebanese sweets and pastries for a larger market after receiving essential equipment.

2-3. Sustainable Economic Growth and the UNDP The mission of NDC Support Programme is to bring about a real and positive change for living and future generations by advancing ambitious progress towards resilient, zero carbon development. It currently serves 41 countries directly, and shares its expertise through many partnerships and global, regional events. One of the projects the NDC Support Programme is doing is “greening agricultural production chains in Vietnam”, officially launched in August 2019. The agricultural sector is a crucial part of the Vietnamese economy, accounting for 14.4 percent of the GDP in 2018. Yet, the World Bank says the impact of climate change on agriculture may reduce up to 2.4 percent of the GDP by 2050. Therefore, it is imperative that all stages of the food value chain be climate proofed. The UNDP works on dragon fruits and oranges/grapefruits production chains to showcase how green production can work along the full production chain. Under UNDP, assessments of business gaps and entry points for green business practices have been conducted, a solid network of like-minded stakeholders willing to contribute collectively has been established, and discussions with technology businesses interested in promoting technology application in sustainable and climate smart agricultural supply chains have been done. However, regarding the NDC Support Programme, UNDP should expand their efforts even further. COP26 in Glasgow pointed out that NDCs are still far away from the promises made at the Paris Agreement for a number of reasons, including insufficient infrastructure, lack of finance, and weak political commitment. Although UNDP’s programme has already helped many regions, it should expand their efforts of providing expertise and helping implementation of NDCs if nations should truly actualize and contribute to the Paris Agreement.

2-4. Inclusive Economic Growth and the UNDP Bridging the gender gap in STEM is important for creating infrastructure and services that work for all people. Yet, in Azerbaijan, the acceptance rate to university-level STEM subjects is dramatically lower for girls, and women are frequently faced with glass ceilings and have less opportunities in their career. UNDP worked together with USAID(U.S. Agency for International Development) to solve this problem. The project they launched consists of awareness-raising campaigns, a series of webinars, events, and a four-month mentorship programme. In the mentorship programme, an online platform brings together students with practicing industry mentors, matching students and mentors with similar fields of study or work, to set both short and long-term goals.

With this project, UNDP and USAID could provide educational opportunities to women in order for them to join the workforce they desired. As Ms. Lily Gray from UNESCO emphasized at her lecture as well, gender imbalance in the STEM field is a worldwide problem, and stressing once again that inclusive economic growth is important for the whole society, UNDP’s efforts have contributed not only to the Azerbaijan women, but to the whole society. UNDP aims to promote inclusive growth in gender furthermore by other projects such as the Social Innovation Hub, which was first launched in Egypt in 2016.

3. UNDP and SDG13 Seungwoo Baik 3-1. About SDG #13 Among the 17 goals of the UN’s SDGs, one of the most crucial goals of them all is undoubtedly “goal number 13: Climate Action.” The reason SDG 13 is one of the most crucial goals of all can be found in the official definition of SDG 13. SDG 13 looks to “Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.” In other words, SDG 13 aims to make the necessary changes to our environment to protect it

and the planet by building knowledge and capacity to meet climate change. The UNDP works to achieve goal 13: climate action through their Climate Change Adaption Department. According to the UNDP Climate Change Adaption website, the UNDP “assists government partners to scale up the integration of climate change adaptation into policy, planning, and investments at both national and local levels.” The UNDP supports climate change adaptation action in 9 different contexts and these contexts are agriculture and food security, water resources, coastal zone management, ecosystems protection, public health, resilient infrastructure, urban resilience, Livelihood, and climate information/early warnings.

3-2. UNDP & SDG 13 The UNDP’s actions for achieving SDG 13 can be seen in two examples. The first example is a UNDP-hosted project called “Strengthening Climate Information and Early Warning Systems in Zambia to support climate-resilient development.” Before the UNDP started this project, the early-warning systems and development plans in Zambia were poor and inefficient. But after the UNDP installed the critical technologies and developed necessary systems for climate-change-related information, Zambia is now able to prepare and react to extreme weather events much more efficiently. These technologies include more than 30 hydrological and meteorological monitoring stations. Also, communication channels and procedures for warnings were enabled, for example, radios, newspapers, mobile phones, and televisions. The next example is the 'Enhancing Sustainability and Climate Resilience of Forest and Agricultural Landscape and Community Livelihoods in Bhutan’ project. This project started in the year 2017 and is planned to continue until 2023. Before the UNDP started this initiative, Bhutan’s agricultural systems and communities were dangerously vulnerable to extreme climates, and the community lacked knowledge of sustainable management of the forests and agriculture. This ongoing project by the UNDP seeks to “operationalize an integrated landscape approach in Bhutan by strengthening biological corridors, supporting sustainable forest and agricultural systems, and building the climate resilience of community livelihoods." The UNDP expects to make the livelihood options for communities in Bhutan climate-resilient and establish a knowledge management system or sustainable management of forests & agriculture. The reason I chose these two cases, in particular, is because the results and processes of the cases in Zambia and Bhutan exemplify the purpose of UNDP in the field of climate action precisely. Both cases have made or is making the necessary changes to the environment to protect it by building knowledge and capacity to meet climate change, which is, in fact, the purpose of the UNDP Climate Change Adaption department itself. If the UNDP Climate Change Adaption department carries on achieving its purpose, and even helps in recovering past damages caused by extreme climate, SDG 13 could be achieved even more efficiently.

4. UNDP and SDG16-1 Yehun Ryu 4-1. What is SDG 16 (Guarantee Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions)? “Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.”

SDG 16 aims to significantly reduce all forms of violence, and work with governments and communities to end conflict and insecurity. Promoting the rule of law and human rights are key to this process, as is reducing the flow of illicit arms and strengthening the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance.

4-2. UNDP and SDG16 The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) works around the world to help eradicate poverty, reduce inequality and exclusion, and make development sustainable. Promoting human rights and strengthening the rule of law are also essential to achieving sustainable development, strengthening democratic governance, and preventing crises. UNDP’s support to governments has been geared towards strengthening national systems of human rights protection to ensure that existing frameworks protect even the most disadvantaged people.Thus, UNDP supports the capacity and independence of institutions, to enhance their role as cornerstones of the national human rights system. A great example of this could be found from Turkey, as UNDP assisted in the development of the first strategic plan for the Ombudsman Institution in 2015. Drafted in a consultative process involving a range of actors, including government institutions, the judiciary and human rights focused civil society organizations, the strategic plan addresses the needs of the national human rights architecture, and incorporates international best practices. With the strategic plan of the Ombudsman Institution, UNDP plans to support the implementation and provide ongoing expert advice. The UNDP and the Ombudsman Institution’s joint project is considered an important step forward on the eve of the establishment of new institutions that will focus on anti-discrimination and equality, as well as independent oversight for law enforcement. The knowledge and experience gained during this process also resulted in long-term cooperation agreements being signed between the Turkish Ombudsman Institution and five similar institutions in Europe. UNDP remains a strong advocate for the use of technology in expanding the effectiveness and efficiency of government services, and UNDP plans to facilitate the incorporation of the SDGs into national targets and the Government’s reform agenda, with technology and entrepreneurship expected to play an important role. As part of a wider effort to support e-governance, UNDP planned a follow-up project to integrate a number of the e-services established in recent years, including e-notary, e-visa system, e-consulate system, and improved the speed of services even as demand has increased. The UNDP is also working to help national governments strengthen the provision of professional security and security services focused on making communities safe. This involves leadership, decisionmaking, improvement of strategic planning skills, and professional education. In the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, a course on physical security and stockpile management was delivered to the Ministry of National Defense, and later integrated into the Military Academy curriculum to ensure the

sustainability of efforts to improve weapon and ammunition management. In Kosovo, crime resolution has doubled, including providing and training advanced forensic equipment to the Kosovo forensic institution. In Moldova, the UNDP educated crime scene investigators with modern tools and technologies and provided police with education on community security principles. As a result, not only did the effectiveness of the police improve, but also the awareness of the police in the community improved significantly. To maintain the effectiveness of the changes, improving local governance systems and effective public service delivery will remain a priority, with plans to introduce a new generation Local Administration Reform Programme and pilot initiatives on local integrity systems. For UNDP, ensuring local service delivery meets the needs of disadvantaged groups will be key in developing and implementing initiatives in cooperation with local authorities. Gender equality and women’s rights will also be a focus, and plans are in place to continue working with local governments and civil society to ensure the effective implementation and monitoring of gender related policies, as well as improving the coordination and cooperation between different groups with aligned interests.

5. UNDP and SDG16-2 Hyun Ji An UNDP’s primary goal of SDG16 is to stop the conflicts between communities. In most of the region’s prolonged conflicts, the situation has worsened considerably over the past several years. In some cases, long-standing political processes have ground to virtual stalemate. Moreover, when the conflicts continue to simmer dangerously with violence at times, escalating significantly. Within this increasingly polarized regional and international environment, the number of actors considered “impartial” has continued to decrease, having the unfortunate overall effect of further isolating these communities and making the situation for already-vulnerable communities much more precarious. However, UNDP has shown several cases with a problem-solving ability standing out in these situations. The first case we have is that UNDP did not just solve the surface problem, but found and solved the fundamental problem; lack of information. UNDP’s work with DPA focuses on supporting UN Country Teams with Peace and Development Advisors that assist UN programming in highly sensitive conditions with conflict – including in BiH, Tajikistan and Ukraine. In BiH, at a time of heightened social tension between youth and the Government, and with considerable residual inter-ethnic divisions, the Dialogue for the Future programme opened up a new form of structured dialogue between young people and the mainly older members of the Government about what type of future citizens want for their country, as well as nation-wide opportunities to promote intercultural understanding and dialogue. The project went on to support a number of innovative initiatives that corresponded with this vision. UNDP’s interventions were not based on the issues they were dealing with. They looked at bigger things, and found out the assessment that much of the tension between these communities arises due to a lack of information. UNDP provided these leaders with information on the challenges and risks facing their communities, allowing them to advocate for joint projects and activities with other communities to address those problems. As a result, this cooperative problem solving helped to normalize relationships, build trust, and reduce the potential for violent conflict. Second case is about how UNDP solved the problem by paying attention to the environment. In the fertile Fergana Valley between the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, UNDP’s long-standing area-based work in ethnically-divided communities, where violent clashes are frequent, intensified and expanded to embed a community-owned early warning system.

This system uses metrics to alert community leaders to deteriorating conditions and allows for targeted development assistance to be provided to those leaders, facilitating community-level decisions that can lead to community-level projects. Early indicators demonstrate that tensions and violent clashes are reducing as a result. The reason it was effective was because UNDP paid attention to the environment. With its natural resource-dependent economies, countries in Central Asia are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Bishkek, 16 Sept 2021, Ferghana Valley is home to nearly 30% of the Central Asia region’s population, which is designated the highest climate change risk area among transboundary climate change hotspots in Central Asia. So the people there were already very sensitive about the problem. UNDP found this out, and gave an opportunity to negotiate together when there was any danger near the river. When they were able to trust each other and talk about the river issue, minor conflicts disappeared.

I believe that UNDP's goal of stopping conflicts in the local community and the practices we have seen in the examples are one of the positive ways to achieve peace in a small country. However, there is still a long way to go to achieve complete serenity and equality. As SDG 16 implies, law and order must come first in all communities. I fully agree with the procedures and methods of how UNDP has dealt with this matter in this respect. In other words, I would like to give a high evaluation to the fact that the most efficient and appropriate solution was sought while carefully observing the situation of the two groups who were not on good terms, and that they resolved it wisely. I hope to seek and practice these solutions in the future.

6. UNDP in COVID-The Need to Reorganize the World’s Resources 6-1. What UNDP can do in a COVID world Donghwan Yi

The need for a reorganization supply chain and resources were made very apparent during the height of the COVID pandemic and the lockdowns. Temporary trade restrictions and shortage of pharmaceuticals, critical medical and almost any product or resources produced overseas have highlight its instability. The current global resource/supply chain is a complex mesh of different industries, companies, factories, governments, and individual people all working together in tandem. If only one of these important links of the chain fail it would lead to undisclosed repercussions. The COVID pandemic is just the beginning of a new era as governments and companies now realize the risk of putting all their eggs in one basket and are now vying for their share of global resources. The best way to achieve such a goal fairly would necessitate the need for the decentralization of the world’s resources. If these factories were more local (For example Samsung is partnering with the Biden administration to build a chip factory in Texas as well as many other companies slowly moving out of Asia to find other places or production) it would lessen any risk threatening the global supply chain.

Examples: 1. Semiconductor shortage Semiconductors by themselves is not a very efficient production compared to other comparable industries. It not only takes over a billion dollars each to design the hardware and software but mass production leads to a relatively high rate of defects in each chip fab. As well as crypto mining which has led to bunch of people buying GPUs on mass for large scale mining and Taiwan and China factories who account for 83% of global chip production shutting down it has been a perfect storm for the global supply of semiconductors that have taken a massive hit leading to shortages of almost anything that needs to compute or process information which are important in our everyday lives. This combined with the increase need of medical tools and computer for remote work or online schooling has only increased the shortage. Fortunately, tech giants such as Apple, Amazon, Samsung, and Tesla are all shunning established chips makers in Asia for example TSMC and are bringing their chip development and manufacturing to other countries.

2. Food waste and Food shortage (Food supply) At the height of the pandemic in 2020 when people were forced to stay inside and were unable to go to restaurants there was no longer any demand for the commercial side of the food business. Farmers were left with millions of pounds of perishable food with no buyer. Yet they couldn’t just farm less due to the fears that the demand might come back and be left a whole crop cycle behind so they just kept repeating the whole cycle: grow food, food rots or is turned to compost, then grow food again. Leading to billions of dollars of food wasted, the dairy farmer of America estimated that 3.7 million gallons of mild were dumped every day. You might ask if the commercial side was so badly affected why not sell to retail like supermarkets, well it is not that easy when the supermarkets you are selling to are across an ocean. In order to repack and ship the commercial food t0 retailers just is not economically effective for most farmers so they just resort to the food waste cycle I mentioned earlier. With more local farmer it would be much easier for farmers to shift between commercial and retail and reduce food waste.

The Benefits If we (reorganize) decentralized the world’s resources and production it could benefit both the national and community level development. It would shift the financial responsibility from a central government or company to the local community surrounding the factory or facility. The locals would have greater ability and opportunities to fill the needs of their specific community allowing for more job opportunities and being healthy for the local country’s economy. Since labor is cheaper and easier in less developed countries it will not only benefit the company but also would help hasten the industrialization of the undeveloped country in question. According to the World Bank, decentralization can be done in several ways including: local self-financing, co-financing, co-production, local taxes, and monetary transfers from multiple countries. Decentralization goes beyond stabilizing supply chains; it considers the context of who would make the best decisions on the public community level. Next, currently countries like China where most factories are located hold too put power due to this. The Chinese government has the final say in who can do business with them and their country’s manufacturing companies. For example, if a certain company or country’s action goes against China nothing is stopping the Chinese government from just saying NO. It forces other companies and countries to bend over for China and eliminates any competition, reducing innovation. As well as have immense political power over other countries in international conferences and agreements as they sometimes hold the entire country’s livelihood in their hands. Remember competition among companies breeds innovation and is beneficial to consumers.

In addition, it would give corporations more flexibility, stability and lessens risks. People underestimate the difficulty of mass producing anything whether it be a computer, cars, or even food. It’s not just stamping out copies of something or producing the same thing over and over again, at those large scales minute differences can ruin everything, the whole topic of mass production is too long to explain currently but with more of these facilities companies lessen the risk if something did go wrong in manufacturing, trade disagreements between countries, political conflict, adverse weather conditions, etc. This would not only benefit the company in the long term but also the surrounding countries of that facility/factory would benefit greatly as well, leading to economic stability and allowing the local countries to be better self-sustaining. Certain examples of products and resources that could be moved elsewhere is lithium used in lithium-ion batteries in most consumer electronics. Lithium comes from the ground and are in relatively high concentrations in aquifers below salt deserts in South America, where miners pump lithium-rich brine out of the underground aquifers and into holding ponds. Another means of obtaining it is by using more traditional mining techniques to remove it from rocks in mining pits. This method of mining is most commonly used in Australia. If lithium was manufactured in these local areas, it would go a long way in helping decentralize the world’s resources. Now this won’t be a complete trade or business cutoff between nations, as being too isolated will bring its own consequences. For example, on February of 2021 Texas suffered major power crisis, result of 3 severe winter storms sweeping across the US due to the change in climate. Texas, a country that doesn’t see much snow and was completely unprepared saw massive electricity generation failure leading to shortages of water, food, and heat. More than 4.5 million homes and businesses were left without power

for several days. Most reports estimate that 210 people were killed directly or indirectly with some estimates going as high as 700. Data shows that the failure to winterize power sources (primarily those of natural gas) has caused the grid failure. In 2002 Texas had completely isolated its power grid in a effort to reduce power costs in the state and deregulate its energy sector. This disconnection made it difficult for the state to import electricity from other states during the crisis

In conclusion decentralization is already a thing that is happening with many private companies moving production. However, if we were to leave the companies to do what they want it would only create more complications and will probably gravitate towards a new hotspot so UNDP can step in to regulate and help spread out resources. Since reorganization of the supply chain is already slowly happening UNDP can step in as a helping and guiding hand to balance and evenly distribute the economy and world’s resources.

6-2. UNDP’s Role in Decentralization Chaeun Yoon

After researching COVID-19, decentralization and discussing with team members, we thought that UNDP’s role in all of this would act as an organizer/balancer with foreign affairs. Since too much decentralization would also open its own can of worms, for example in 2002 Texas completely cut itself off from the rest of the USA power grid and paid the price for that during the 2021 Texas power crisis. In addition, if they were to leave the companies to do what they want it would only create more complications and will probably gravitate towards a new hotspot so UNDP can step in to regulate and help spread out resources. Since reorganization of the supply chain is already slowly happening, UNDP can step in as a helping and guiding hand to balance and evenly distribute the economy and world’s resources.

7. Conclusion 7-1. Key Takeaways As we have explored what potential UNDP has as a balancer to solve problems in the face of COVID19, I will now finish by organizing key takeaways that have been mentioned throughout this presentation, and end by suggesting the way UNDP should go on in the future, based on what our team researched. What UNDP did well in SDG 8 is that UNDP made a program that suits the economic situation of the country. It was of great help to the economy by implementing programs suitable for economic conditions. It is good to do an ndc support program, but the UNDP should actively strive to understand why each country cannot support ndc. In sdg 13, The UNDP has done well to prepare and adapt governments to climate change, but it would have been better if the UNDP could also focus on supporting recovering the previous damages caused by climate change as much as preventing them. Finally, in sdg 16, UNDP integrated its policy with local needs and in the case of the Ombudsman Institution, it used technology to overcome problems.

7-2. What should UNDP be like in the future? In conclusion, UNDP is trying its best and is effectively tailoring projects and programs to local regions, thanks to extensive communication between different affiliated parties. However, such efforts must be expanded and done at a muchscrutinized level, as seen from the case of the NDC support program. When such a level is reached, UNDP should explore and utilize new ways such as technology for more effective implementation.

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https://undp.medium.com/azerbaijan-leads-for-women-in-stem-6f53efa4f79d https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2016/01/1st-social-innovation-hub-in-egypt-focused-on-women-entrepreneurs-opens-its-doors/ Climate Change Adaptation Portal Videos - United Nations Development Programme | SDG Knowledge and Learning Platform, 25 January 2021, https://arabsdgs.unescwa.org/en/watch-video-library/climate-change-adaptation-portal-videos-united-nationsdevelopment-programme Accessed 17 January 2022. “Goal 13: Climate Action.” The Global Goals, https://www.globalgoals.org/13-climate-action Accessed 17 January 2022. “SDG 13: Climate Action.” Royal Holloway, 8 November 2021, https://www.royalholloway.ac.uk/research-and-teaching/cop26forum/cop26-forum-blog/sdg-13-climate-action/ Accessed 17 January 2022. “Strengthening Climate Information and Early Warning Systems in Zambia.” UNDP Climate Change Adaptation, https://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/ldcf-ews-zambia Accessed 17 January 2022. “UNDP Climate Change Adaptation.” UNDP Climate Change Adaptation, https://www.adaptation-undp.org/ about Accessed 17 January 2022. http://towards-sdg16.eurasia.undp.org/ https://www.rferl.org/a/kyrgyzstan-tajikistan-border-fighting-perceptions/31237942.html https://www.forbes.com/sites/cindygordon/2021/12/27/covid-19-causes-global-supply-chain-havoc-intensifying-last-milelogistics-ai-innovations/?sh=1ac1f5846a2c https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/11/business/coronavirus-destroying-food.html https://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2020/09/food-waste-and-covid-19-impacts-along-the-supply-chain.html https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/19/jpmorgan-on-semiconductor-shortage-and-outlook-for-2022-2023.html https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/19/jpmorgan-on-semiconductor-shortage-and-outlook-for-20222023.htmlhttps://www.warehouseanywhere.com/resources/centralized-vs-decentralized-logistics/ https://dragonflyenergy.com/where-does-lithium-come-from/ https://www.yahoo.com/news/supply-chain-woes-could-worsen191538968.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9kdWNrZHVja2dvLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAF_4p aBjkko8SwdTSCSkjygni8ban0RKUYtzYNvR3E0rzPbHCq81_kFYpnzKtdUnW3q5ONFXFBlUaLj35VmcGDO1nWziIz9Zy4UFAHPOmBtE4az6fnOjx1_Yj9qGgiQllnAnq_fqGWpD75QldXayv5WEPx448qysyjYO_6cp3xv https://www.newsweek.com/thanks-china-supply-chains-will-never-recover-opinion-1669895 https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/10/27/china-supply-chain-disruption-shipping/ https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/13/us-warns-businesses-with-investment-ties-to-chinas-xinjiang.html https://www.chooseenergy.com/news/article/the-2021-texas-power-crisis-a-timeline/ https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/the-texas-power-crisis-didn-t-have-to-happen

Team 4

UNESCO - EDUCATION Organization: UNESCO

Korean International School in Hanoi, Hyewon Kang US International School, Jinseo Kim Singapore Korean International School, Dahyeon Nam Home school, Yu Eun Park The Stormking School, Hyeonjin Lee Korea International School, Hyun Bin Joo Cumberland Christian Academy, Junehee Lee

Table of Contents 1. Introduction a. UNESCO and its History b. Aim and Activities 2. UNESCO and SDG 4 a. An overview of UNESCO and SDG 4 1) Through the lens of education: UNESCO, UN and the SDGs 2) COVID & Education 3) UNESCO's efforts a. UNESCO Family Partners 1) UNESCO Associated Schools Network 2) UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs Programme b. Three Institutes 1) IIEP·IIET·UIS 2) Inspirations 3. Role of Youth a. YPT(Youth PPl Together) b. Curriculum c. Ways to Take Action 1) Partnerships 2) Promotions

1. Introduction Jinseo Kim UNESCO and its History UNESCO stands for United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. UNESCO is divided into three main parts, education, science, and culture. In 1945, UNESCO was first founded to fight against the racist and anti-Semitic violence during the world war. Nowadays, UNESCO is challenging various forms of intolerance to protect freedom, peace, and human rights. South Korea specifically joined UNESCO in 1971 in Switzerland, Geneva. Aim and Activities The ultimate aim of UNESCO is to promote human rights, education of the masses, and to preserve history and culture. They try to achieve peace and security in the world by working together amongst nations through education, sciences, and culture. UNESCO's activities have broadened over the years. It assists in the translation and dissemination of world literature, helps establish and secure World Heritage Sites of cultural and natural importance, works to bridge the worldwide digital divide, and creates inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication. UNESCO has launched several initiatives and global movements, such as Education For All, to further advance its core objectives.

2. UNESCO and SDG 4 Through the Lens of Education: UNESCO, UN and the SDGs Among the several issues UNESCO deals with, one is at the "heart" of its mission to fortify peace, alleviate poverty and drive sustainable development: education. Education is key, the underlying solution to breaking the cycle of most modern-day problems like poverty and gender inequality. When conducted properly, it equips all learners with essential skills, sculpting them into percipient citizens capable of developing sustainable livelihoods and contributing to peaceful and democratic societies. The importance of education is well recognized by the broader United Nations, Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4 being "ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all". Kristen Joo COVID & Education Despite efforts in the pursuit of SDG 4, learning disparities still pervade our society. More than 262 million children are deprived of basic schooling. Even for those who have received an education, six out of ten don't acquire basic literacy and numeracy skills. Clearly, accessibility and quality are both factors being compromised in the status quo. The onset of COVID-19 has exacerbated the situation. An additional 101 million, or 9% of children fell below minimum proficiency levels in 2020—wiping out "20 years" of education gains. UNITE 2030 draws a step closer, humanity seems to have taken one back.

UNESCO's Efforts Which begs the question: how is UNESCO dealing with this global problem? Modified in 2016, the Capacity Development for Education (CapED) is a program catered towards increasing literacy in LDCs. Through it, UNESCO reinforces national capacities to undertake evidencebased national education reforms by increasing the supply of qualified teachers and widening access to Technical and Vocational Skills Education and Training for youth. Countries like Myanmar, Bangladesh, Uganda were able to benefit from this project. Furthermore, in light of COVID-19, UNESCO is also providing educational help in Latin America and the Caribbean. They are facilitating learning amidst the new environment by organizing webinars for educators and providing digital learning resources—crucial resources for the new era of online learning.

UNESCO Family Partners UNESCO partners with various non-governmental organizations, and is grouped within the name “UNESCO Family Partners”. It is composed of organizations such as UNESCO Chairs and UNITWIN Networks, UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors, and more. NGO1: UNESCO Associated Schools Network One of the NGOs is named “UNESCO Associated Schools Network”, also known as, “ASPnet”. ASPnet’s goal is to build peace in the minds of children and young people around the world. Its role is to catalyze the diffusion of UNESCO's ideology and spirit, exchange and cooperate with UNESCO schools, educate Sustainable Development, and spread Global Citizenship. There are over 11,500 ASPnet member schools in 182 countries that work to support international understanding, peace, intercultural dialogue, sustainable development, and quality education. In particular, the 2030 Agenda is important for all learners to "acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles” By acquiring the values, attitudes, skills, and knowledge needed to contribute to sustainable development, learners make informed decisions and act responsibly in schools, communities, and societies. Online Tools for ASPnet are the primary platform that enables to connect and management ASPnet management and project communication processes, including the new member enrollment process. This is a space where the ASPnet community can exchange ideas, find resources, virtually exchange, and collaborate. OTA enhances the visibility of the network and its members through its public website. It is managed by UNESCO Headquarters and requires donations from all national coordinators and members who have individual user IDs and passwords to update and upload information directly. OTA’s public website improves their project management as it is easier to exchange information between schools since it’s structured and clear. Making a public portal can not only advertise the work but also be an easy and effective way for many coordinators to communicate and collaborate globally.

NGO2: UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs Programme Another NGO is UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs Programme which had been launched in 1992. It involves around 850 institutions in 117 countries and works to promote international inter-university cooperation. From this Network, many educational institutions around the world share resources and materials to solve international challenges and contribute to the development of societies. During this progress, the network acts as a bridge between various academia, local communities, and civil society for them to research and make policy together. Not only that, but it is also useful in informing new policy decisions and new teaching initiatives. In some areas which were lacking expertise, the network evolved to give excellent innovation at regional or sub-regional levels.

Three Institutes As the pandemic is lasting longer than expected, the situation is not just being confined to the health crisis, but also leading to the lack of access to education in the Global South. Our team thought about the role of youth in solving these problems and searched about three institutions related to UNESCO and the field of education. These three institutions are the international institute for educational planning, the institute for information technologies in education, and the UNESCO institute for statistics.

Yu-eun Park

More about the three institutes ⅰ-IIEP The International Institute for Education Planning, also known as IIEP is an institute that works to help countries such as Buenos Aires, and Dakar that are facing complex and simultaneous challenges to achieve their education goals. It was created in 1963 in Paris, at the initiative of UNESCO. As the only specialized organization with the mandate to support educational policy, planning, and management, IIEP plays a unique role within the United Nations system. It develops the capacities of education actors to plan and

manage their systems through its programs of training, technical assistance, policy research, and knowledge sharing. Hyewon Kang

ⅱ-IIET The Institute for Information Technologies in Education also known as the IITE is an institute that aims to assist countries in the use of information and communication technologies in education. One of their activities “Mainstreaming Open Educational Resources” promotes Open Educational Resources in nonEnglish-speaking countries. To do this, they provide support for the development and contextualizing of OER policies, facilitate the exchange of instruction methodologies in using OER, and contribute to the development of indicators for monitoring OER adoption. ⅲ-UIS The UNESCO Institute for Statistics also known as the UIS is the institute that aims to keep track of the data of sustainable development, such as gender equality in education, education status in Africa, education finance, and women in science. As the official statistical agency of UNESCO, the UIS produces a wide range of state-of-the-art databases to fuel the policies and investments needed to transform lives and propel the world towards its development goals. The UIS provides free access to data for all UNESCO countries and regional groupings from 1970 to the most recent year available. The UIS encourages developers and researchers to build websites and applications that make rich use of UIS dissemination data. In addition to a powerful standards-based API, the UIS supports a data browser and a bulk data download service. Inspiration Listening to many lectures and continuing to research the educational problems, we found out that 'The Role Of Youth' takes an important part in preventing, diminishing, and solving current and future generations’ problems. Thus, we delved into finding more facts that we can graft together with our project. ATP program Researching about the ATP program, we could set a goal and find directions about our program. The ATP program conducted by IIEP helps obtain educational abilities due to the current situation and ultimately aims to increase the general abilities of participants. Researching about the ATP program, we could set a goal and find our directions about our program. Directing our own program we thought that it would be great if we can help some people to obtain educational abilities ultimately. Inspired by this program, we could decide the general map of our program to teach children in other countries about English. While seeing the general idea of the curriculum, we could get inspired about planning the program.

Statistics While making institutions and successfully having them work, it is necessary to aggregate the outcomes and revise some points to make them better. As we explore the UIS, we could find out that statistics can help to achieve smooth operations of programs or institutions. We could find out that UIS produces a wide range of indicators in UNESCO’S fields of action by working with national statistical offices, line ministries, and other statistical organizations. Though statistics is not directly used in our program we discovered that we can develop our curriculum positively by using statistics. Education of sustainable Developments(ESD) & Global Citizenship Education(GCED) ESD and GCED aim to teach people about sustainable development and global citizenship. Listening to many lectures given by UN officials, we found out that the education of global citizenship can influence this society in a positive way looking at the long-term effects. Ambassador Won-Seo Kim gave a lecture about ‘Roles of the Youth as Global Citizens’. He mentioned the complication and method of making a way forward, which is mentioned as follows. 1. Troubling times for multilateralism -growing vacuum of global leadership -weakening global consensus: wealth and value divides 2. Mobilizing international public opinion for sustainable development -global citizenship education as an enabler for breaking moral hazards -public-private partnership as a multiplier for coalition-building Listening to the lecture and exploring these programs we could get the idea of how ‘global citizenship education’ can affect this society in a positive way. By training students to become global citizens, the future generation would be able to make this world a better place.

Hyeonjin Lee Dahyeon Nam

3. Role of Youth YPT(Youth PPl Together) We designed an educational program to mitigate ignorance among youth during our UN training program. We identified ignorance as an inhibitor of progressive change and believe implementing more awareness programs like ours could lessen the severity of this issue. Rachel Harri Weiser, the Deputy Director and Chief Strategic Officer (USA) of ConnectAid, an international solidarity program devoted to sustainable development, inspired our program. Her words, “youth will lead the future,” resonated with our beliefs, so we decided to center our program around youth empowerment accordingly. We call our organization Youth People Together or YPT, and we focus on raising leaders through awareness and community-building. We recognize a robust English education is crucial in a globalized society where English is the most common language. A foundational understanding of the English language is critical in improving communication skills and can help increase literacy rates. Literacy allows for job opportunities and participation in politics, creating the possibility of reduced poverty in underdeveloped regions. However, many people who need an English education most have limited access. Our program focuses on The Democratic Republic of Congo because it is one of the poorest countries in the world, and low coverage and lack of quality education plague its system. There, we aim to establish enhanced literacy skills. English fluency gives job applicants a competitive advantage and allows for better opportunities in the workplace. For example, a local startup in the Congo would have the ability to confer with English companies overseas. An international partnership could increase the chances of escaping poverty while building a sustainable life. Furthermore, by raising awareness of SDGs and the role of UNESCO in sustainable development, we can cultivate socially perceptive global citizens. We believe that the culmination of these individuals will contribute to achieving the main United Nations goal of creating a peaceful and democratic society. However, many children cannot go to school either for lack of opportunity or means. Only 66% percent of children have attained secondary education, and 60% have not received a tertiary education entirely. 3.5 million children of primary school age are not in school, and 44% of children start after turning six. Recent data indicates that children who enter at these late ages, particularly after first grade, are less likely to complete a sixth-grade education- only 67%. Of those who reach 6th grade, 25% will fail the exit exam. Given the opportunity to complete a quality education and gain global awareness, millions of youth could have the means to escape poverty. The percentage of individuals living below poverty could be reduced by 12%. Impoverished youth are in dire need of change and attention, and that is what our program hopes to provide. Junehee Lee Curriculum Our education would be targeting the elementary students in Congo, looking forward to stretching our range onto further countries. Our program would be utilizing e-materials such as youtube videos and presentations. The program would be conducted twice a year, consisting of eight weeks with two classes per week. The curriculum of our education program would be like this: Class 1-3(First week to second week 1st class)-phonics(alphabets, short words for each alphabet) Class 4-5(Second week 2nd class to third week 1st class)-short and long vowels Class 6-7(Third week 2nd class to fourth week 1st class)-short and long sentences Class 8-9(Fourth week 2nd class to fifth week 1st class)-short and long paragraphs

Class 10-12(Fifth week 2nd class to sixth week 2nd class)-real books (Dr. Seuss’ “Cat in the Hat” “Green Eggs and Ham” and “The Lorax”. Class 13-14(Seventh week)- games with the topic of SDG, UN, and UNESCO.

Ways to Take Action Based on the education program that we made, we hope to strengthen the positive impact of our plans through the following methods. 1) Partnership As a grassroots organization, we realized that we may need help in terms of expertise, resources, and finances. Hence, we will reach out to established NGOs that are implementing global citizen education programs and request partnerships via emails. First, we expect to develop diverse perspectives while having a conversation with experts, who already have experienced either directly or indirectly. They would have experienced hardships in the process of implementing their programs. While listening to how they overcame the hardships, we can take proactive in thinking of many variables and situations we may have to confront in the future. Contemplating those concepts, we look forward to concreting proposals and coming up with a practical and feasible idea. In addition, we expect to get support in resources, such as technology that will be used for e-books or basic supplies that students need. Finally, in order to widen our available extent, financial support is essential. We are hoping to gain a substantial amount of money for the process of connecting with children, expenses for transporting, or laptops to be used for e-books. 2) Promotions Although associating and getting support from experts, YPT should take the initiative in the program. We believe in enhancing the accessibility of our services so that we can help a wider audience. In a time of unparalleled technological development, the most effective way to do this would be through online platforms, including a website and Instagram.

Website Link: https://sites.google.com/hanoischool.net/youth-ppltogether/home

First, our website mainly introduces our organization and our program for helping youth. We are planning to post about the main goals, the importance of our actions, and the proposals and the process of the youth-helping program progress. Second, on our Instagram account, we hope to bring SDGs and UNESCO to public attention. To raise awareness, YPT will further post quizzes about SDGs and UNESCO and do hashtag challenges.

References: http://www.iiep.unesco.org/en/advanced-training-programme-atp-professionally-oriented-programme-1757 https://iite.unesco.org/mainstreaming-open-educational-resources/ https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies/oer http://www.iiep.unesco.org/en/our-mission/11th-medium-term-strategy http://uis.unesco.org https://aspnet.unesco.org/en-us/Pages/About_the_network.aspx https://aspnet.unesco.org/en-us/Pages/Education%20for%20Sustainable%20Development.aspx https://en.unesco.org/unitwin-unesco-chairsprogramme#:~:text=Launched%20in%201992%2C%20the%20UNITWIN,knowledge%20sharing%20and%20collaborative%20 work.

Team 5 v

UNODA Organization: UNODA

St. Johnsbury Academy Jeju, Myeong Jun Kang CheongShim International Academy, Boin Kang Guangzhou Korean School, Gayoung Park Chungnam Samsung Academy, Haram Hong Daewon Foreign Language High School, Jin Hee Lee

1. Introduction a) UNODA b) SDG 16 2. How UNODA contributes to dire situations a) Environmental Aspect b) Social Impact 3. Case Study a) Cybercrime b) World Peace Issue i) Terrorism ii) Civil war c) Cybercrime 4. Solutions a) Previous Solution b) Possible Solution

1. Introduction a) UNODA (one of UN’s core agenda) i) About UNODA The United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) promotes disarmament efforts in the area of conventional weapons of mass destruction (chemical weapons including nuclear and biological weapons). Before it was first established in 1998, the Department of Disagreement Affairs had originally been established as a department upon the recommendation of the General Assembly’s second special session on disagreement. It subsequently developed into the Center of Disarmament which works under the Department of Political Affairs, until it finally reverted to being the independent Disagreement Affairs in late 1997 to 1998. After it had been renamed in 2007, the UNODA contributed to support the development and implementation of practical disarmament measures after conflict, including disarming, destabilizing former authorities, and helping the environment and refugees to reintegrate into civil society. In the process of controlling disarmament, they support multilateral aims to build bonds and connections with social groups to fully provide humanitarian aid and military assistance.

ii) Weapons of Mass Destruction (Boin Kang) Among five branches of UNODA that serve to attain global peace and justice, the Weapons of Mass Destruction branch is one of the most representative committees. The Weapons of Mass Destruction or WMD, in short, participates in multilateral aims in order to stop the proliferation of WMD to maintain peace in society. WMD is a widely used term to represent any weapon that causes a significant threat to human society: nuclear, chemical, biological, and biochemical weapons. Especially in the recent era, the secondary impact of such chemical weapons is stressed, therefore transparent regulations are considered to alleviate the issue of harmful armament usage. iii) Conventional Arms Branch (Boin Kang) Conventional Arms Branch (CAB) takes part in preventing the uncontrolled proliferation and misuse of conventional weapons, which refer to any other weapons that are not weapons of mass destruction. The conventional arms include armored combat bikes, combat helicopters, and air crafts, small weapons, and explosive arms involving chemicals. The regulation of such weapons is more challenging to those of WMD, because of its widespread usage around the world. The tendency and potential risk of conventional arms are so high, it is inevitable to highlight military support to prevent any forms of harm attributable to armaments. b) SDGs 16 (Myeong Jun Kang) SDG 16 is peace, justice, and a strong institution. It provides access to justice for all and creates effective and inclusive institutions at all levels and steps. Compassion and strong moral societies are essential to any democratic society. The goal is to promote a peaceful and inclusive society together. It is an impossible goal to achieve perfection but at least each society has to be safe. For example, there is COVID 19. It is easy to infect other people and in the worst case, it makes people die. Coronavirus disease (COVID 19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These viruses can infect people and some animals. SARS-CoV-2 was first known to infect people in 2019. The virus is thought to spread from person to person through droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Because it has a strong infectibility, it may also be spread by touching a surface with the virus on it and then touching one’s mouth, nose, or eyes, but this is less common. Research is being done to treat COVID-19 and to prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2. Also called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The World Health Organization (WHO) is

involved to make circumstances better to make a vaccine. There are a lot of targets and steps to achieve SDGs 16 goals. For instance, there is SDGs 16.1 such as ‘Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere’. UN Peacekeeping helps countries navigate the difficult path from conflict to peace. They have unique strengths, including legitimacy, burden sharing, and an ability to deploy police from around the world, integrating them with

civilian peacekeepers to address a range of mandates set by the UN Security Council and General Assembly. We can find UN peacekeepers in the military. Peacekeepers work alongside UN Police and civilian colleagues to promote stability, security, and peace processes.

2. How UNODA contributes to dire situations a) Environmental Aspect (Boin Kang) There are severe risks that follow with the usage of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Conventional weapons. Some branches of the impact caused by such military weapons are humanitarian and environmental damage. The most common causes of environmental damage are nuclear and chemical weapons. Many international organizations including UNODA and International Red Cross have driven advocacy of the prohibition and elimination of nuclear weapons over the last 50 to 80 years. UNODA began documenting the effects of nuclear explosions on the environment. Nuclear fallout released by weapon denotation leads to structure destruction, death, and water supply contamination. The contamination issue is a serious concept because it can cause soil erosion, change in landscape, damage to aquatic ecosystems and human beings. The ashes of radioactive materials flow with precipitation along with water sources or through land and spread in a wide range, causing hectares of environmental damage. Even before the usage of nuclear weapons, there are long-lasting effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, during the ‘testing’ of nuclear weapons, which has left a legacy of serious health and environmental consequences. These hazardous residues from nuclear testing and weapons are not only fatal but also long-lasting. For instance, there were traces of fallout radionuclides from atmospheric nuclear weapon tests of the mid-1950s to 1980s found which means the falling pieces have remained within layers of soil for almost 80 years. There were more consequences: debris from the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, is still being detected in measurable quantities in the upper layers of soil in Europe as well.

b) Social Impact (Refugees) WMD(Weapons of Mass Destruction) has chemical, biological, and radioactive substances that can cause death and serious health problems. For example, Anthrax is a disease that is weaponized and also a type of bacteria used in bioterrorism. It can damage human made structures such as buildings, and also natural structures such as mountains. There are a lot of effects of using WMD. It can cause radiation poisoning in each environment. Radiation poisoning can reduce plant growth, pollute regional water supplies and affect agriculture. The first time that WMDs were used in warfare was In World War I. World War I was most damaging, because of landscape changes caused by trench warfare. Digging trenches caused trampling of grassland, badly affected plants and animals, and whisking of soil. UNODA provides practical assistance in the disarmament of weapons of mass destruction that contain nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. UNODA supports and participates in non-diffusion of WMD with IAEA, OPCW and CTBTO PrepCom.

3. Case study a) Diplomatic i) Cuban Missile Crisis (Jin Hee Lee) The Cuban Missile Crisis refers to an international crisis in which the United States and the Soviet Union confronted each other and reached the brink of a nuclear war over Soviet attempts to deploy mid-range nuclear missiles to Cuba from October 22 to November 2, 1962. The United States and Soviet Union had an alliance that made Germany lose in World War II. After the war ended, the United States, Soviet Union, and England talked deeply about how to divide Germany. They divided Germany officially but, United States and Soviet Union both had their desire to reach their secret plan. Starting in Germany, they started to fight and the world was separated to two sides.

To make matters worse the double agent called Klaus Fuchs hided U.S. Atomic Bomb Precision Design and gave to Soviet Union. From this point, Soviet Union started to make nuclear bomb. Mr. O was very scared because he thought world war 3 could happen. Mr. O knew that the United States are making another level of Nuclear bomb that had 1000 times stronger power than before. He thought it was better to move to Cuba to escape from danger. Soviet Union installed more than 100* nuclear bomb in Cuba. But, the United States also knew this information. So, Cuba where Mr. O was staying had a danger of being harmed. However, Soviet Union felt they are not able to win the United States so they finished not shooting any nuclear bomb.

b) World Peace Issue (Gayoung Park) i) Terrorism The term terrorism is used to mean “an act of destruction to arouse massive interest in society by committing violence for social and political reasons.” There are mainly three characteristics of terrorist attacks. There is bomb attack, one of the most classic terrorist tactics, hijacking, which hijacking of aircraft is the main target, and hostage seizures. Terrorism is defined differently depending on the motives, targets, scope, ideology, etc.

September 11 attacks is an incident of simultaneous suicide through hijacking of an airliner between 08:46 and 17:20 on September 11, 2001. Three of the four planes kidnapped by terrorists hit the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, while the other crashed into Shanksville, Pennsylvania, failing to reach its goal which is presumed to be the White House. All 265 passengers including terrorists and crew members on four aircraft died, and also twin towers of WTC collapsed in an hour and a half in the aftermath of the aircraft crash and explosion. As a result, there were 3,000 deaths and 25,000 injured. At that time, access to large buildings across the country was blocked, security was greatly strengthened, financial markets were temporarily closed, and domestic aircraft take-off was completely stopped, causing confusion in New York and Washington at the same time. Economic damage is difficult to convert into monetary value when adding property damages in addition to $1.1 billion in building value of the World Trade Center, $40 billion in emergency spending to punish terrorism, and $11.1 billion in federal aid to overcome disasters.

November 2015 Paris attacks were a series of coordinated Islamist terrorist attack in Paris, France, and the city’s northern suburb, Saint-Denis that took place on the night of November 13 to 14, 2015. Paris terrorism is known as an organized terrorist attack that was ordered by ISIS. This simultaneous terrorist attacks, including shooting and suicide bombs, occurred in a total of six places, including a concert hall and a soccer stadium in Paris, France. The first team wore a bomb-installed vest and launched a suicide bomb attack in Stade de France, where a match between France and Germany was held. The second and third groups were armed with automatic rifles and suicide vests, and launched terrorist attacks at various places, including restaurants in the Middle East of Paris and Bataclan theaters, respectively. The death toll from the Paris terrorist attacks is known to have reached at least 130. ii) Civil war Compared to foreign wars in which countries fight for sovereignty and territory, civil wars are political as factions fight to take the lead internally. Civil wars are more likely to become indiscriminate and disastrous as they arise over the ideological issue of "how to govern the same country," which cannot be compromised with each other.

During the civil war, the whole country becomes a disputed border where the enemies and the allies are mixed in. Since covering a wide range of the entire territory, civil wars have caused swingeing damages, and the aftermaths of the civil war have remained for a long time. Whether the effect of the war is a onesided victory or a tragic division of the state, people are fated to endure hardships that come from the gruesome memories. The hostilities between the two sides could not be cooled down despite the truce. The Syrian civil war is an ongoing violent conflict in Syria between pro-democratic insurgents and the government of Bashar al-Assad started from March 15, 2011. Children were the biggest victims of the civil war, which killed 400,000 people and left 6.7 million people as refugees. Of the 400,000 deaths in the 10 years since the civil war, 55,000 died of children. During the 10 years of civil war, children's life expectancy was shortened by 13 years. In the six years since 2014, the mortality rate of Syrian children has increased by 50%. As a result, 6.7 million people, nearly half of Syria's population, left for neighboring Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq. 40% of refugees are children and adolescents under the age of 17. c) Emerging Crimes (Haram Hong) i) Cybercrimes Violence is no longer just referring to physical attacks. Along with the development of technologies, computers have become more important in commerce, entertainment, and government. On top of this, cybercrime, particularly through the Internet, has grown in importance. Cybercrime, also known as computer crime, is the use of a computer as a tool to further illegal ends such as fraud, trafficking in intellectual property, stealing identities, or violating privacy. There’s a cybercrime committed every 39 seconds. Only 38% of global organizations claim they are prepared to handle a sophisticated cybercrime. Over 14 billion data records have been lost or stolen since 2013 and the number increases every day. Large scales of cybercrime can impact utilities, mass-transportation systems, financial institutions, government operations, etc. Google has also detected a huge increase in phishing websites, a form of cybercrime, since the start of the pandemic. ii) Cyber Attacks in Korea North Korea has used cyber attacks to gain its political goals in South Korea by stealing information and money spreading a sense of vulnerability in the Korean society. Other malicious actors have also disrupted information and communications technology systems in the government of the Republic of Korea and the private sector. South Korean nuclear and hydroelectric company Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power (KHNP) was hacked at the end of 2014. Hackers stole and posted online the plans and manuals for two nuclear reactors, as well as the data of 10,000 employees. The US pinned the attack on North Korea but South Korean authorities traced the IP addresses to Shenyang, a

city in northeast China.

iii) Cyber Attacks in the US and Russia Digital Cold War between Washington and Moscow: The US stepped up digital incursions into Russia’s electric power grid in a warning to President Putin and a demonstration of how the administration is using authorities to deploy cyber tools more aggressively. The officials explained the previously unreported deployment of American computer code inside Russia's grid. Russia has inserted malware that could sabotage American power plants, oil and gas pipelines, or water supplies in future conflict with the US. However, there is no evidence of this because the code has not been activated in both countries. But the placement of malicious code inside both systems revives the question of whether a nation’s power grid, or other critical infrastructure constitutes a legitimate target for online attack.

iv) Cybercrime and SDG 16 SDG 16 - peace, justice, and strong institutions is directly related to cybercrime since it is a threat worldwide. More specifically, SDG 16.1 which refers to significantly reducing all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere should be the guideline to solving cybercrimes. Even though cybercrime is not a form of physical violence, it is still a form of threat that is intentionally committed by criminals.

v) Current Solutions to Cyber Crimes The solutions currently existing are mostly up to the user’s responsibility to prevent themselves from getting cyber attacked. Some suggestions are to keep software and systems fully up to date, install a firewall, backup the computer, change passwords regularly, etc. Presently, only 38% of global organizations claim they are prepared to handle a sophisticated cybercrime.

vi) The role of UNODA As cybercrime is a form of arms, UNODA should actively take actions to prevent the new form of violence. Countries must become more agile in updating or developing national cybersecurity strategies, as well as the legal and regulatory framework that governs cyberspace. The UNODA should help countries formalize all cyber-related issues. Also, because cyber security requires international trust, the UNODA should provide the basis for international cooperation, and work to increase trust between stakeholders such as countries, and industries.

4. Solutions a) CTBT (Jin Hee Lee) CTBT(Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty) was designed to prevent the development of new nuclear weapons and the improvement of the performance of existing nuclear weapons by banning all nuclear tests. Not only banning the nuclear tests that are happening on the ground but also that are happening underground, underwater, even in the atmosphere. The treaty was ready for signature in September 1996, and has been signed by 185 nations and established by 170. However, the treaty was not able to enter into force until it was approved by 44 specific nations, eight of which are not ready for it. China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel, Iran, Egypt, and the United States.

Too many nuclear tests are happening. More than 2000 tests have occurred worldwide since 1945.The large number of tests supported the weapons technology to develop faster which made a single bomb to rise its power.

b) NPT(Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) (Gayoung Park) Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is a treaty adopted by the United Nations (UN) in July 1968 and officially enforced on March 5, 1970. Led by the United States and Russia, this treaty prohibits other nations developing nuclear weapons while admitting the exclusive possession of nuclear weapons by five countries, including China, United Kingdom, and France. In addition, the five nuclear powers cannot transfer nuclear weapons to third countries, and the member states must undergo nuclear inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The goal of NPT is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to achieve the goal of nuclear disarmament.

c) TPNW(The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons) The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons(TPNW) was adopted on 7 July 2017 by the conference at the United Nations and this treaty includes a comprehensive set of prohibitions on participating in any nuclear weapon activities. These include undertakings not to develop, test, produce, possess, stockpile, use nuclear weapons. The treaty also prohibits the deployment of nuclear weapons and obliges states to provide individuals affected by the use of nuclear weapons with enough assistance. d) The Arms Trade Treaty (Haram Hong) The Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) is an international treaty that regulates the international trade in conventional arms and aims to prevent and eliminate illicit trade and diversion of conventional arms by establishing international standards governing arms transfer. The Treaty entered into force on December 14, 2014. At this point, the Treaty has 110 States Parties and 31 States that have signed but not yet ratified it. The Treaty includes provisions for arms transfers involving export, import, transit, trans-shipment, and brokering. The Treaty is the first international treaty to govern the legal trade of conventional weapons. The Treaty is based on stringent arms licensing criteria related to international humanitarian law and human rights, as well as the concept of gender-based violence.

e) Possible Solutions (Boin Kang, Jin Hee Lee, Haram Hong) 1. Youth contribution to raise awareness Youths’ engagement to peace and justice can happen in or beyond their community. Though their act may not be powerful to the ones made by adults or by nations, raising awareness among young generations can work in positive ways. Campaigns and workshops held by the youths are one possible solution to stress the importance of peace and prohibiting weapon usage. Social media is actively used by the generation MZs, therefore lively campaigns and sharing information via social networks can benefit the community. 2. Try to increase the program for youth It is important to make youth know the importance of SDGs. By learning about SDGs they can think about the future generations and also they can feel the consciousness how dangerous the weapons are. These days most of the youth don't know the importance of SDGs so that we need to try to increase the program for youth. 3. Promoting treaties in development There are some treaties that are in the process of development, but not in effect yet. For example, the CTBT treaty has been in the developing stage for a long time. However, the membership standard is really strict. Because of this, the conditions for initiation of the treaty are strict and it is still not in effect. Moreover, the US, China and North Korea didn’t sign up for the treaty yet. The youth can promote the treaties not in effect yet, and hold campaigns and workshops putting pressure on the countries not signed to the treaties. With the youth contribution, much more treaties in development will be able to be put into effect.

References: https://www.unvienna.org/sdg/sdgs/org_UNODA.html https://www.un.org/disarmament/structure/ https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/ https://unidir.org/programmes/conventional-arms https://www.un.org/disarmament/conventional-arms/ https://unidir.org/publication/harmful-legacy-lingering-humanitarian-impacts-nuclear-weapons-testing http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2014/ph241/powell2/docs/vakulchuk.pdf https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/science-update/new-mapping-radioactive-fallout-western-europe Milestones: 1961–1968 - Office of the Historian (state.gov) https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis https://www.britannica.com/topic/cybercrime/Identity-theft-and-invasion-of-privacy https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/15/us/politics/trump-cyber-russia-grid.html https://www.power-technology.com/features/the-five-worst-cyberattacks-against-the-power-industry-since2014/ https://leaf-it.com/10-ways-prevent-cyber-attacks/ https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/06/3-ways-governments-can-address-cyber-threats-cyberattacks-cybersecurity-crimepost-pandemic-covid-19-world/ https://www.globalgoals.org/16-peace-justice-and-strong-institutions https://globalgoals.education/pluginfile.php/447/mod_page/content/4/GOAL_16_TARGET_16.1.png https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/ctbt/ https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/themen/abruestung/nukleareabruestung/-comprehensive-nuclear-test-bantreaty/218342 More Useful Resources for the 2017 Topic: The CTBT and its Roles for a World Free of Nuclear Weapons | The Critical Issues Forum (miis.edu) https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/tpnw/ https://thearmstradetreaty.org/ https://um.fi/arms-control-and-disarmament

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4 Jan. 2022 (Day 1) •Opening Ceremony – Welcoming Speech• •Maher Nasser, Director at Outreach Division of United Nations Department of Global Communications (UNDGC)•

•Keynote Briefing: Global Mindset for Future Generations• •Chang-beom Cho, Vice-President of United Nations Associations Republic of Korea (UNAROK)•

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•Keynote Briefing: FAO and its Contribution to SDGs• •Mr. Tang Shengyao, Representative and Head of FAO PLO in ROK•

•Keynote Briefing: FAO and its Contribution to SDGs • •Won-soo Kim, Former, Under-Secretary-General, High Representative for the United Nations Disarmament Affairs (UNODA)•

•UN Briefings: The #SDGeneration and Global Youth Impactful Action• •Rachel Harri Weiser, Chief Strategic Officer, ConnectAID•

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5 Jan. 2022 (Day 2) •UN Virtual Tour – Asia and the Pacific from the Perspectives of the United Nations• •United Nations Guided Tours Team•

• Special Session - Ivy League: International Model United Nations and the SDGs• • Monique Nokolov, Secretary-General of Yale International Model United Nations (YMUN)•

•Keynote Briefing: Strategy for SDG and Carbon Neutral Future• • Rae-kwon Chung, Director of the Environment and Development Division, UN Economics and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN ESCAP)•

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•Keynote Briefing: United Nations and the Republic of Korea• •Tae-yul Cho, Former, Chair of the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission•

6 Jan. 2022 (Day 3) •UN Briefing: Global Disarmament and World Peace• •Jun-houng Yoo, Political Affairs Officer at United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs (UNODA)•

•UN Briefing: Climate Action and the Cop26• •Esra Sergi, Communications and Public Mobilisation Officer, Climate Action Team, Executive Office of the Secretary-General•

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•UN Briefing: REFLECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE UN-HABITAT´s mandate and vision for our urbanizing world• •Ana Sabrina Martínez Feria, Urban Development Specialist at United Nations Habitat•

•Special Session - Climate: The youth, climate change and sustainable development• •Jack Bathe, Intern on Uzbekistan Team at Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI)•

•Special Session - Ivy League: Discussion with Current Students from Ivy Leagues• •Chaerin Park, University of Pennsylvania• •Hyunjo Koh, Brown University•

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7 Jan. 2022 (Day 4) •UN Briefing: SDG 4: Quality Education• •Lily Gray, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)•

•Keynote Briefing: Work as a Diplomat and an Ambassador• •Denis Godwin Antoine, Permanent Representative of Grenada to the United Nations•

•Special Session - Partnership: Global Cooperation for the Post-Covid-Era• •Kadir Jun Ayhan, Assistant Professor at Graduate School of International Studies, Ewha Womans University•

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•Special Session - Climate: Climate Mobility and Climate-induced Migration• •Carine Valarché, Former, Research Assistant at the United Nations Office for Sustainable Development (UNOSD)•

•UN Briefing: Governance and Development Cooperation• •Seán O’Connell, Head of Governance with United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Lao PDR•

•Special Session - Partnership: Partnerships for 2030 Agenda• •Young-jin Lee, Training and Education Officer at World Federation of United Nations Associations (WFUNA)•

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8 Jan. 2022 (Day 5) •The Impact of Covid-19 on the Sustainable Development Goals• •Donald Lee, Former, Chief of the Social Perspective on Development Branch, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)•

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KANG, MYEONGJUN ST. JOHNSBURY ACADEMY JEJU ●

About SDG 16(Grade 9)

Most people would know about the UN (United Nations), but most people would not know about the UN's 17 goals specifically. The United Nations is an international organization that promotes global prosperity through activities such as ensuring international peace and security, promoting international cooperation, and improving human rights. I will not talk about all 17 goals but I want to talk about one goal which is ‘Climate Action’. Climate Action is the UN's 13th goal. This goal was made in 2015 and called SDG 13 which should be achieved by 2030. The official phrase is "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts." To achieve UN goals, people need to put just a little effort. To achieve this goal, people need to stop wasting their food, use LED lighting, and Recycle. People need to stop wasting their food to achieve this goal. When people waste their food, we also waste all the energy and water to transport and package the food. After that, if it goes to the landfill and rots, it produces methane. According to “Compendium of Chemical Hazards”, high level of methane can reduce the amount of oxygen breathed from the air. This can result in mood changes, slurred speech, vision problems, memory loss, nausea, vomiting, facial flushing and headache. Also, Americans throw away 40% of the food they buy. People should try to use LED lights. All forms of electricity generation have an environmental impact on our air, water and land. LED lights use 90% energy less than incandescent bulbs and half as much as compact fluorescents. When you switch your home lights to LED lights, it will reduce cooling bills. LED lights convert electrons to photons, effectively using electricity to create light without giving off heat, which wastes energy. Approximately, 40% of global warming comes from electricity. If it is hard to change your lights to LED, you can perfectly turn off your lights when you don’t use them to save energy. According to “5 Essential Facts About Turning Off Your Lights to Save Energy”, it can also help reduce carbon emission and other harmful greenhouse gasses.

People should do recycling to achieve this goal. First, recycling conserves energy. Every year, people who recycle across the country save the same amount of energy it would take to power 14 million homes for a full year. For example, recycled aluminum products use 95 percent less energy than creating new ones. About 50 percent of recycled materials come from households. Recycling correctly is just as

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important as recycling, because recycling wrong can slow the system and create more waste. That is why you need to rinse out your recyclables. These are the reasons why we should not waste the food, use LED lights, and recycle. Similarities of these reasons are not very hard to do. It is important that people only buy enough food to eat, turn off the power when they are not using electricity, and recycle properly. If people know this information and put a little effort into achieving this goal, it will not be a hard goal to achieve until 2030.

● Social Impact (refugees) WMD(Weapons of Mass Destruction) has chemical, biological, and radioactive substances that can cause death and serious health problems. For example, Anthrax is a disease that is weaponized and also a type of bacteria used in bioterrorism. It can damage human made structures such as buildings, and also natural structures such as mountains. There are a lot of effects of using WMD. It can cause radiation poisoning in each environment. Radiation poisoning can reduce plant growth, pollute regional water supplies and affect agriculture. The first time that WMDs were used in warfare was In World War I. World War I was most damaging, because of landscape changes caused by trench warfare. Digging trenches caused trampling of grassland, badly affected plants and animals, and whisking of soil. UNODA provides practical assistance in the disarmament of weapons of mass destruction that contain nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. UNODA supports and participates in non-diffusion of WMD with IAEA, OPCW and CTBTO PrepCom.

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BOIN KANG CHEONGSHIM INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY

Global mindset for Future Generations (2022.01.04) -Ambassador Chang-beom Cho

Listening to the lecture of Ambassador Chang Beom Cho allowed me to reflect on the attitude and aspects which global citizens should have. I was already familiar with the language ‘global citizen’ as it was one of the aide memoirs of my previous school.

Having an open-minded attitude, respecting different cultures, and treating everyone equally was a matter of fact as I attended an International school in Vietnam, where over 80% of the students were from other countries. However, the terminology of global citizens was vague, especially after I returned to Korea after five years of study abroad. Even if I am living in my homeland, speaking my mother language, and learning a domestic diploma, I was still part of a global citizen and had to act as a responsible global leader.

Chang-beom Cho defined a global citizen as "a kind of person who values the global mindset with an emphasis on working on participation to solve global issues." Because we are living in a globalized, and intertwined world, he highlights that citizens should be equipped with a global mindset. Global mindset by all means an attitude and approach to a deeper understanding of the international community with a global perspective, looking beyond national borders and ready to face various challenges. So we, as an individual, shall act in a spirit of brotherhood: put ‘us’ before ‘me’, for a world of ‘Together first’.

One of the major threats that have been mentioned was the Covid 19 pandemic (health crisis). Such diseases have led to an economic downturn, unemployment, and worsening poverty. Another secondary effect of Covid19 that I noticed while researching the economic effect was treatment inside the company. As offline work comes with a high risk of virus infection, most firms: from global companies to startups, established telecommuting, in other words, work from home. Nonetheless, there are minor businesses where they still initiate normal face-to-face work due to worries about a decrease in workload and productivity. I have noticed that these ethical issues in firms are not as emphasized as other economic risks: recession, price level increase, etc. Accordingly, I have concluded that I want to be a global citizen which also raises awareness, possibly contributing to solving in-firm infrastructure and ethics issues. Thinking back on my identity confusion as a global citizen, I realized that I am already participating and contacting numerous people across the globe and even participating to solve international issues. Due to technological advancements, globalization is accelerating and the borders between nations are faded: as shred of evidence, I am still contacting my friends in Vietnam and opening a project to help Vietnamese Start-ups. During lessons at school, we learn about global issues in scientific and economic aspects. The MUN conferences that I participated in are small efforts to participate in worldwide concern. To summarize,

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we are all living in a world where everyone is somewhat influenced by international affairs and interests. A global mindset is a vision that everyone and especially the young generations who will be the future leaders should have in an international community. By listening to the lecture I have learned as a young generation, spreading voice, as a global participant, is vital to raise the awareness of universal matters.

Former Under-Secretary-General and High Representative for the United Nations Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) (2022.01.04) -Won-soo Kim

One of the three level moral hazards, moral hazards: generation gaps was interesting to listen to. The problematic actions of politicians that usually target older generations was one example. Their nature to tend to invest for short term issues instead of long term issues troubles the future generations’ life. One example that he mentioned was environmental issues. The contrasting response on climate change was the SDGs. The Sustainable Development Goals was set to cope globally and work in a comprehensive manner (Economic, Social, Environmental…covers entire challenges).

Q: Thank you, it was an honor to listen to your lecture. I’ve noticed that you emphasized the economic and environmental concerns, so I was curious if UNODA is participating on the issues of economic recession or environmental issues along with SDG goal 16?

A: Environmental, economic issues in poorer countries are too big to be handled. So, as a way of helping them, the role of ODA is very crucial, but the level of despite the fact that problems in poorer countries have widened - number of refugees have increased in a vapid speed. In the past, Number of refugees was 20 million -Currently 85million and it is still rising. The level of international assistance is not rising as much as the increase in refugees. So we need more support in humanitarian aid.

Here are other Q&A which were asked by fellow audiences that I found interesting.

Q: We would like to extend the discussion about SDGs and solutions 1)to form sustainable city and 2) economic disruption caused by the pandemic

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A: I assume that some economic aspects (production) can be recovered back to the BC era in some extent. Although if the spread of the virus worsens, the period of recovery could be postponed. Human security is another aspect to focus on. There are political and social impacts caused by the virus. The governments and organizations should pay great attention on how to maintain human security and sanitation worldwide.

Q: Possible solutions that youths can do to solve climate change issues

A: Utilizing social media to spread the awareness of climate change. This is what the young generations can do better than the older generations, so generally it could be an effective approach to make a difference.

Previously, I thought that UNODA is an organization that directly participates in war or international relations to keep peace only, but I have learned that it links to SDG 16 and it handles issues of refugees and social issues. The work done by ODA was more broad and social based than I expected. The war refugees and secondary impact caused after the military crisis were mostly up to them, so I had an opportunity to ask about some aspects that I am ambitious to participate in: environmental issues and economic crisis. Also, it was a motivating and unique experience for me to listen to Mr. Kim’s experience of the negotiations opened in North Korea as an UN official. It was interesting that the treatment as a UN official and treatment as a Korean delegation was different. The fact that they thought of the UN organization as a more comfortable international servant, therefore, attended the negotiation in more frank and open behavior has awed me. The fact that trustful work and transparent image of the organization changes the ambience of the conference inspired me.

UN E-learning: Climate Responsive Budgeting (2022.01.04)

Climate related risks include flooding, sea level, extreme weather, health issues etc. Government (climate change finance) spending on adaptation on extreme weathers, mitigations, expanding forests etc. Government intervention is essential for better insight, planning and investment decisions. Better cooperation between national and subnational governments is important as well. Annual domestic funds on environmental budgets: Thailand is a good example of overcoming climate difficulties and predicting future weather issues. Large amount of public money is already used for climate change budgets. Number droughts in the Mekong river basin shows that the surface area of land which experiences drought has increased as well as flooding. According to the experience of geography trip to Mekong. Delta, such flooding and drought lead to agricultural impact, due to secondary reasons like soil erosion. Climate change financing framework: 1. cost effectiveness analysis= most economical analysis 2. Benefit-cost Ratio (BCR) (calculation) economic benefit/ cost BCR makes it possible to compare a broad range of variables (to analyze implements of economic benefit) (cost = rehabilitation cost, investment cost, O&M costs.) It can help identify investments that are likely to perform well whether or not climate change occurs, as those should be prioritized. Identifying investments that could be significantly improved

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through climate proofing measures, given the overwhelming evidence that exists that climate change is real. Since the climate-related risks in economic sectors can affect public finance, including the effectiveness of sectoral investments (especially agricultural sector), I have learned that cost-benefit analysis can be used to optimize sectoral budgeting under a changing climate.

UN Briefing "The #SDGeneration and Global Youth Impactful Action" (2022.01.04) -Rachel Harri Weiser, Chief Strategic Officer of ConnectAID)

I had an opportunity to learn how internet funding works to advertise and support nonprofit organizations. The ConnectAID community supports other NGOs and advocates them through online platforms. It is a form of crowdfunding and a data motivated system. The growth of the community was incredibly fast and the changes occurred in such a short time.

As a student, as a teenager, as an individual who needs a guardian if I want to DO something to take part in environmental projects, I have felt useless and powerless. The story that she told us: one of the steps that she took to tackle environmental issues was to participate in campaigns. She then dedicated 20 years to give young people an opportunity to raise their voice.

Q: Hi, good morning and good afternoon from Korea. I am a grade 11 student who is really interested in Environmental issues and ethics. I am currently running a student consulting group where we support 2 to 3 Vietnamese local service companies in terms of marketing and operation strategies. Based on the statistical usage and experience in ConnectAID, what do you think is a vital aspect that we should have or what we can do to really promote or engage many people to join our movement? A: Social media communication tricks: algorithm tricks. Consider watching the video on the website. Be targeted about the message and what I want to say, be bold. Set dates or target timeline (ex. Earth day) to do such projects.

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It was a pleasure to hear that Rachel was happy to support our project and the energy that she gave us inspired me to take real action to continue what I am doing. The lively conversation and the free communication between her and I was incredibly grateful. Countless ideas and numerous concerns were shared and suggested in just a few minutes, but that 5 minute of sharing the campaign that I am doing was an unforgettable time. #break the silos

Strategy for SDG and Carbon Neutral Future (2022.01.05) - Ambassador Rae-kwon Chung (Former) Director of Environment and Development Division, UN Economics and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN ESCAP)

As a contribution to make climate actions, cutting carbon to net-zero and building resilience against the physical impacts of climate change in Goal 13 of the SDGs is one strategy that is being used by UN ESCAP and UNDP. Why handling the issue of climate change is so challenging - based on the economic system. It is based on conventional economic theory: because they treat air, natural resources as free goods. They consider that they are freely usable resources to produce and to consume. Unfortunately this kind of market economy is not being responsible enough, for instance they do not pay for the damage they cause to the environment to produce their product. (CO2 emission, burning fossil fuel, climate change costs etc.) As long as we are operating our market economy without paying the price of Carbon we are producing while we are making final goods, the environmental problems are difficult to be solved. However it means that there will be extra production cost for the firms, so they will not accept the fact that everyone should pay for environmental damages. Also climate issues are a long term issue where the economy is focused on short term market equilibrium. So it is not considering the long term price for climate change. The market economy should focus more on long term consequences, not just short term supply and demand. The time gap issue between the environmental crisis and market economy is slowing down the implementation of renewable energy usage. People tend to transfer the responsibility of climate action. People tend to think the businesses, firms and government should make a change. In fact, we, as an individual and as a consumer, should participate to come up with an idea to address the climate change issue. The first step is to understand the need to pay for CARBON CONSUMPTION of ‘consumers’. A form of carbon tax could be an effective policy. Since businesses and governments have very limited budgets and expenditure to spend on environmental issues, consumers should provide monetary basis to make a change.

Q: 기업들이 환경 문제에 대한 대가 지불을 하지 않고 있지만, 동시에 최근 국내 기업부터 글로벌 기업들까지 친환경 제품 생산과 프로젝트 진행하는 그린 마케팅과 미닝아웃 소비를 유도하고 있는데, 이런 친환경 제품을 소비하는 것이 환경 문제 해결에 기여를 한다고 생각하시는지, 아니면 정말 환경세 지불이 가장 바람직한 대응 방법이라고 생각하시는지 궁금합니다. A: There are companies and governments participating in ESG, green marketing trends and emission trading schemes. Many companies tend to use these strategies as a marketing tool to promote their sales of the product. It is true that there are companies making changes. However, we need fundamental transformation in production patterns. Just greenwashing and window dressing is not sufficient to address the radical climate issues.

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->The concept of ESG, is a hot potato in economic sectors, is a framework to advance the three dimensions of sustainable development – environmental, social, and corporate governance. I was very interested in the ESG framework as well, but I have never heard about some downsides of such a framework. It was an opportunity to reflect some limits of the environmental regulations done by the government, and some campaigns by firms.

It was one of the most meaningful lectures that I have listened to today, because of the fact that Mr. Chung suggested a different point of view to environmental changes. He suggested that it is ‘us’ who have to be ready to be responsible for carbon emission, not the businesses or governments. Also, the fact that he approached the environmental issue with an economic approach, by all means using economics terminologies and concepts, I was able to utilize what I have learned at school about economics to understand the global issues. It was an opportunity for me to think about what a ‘sustainable market’ is and how it should be structured to contribute to actions. I would like to end my essay with my favorite phrase from today’s session #Let_me_pay_for_my_future

UN E-learning: Carbon Taxation (2022.01.05)

<Carbon Taxation> Carbon tax is an instrument for the government to achieve their aim to reduce greenhouse gas emission. The definition is applied with some flexibility. Several jurisdictions have adopted taxes with the stated goal of furthering climate policy, even though the price is not directly linked to carbon emissions. These taxes are also considered to be carbon taxes. The carbon tax can be applied in different ways: price or amount of tax depends on how much CO2 gas is emitted by burning fossil fuel.

<Why carbon taxation necessary in terms of climate action> The carbon taxes can be utilized to solve the long term climate crisis. Governments from many nations are lacking financial input to reduce greenhouse gas emission. However, by utilizing the carbon tax, they will be able to create a monetary basis to invest in technologies to develop green-technology or sustainable resources.

<Difference between Carbon taxation and ETS> There are clear differences between carbon tax and ETS. First carbon taxes. The carbon taxes piggyback on existing tax administrations and are suitable for administrations with low capacity whereas ETS requires ‘new’ administration structure. Also ETS is suitable for well-functioning markets and they are easily impacted by market volatility.

<Elasticity of Demand> Providing better and more accessible public transport and expanding infrastructure of cycling could increase elasticity in the transportation sector. Elasticity can be increased through flanking policies that mitigate barriers to responses by market

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actors. For example in the transportation sector, infrastructure measures to better protect pedestrians and cyclists can improve elasticity if the main reason for preferring private vehicles is road safety.

UN Briefing. Global Disarmament and World Peace (2022.01.06) -Jun-houng Yoo, Political Affairs Officer at UN of Disarmament Affairs

The lecture that I listened to was informative and helpful for the presentation that I did on the last day. The international laws and policies that Mr. Yoo mentioned were all unfamiliar yet trending issues, so it educated me a lot in such a short time. I focused on asking questions related to what I will write in our group essay and issues that I was personally curious about when researching the organization.

Q: Are other forms of threat: diseases considered as a new form of weapon? If it is, then how is UNODA responding to these issues? A: UNODA have treaties which regulate governments to use biological weapons, which includes viruses. This regulation is going well but that does not mean that this issue is completely there, so we need to encourage nations to adapt and accept laws for disarmaments.

Q: Does nuclear weapon regulation include nuclear testing, or does it only include the usage of nuclear arms in military usage only? A: The current treaties in UNODA states that no new countries can make new nuclear weapons. However there are no rules or regulations to really control the use of nuclear weapons. There is one called the TPMW treaty which makes development of nuclear weapons illegal (but only 55 states have joined this treaty, excluding the 5 nuclear weapon states). This is the only international treaty that talks about nuclear weapons. This is why the future generations should be aware of the nuclear issues.

Climate Action and the Cop26 (2022.01.06) - Esra Sergi, Communications and Public Mobilization Officer, Climate Action Team, Executive Office of the Secretary General It is always difficult to have an opportunity to communicate directly to organizations which deal with climate changes and large communities that do partnerships with other firms. The conference with Esra Sergi was an incredibly helpful time for me to ask about her and her organization’s opinion about global issues, rising solutions to climate change and current status of greenhouse gas emission. The fact that she has experienced partnerships with global corporations, for instance Trolls from

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Dreamworks animation, was quite interesting. I thought this partnership will work quite effectively, because in my perspective as a consumer, lovable and approachable characters work well to engage many people to participate in climate change actions. The time on the website and application of ACT NOW was enjoyable and fruitful reading their redundant information. I had an opportunity to ask three questions and the response from her really helped me to get inspired about the international climate action team.

Q: First question is if ESG is an existing term that is used in the states or in the UN, because when I searched about this framework, most information used in Korean organizations and sources in English was quite out of date. A: Yes. ESG is used in the climate circles, so it is a universal term, so it is a terminology that is being used in many organizations.

Q: You have mentioned that everyone, including the government and businesses should make efforts to alleviate the climate change crisis, and I want to ask about your opinion about carbon taxation as one solution. A: Yes it has been an issue that existed for a long time. There is a phrase “Tax the polluters” and I certainly agree with this solution.

The Youth, Climate Change and Sustainable Development (2022.01.05) - Jack Bathe, Intern on Uzbekistan Team at GGGI

The fact that one single goal (13) is divided into 5 perspectives is plausible. It is a first step to really take action in different aspects. But I thought these goals are still not enough. IT is not precise enough and terms are too vague. ‘Improve education’ the how and why? What level and approach of national policies are needed? For the SDG 13.1, how are we supposed to strengthen resilience?

How is SDG 13 put into action? -Government action

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They are in charge of implementation of SDGs in terms of policies. They may interact with international organizations. Voluntary national reviews are sources on international efforts undertaken by governments: They are useful sources to see aid projects or investments.

-Private sector and market action Gold standard for global goals takes part in accelerating global progress toward climate security and sustainable development. Also individual efforts like reducing usage of greenhouse gas emitting resources and submitting environmental reports. I think reports are useful for the public to examine and scrutinize the information.

-NGO and charity action They are significantly impactful communities that are in charge of spreading awareness and education of global goals and actions.

What do you think the possible strengths and weaknesses of the SDG framework are? Strength) Goals are distinct and possibly motivates the public by monitoring the progress. I think the fact that SDG is widely spread and high accessibility is a huge strength since it attracts many people to participate in solving global issues. Weakness) Some goals in SDGs are vague in terms of methods of implementation of certain goals and I think the fact that most goals are related can be one challenge

One of the parts where I was most interested was about Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). It was my first time learning about CBAM but I thought that it could be one way to prevent carbon leakage in the process of production. Inevitably, there will be some economic issues such as decrease in GDP, rise in price and more.

Q: I have heard that businesses and governments have very limited budgets and expenditure to spend on environmental issues, so I wonder if there are any fiscal policies to somewhat solve this issue.

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A: In terms of SDGs, one of the examples is mobilizing finance (GCF). International development department in the UK, they participate in international development and climate projects.

Q: incentives by accepting ESG governance like being prioritized to be invested. But at the same time there are firms that are green washed and still manage to get an ESG. So I have asked how ESG establishments are rated and how companies that are greenwashed are rated in this system. A: Yes, the concerns about greenwashing are rising along with green marketing. There are firms like Google which take part in environmental issues, but there are certainly concerns about greenwashing.

Climate Mobility and Climate Induced Migration -Carine Valavhe (Former) Research Assistant at UNOSD

I can conclude that the issue of Climate change is very significant due to the fact that it is closely related to many of the sustainable development goals. Directly saying there could be a short term crisis of hunger, access to clean water or damage in infrastructure which are related to goal 2, 6 and 11. However it can lead to other long term consequences that can lead to impact on peace or general life on land. The ecosystems on land are very vulnerable to sea level rise and precipitation, therefore I thought the food chain or even food web can be damaged.

UNDP The issue of Vietnamese laborers during covid crisis was the most concerning issue for me, because I somewhat knew what the working environment is like in factories located in Vietnam. The fact that workers have to live in dormitories, working 6 days a week to maintain productivity is not widely known, which I thought was a serious issue. It was an opportunity for me to think more about the significance of the working environment.

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HYEWON KANG, KOREAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL IN HANOI

FAO and its Contribution to SDGs Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States(FAO) aims to defeat hunger from international efforts or movements. Its goal is to have high-quality food for all people to consume daily, enabling them to maintain good health. A short history of FAO could be as follows: In 1943, forty-four governments decided to commit themselves to finding a permanent organization for food and agriculture. Later, in 1945, the organization was founded and held the very first session of the FAO Conference in Quebec City, Canada. At this meeting, FAO was established as a specialized United Nations agency. FAO held a Freedom from Hunger Campaign in 1960, and with WHO, FAO established Codex Alimentarius to set international food standards in 1962. In the year 1980, FAO concluded 56 agreements for the appointment of FAO representatives in developing member countries. A year later, the first World Food Day was celebrated in approximately 150 countries and ratified by 92 signatories of the International Plant Protection Convention in 1991. In the 51 years since it was founded, FAO has managed to bring together 185 countries and the European Community for the World Food Summit. FAO and countries’ active cooperation led to many successes and achievements. According to FAO’s 70th anniversary video, FAO had achievements like the fight against hunger in Latin American countries, the signing of the international treaty on plant genetic resources, the declaration of rights to food, and many more. One of the achievements that made me curious to know more was "River Blindness". In 1974, onchocerciasis, or river blindness, devastated central West Africa. It was caused by parasitic worms, which transmit disease to humans by biting flies. These biting flies have high fertility around flowing river sites, spreading disease to those who live near rivers. The symptoms of the disease range from severe itching and skin lesions to total blindness. At that time, villagers were forced to leave their communities due to the severe situation, in which approximately 60 percent of the adults living near a river valley were afflicted by the disease, and 4 percent of them became blind. The Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) was formed

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from this incident and is supported to solve the issue by uninhabited many kilometers of West Africa’s richest river lands. With the help of several governments and donor agencies, the disease was successfully controlled 20 years after the program was launched. Continuous spraying in the rivers where the black flies bred and developing drug treatments for the disease were some of the most effective solutions to the problem. Therefore, the successfully controlled onchocerciasis, or river blindness, problem became one of the most successful public health campaigns in history.

From taking Mr. Tang Sengyao’s lecture, I understood not only FAO’s mission and achievements, but also FAO and the Republic of Korea (ROK), especially since he is the Head of FAO PLO in the ROK. He mentioned that ROK joined the FAO in 1949, and through national efforts like forming various policies, building capacity, strong leadership, the Saemaul movement, and more, improved the Republic of Korea's ability to become a strong country that had successfully shifted from a developing country to a developed country. As a result, the Republic of Korea (ROK) officially transitioned from an ODA recipient country to an ODA donor country. Currently, ROK is actively sharing its information, experience, technology, and financial resources globally to support other countries' development in the food and agriculture sector. Personally, the news that ROK ranked 11th with 2.27% on the "Regular Programme Contributions Largest 25 Contributors as of 31 December 2020" chart excited me because it shows how it has been contributing to the FAO continuously and proves its achievements.

UNESCO UNESCO is short for the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. It aims to strengthen the bond between countries and societies for each child and citizen to have access to quality education, grow in a cultural environment with their heritage, be fully benefited by scientific advances and have freedom of expression. 53 Field Offices around the world work to develop strategies, programs, and activities based on consultations with national authorities and partners. The institutes and centers are: "UNESCO Education Institutes and Centers", "UNESCO Science Institutes and Centers", "UNESCO Institute for Statistics", and "UNESCO Category 2 Institutes and Centers".

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From the 3 categories that UNESCO works on, my interest was more focused on the "education" sector. By looking at SDGs 4: Quality Education Outcome Targets, there are goals like universal youth literacy, education for sustainable development, global citizenship, and more. "Equal access to technical, vocational, and higher education" stood out to me, and made me wonder how it’s being done specifically. UNESCO-UNEVOC works to provide access to quality technical and vocational education and training (TVET) for all. However, there is a problem with this training progress. Systemic discrimination and inequality issues influence access and participation in TVET programs. Limited course materials and school infrastructure are some of the barriers that affect learning. UNESCO-UNEVOC pursues training opportunities regardless of gender, age, religion, or ethnic background, as well as including people with disabilities, indigenous people, and children. In particular, gender inequality has been a problem in recent years. In the fields requiring science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) skills and knowledge, only 35% of the students were female. STEM skills are very important and needed for various jobs in the future to have sustainable development. However, if the gender ratio is maintained as it is for many more years, our society may eventually fall into an androcentric society. That is not what the SDGs are aiming for, and it is rather a situation we should not be in. As there is little participation of girls in STEM subjects, there has been relatively little attention paid to women in STEM-related TVET. UNESCO-UNEVOC is aware of that fact and has conducted a study to boost gender equality on the particular subject throughout 2019 and 2020. The study provides an overview of gender disparities in STEM-related TVET for ten countries. Those countries were selected to collaborate with the UNEVOC Network, which is UNESCO’s global platform of TVET institutions. In 2015, UNESCO recommended TVET to always ensure high-quality TVET teachers, instructors, trainers, administrators, and more. The recommendation advises member states to be organized with the proper institutional capacities necessary for the training to ensure the whole process is most effective. UNEVOC came up with some strategies for the future of TVET teaching and learning: ● ● ●

Identifying and evaluating the impact of emerging trends on teaching and learning and their implications for preparing TVET teaching staff for the future Assessing the future role of TVET teachers and trainers to develop a framework of essential skills and competencies Identifying and disseminating innovative practices in teacher and trainer development

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Peace and Security through Disarmament

The United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) is a department that controls nuclear weapons, biological weapons, and other weapons of mass destruction. It aims to remove all types of weapons that could harm people and pursue physical peace. The ODA was established as a department for Disarmament Affairs in January 1998, but it was originally established in 1982 during the General Assembly’s session on disarmament. The name has been changed several times, from Centre of Disarmament Affairs, to Department for Disarmament Affairs, and now, United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Through the General Assembly, commissions, and conferences, UNODA worked to encourage regional disarmament efforts, which included the UN Register of Conventional Arms and regional forums. Also, UNODA keeps up-to-date information from all countries and analyzes their disarmament issues, such as who made what kind of weapon, how it functions, and what possible effect it will have on our society. It provides that information objectively and clearly to the Member States, intergovernmental organizations and institutions, departments and agencies, and more. Therefore, UNODA supports the development and implementation of practical disarmament after a conflict. During the COVID-19 pandemic situation, countries and individuals have been more sensitive and sharp towards each other’s every movement. As a consequence, little and big conflicts would have occurred more frequently than usual as a consequence. In this situation, the role of the UNODA becomes a lot more important, preventing any potential wars or fights against countries while sharing resources and coming up with solutions to solve international issues together. Izumi Nakamitsu, the Under-Secretary-General of Disarmament Affairs, shared some thoughts and plans to deal with the pandemic situation. She stated that UNODA will continue to play their role, hold virtual meetings to discuss the elimination of chemical weapons programs, and work with other organizations to uphold the universal ban on chemical weapons and others. She also mentions that the UNODA will continue to support the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540. They are planning to review the status of the resolution’s implementation and assist the particular Member States with taking the measures. There are many more activities UNODA is looking out for and reviewing to prevent and protect against many possible incidents. Jun-houng Yoo introduced himself as an officer specifically working in the "Weapons of Mass Destruction" area. He explained that there are three major weapons of mass destruction. They are nuclear weapons, biological weapons, and chemical weapons. Nuclear weapons are the most dangerous weapons that exist because they can destroy a city and kill millions of people. Also, the natural environment will be so severely harmed that it will take generations to recover. Weapons that disseminate disease-causing

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organisms or toxins are called biological weapons. With the organisms and toxins, it can harm or kill all humans, animals, and plants. The use of chemical weapons began during World War I, when commercial chemicals were put into standard munitions such as grenades and artillery shells to be used as weapons. Chemical weapons caused 100,000 decameters of damage, which was devastating. From the lecture, I could understand how important this department is and that many people, including myself, are unaware of its role and achievements. Without UNODA, we would not be able to live in such peace, with no wars happening right in front of our faces. However, many countries are interested in inventing or developing weapons, so it is expected to be a serious issue in the future as well. Therefore, all countries should be getting involved to enable them to achieve their goals and for the world to remain peaceful.

Ivy League Session For the Ivy League Session, two speakers were invited to talk to the group. The first speaker was Chaerin Park, who is a student that will attend Huntsman University. She talked mostly about her journey of preparing for her university application. She focused on a topic, "The Child Soldier Issue," and researched and expressed the information through several activities to prove her deep understanding of the theme. She not only understood the knowledge involved, but she also ran a social campaign in school, interviewed the South Sudanese government, and promoted the issue as well as her work in SNS. From taking Chaerin Park’s session, I realized I was not ready for university applications since I am not very structured and planned. By looking at the activities she had done, the classes she had taken, and the awards she had received, I could sort of understand what a student who is ready for university looks like, and what the common expectations of universities for students are. Personally, Chaerin’s video for her portfolio was very interesting to me, as she had filmed a video. I had never heard of someone recording a short film for their portfolio, but thought it was unique and attractive. As a student who is very interested in the media, I would like to try out that strategy myself. Planning, filming, and editing all by myself would provide me with invaluable experience that would benefit me in the future if I practiced and possessed those skills. The second speaker was Hyunjo Koh, who is a student at the University of Brown. She mentioned her majors, how she chose universities to apply to, the life of a Brown student, the benefits of Brown University, and more. Hyunjo especially emphasized that, from her experience, schools that have a "shopping period" are very useful for students to try out lectures and decide what they really want to study. She also shared what she did during each semester break: studying abroad in China, working as an intern at the National Assembly and the UN Department of Global Communications, and more. Hyunjo’s speech made me relate to it a lot because her teen was similar to myself now. I did not know what to do and which major at which university to choose. Though she knew what she liked, a cappella, debating, MUN, and more. She explained that since she was full of uncertainty, she mostly followed other

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people’s suggestions and advice. Hyunjo ended with a message she wanted to leave us, and it was, "Not being afraid to experience, everyone has their own path." "Live for myself, and not for others." I think these quotes can encourage me to make decisions by myself in order to be responsible for my actions and not have any regrets. Hyunjo’s honest feedback and explanation of her journey were very interesting, as I could learn about the "real" epilogue and her opinions about university life. Sometimes, speakers only talk about the good parts to prevent any high school students from letting down their guard, but I prefer listening to all stories, both pros and cons. I can only be ready for everything if I am aware of it. I was not completely unaware of the massive loads of reading required in university, but hearing about the reality from Hyunjo came a little differently. Since she was the one who experienced it, I will have to be psychologically and physically ready for it when I go to university in several years. Still, there are various activities at university, like a cappella for Hyunjo. So I am looking forward to browsing and figuring them out.

YMUN Monique Nikolov’s session on the YMUN was very interesting overall because it started with the definition of MUN, what is special about UNA-USA, how to prepare for the MUN Conference, introducing the outside of the committee flow, reasons students should participate in MUN, and more. As a student who was interested in the particular event but was too afraid to speak in front of the public and ended up withdrawing, Monique’s words about "What you need for Model UN" caught my attention. Unlike my expectations that the requirements could be complicated and high-level, she pointed out the following: ●

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A willingness to: - Strengthen your public speaking skills - Research - Work with others in a positive way Anyone can do Model UN. All you need is the motivation to learn how to do it

This encouraged me and gave me some belief in myself that I can take part in the upcoming event in my school because I may be well qualified. Although my public speaking skills are not perfect, I am learning and practicing. Meanwhile, I have done a lot of research and have a lot of experience working with others, so I am confident that I will be able to participate in the MUN successfully. I get a chance in the future, I would like to try out for MUN staff because when Monique was sharing her experience hosting the event, she seemed like she really had some fun and it is an incredible experience. I have been staff for several school events in the past few years and enjoyed it very much. MUN might be structured a little differently, but it would still be an interesting event to help out with.

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Confronting the Climate Emergency One of the most significant international issues is Climate Change. 2020 was one of three warmest years on record, and 2011-2020 was the warmest decade. Climate change is at all countries affecting and disrupting the national economies. Sea levels rise, weather patterns change, and weather events become more extreme. The Paris Agreement was adopted in 2015, aiming to strengthen the global response to climate change by promising to keep the global temperature below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. During the COVID-19 pandemic, countries seek for ways to be more clean, green, healthy, safe, and resilient. United Nations Secretary-General has proposed six climate positive actions for governments to take in order to maintain the economy and the societies: 1. Green transition: Investments must accelerate the decarbonization of all aspects of our economy 2. Green jobs and sustainable and inclusive growth 3. Green economy: making societies and people more resilient through a transition that is fair to all and leaves no one behind 4. Invest in sustainable solutions: fossil fuel subsidies must end and polluters must pay for their pollution 5. Confront all climate risks 6. Cooperation – no country can succeed alone Post-pandemic recovery plans must generate long-term systemic transformations that will alter the trajectory of CO2 levels in the atmosphere to solve the climate emergency. Governments all around the world have spent a lot of time and effort in recent years on strategies to help their inhabitants live in a safer and more sustainable future. Taking these into account today, as part of recovery planning, can assist the world in recovering more quickly from the current crisis. Food and water security are both impacted by global warming. Soil deterioration is a direct result of climate change, limiting the amount of carbon that the earth can hold. Today, 500 million people live in locations where erosion is a problem, and up to 30% of food is lost or squandered as a result. Climate change, on the other hand, is limiting the amount and quality of water available for drinking and agriculture. Crops that have thrived for generations are failing to survive in many locations, putting food security in jeopardy. The poor and weak are disproportionately affected. Economic production disparities between the world's richest and poorest countries are anticipated to widen as a result of global warming. While technology has aided in the advancement of climate change, new and more efficient technologies can aid in the reduction of net emissions and the creation of a cleaner environment. For more than 70% of today's emissions, readily available technology alternatives already exist. Renewable energy is currently

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the cheapest energy source in many regions, and electric automobiles are on the verge of becoming ubiquitous. Meanwhile, nature-based solutions give us some 'breathing room' as we work to decarbonize our economy. These solutions help us reduce our carbon footprint while simultaneously supporting ecosystem services, biodiversity, freshwater access, improved livelihoods, healthy diets, and food security. Improved farming techniques, land restoration, conservation, and the greening of food supply chains are examples of nature-based solutions. We'll all be able to jump to a cleaner, more resilient society thanks to scalable new technologies and nature-based solutions. We can create a green future where suffering is reduced, justice is upheld, and people and earth live in peace if governments, corporations, civil society, youth, and academia collaborate.

Reference https://www.fao.org/unfao/histo-e.htm https://www.fao.org/NEWS/1998/rblind-e.htm https://unevoc.unesco.org/home/Equity+and+Gender+Equality https://unevoc.unesco.org/home/Future+of+TVET+Teaching&context= https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/ https://www.un.org/disarmament/about/#:~:text=The%20Office%20for%20Disarmament%20Affairs,strict%20and%20effective %20international%20control. https://www.un.org/disarmament/unoda-continues-its-mission-on-covid-19/ https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climate-change/ https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/11/1050501 https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2019/11/far-more-needed-to-confront-the-worlds-climate-emergency-un-chieftells-asean-summit/

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EUN CHAE GO, KOREAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL IN HANOI

International Model United Nations and the SDGs Monique Nokolov Having a lecture from a student at Yale University was a great opportunity for me to think about what I want to do in the future. As soon as COVID-19 started in January 2020, a lot of things changed. As a student living in Vietnam, I've experienced things that I'd never thought of. Lockdowns, quarantines, vaccines, things got too complicated worldwide, and I started to worry if I could go to the university I wanted or if I could do what I wanted in the future. Things weren't going as well as I thought they would since this pandemic doesn't seem to end earlier than I thought. Therefore, I thought that this lecture would be great for learning and understanding since she is now attending university and went through a pandemic in her university year. Additionally, we have something in common! We have both experienced the (MUN) Model United Nations Programme! Monique Nikolov of Yale University shared her MUN and university experiences. Firstly, she told us why we had to join Model UN and the benefits of that. She mentioned that by joining MUN, we get to develop our public speaking skills and be confident when speaking in front of a large crowd. Another thing was that we could learn about current events. I totally agree with this because before I joined MUN, I really had no understanding of what was happening around the world, but as I continued with my sessions and research, I at least got a little idea of global problems and had a better understanding. Answering the question of whether we have to do anything to prepare for MUN, she said that we don't really need to prepare anything, but maybe a little willingness to strengthen our public speaking skills. She also mentioned that it is a lot of fun to talk with people about global problems and international struggles. According to her, there are 1700+ delegates, 200+ advisors, and 4 days of the conference in YMUN! I compared my experience of MUN in my school with her experience of YMUN. Well, obviously YMUN is a much larger group than ours since it was the first time our school was having a MUN conference. We started with 3 committees, about 50-60 delegates, and 6 staff. We had our 2-day conference recently, and I participated as the chair of the "CSTD'' committee. Even though we had to do an online conference, surely it was a precious and valuable experience for me. Since it was the very first time our school had the club, we invited HMUN (Hanoi MUN) people from other schools, and they trained both delegates and chairs. However, on the conference day itself, we were all by ourselves, so we had to figure out what was going on and what he had to do. It wasn't an easy procedure for the whole club, but I think the time was worth it. Challenges such as online training, online conferences, and not being able to meet in person caused us to hesitate, but at the end of the conference, we managed to pull through the challenge. Now that I knew about YMUN, the idea of YMUN students collaborating with our school came across my mind. I suppose it might be possible as we're using an online platform due to COVID-19. I'm confident that it'll be a great

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experience, and I can ensure that we'll have a lot of things to learn from them as long as we have the chance. It will really be an honor to invite them to our school. She also shared with us that she is a secretary-general, which I think is very cool. Our school also had a secretary general. He was my 11th-grade senior, and I've seen him try his best to work things out smoothly. The Secretary General is responsible for the overall supervision of the conference, so he/she has to know everything about the conference. I know how tough the role is, but while I was having my experience as a chair, I wanted to take over the role if I had a chance. Honestly, I wasn't sure if I really wanted to be a secretary general next year, but after I heard her experience, I was sure of myself and I'm willing to apply for it. Other than learning more about MUN, I've also learned various useful tips, like whether or not to go to college, what I should do to find my interest, the benefits of joining the MUN club, and research tips. So far, I believe this session was the most impactful for me because I had experience related to this and I wanted to know more.

Strategy for SDG and Carbon neutral Future - Ambassador Rae-kwon Chung Ever since I got interested in global problems, "climate change" has been my most interesting topic. I was familiar with this topic because I've been taught about it in school, at home, on the internet and more. Even though I didn't know what exactly this thing was or how critical it was, I knew that it was really close to us and it was getting worse. Learning more about climate change was quite fun for me. Therefore, when I saw a topic about climate change in today's schedule, I was excited to hear his lecture and learn new things. In this session, ambassador Rae-Kwon Chung talked about climate change. Climate change, as we all know, has been a major issue recently, and we must take action to address it. In order to do that, our generation has to step up and do something about it, because if we just stay quiet, we won't be able to breathe fresh, cool air in the next 5 years. It's definitely not an easy road, and we have to think about the consequences. If we use alternative ways of using electricity, the fare will surely increase while the technology develops. The thought of paying more money might discourage people from reducing carbon emissions. However, Chung, the ambassador, said that we have to consider what is more important: rising electricity fares or climate change. He said that it's definitely climate change we have to pay attention to, which means that we have to prioritize climate change first even if the electricity fare jumps up twice or thrice. Adding to his statement, he mentioned that by pricing the carbon emitted, we can create new economies and development. Several countries have already implemented carbon taxes, and Korea should do the same. He repeatedly reminded us that this is not just the government's role, but all of us, including reporters and youth. The news plays a great role in this, and therefore, they should be conveying the truth only. News reporters should write not only about the consequences of the carbon tax but also about how we can benefit from it. The changing climate doesn't end in a short period of time and it's definitely timeconsuming. That's why we have to think more deeply about further achievements than the consequences we have to take now.

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So what can younger generations do now? It's quite simple but challenging at the same time. We need to get up and move around. He strongly believes that youths have the most powerful strength to change the world. If this carbon tax thing was introduced in Korea, I'm sure that many people would protest against it. However, even if there are people against this, we definitely have to hold a picket and go out, make a statement, and most importantly, show adults that things are not the same as usual, so we should look further. "Let me pay for the carbon tax for the future." This was the phrase that greatly motivated me. The whole point of this lecture was to show how we can reduce carbon tax, and in order to achieve the goals, we, the people who consume carbon, must be the ones to make the change. So I came to my conclusion. Right now, there aren't proper regulations and laws, but we should ask for them. Neither the government nor environmentalists are responsible for the emissions. We should ask them to let us pay for the tax, not just sit here and expect them to make changes.

Global mindset for future generation - Ambassador Chang-beom Cho What is a global citizen? person values (equips) very much of a global mindset, or also known as a person's equips) very much of a global mindset. Since we're living in a globalized world, we face a lot of global challenges. In order to solve those, we have to be actively engaged in and support global cooperation. It also means that we have to put "we" before "I". There are 2 different perspectives on world order: the Hobbesian perspective, which represents realism, and the Kantian perspective, which represents liberalism and idealism. Which perspective could apply to solving global problems? both. According to ambassador Chang-beom Cho, the younger generation nowadays needs to be open-minded and should consider both perspectives to have a better understanding. Multiplicity of actors, multidimensional goals (evolution of security concept), and diverse tools (hard, soft, and smart powers).major threats and challenges. Due to COIVD-19, a lot of things have changed, such as the economic downturn, unemployment, and worsening poverty. However, COVID definitely has positive effects too. Positive effects of the pandemic like clearer air and water and CO2 emissions dropping by 5.6% in 2020 could be considered positive effects of the pandemic. Along with the pandemic, vaccine distribution has been a critical problem for us to solve. Since COVID-19 respects no borders, many countries have been requesting equal vaccine sharing. Developing countries face challenges in obtaining vaccines while developed countries have already secured most of

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the doses. Ending his speech, he reminded us that youth engagement with the SDGs is strongly encouraged and that we should raise awareness of SDGS among the public. Climate action and COP 26 - Esra Sergi

As a human who consumes a great amount of plastic every day, I have always paid attention to climate problems. I did know that plastic plays a great role in the problem, and I was aware of the changes we have to make. Therefore, I was curious about what Esra Sergi, who works with the Secretary General of the Climate Action Team, would talk about which aspect of climate action. She began her speech with a quote from Antonio Guterres, the current Secretary General of the United Nations. She explained how much the world is warming up, and specific data on it. From the timeline that she showed, 2011 2020 was the warmest decade, and 2020 was one of the three warmest years on record. Even though I was aware that the speed of the climate getting warmer has accelerated since 2015, recognizing the problem with a specific year was quite a shock to me. I've always thought that this climate problem was so abstract and it's still not critical enough. However, I was totally wrong. For the past few decades, glacier melt has doubled, sea level has risen and the temperature has risen. In other words, rising temperatures cause rising risks. In order to take action, the Paris Agreement was signed in 2015 to achieve its goals. The agreement's key components included limiting temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius, reducing emissions every five years, and providing climate finance to developing countries. Other than the Paris agreement, the secretary general has planned actions too. As a long-term target, we join the growing global coalition for net-zero emissions by 2050, but since 2050 is still far away, the plan has to be supported by national action plans, being as concrete as possible and more ambitious. National actual plans outline what countries have done so far and what they submitted. However, the negative outcomes are that we're still on the path to decreasing and haven't yet found specific plans about what we are going to do if there is damage from climate impact. Adding on, investing in green recovery, increasing financing and, most importantly, leaving it all behind are included too. During her lecture, she repeatedly reminded us that it's never too late to solve the problem,

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but we're definitely running out of time. After 6 years of the Paris agreement, COP 26 occurred, and the outcomes were making the decision to accelerate action during this decade. The agreement also requests countries to have stronger national plans right now, not in 2025. She consistently reminded us that this is a climate emergency and no one has to just wait. We should go hand in hand, rely on everyone, including us. Governments have primary responsibilities since they have the power to cut. All of us should definitely put pressure on the government to make sure that they take action. Citizens, especially young generations, have a lot of power when they speak up and none of us are waiting. Lastly, she introduced campaigns that empower people to act, aiming to educate, engage in, and ultimately change behaviors. The website is provided in six languages, and there's also a kid version of the campaign. They provide downloadable activities for do-at-home activities and eight superhero characters to help educate and engage kids. I think this campaign is kind of a great way to train children. It'll be much easier for them to understand how and why we have to face climate problems if they are used to the problem. In regards to carbon taxes, whether they should exist, her opinion was that she's absolutely for the idea. She added that nobody has the right to use it freely and that people should be taxed. The pace of cutting emissions is not fast enough to achieve goals, and as time flies, we're running out of funds. In order to solve our financial problems, we would need taxes. There are many organizations that are raising funds, but still, it's difficult to find individuals.

The youth, climate change and sustainable development - Jack Bathe Before the lecture, I thought that I knew most things about climate change because I'd already had more than 4 lectures from UN training over the past 3 days. However, Jack Bathe, intern on the Uzbekistan team at GGGI, covered different parts of the climate, which was quite surprising to me. First of all, he introduced us to the MDGs. The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) were established in the year 2000. The MDGs were made up of eight goals, mostly covering social issues. The eight goals were realistic and easy to communicate. When MDG expired, SDG replaced it in 2015. The SDG had broad coverage issues and contained 17 goals, 169 targets and 232 indicators. While the MDG supported mostly developing countries, the SDG extended its support to all nations. The MDGs were too narrow to cover global problems that got broader and more complex, necessitating the need to make the goals more specific and wider. After having a short explanation of MDGs and SDGs, he moved on to SDG 13, which he is most familiar with. He shared how governments are working on climate problems and showed specific programs they did. At a national level, governments are largely taking part in contributing to goal 13. For example, the Department of Environment and Food and Rural Affairs in the UK published a report.

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I was curious about what the report was and wanted to know more specifically. Therefore, I downloaded this report and read a few chapters. The name of it was "The National Adaptation Programme and the Third Strategy for Climate Adaptation Reporting". It had a total of 7 chapters, each beginning with Chapter 6, Local Government. The whole point of this part was that governments play a major role when it comes to actions. Their core objectives are to raise awareness, build capability, and mitigate and adapt to climate

change. Coming back to the lecture, he also mentioned what the private sector and the market's role are. He introduced the "Gold Standard" and their roles. The Gold Standard sponsors companies who are willing to reduce carbon emissions but can't really do it by themselves. They operate on "standards" to show what carbon reduction projects should look like. Other than getting support from Gold Standard, there are various ways for companies to engage in SDG 13. They could either take part in voluntary carbon markets or engage in environmental, social, and governance operations that complement different aspects of climate action. From my perspective, the most interesting part would be to reduce carbon and contribute to other goals. After giving a short explanation on roles, he moved on to the pros and cons of SDG. SDG definitely has advantages and disadvantages too. Learning the bad sides of SDG gave me a different view because I'd never thought about it before. So, on the positive side, SDG monitors and quantifies action, highlighting areas that need focus. On the negative side, there isn't a built-in incentive to engage the private sector and it doesn't prevent any account for policy spillover. In conclusion, his lecture offered me a different point of view. He talked about MDG, why SDG was required even if MDG existed, what governments and private sectors should do, and the positive and negative sides of SDG. Even though he focused on SG 13, I was able to learn new things.

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IVY League Session : Chae-rin Park, Hyun-jo Koh In the IVY League session, we had a good chance to hear the experiences of two students. For the first session, we had Chae-Rin Park, from Penn University. She shared her experience of what and how she got to the university. She conducted a social campaign called "drop the gun, pick up the ball," which supports child soldiers. While organizing the campaign, she had an interview with the South Sudan government and used social networking platforms like Facebook to raise awareness of child soldiers. In addition, she tried to collaborate on her non-academic interests and the child soldier problem. She made a documentary film and published it. At school, she was a secretary general in MUN. As a secretary general in her school, she introduced child soldier issues to the rest of the students and shared her interests. At the end of her speech, she reminded us to find a word to define ourselves, not only academically but anything. For the second session, Hyun-jo Koh from Brown University was invited. She graduated from Brown University in 2020 and was an intern at the National Assembly. Through her speech, she shared her experience of university life and what she learned from it. She told us what she values the most in her life, what she prepared to get into Brown, how she chose her university, and how she adapted to a new environment. I was really impressed with her criteria for choosing a college. She said that college ranking wasn't in her criteria at all. Instead, she prioritized places where she felt at home. After graduating from college, she worked at the UN Department of Communications. They collaborated with Angry Bird and Hello Kitty to raise awareness in many countries. Ending her speech, she gave us messages based on what she experienced and learnt. First, don't be afraid to try new things because every experience counts, even if it appears to be unattainable. Second, AP and SAT scores don't define factors for getting into school. They are not going to be responsible for getting us jobs, getting us into school, or anywhere else. They don't get you anywhere, so we should take our time exploring things.

Reference www.sdgfund.org assets.publishing.service.gov.uk https://www.goldstandard.org/articles/gold-standard-global-goals https://www.reuters.com/world/global-vaccine-sharing-programme-reaches-milestone-1-billion-doses-2022-01-15/

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JUNGEUN KIM CORNERSTONE COLLEGIATE ACADEMY OF SEOUL

Table of Contents I. A. B. C. D. II. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. III. A. B. IV. A. B. C. V. A. B.

“Global Mindset for Future Generations” VI. “Global Disarmament and World Peace” by Ambassador Chang-beom Cho by Jun-hong Yoo (UNODA) Definition of a global citizen A. Introduction to UNODA Two theories’ on world order B. Disarmanment treaties Challenges C. Emerging issues What we can do as a youth D. Q&A session “Food Challenges and SDG 2: Zero VII. “UN-HABITAT´s Mandate and Vision for Hunger” by Mr. Tang Shengyao Our Urbanizing World” by Ana Sabrina FAO four mandates Martinex Feria (UN-Habitat) 10 major achievements A. Main roles of the organization FAO new vision B. Program Flagships Food security and nutrition C. Q&A session The UN Food System Summit VIII. “SDG 4: Quality Education” by Lily Gray FAO and the Republic of Korea (UNESCO) How we can contribute to SDGs A. UNESCO’s mandate B. Q&A session “Roles of Youth as Global Citizens” by Ambassador Won-soo Kim IX. “Work as a Diplomat and an Ambassador” SDG into 5 P’s by Ambassador Denis Godwin Antonie Role of the youth A. Qualities of a successful ambassador B. Role as an ambassador United Nations Virtual Tour from United Nations Guided Tours Team X. “Governance and Development Introduction of major six branches Cooperation” by Sean O’ Cornell (UNDP) Role as a Secretary-General A. UNDP role What we can do B. What Good Governance is “Strategy for SDG and Carbon Neutral XI. Overall Thoughts Future” by Ambassador Rae-kwon Chung Why the response to climate issues is difficult What we can do as young generations

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Global Mindset for Future Generations spoken by Ambassador Chang-beom Cho

Ambassador Chang-beom Cho, Vice-President of the United Nations Associations Republic of Korea, gave a lecture on "Global Mindset for Future Generations" on the first day. This topic raised a question to me as soon as I saw it. "What mindset do I have?" and "What mindset do I ideally need to have?" were the two questions. Throughout his presentation, he provided me with an answer to the above questions. He addressed four major points, which I believe were the most important aspects of this lecture. The following were the four major points: ● ● ● ●

Who a global citizen is Two perspective on world order Challenges we face What we can do as a youth

Who is a Global Citizen? A global citizen is someone who values collaboration and a global mindset. To be precise, Global Citizen=Global Mindset + Global Cooperation. This signifies that a global citizen is someone who has a worldwide mindset and participates in global collaboration therefore will eventually get to be a global citizen. In other words, someone who sees himself or herself as a part of an emerging global community is referred to as having a global mentality. Furthermore, a global citizen is someone who prioritizes us over me. Ambassador Chang-beom Cho underlined "together first" several times during his talk. Instead of me, alone, we have to be together. To add on, Ambassador Chang-beom Cho went on to state that while former President Donald Trump was president, he prioritized "America First," whereas President Joe Biden promoted "America Last."

Mainstream Perspectives on World Order 1. Thomas Hobbes Hobbesian Perspective- Realism “We can see peace in the balance of power.” 2. Immanuel Kant Kantian Perspective- Liberalism, Idealism “Peace through negotiations, rule of law, norm, regime, international institutions.”

Major Threats and Challenges 1) Covid 19 Pandemic 2) Erosion of commitment to a Rules-based International Order Covid 19 Pandemic Covid-19 is one of our generation's most critical public health crises. According to the WHO Director General, the pandemic has far more impact on people than a health crisis. For countries all over the world, the economic downturn, poverty, and unemployment are becoming worse.

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Erosion of commitment to a Rules-based International Order Rules-based International Order is a system underlying the balance of power. Populist nationalism is on the rise, while global community awareness is on the decline.

"As young generations, we must interact with the Sustainable Development Goals for the world we live in."

Task for Young Global Citizens Lastly, the Ambassador concluded his words by emphasizing that the task for young global citizens is to explore beyond national borders for opportunities at the United Nations or elsewhere on the global stage, as well as to get a better knowledge of international challenges. Overall, Ambassador Chang-beom Cho's lecture taught me a valuable lesson that inspired me to engage as a global citizen and to look beyond national borders.

Food Challenges and SDG 2: Zero Hunger

After decades of steady decline, the number of people who suffer from hunger began to slowly increase again in 2015. Millions of people around the world are simply too poor to be able to buy food. World hunger should be taken seriously. SDG2: Zero Hunger can positively impact our economies, health, education, and social development. There are organizations dedicated to putting an end to hunger. One of these organizations is the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). This agency has a goal to achieve food security for all and make sure that people have regular access to enough highquality food to lead active, healthy lives. For the second session there was a lecture given from the FAO Representative.

FAO has four mandates that include: ● ● ● ●

Policy dialogue Information center Standard-setting Technical assistance

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10 Major Achievements Over the Past 7 Decades (since 1945) -

Codex Alimentarius (ensures safe food and good food for everyone and everywhere) Eradication of river blindness in West Africa Plant genetic resources Committee on world food security The fight against hunger (for past and future generations) Eradication of Rinderpest The right to food Agricultural market information system Voluntary guidelines Responsible fisheries (avoid overfishing)

FAO new vision - The four aspirations

Food security and nutrition (latest update) According to Mr. Tang Shengyao’s presentation slide, the number of people facing hunger worldwide surged shortly after Covid-19 began. In 2020, 148 million additional people have been facing hunger as a result of the pandemic. To be more explicit, one out of every three individuals in the world lacked access to adequate food. As seen by the numbers above, world hunger is a serious problem that the Food and Agriculture Organization is working to tackle.

The UN Food System Summit 4 actions agreed 1. 2. 3. 4.

Nourish all people Boost nature-based solution and production Build resilience to vulnerabilities Advanced equitable livelihood, decent work, empowered community

FAO and the Republic of Korea The Republic of Korea was one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world in the 1950s. Korea received a lot of foreign assistance in the 1950s and eventually joined the FAO and became a

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developed country. ROK was recently ranked as the UN's 11th greatest contributor in 2020. In 30 years, the number of contributors to ROK has increased three times.

Everyone Can Contribute to SDGs We can also contribute to the SDGs, according to Mr. Tang Shengyao. To be clear, he provided us instances of agricultural heroes. The heroes are the following: 1) 2) -

Yuan Longping Used his lifetime to help millions of people out of hunger Dr. Kim Soon Kwon Increased crop production in North Korea and South Korea

“We. Have to change from our daily life”

● ● ● ●

Honor all food players of the food value chain (farmers, processors) Have a healthy and balanced diets Have to engage in food and agriculture Save food/ avoid food waste

Participating in this lecture provided me with a greater understanding of the major food concerns that exist around the world. As Mr. Tang Shengyao stressed out, I would like to take immediate action by altering my daily routine. Even if I won't be able to make a significant change right away, I would like to take a step forward.

Roles of Youth as Global Citizens Ambassador Won-soo Kim delivered a presentation with the topic "Roles of Youth in International Society." Throughout the talk, he emphasized the importance of SDG17 in implementing peace. The Ambassador stressed the need of "mobilizing worldwide public opinion for sustainable development," and that larger countries such as the United States and China should provide help. For our planet, we must work together and look after one another. He divided the SDG into 5 P’s:

People- end poverty and hunger Planet- protect our planet resources Prosperity- ensure prosperity Peace- foster peaceful Partnership- global partnership

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“What we do now determines what our future will be like”

United Nation Virtual Tour

On the second day, we had a UN Virtual Tour from the United Nations Guided Tours Team for the first session. He explained briefly about the United Nations' history, the six primary branches, and also introduced the current Secretary-General. I learned some new facts about the UN headquarters throughout the tour. The UN headquarters was constructed by combining 11 different international architectural styles, which are referred to as "international style" architecture. He then went on to describe all of the United Nations' major six branches, which represent the organization's origins. He went through each of their jobs and the structure in detail. The six primary branches are described in the following:

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General Assembly

● 193 global states come together and make a global decision ● Make resolutions that affect many people around the world ● Continues to forge a path to a better world for all

Security Council

● Maintain peace ● Talk about the problems and have a vote in order to pass a resolution ● If conflict happens the security council tries to solve it by negotiation or may take stronger measures. ● They might send tribes (peacekeeping operations) during the conflict between countries.

Economic and Social Council

● It is in charge of coordinating and directing economic, social, humanitarian, and cultural activities.

International Court of Justice

● When UN needs a opinion on a legal issue they take place ● Decides disputes between states, respond to legal questions by the UN agency

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Trusteeship Council

● Formed to oversee the transition of trust territories from colonies to sovereign nations

UN Secretariat ●

Carries out the administrative work of the UN

Secretary-General Antonio Guterres (9th)

Former Secretary-General Ban Ki-mun was the United Nations' eighth Secretary-General, and Antonio Guterres is the UN's ninth Secretary-General. Antonio Guterres is a politician and diplomat from Portugal. During the tour, we learned exactly what a Secretary- General's responsibilities are. It is divided into two main sections.

Roles -

Achieve organization minister (run properly) Mediator (solves the problem by talking to leaders)

Overall the United Nations had two Asian Secretary-General. One from Myanmar (U Thant) and one from Korea (Ban Ki Mun). In 2000 there were only 8 goals for only developing countries to maintain, but after 15 years while Ban Ki-mun served as the Secretary-General there have become 17 goals for all countries. For both developing and developed countries.

What can we do? We as the youth can act now. We can change our actions from our daily life. -

Turn off lights when we are not using the light Eat more vegetables Save water Consider your travel Avoid throwing away food

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Strategy for SDG and Carbon Neutral Future

Ambassador Rae-kwon Chung's session began with a question: Why is the response to climate issues difficult? The reason is that our economic system is built on economic principles (economic theory), which are based on traditional economic textbooks. He also emphasized a concern that many people are overlooking. We, as producers, must pay the carbon price, not the production price. The ambassador emphasized that people in Korea are mainly concerned with the fact that gasoline prices are rising, not with the reality that there is a climate issue. We, as younger generations, should be concerned about the climate crisis and rising climate prices. Many individuals believe that big businesses and the government should be the primary drivers of climate change action. Only a few people believe that we must all drive. The truth, however, is that we are all producers. We must all be the drivers. It's not just business or government; it's all of us (the consumers)

“This is a change we need right now.” According to Ambassador Rae-kwon Chung, we must act now to achieve a carbon-neutral future. We must consider how to change the economics textbook. The topic of free-market theory is not taught in textbooks. As for future generations, he suggested that we should start a campaign from Korea with the slogan, "We want to pay the carbon price for our future." Following his lecture, I was able to expand my rudimentary understanding of climate issues to a standard level. We need to shift the thinking of the SDG generation, as well as everyone else.

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Global Disarmament and World Peace The United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) is a UN agency that supports disarmament for global peace and regional disarmament efforts. In this session we got to learn about different types of weapons agreements in the world.

Disarmament Treaties Since 1978, the UN Office of Disarmament Affairs has published the status of multilateral Arms Regulation and Disarmament Agreements, including information on signatories, parties to relevant agreements, and the agreements' contents. The Treaty on the NonProliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) was one of the treaties I learned about. Participation in any nuclear weapon activities is prohibited under this treaty. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty comes next (CTBT). This treaty forbids nuclear explosions anywhere around the world.

So far, 86 countries have signed the ‘The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons’ (TPNW). However, there are some countries that have not yet agreed on the prohibition of nuclear weapons. South Korea, North Korea, and China are just a few examples. South Korea and North Korea had not joined the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons since they are still at war.

Q&A Q: As we live in the 21st century, we face new threats that do not necessarily involve guns. There can be other types of wars, even viruses can be a form of armament. Now, my question is: would viruses be considered as a new type of current threats, and how would UNODA work to prevent or address these threats? A: Impact of a virus and how much damage it can do to the entire world was laid there in the past three years. Now the thing is a lot of countries are thinking if a naturally occurring disease can do this much harm what if somebody with malicious intent were to create a genetically modified virus that spreads all over the world. So more and more countries are realizing this and now ODA as I mentioned before we already have an international treaty that doesn’t allow countries and governments to use biological materials as weapons which includes viruses. If the Government of Korea says we are going to build up an army and start making genetic modified viruses that is already against international law. So far we have been pretty good at preventing or at least convincing countries not to use biological weapons as weapons for war.

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Reflections for the Future: UN-HABITAT´s Mandate and Vision for Our Urbanizing World

Main Roles of the Organization 1. 2. 3. 4. -

Think We have to think so that we can learn from each other Do Give assistance to governments Share Share to the public, governments, and the UN about the ideas Partner Partner up with the government and public

Inadequate housing

According to the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), Overcrowding and ruralurban migration are two factors that lead to inadequate housing. UN-habitat missions are based in this area, with the organization's goal of promoting long-term settlements and providing appropriate housing for everybody. During the lesson, Ana displayed a photograph that depicted reality. A line was drawn between the rural and urban shelters in the image. The line marked the boundary between slums and decent housing. Ana emphasized how many locations nowadays are like this by presenting the image.

Programme Flagships -

Youth in the Gaza strip use Minecraft to design safe public spaces, houses.

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The UN-Habitat organization looks to improve a better urban future for everyone.

SDG 4: Quality Education

UNESCO’s Mandate The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a United Nations specialized organization whose mission is to promote world peace and security through international collaboration in education, the arts, sciences, and culture. UNESCO is the oldest organization in the United Nations.

Q&A Q: While working at UNESCO, were there any particular cases that you felt deserved extra attention? A: One thing that always struck me and inspired me in terms of the work of the education sector is the approach to encourage young women and girls to engage unobstructed in the field of STEM. It has been evidence largely that it's a universal problem and that in addition to economic barriers that girls and women might experience there are a lot of cultural barriers and social barriers that are prejudging and impeteing girls to engage there have been even an understanding that girls and boys get different intellectual capacity. So definitely the work of UNESCO is advancing that stream and working with governments to include concrete policy to inspire girls being trained. The other thing is that for example, the recent unfortunate situation in Afghanistan reminds me of 20 years ago when UNESCO helped girls go to school. Unfortunately, there are countries all over the world but the particular unfortunate situation in Afghanistan and the situation of young girls and women need our support.

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Work as a Diplomat and an Ambassador

Ambassador Denis Godwin Antonie explained about his experience as a diplomat and an ambassador. Throughout his speech he explained what an ambassador works for. The Ambassador works on “How to make a better place.” Qualities of a successful ambassador To be, become an ambassador you must be curious wherever and whenever. They have to include the following: Roles

Smart Problem Solver Need to determine their countries interest Full of wit And ready to speak

- Building international peace - They are sent as messengers Ambassador Denis Godwin Antonie underlined throughout his speech that we can all become ambassadors. The initial stage would be to endeavor to become the world's leader. For instance, getting out into the public and advocating for others. Another option is to organize a campaign that can speak for the people.

Ambassador is more than a title, it's a character. When we all become ambassadors we can represent each other. We should aim to become an ambassador for the world.

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Governance and Development Cooperation

What does the UNDP do? The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is a United Nations agency entrusted with assisting nations in eradicating poverty and achieving long-term economic and human development. UNDP assists nations in their development and promotes good governance.

What is Good Governance -

Should be transparent Responsive Inclusive

Overall Thoughts

Overall, participating in the 18th UN Training Program was a great honor for me. Being able to listen to amazing lectures from UN offices and Ambassadors would be an unforgettable memory. Despite the fact that the whole program was completed online, all of the lectures were delivered to my ears as if they were offline. As a student who was unfamiliar with United Nations organizations, this training program provided an opportunity for me to broaden my understanding of global issues and the organizations that exist to tackle them. I would like to express my gratitude to all of the lecturers, as well as the Hope to the Future Association staffs, for their wonderful speeches and for making this program possible.

References: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/ https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Goal-2.pdf https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres_2021.jpg https://treaties.unoda.org/ https://www.un.org/en/actnow https://www.fao.org/home/en

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JINSEO KIM US INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

I think there are solutions to the climate change problem as long as we actually use and perform. We can save gas and reduce air emissions by walking and riding bicycles more. We can also use electric vehicles instead of vehicles that emit gas and other chemicals into the air. Planting more trees and plants can be helpful because they absorb carbon dioxide from the air and replace it with oxygen, which is healthy for us and the Earth/Atmosphere. We have to plant more trees than cut them. Because we are cutting down a ton of trees without replacing them and we need them. Without trees, our atmosphere would not be the same. We can eat more food grown in areas that can reduce gas emissions emitted while transporting food to us outside the city. Less heating and air conditioning can also help, lowering the temperature of the house by 2 degrees in winter and keeping it 2 degrees higher in summer can also make a pretty big difference. It can also help to save electricity by turning off all the lights, computers, TVs, and other electrical devices when you are not using them. Also, if you use less hot water by lowering the temperature of the hot water tank, it can be very helpful to use a storage shower head, wash with cold water, and use the energy saving mode of the dishwasher. You can also use reduced, reused, and recycled models. There are several technological advances that can help climate change in the Arctic. What can really help is to build a huge wall around the glacier to prevent warm seawater from eroding the edge of the glacier. This can prevent the flow of warm water, protect glaciers from warm water, and significantly reduce the rate of melting. Another technological advance is to make a cooling tunnel in the ice by drilling holes in the glacier, making a tunnel in the bedrock, pouring cold salt into it to freeze some of the water under the glacier, slow down moving ice, and give the glacier more time to harden when brine begins to flow. Through glaciers. Implementing new and improved navigation and communication satellites can also help, as current satellites are inaccurate and unreliable at higher heights. You can educate others and raise awareness of this issue by testing and training oil companies to eliminate the possibility of oil spills, donating time and money, posting it on social media, posting it on the news, writing news articles or blogs, signing petitions, using various programs and curriculums. It is possible to solve this problem, but the majority of us are willing to cooperate and take various actions to prevent climate change.

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CHAN HO KIM SEOUL FOREIGN LANGUAGE HIGH SCHOOL Before participating in the training program, I was just a student who was mainly interested in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4, Quality Education and SDG 13, Climate Action. I used to believe that those two goals were the most important out of the 17 SDG goals as the problems related to these goals were the most familiar problems in society that I knew of. However, by participating and listening to lectures related to various SDG goals, I was able to acknowledge that all of the SDGs were important. Before participating in the training Program on the United Nations, I was just a student who was mainly interested in SDG (Sustainable Development Goal) 4, Quality Education, and SDG 13, Climate Action. I used to believed that these two of the 17 SDG goals were the most important, because the problems related to these goals were the most familiar problems in society that I knew of. However, by participating and listening to lectures related to various SDG goals, I was able to recognize that all SDGs are important. Furthermore, I learned about the various institutions and their work at the UN and also the perceptions of those who work at the institution. There are 6 UN organizations that I became more interested in while listening to the lecture.

Organization 1 UN ESCAP The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) is the most inclusive intergovernmental platform in the AsiaPacific region. The Commission promotes cooperation among its 53 member States and 9 associate members in pursuit of solutions to sustainable development challenges. ESCAP is one of the five regional commissions of the United Nations. The ESCAP secretariat supports inclusive, resilient and sustainable development in the region by generating action-oriented knowledge, and by providing technical assistance and capacity-building services in support of national development objectives, regional agreements and the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. ESCAP also provides support to partners at the national level. ESCAP’s national offer is rooted in and linked with the implementation of global and regional intergovernmental frameworks, agreements, and other instruments. ESCAP pursues this objective by carrying out work, in close cooperation with other United Nations entities and intergovernmental organizations in the region, in the following areas:

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The commission was first established by the Economic and Social Council on 28 March 1947 as the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) to assist in post-war economic reconstruction. Its main mandate was to "initiate and participate in measures for facilitating concerted action for the economic reconstruction and development of Asia and the Far East." On 1 August 1974, the commission was renamed to the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) by the Economic and Social Council to reflect both the economic and social aspects of the Commission's work, as well as geographic location of its members. Essential to fulfilling the commitment of achieving the 17 SDGs is a robust follow up and review process which helps take stock of progress, share experience and provide guidance and recommendations for follow up actions. In Asia and the Pacific, several mechanisms have been established to strengthen the follow up and review of the implementation of the 2030 Agenda.

The Asia Pacific Forum on Sustainable Development, since its inauguration in 2013, has evolved to the most comprehensive and inclusive platform for follow up and review. The multi-stakeholder forum was integrated by member States as part of the ESCAP Conference structure in 2017. The Asia and the Pacific SDG Progress Report is an annual assessment of the progress towards the SDGs in Asia and the Pacific and its sub regions. Since its first iteration in 2016, the SDG Progress Report has evolved to mobilize contributions across regional UN entities and serve as the critical reference for all stakeholders in the region to prioritize their policy and programs towards the achievement of the 2030 Agenda The SDG Data Gateway provides publicly available access to available data and statistics of SDG indicators on current status and progress towards the 17 Sustainable Development Goals in 58 regional Member states of ESCAP. The Gateway draws official SDG data from global database and offers a regional window and analysis. The ESCAP-ADB-UNDP Asia Pacific SDG Partnership, building on the long-standing work of the regional partnership on MDGs since 2001, focuses on producing a suite of knowledge products on the follow up and review of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The United Nations Conference Centre, Bangkok (UNCC), is now open with several COVID-19 related preventive measures in place, which include reconfiguration of UNCC conference facilities and public spaces with reduced seating capacity in line with physical distancing requirements.

Organization 2 UNODA United Nations ODA was established in January 1998 as the Department for Disarmament Affairs which was part of the SG’s programme for reform in accordance with his report to the General Assembly (A/51/950). It was originally established in 1982 upon the recommendation of the General Assembly’s second special session on disarmament (SSOD II). In 1992, its name was changed to Centre for Disarmament Affairs, under the Department of Political Affairs. At the end of 1997, it was

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renamed Department for Disarmament Affairs and in 2007, it became the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. UNODA provides substantive and organizational support for norm-setting in the area of disarmament through the work of the General Assembly and its First Committee, the Disarmament Commission, the Conference on Disarmament and other bodies. It fosters disarmament measures through dialogue, transparency and confidence-building on military matters, and encourages regional disarmament efforts; these include the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms and regional forums. It also provides objective, impartial and up-to-date information on multilateral disarmament issues and activities to Member States, States parties to multilateral agreements, intergovernmental organizations and institutions, departments and agencies of the United Nations system, research and educational institutions, civil society, especially non-governmental organizations, the media and the general public. UNODA supports the development and implementation of practical disarmament measures after a conflict, such as disarming and demobilizing former combatants and helping them to reintegrate in civil society.

ODA Mission We work with United Nations Member States, United Nations system entities and other partners towards the elimination of weapons of mass destruction and the strict control of conventional weapons. To this end, we promote norm-setting and multilateral agreements in the areas of disarmament, arms control and nonproliferation; facilitate dialogue among diverse stakeholders; and advocate for concrete and effective solutions to support sustainable peace and development.

ODA Vision The realization of human, national and international security through the regulation, control and elimination of arms. The nexus between security and development is well illustrated by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which recognize that fragile and weak institutions threaten not only the security of States, but also the rights and safety of individuals and communities. The proliferation of various types of weapons has tremendous impacts on many spheres of human life and nature, relating to multiple SDGs, including those relating to peace, justice and strong institutions (SDG 16), reduced inequalities (SDG 10), economic growth (SDG 8), health (SDG 3), gender equality (SDG 5), and safe cities and communities (SDG 11). Agenda for Disarmament The Agenda points out four key areas along which disarmament helps achieve sustainable peace and development. These are:

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Specific indicators identify how disarmament and arms control lead to peaceful and inclusive societies, justice and strong institutions (SDG 16). Indicator 16.4, for instance, specifies the significant reduction of illicit arms flows, that otherwise instigate, fuel and prolong armed conflict, terrorism and crime, as an important way to measure progress. Deaths from armed violence can further significantly be reduced through the prohibition and restriction of the use of certain types of weapons, and the establishment of effective controls of arms and ammunition, demonstrated in indicator 16.1. Indicator 16.8 measures the active engagement of all States, specifically developing countries, in multilateral disarmament discussions that can lead to more effective and sustainable policy outcomes. And finally, indicator 16.a informs progress on SDG 16 through the level of the institutional capacity of States to better control arms and ammunition and to engage in military confidence-building measures.

Organization 3 UN-Habitat The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) is the United Nations programme for human settlements and sustainable urban development. It was established in 1978 as an outcome of the first United Nations Conference on Human Settlements and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat I) held in Vancouver, Canada, in 1976. UN-Habitat maintains its headquarters at the United Nations Office at Nairobi, Kenya. It is mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities with the goal of providing adequate shelter for all. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group. The mandate of UN-Habitat derives from the Habitat Agenda, adopted by the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1996. The twin goals of the Habitat Agenda are adequate shelter for all and the development of sustainable human settlements in an urbanizing world. The UN-Habitat’s vision of “a better quality of life for all in an urbanizing world” is bold and ambitious. UN-Habitat works with partners to build inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities and communities. UN-Habitat promotes urbanization as a positive transformative force for people and communities, reducing inequality, discrimination and poverty. UN-Habitat works in over 90 countries to promote transformative change in cities and human settlements through knowledge, policy advice, technical assistance and collaborative action. UN-Habitat’s new strategic plan 2020-2023 adopts a more strategic and integrated approach to solving the challenges and opportunities of twenty-first century cities and other human settlements. UN-Habitat’s mission embodies the four main roles of the organization, which can be summarized as: think, do, share and partner. THINK: UN-Habitat’s normative work, including groundbreaking research and capacity-building, sets standards, proposes norms and principles, shares good practice, monitors global progress and supports formulation of policies related to sustainable cities and human settlements. DO: UN-Habitat’s operational work takes various forms of technical assistance, drawing on its unique expertise in sustainable urbanization and crisis response. UN-Habitat implements projects to provide valueadded and tailored support to countries.

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SHARE: Through advocacy, communication and outreach, UN-Habitat mobilizes public, political and financial support and collaborative action to inspire qualitative change in national development plans, policy frameworks, development practice and investment choices for sustainable urban development at the local, national and global level. PARTNER: UN-Habitat collaborates with governments, intergovernmental, UN agencies, civil society organizations, foundations, academic institutions and the private sector to achieve enduring results in addressing the challenges of urbanization.

UN-Habitat is mandated by the UNGA to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities and communities. As such, UN-Habitat has been at the forefront of supporting countries to have access to reliable data and information on urban conditions and trends, and to efficiently monitor and report on global agendas (e.g. 2030 Agenda, New Urban Agenda). This includes developing tools and approaches such as the urban observatory model, the City Prosperity

Initiative and the national sample of cities approach, building capacities of national and local governments, establishing local, regional and global urban monitoring mechanisms and supporting urban data collection, analysis and dissemination. As the UN focal point for sustainable urbanization and human settlements, UN-Habitat has been designated as a custodian agency for 9 of the 15 indicators under SDG 11, and supports the monitoring and reporting of 4 indicators in other goals. As such, the Agency is leading the methodological developments of guides and tools for the urban-related SDG indicators and targets, as well as working with other UN agencies and various stakeholders to strengthen the capacity of countries and cities to efficiently monitor and report on these indicators. The Report on UN-Habitat’s COVID-19 Response covers a range of immediate response and longer term recovery activities at the corporate, regional and country levels from March to August 2020. During that time, UN-Habitat supported the overall response to the pandemic in 37 countries and more than 250 cities, benefiting 6.8 million people, the majority being residents of slums and informal settlements.

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Organization 4 UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through the international cooperation in education, arts, sciences, and culture. It has 193 member states and 11 associate members, as well as partners in the non-governmental, intergovernmental, and private sector. Headquartered at the World Heritage Centre in Paris, France, UNESCO has 53 regional field offices and 199 national commissions that facilitate its global mandate. UNESCO was founded in 1945 as the successor to the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation. Its constitution establishes the agency's goals, governing structure, and operating framework. UNESCO's founding mission, which was shaped by the Second World War, is to advance peace, sustainable development and human rights by facilitating collaboration and dialogue among nations. It pursues this objective through five major program areas: education, natural sciences, social/human sciences, culture and communication/information. UNESCO sponsors projects that improve literacy, provide technical training and education, advance science, protect independent media and press freedom, preserve regional and cultural history, and promote cultural diversity. As a focal point for world culture and science, UNESCO's activities have broadened over the years; it assists in the translation and dissemination of world literature, helps establish and secure World Heritage Sites of cultural and natural importance, works to bridge the worldwide digital divide, and creates inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication. UNESCO has launched several initiatives and global movements, such as Education For All, to further advance its core objectives. UNESCO is governed by the General Conference, composed of member states and associate members, which meets biannually to set the agency's programs and the budget. It also elects members of the Executive Board, which manages UNESCO's work, and appoints every four years Director-General, who serves as UNESCO's chief administrator. UNESCO is a member of the United Nations Sustainable Development Group, a coalition of UN agencies and organizations aimed at fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goals. Education transforms lives and is at the heart of UNESCO’s mission to build peace, eradicate poverty and drive sustainable development. UNESCO believes that education is a human right for all throughout life and that access must be matched by quality. The Organization is the only United Nations agency with a mandate to cover all aspects of education. It has been entrusted to lead the Global Education 2030 Agenda through Sustainable Development Goal 4. The roadmap to achieve this is the Education 2030 Framework for Action (FFA). UNESCO provides global and regional leadership in education, strengthens education systems worldwide and responds to contemporary global challenges through education with gender equality an underlying principle. Its work encompasses educational development from pre-school to higher education and beyond. Themes include global citizenship and sustainable development, human rights and gender equality, health and HIV and AIDS, as well as technical and vocational skills development.

In today’s interconnected world, culture's power to transform societies is clear. Its diverse manifestations – from our cherished historic monuments and museums to traditional practices and contemporary art forms

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– enrich our everyday lives in countless ways. Heritage constitutes a source of identity and cohesion for communities disrupted by bewildering change and economic instability. Creativity contributes to building open, inclusive and pluralistic societies. Both heritage and creativity lay the foundations for vibrant, innovative and prosperous knowledge societies. Creating knowledge and understanding through science equips UNESCO to find solutions to today’s acute economic, social and environmental challenges and to achieving sustainable development and greener societies. As no one country can achieve sustainable development alone, international scientific cooperation contributes, not only to scientific knowledge but also to building peace. In today’s increasingly diverse societies, UNESCO continues to accomplish every day its fundamental humanist mission to support people in understanding each other and working together to build lasting peace. UNESCO also helps to enable people to create and use knowledge for just and inclusive societies. The Communication and Information Sector strives to foster freedom of expression, media development, and access to information and knowledge in line with UNESCO’s mandate to “promote the free flow of ideas by word and image”. Our programmes directly contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (including SDGs 4, 5, 8, 9, 10,11,13,16 and 17) set out in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with specific attention to the social, political and economic mutations of the digital age.

Organization 5 UNDP As the United Nations lead agency on international development, UNDP works in 170 countries and territories to eradicate poverty and reduce inequality. We help countries to develop policies, leadership skills, partnering abilities, institutional capabilities, and to build resilience to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Our work is concentrated in three focus areas; sustainable development, democratic governance and peace building, and climate and disaster resilience. UNDP’s mandate is to end poverty, build democratic governance, rule of law, and inclusive institutions. We advocate for change, and connect countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life. The Charter of the United Nations was signed in San Francisco on 26 June 1945, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945. Its purposes and principles are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations based on equal rights and self-determination, and to achieve international co-operation in solving economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian challenges without distinction for race, sex, language, or religion. UNDP is based on the merging of the United Nations Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance, created in 1949, and the United Nations Special Fund, established in 1958. UNDP, as we know it now, was established in 1966 by the General Assembly of the United Nations.

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Goal 4 QUALITY EDUCATION Since 2000, there has been enormous progress in achieving the target of universal primary education. The total enrollment rate in developing regions reached 91 percent in 2015, and the worldwide number of children out of school has dropped by almost half. There has also been a dramatic increase in literacy rates, and many more girls are in school than ever before. These are all remarkable successes. Progress has also been tough in some developing regions due to high levels of poverty, armed conflicts and other emergencies. In Western Asia and North Africa, ongoing armed conflict has seen an increase in the number of children out of school. This is a worrying trend. While Sub-Saharan Africa made the greatest progress in primary school enrollment among all developing regions – from 52 percent in 1990, up to 78 percent in 2012 – large disparities still remain. Children from the poorest households are up to four times more likely to be out of school than those of the richest households. Disparities between rural and urban areas also remain high. Achieving inclusive and quality education for all reaffirms the belief that education is one of the most powerful and proven vehicles for sustainable development. This goal ensures that all girls and boys complete free primary and secondary schooling by 2030. It also aims to provide equal access to affordable vocational training, to eliminate gender and wealth disparities, and achieve universal access to a quality higher education.

Goal 13 CLIMATE ACTION There is no country that is not experiencing the drastic effects of climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions are more than 50 percent higher than in 1990. Global warming is causing long-lasting changes to our climate system, which threatens irreversible consequences if we do not act. The annual average economic losses from climate-related disasters are in the hundreds of billions of dollars. This is not to mention the human impact of geophysical disasters, which are 91 percent climate-related, and which between 1998 and 2017 killed 1.3 million people, and left 4.4 billion injured. The goal aims to mobilize US$100 billion annually by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries to both adapt to climate change and invest in low-carbon development. Supporting vulnerable regions will directly contribute not only to Goal 13 but also to the other SDGs. These actions must also go hand in hand with efforts to integrate disaster risk measures, sustainable natural resource management, and human security into national development strategies. It is still possible, with strong political will, increased investment, and using existing technology, to limit the increase in global mean temperature to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, aiming at 1.5°C, but this requires urgent and ambitious collective action.

Organization 6 UN DESA The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) is part of the United Nations Secretariat and is responsible for the follow-up to major United Nations Summits and Conferences, as well as services to the United Nations Economic and Social Council and the Second and Third Committees of the United Nations General Assembly. UN DESA assists countries around the world in agenda-setting and decision-making with the goal of meeting their economic, social and environmental challenges. It supports international cooperation to

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promote sustainable development for all, having as a foundation the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as adopted by the UN General Assembly on 25 September 2015. In providing a broad range of analytical products, policy advice, and technical assistance, UN DESA effectively translates global commitments in the economic, social and environmental spheres into national policies and actions and continues to play a key role in monitoring progress towards internationally agreed-upon development goals. It is also a member of the United Nations Development Group. UN DESA is part of the UN Secretariat, which is funded through regular assessed contributions from Member States. The department was reorganized into its present form in 1997. The department is headed by Liu Zhenmin who assumed the office of Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, following his appointment to this position by Secretary-General António Guterres on 26 July 2017. Mr. Liu advises the Secretary-General on the three pillars of sustainable development – social economic and environmental, and nurtures key partnerships with governments, UN agencies and civil society organizations, including the SDGs. In directing and managing UN DESA, the Under-Secretary-General is supported by the Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development and the Assistant SecretaryGeneral for Policy Coordination and Inter-Agency Affairs.

Intergovernmental support By facilitating major global conferences and summits in the economic, social and environmental fields, as mandated by UN Member States, UN DESA assists countries as they find common ground, set norms, and take decisive steps forward.

Analysis As the think tank of the UN, DESA, generates, analyses and compiles a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and statistics to inform and advise Member States and other stakeholders as they take stock of trends and policy options to tackle common problems.

Capacity-building UN DESA assists in translating policy frameworks developed in UN conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, supports Member States in building national capacities.

The global community is at a critical moment in its pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). More than a year into the global pandemic, millions of lives have been lost, the human and economic toll has been unprecedented, and recovery efforts so far have been uneven, inequitable and insufficiently geared towards achieving sustainable development. The current crisis is threatening decades of development gains, further delaying the urgent transition to greener, more inclusive economies, and throwing progress on the SDGs even further off track.

COVID‑19 has wreaked havoc worldwide on children’s learning and well-being. Before the pandemic, progress in education was already too slow to achieve Goal 4 by 2030. One year into the crisis, two in three students were still affected by full or partial school closures. One hundred million more children than before fail to demonstrate basic reading skills. The poorest

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and most vulnerable children are bearing the brunt of the crisis, exacerbating longstanding inequalities. Many risk never returning to school; some are forced into child marriage or child labour. Special efforts are required to recover learning losses caused by COVID-19. However, an estimated 65 per cent of Governments in low- and lower-middle-income countries, and 35 per cent in upper-middle- and highincome countries have reduced funding for education since the onset of the pandemic.

Despite a pandemicrelated economic slowdown, the climate crisis continues largely unabated. A temporary reduction in human activities resulted in a dip in emissions. However, concentrations of greenhouse gases continued to increase in 2020, reaching new record highs. It was one of the three warmest years on record, with the global average temperature about 1.2°C above the 1850–1900 baseline. The world remains woefully off track in meeting the Paris Agreement target of limiting global warming to 1.5°C above preindustrial levels and reaching net-zero carbon dioxide CO2 emissions globally by 2050. In the face of looming catastrophe, climate action is gaining momentum. In June 2020, the Race to Zero campaign was launched to form a coalition of businesses, cities, regions and investors around net-zero carbon emission initiatives, and set out specific near-term tipping points for more than 20 sectors of the global economy. As of December 2020, over two thirds of the world’s GDP was being generated in places with actual or intended “net zero by 2050” targets, covering over half of the world’s population and emissions. The global pandemic has laid bare humanity’s vulnerabilities. It has shown the world how much damage can be wreaked by a crisis that pales in comparison to a full-scale climate emergency. We must heed this wake-up call and seize the opportunity to rebuild in a way that will reduce emissions and increase resilience to climate change.

“The Sustainable Development Goals are more important now than ever. Now is the time to secure the well-being of people, economies, societies and our planet.” Reference: https://www.unescap.org/about/history https://www.unescap.org/2030-agenda/sustainable-development-goals https://www.un.org/disarmament/about/ https://www.un.org/disarmament/sustainable-development/ https://unhabitat.org/about-us https://unhabitat.org/about-us/sustainable-development-goals https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO https://en.unesco.org/themes/education https://en.unesco.org/themes/protecting-our-heritage-and-fostering-creativity https://en.unesco.org/themes/science-sustainable-future https://en.unesco.org/themes/learning-live-together https://en.unesco.org/themes/communication-and-information https://www.undp.org/about-us https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals https://www.un.org/en/desa https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2021

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TAE RIM KIM DAEWON INTERNATIONAL MIDDLE SCHOOL <Global disarmament and World Peace – UNODA> 1.

UN ODA?

UN ODA is the office for the disarmament affairs. It fosters preventive disarmament measures, such as dialogue, transparency and confidence-building on military matters, and encourages regional disarmament efforts. It also promotes nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation and the strengthening of the disarmament regimes in respect to other weapons of mass destruction, chemical and biological weapons. They promote disarmament efforts in the area of conventional weapons, especially landmines and small arms, which are often the weapons of choice in contemporary conflicts 5. UN ODA focuses on: ① Weapons of mass destruction UNODA provides substantive support in the area of the disarmament of weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. Nuclear weapons, biological weapons, Chemical weapons, Missiles. ② Conventional arm Conventional arms are the most commonly known and widely used weapons in conflict and crime settings and encompass a wide range of equipment, including battle tanks, armored combat vehicles, large-caliber artillery systems, combat aircraft and unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAV), attack helicopters, warships, missile and missile launchers, landmines, cluster munitions, small arms, and lights weapons and ammunition. ③ Regional disarmament

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UN ODA is caring the regional disarmament, equitable solution of problems, just settlement of disputes and with confidence-building measures at the regional level, could create conditions that would promote disarmament and relax tension at the global level. 6. SDG 16 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals makes the world community work on by 2030 to live in a better place for everyone. It emphasizes the motif of ‘Leaving no one behind’. It handles climate problems, poverty, gender equalities etc. There are 17 goals that promote the active engagement of people, especially for the youth. Every individual should take the responsibility to be involved in the process for the better future. SDG 16 aims the concept of Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions. It covers numerous problems such as

eliminating all forms of violence, ensuring access to justice for all, combating all forms of crime, etc. It has the most varied spectrum of problems what they need to solve. SDG 16 requires the importance of raising awareness to make a more sustainable environment for the future generation. The concept of development, peace, and security are all correlated with other SDGs. Regarding the indicators of Goal 16, reducing illicit arms flows. UN ODA is trying to combat conflicts by disarmament strategies. 7. What I did for disarmament and to achieve goal 16 Last summer, I heard about the child soldiers in South Sudan on news. South Sudan was in civil war few years ago, so the atmosphere was in instability. Children were holding guns instead of pencils and books which are required for them. I was thinking about what I can do to help them and also to contribute on the SDG goals. It was a great opportunity for me to meet HFA(Hope for the Future Association). They constructed a campaign to help the South Sudan children not to hold guns but giving them soccer balls instead. The campaign was ‘Drop the gun, pick up the ball’. I really enjoy playing soccer with my friends after school, but the children there couldn’t do whatever they want. The soccer balls would be a sense of hope for them. It helped SDG goal 16 by retrieving the guns which means disarmament. I really wish that I gave them a tiny bit of hope. By the lecture of official in UN ODA, I really thought again that disarmament is crucial for the peaceful Earth. It gave a inspiration for me to lead spreading the SDG goal 16 including others broadly.

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DAHYEON NAM SINGAPORE KOREAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

Making the World A Better Place To Live: My Perspectives

“It is undoubtful how the SDGs is an impractical plan” was what I agreed to before I started this program. However, through the lectures I heard for five days, I was able to feel motivated and turn over a new leaf as a youth who would be leading the future global society. Meeting the ambassadors and diplomats who travel around the world to prevent conflicts and have interpersonal and critical thinking skills, I was able to learn a lot from every one of them. Moreover, looking and experiencing how many students have so much interest in making the world a better place to live, in leaving our descendants a better world, and aiming for the success of the Sustainable Development Goals for the citizens from all over the world would live peacefully and live an enjoyable life. For the five days of the program composed of meaningful lectures and learnings, there was much that I learned and some that I would like to leave as memorable. To begin with, as I am very interested in politics and governance, I am always wishing to learn and to know more about the topic. Thus, I was more motivated when I listened to the lecture of Sean O’Connell, the Head of Governance with United Nations Development (UNDP), which explained what good governance was. He explained that good government comes from transparency, inclusiveness, responsiveness, and capability. As the key pillars of good governance are rule of law and human rights, people’s participation, and strong institutions, it gave me a chance to think once again about whether Singapore is a country with good governance or not. Living here and experiencing how a foreign country is responding to the pandemic, I figured out that people’s participation was quite low, compared to Korea. Also, the capability and transparency seemed low, either. For instance, as Singapore is famous for its tourism, when the pandemic began, the government was reluctant to let their citizens wear masks, concerning its impact on the image of the city. All the process was not publicly shown, but only the results. I was surprised when the citizens answered affirmatively to the citizens’ survey on whether they think their country’s government is transparent or not. The lecturer also provided us with what is not a good governance, which includes one size fitting all model, western centric model, top down approach, exclusiveness, being secretive, lacking flexibility, being with an End Goal, and being completely up to each government. He concluded his lecture by stating that good governance is a process, and there is no perfect model for it. Moreover, he mentioned that participation and inclusion are the key elements to good governance, and that international principles and frameworks give us minimum standards and collective goals.

Furthermore, the lecture about confronting the climate emergency, given by Carine Valarche, former research assistant at the United Nations office for sustainable development (UNOSD), was impressive. She claimed that out of 10 who migrate, 7 are because of climate change. Hence, we should work together to join the growing global coalition for net-zero emissions by 2050, deliver concrete and more ambitious national action plans(NDCs), and invest in green recovery, increase financing, advance adaptation, phase

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out coal, and leave no one behind. As individuals and as a group, we can work together to slow down climate change. Although migration due to climate change feels very distant, since we are not the ones experiencing the danger, the lecture provided me with the feeling that we have to work together to prevent further progression. Moreover, I was taken aback by the lecture about global disarmament and world peace, a lecture given by Jun-houng Yoo, political affairs officer at the United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs (UNODA). The major multilateral agreements around the globe focus on reducing the number of countries with nuclear weapons and prevent new countries from making nuclear weapons and conducting nuclear experiments. For example, there is a nearly universal Chemical Weapons Convention and Mine-Ban Convention, which shocked me by the fact that Korea was not a part of the convention. Also the UN recognized how the countries need to keep their fundamental national security. Therefore, the UNODA is trying to remind the countries of basic humanity. The emerging issues were one of the most interesting parts. Nowadays as technology improves, the assaults are based on information security, cyber-warfare, unmanned vehicles, and killer robots. Hacking the nuclear power plant and small-sized robots like drones’ self-destruction is also included. The lecture gave me the chance to think about the status of my own country, Korea. Although it is very peaceful and happy from outside, the war between North and South Korea is not over yet. War can happen any time, causing much damage to both countries. Personally, if the disarmament in an ideal way can happen, people would feel less nervous and the tensions would be relaxed. The armaments and weapons are not everything, but they are what the people fear. After the lecture, I again hoped that the armistice status would end soon. Concluding the lecture, the lecturer provided us with the sentence, “The World is Over-armed and Peace is underfunded” with statistics. The lecture gave me a big impression and an overview on the current situation of the world’s armament status.

Climate Change

Although climate change is a significant issue globally, the world is not paying enough attention to the topic. Personally, I believe that climate change is not visibly affecting the world. We watch documentaries and face news about melting Arctic and sinking down islands, but nothing is directly happening to the majority of people around the globe. Despite the fact that it is too late if we work on climate change when we realize the actual effect of climate change after all the progress is made, it is natural that people feel distant from the future. The economy is still conventional, with the thought that there are free goods such as air and water. People are not paying any price for the use of carbon, which is produced when we consume and spend gasoline, electricity, and coal. Moreover, climate change and the means of preventing climate change are in the long term. As the market is concentrating only on short-term economies of supply and demand, everyone feels remote from the topic. Even myself thought about whether carbon taxes should be paid now. Furthermore, the news is concentrating on the carbon tax which directly leads to our income and expenditures. Rather, the news and other media outlets should concentrate on carbon usage. According to the ambassador Rae-kwon Chung, a former director of the Environment and Development Division and UN ESCAP, consumers should take responsibility for their usage of carbon. They should be able to demand that they can afford higher prices for the delivery and gasoline. Also, he asserted that the whole world needed a change in mindset. Examples on how to do so were provided: telling the government to take in Carbon Tax and changing the curriculum of the current student textbooks and other methods of education. Firstly, the government is afraid the promotion of Carbon Tax would be unpopular and affect their party. However, that kind of greed would not take anyone anywhere. Secondly, the change of curriculum on educating about the free markets

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should be made. The free market theory is now outdated. The textbooks should mention climate change and carbon tax. The era has replaced the world which has to pay for the recovery of the environment. It is not only the government’s role, but also ours. We have the power to demand and let the government do the right thing, not as political leaders, but as a righteous people. Two changes are the only things we need: free market to sustainable market and the perspective of electricity price to carbon tax. We all have the power to make the change for our beloved planet.

Korea and UN, Needs of Development as a Developed Country

It has already been more than a few decades since Korea joined the UN. Until then, its geographical features, which is surrounded by Japan, Soviet Union, US, and China, were very disadvantageous. When Korea finally joined, we were far behind the other countries. So how can we upgrade our diplomacy and participation in the global society? According to Ambassador Tae-yul Cho, a former Chair of the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission(UN PBC), and a Permanent Representative of the Republic of Korea to the UN, our economy is currently outgrown. Hence, our quality of UN activities should also grow. Korea is no longer a militant nation or a developing country. To fulfill our duties as a developed country, we need our own goals. First, there is a need for an upgrade in constitution. Second, a firm supporter. Third, an initiator and agenda setter. All these should be visible to the UN. Personally, I was quite shocked when I heard that other developed countries affiliated to the UN saw Korea as a cowardly country that is not actively participating in global activities as much as we can. Although many citizens of Korea, including me, thought that our countries’ national powers were weak, it was not anymore. It is now inevitable but to promote Korea’s name and shake off its status.

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Roles of Youth

As I have discussed and summarized how Korea should now act in the global society, the role of youth is a topic that cannot be left out. We are living in a world of great changes. We stand before and after crisis, and there might be a new great division such as a new Cold War. There would be a great transformation like the 4th Industrial Revolution or a new civilization. However, the global response to such changes is too weak. Despite the fact that we are currently living when hazardous things are happening, there are global governance gaps and global deficits in the provision of global public goods including in particular the response to the existential threats against humanity. In addition, there are three-level moral hazards as the root causes. The first is between the nations, north versus south in a global position. Second is within nations, the haves and the have-nots. The last is across societies as there are generational gaps. That is where the Sustainable Development Agenda emerges. It is aimed at coping with the global unsustainability crisis, including climate change. It is intended as global solutions to global challenges, being comprehensive, inclusive, and integrated at the same time. Also, multilateralism is the custodian of the agenda. The goals are divided into four parts: for the planet and people, prosperity, peace, and partnership. All have their own goal achievement dates. Going the way forward would be a troubling way when the time is not fit for multilateralism. There is a growing vacuum of global leadership, and global consensus is weakening as wealth and value divides. However, we have to take the way, as it is truly troubling, but also an easier way. We need to mobilize the international public opinion for sustainable development through global citizenship education as an enabler for breaking moral hazards and public-private partnership as a multiplier for coalition-building should be made. One of the most important points of all is that we can’t just wait for the political leaders to change the world. We have to work on our own, not in a passive mode. We need to get hold of our ownership of the sustainable development agenda as global citizens to build the future the Youth wants with rights and responsibility. We have to learn, express, and act. The lecturer further provided us with ‘10 Things You Can Do for Disarmament’. Staying informed, starting a club, facilitating a discussion, expressing ourselves, hosting a film screening, voicing our opinions, creating an event, signing up, planning a presentation, and reaching out.

Reference

Homepage. ESCAP. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://www.unescap.org/ UNDP in Asia and the Pacific. UNDP. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://www.asia-pacific.undp.org/ United Nations. (n.d.). Home - United Nations Sustainable Development. United Nations. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ United Nations. (n.d.). Peacebuilding Commission | peacebuilding. United Nations. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://www.un.org/peacebuilding/commission United Nations. (n.d.). Unoda – United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. United Nations. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://www.un.org/disarmament/

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YEHUN RYU CENTRAL YEADAM CHRISTIAN ACADEMY <What is SDG 16 (Guarantee Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions)?> -“Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.” -SDG 16 aims to significantly reduce all forms of violence, and work with governments and communities to end conflict and insecurity. Promoting the rule of law and human rights are key to this process, as is reducing the flow of illicit arms and strengthening the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance.

<Strengthening Human Rights Protection> UNDP and SDG 16: The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) works around the world to help eradicate poverty, reduce inequality and exclusion, and make development sustainable. Promoting human rights and strengthening the rule of law are also essential to achieving sustainable development, strengthening democratic governance, and preventing crises. UNDP’s support to governments has been geared towards strengthening national systems of human rights protection to ensure that existing frameworks protect even the most disadvantaged people. Thus, UNDP supports the capacity and independence of institutions, to enhance their role as cornerstones of the national human rights system. A great example of this could be found from Turkey, as UNDP assisted in the development of the first strategic plan for the Ombudsman Institution in 2015. Drafted in a consultative process involving a range of actors, including government institutions, the judiciary and human rights focused civil society organizations, the strategic plan addresses the needs of the national human rights architecture, and incorporates international best practices. With the strategic plan of the Ombudsman Institution, UNDP plans to support the implementation and provide ongoing expert advice. The UNDP and the Ombudsman Institution’s joint project is considered an important step forward on the eve of the establishment of new institutions that will focus on anti-discrimination and equality, as well as independent oversight for law enforcement.

The knowledge and experience gained during this process also resulted in long-term cooperation agreements being signed between the Turkish Ombudsman Institution and five similar institutions in Europe.

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UNDP remains a strong advocate for the use of technology in expanding the effectiveness and efficiency of government services, and UNDP plans to facilitate the incorporation of the SDGs into national targets and the Government’s reform agenda, with technology and entrepreneurship expected to play an important role. As part of a wider effort to support e-governance, UNDP planned a follow-up project to integrate a number of the e-services established in recent years, including e-notary, e-visa system, e-consulate system, and improved the speed of services even as demand has increased. The UNDP is also working to help national governments strengthen the provision of professional security and security services focused on making communities safe. This involves leadership, decision-making, improvement of strategic planning skills, and professional education. In the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, a course on physical security and stockpile management was delivered to the Ministry of National Defense, and later integrated into the Military Academy curriculum to ensure the sustainability of efforts to improve weapon and ammunition management. In Kosovo, crime resolution has doubled, including providing and training advanced forensic equipment to the Kosovo forensic institution. In Moldova, the UNDP educated crime scene investigators with modern tools and technologies and provided police with education on community security principles. As a result, not only did the effectiveness of the police improve, but also the awareness of the police in the community improved significantly. To maintain the effectiveness of the changes, improving local governance systems and effective public service delivery will remain a priority, with plans to introduce a new generation Local Administration Reform Programme and pilot initiatives on local integrity systems. For UNDP, ensuring local service delivery meets the needs of disadvantaged groups will be key in developing and implementing initiatives in cooperation with local authorities. Gender equality and women’s rights will also be a focus, and plans are in place to continue working with local governments and civil society to ensure the effective implementation and monitoring of gender related policies, as well as improving the coordination and cooperation between different groups with aligned interests.

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YU EUN PARK HOME SCHOOL 1. Introduction Currently, many people in this world are suffering from Covid19. Also, because of the rising temperature on earth 5million people are dying from heat waves every year. These days, many problems which were not even imaginable in the past keep happening, including those mentioned previously. Then why do these problems keep on happening and increasing in both number and degree? I believe that most of the places, and fields in this world are affected by the environment. The climate is changing rapidly, and this is causing severe issues throughout the world, while the society is not being prepared. At this point, the question that we have to answer is, ‘How can we prevent our climate changing rapidly while being productive in the other perspectives?’ At first, I didn’t think that this problem was urgent, also, I couldn’t think of the relation of a complication and other aspects. Within 4 nights and 5 days listening to ambassadors’ and officials’ lectures, I could learn how serious the problem is, and several ways that we can try to diminish these problems. Also while doing our team project, I found out that every element in the SDGs are densely related and to solve one problem, we have to consider every other element not leaving one or some deprived. From now on, I would like to share several ideas why and how every part of this society is so closely related, and also about how we can try to solve those problems.

2. Complications we are facing in the Covid-era Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Within the pandemic caused by Covid 19, many things changed in this world in a more complicated and connected way. Thus, both the way of solving the problem and the issues happening varied. We need a new method for treating these complications.

2-A SDG 3 : Good health and well being The COVID-19 pandemic has devastated health systems globally and threatens already achieved health outcomes. According to UN.ORG the pandemic interrupted childhood immunization programmes in around 70 countries. While health is one of the most important elements in human rights, it is urgent to untangle the yarn of health problems.

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Within this Covid pandemic, a total of 5,563,226 people died from the virus while 334 billion people were infected. (2022. 1. 17) In some developing countries, there are problems of inevitable infection and lack of medical products. Also people who are living in some other parts of the world have to work though their health is not good and they do not have access to medication. Since ‘health’ is one of the basic human rights we shouldn’t overlook this problem as ‘other’s job’. In addition, we can prevent many diseases from washing our hands with soap, and there was a campaign ‘Hope Soap’ which was providing soap which has toys in it. By this campaign, many children in the world could wash their hands thinking of getting the toy after using all the soap.

While the problem of lack of health systems in developing countries is severe, we cannot regard other health complications happening in developed countries or maybe throughout the world. Due to the increase of usage of artificial products, diseases such as cancer are diagnosed more often. In cases when a person is diagnosed with a refractory illness there are mainly two problems which are finance and the lack of a method to cure the disease. At least half of the world’s population cannot obtain essential health services, according to a new report from the World Bank and WHO. And each year, large numbers of households are being pushed into poverty because they must pay for health care out of their own pockets. While the nations of the global south are generally dealing with contagious diseases and the basic income of the medication, individuals who have heavy diseases are suffering all around the world including the global north. Also there are some problems of people not preferring to go into a specific major or not wanting to \study about not-usual diseases. While these issues are happening many people in this world keep on suffering from heavy diseases. Thus, I believe that it is necessary for the government and the international society to motivate related occupation practitioners.

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2-B SDG 4 : Quality education These Days, more than 262 million children and youth are out of school. Six out of ten are not acquiring basic literacy and numeracy after several years in school. 750 million adults are illiterate, fueling poverty and marginalization. Covid 19 intensified the inequity of education and it also has the key of eliminating education equality. In the Covid era many schools are switching to online classes or choosing multi-online-offline classes. At this point access to the usage of energy and technology would be very important. While the number of people using the Internet exceeded half of the world’s population in 2018, Almost half the world’s population remains offline and excluded from the benefits of digitalization. This might cause huge gaps to happen throughout the society. Imagine that in a country, there are insufficient amounts of sanitary products to use, and most of the households are poor because of the pandemic. While those problems are happening, due to those problems, obstacles to quality education might also happen. Since it is hard for them to prevent the infection and take appropriate actions when one is infected, it is hard for them to conduct offline classes. If there’s a shortage of sanitary products in technology developed countries, they can strengthen the guidelines and convert their works to online. However, for some developing countries which are developing, it may be hard for them to convert their education program to online. This technology issue can be a huge problem of society in the era of Covid. In some nations, there are some hitches in the access of teaching materials. As much as the students are having difficulty getting quality education, it is also hard for teachers to get proper education to be a good teacher. To solve these issues, an institute named IITE is conducting a program called OER(Open Educational Resources). “In such a world, the last thing a teacher needs to give her pupils is more information. Instead, people need the ability to make sense of information, to tell the difference between what is important and what is unimportant, and above all to combine many bits of information into a broad picture of the world.” -Yuval Noah Harai, 21 lessons for the 21st century-

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On the fourth day of this program, we listened to a lecture from Lily Gray. She gave a lecture about SDG 4 : quality education and the works done by Unesco. As a student and getting educated myself, I was very interested in the topic. The speaker explained many aspects of approaching education and some examples of educational programs.

2-C SDG 7 : Affordable and clean energy These days, we cannot rule out energy in our lives. Especially after the Covid-pandemic happened, people are meeting each other on the internet and remote services such as delivery have developed rapidly. In 2018, 798 million people lacked energy. And in some developing countries 1 in 4 health facilities are not electrified. These problems are on the rise after the Covid pandemic. Lack of access to energy may hamper efforts to contain COVID-19 across many parts of the world. Energy services are key to preventing disease and fighting pandemics from powering healthcare facilities and supplying clean water for essential hygiene, to enabling communications and IT services that connect people while maintaining social distance. At this moment, I believe that it is important to pursue usage of clean energy and the solution of energy inequity. SDG 7 : Affordable and clean energy aims to expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, and enhancing international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology. In the covid situation, the access to the usage of energy is considered essential and the necessity of energy is increasing. To make sure our energy is accessible and sustainable cooperation between nations and finding clean energy is important. 2-E SDG 13 : Climate Action

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Today, the world is facing the complication of climate change. In 2020, the earth’s surface temperature was around 0.98 Celsius degrees warmer than the 20th-century average. In the last few years, global temperatures have been consistently among the hottest on record. The global anomaly in surface temperature might cause an increase in sea level, a decrease in arctic ice, and a growing number of weatherrelated catastrophes, including storms, floods, and droughts. I believe that we all know how serious the problem is. However, we are facing some obstacles since we cannot act just considering climate change. We also have to think of economic growth, and what will happen to people if we force them to do nothing that affects the climate. Then while least affecting our lives, and also thinking about our green environment, what can we do?

At first, thinking about the role of individuals, it seemed a bit vague for me. Ambassador Tae-Yul Cho gave a speech about strategy for SDG and carbon neutral future. Though I was not really into carbon taxation before, I found carbon taxation as one of the effective ways to solve these problems. According to Our World in data.com, carbon emissions are one of the biggest reasons why climate change keeps on accelerating. Also while fuel taxes are only focused on the usage of oil, carbon taxes aim to reduce emissions itself and can regulate emissions all in power plants, cars, and in dwellings, which can be considered much more efficient. Even though this idea of carbon taxation has significant benefits, the government and individuals are hesitating to make a change being afraid of the outcomes. He mentioned that one of the most effective ways for individuals to do climate action is being ready to pay for our carbon emissions. While there are 7.9 billion people living in this world, a person’s effort might be considered too lightly. However, switching our thoughts to a different perspective, it can be seen as an enormous impact If each individual living in this world contributes with the idea. 3. How are they being connected

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When there is a lack of access to energy, it is hard for people to follow the goal of good health, and quality education. If people’s health is nor being promoted, none of the goals can be sustainable. Also climate actions are the key to our sustainable future. For example new viruses are forming and people are being exposed to hormone related diseases because of climate change and pollution. And lastly, if education is not being developed, there wouldn't be growth in the future generation. As can be seen in the previous statements, almost all SDGs and the world’s complications are connected together affecting each other. “Right should make Might, not Might makes Right” Ambassador Chang-beom Cho gave a lecture about global mindset. He suggested the idea of ‘together first’ and explained about the roles of global citizens. Global citizenship is made when a person both has a global mindset and has the ability of global cooperation. By changing the attitude of strong countries, it is possible to change the world. And by negotiating without fighting we can achieve peace. This world is complicated and we should approach the issues in multi dimensional perspectives in order to solve them. While the world is trying to deal with advancing challenging problems, we should try to develop our own wisdom to better understand and better position conflicts. 4 As finalizing the report Before joining this program, I had a shallow view of world issues. Even though I was interested in some of the SDGs I couldn’t fully understand why we should pursue a ‘together living world' and how are those goals correlated to each other. After listening to some lectures, doing a project with our team members, I personally felt that we need a broad sense of view in order to contribute to solving some of the problems happening in this world. When we see the world and the it’s future as ‘a’ large family, we would be able to make this world a better place.

References https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/health/ https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/3_Why-It-Matters-2020.pdf Energy - United Nations Sustainable Development 7_Why-It-Matters-2020.pdf (un.org) https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/worldwide-graphs/ https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/closing-technology-gap-least-developed-countries https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/gaef3523.doc.htm https://nexonhands.tistory.com/919 https://www.oercommons.org/ https://www.who.int/news/item/13-12-2017-world-bank-and-who-half-the-world-lacks-access-to-essential-health-services-100million-still-pushed-into-extreme-poverty-because-of-health-expenses https://ggwash.org/view/71751/dc-passed-the-most-ambitious-clean-energy-law-in-the-us-now-what https://www.theconnectioninc.org/ https://www.everywomaneverychild-lac.org/e/ensuring-essential-health-services-covid-19/

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SEUNGWOO BAIK LIGHTHOUSE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

Our Role The modern world is facing a crisis like none other in human history. The scientific advancements of our world have improved the quality of peoples’ lives and helped us in many ways, such as improved medical technology leading to healthier and more sufficient lives, but it has come with an inevitable crisis, which is climate change. Not only is our world under the threat of climate change, but we are also facing uncountable amounts of dangers and problems that can only be solved and won through global cooperation and dedication of the new generation. But where are we supposed to start in this god-forsaken reality? To get a sense of what to do, we need to first see what it is to know what a global citizen is. We live in the age of globalization. This means the world we live in the present is an interconnected world. As an interconnected world, the whole world faces common threats together. The Covid-19 Pandemic, which has unprecedentedly impacted our world, can be a perfect example. As we all know, this seemingly never-ending Covid-19 Pandemic has killed millions of people worldwide and put the lives of billions more in danger and crisis. But positivity also was arisen from the pandemic as well, as it made our world even more connected. Other common global threats include terrorism, climate change, and the SDGs. And to be a global citizen, we, the new generation, should value the global mindset with emphasis above other aspects. To have a global mindset, we should promote the spirit of “together first.” In other words, the world should face numerous challenges through togetherness and teamwork, just like the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals number 17: Partnerships for the Goals suggest. And if the upcoming generations work together with a “together first” mindset, we will be able to overcome any challenge that we face.

The Feeding the World Among the many departments under the United Nations, the UNFAO, which stands for Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, plays a crucial part in achieving Sustainable Development Goal number 1: No Poverty, Goal number 2: Zero Hunger, and Gaol number 3: Good Health and Well-being. Founded on October 16, 1945, the UNFAO mainly works in two different fields, which are Food & Agriculture and Rural Development. And in these fields, the organization follows its motto, “fiat panis”, which means “let there be bread” in Latin. As it can be inferred from their motto, the UNFAO provides help to its 197 member states through field offices dispersed among 130 countries and its headquarter in Rome, Italy.

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The UNFAO’s actions can be simplified as helping governments and development agencies “coordinate their activities to improve and develop agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and land and water resources.” Not only does the UNFAO stop there, but the organization also does researches by collecting information, statistics, and data on the agricultural status of the countries, gives technical help to projects, and conducts training programs. The UNFAO conducts its efforts through policies and technical assistance on the countries in need. These include policy support and governance, project implementation, setting standards & guidelines to follow, and analyzing data. Also, the FAO works for what they call the ”4 Betters,” which are: number 1. Better Life, number 2. Better Production, number 3. Better Nutrition, and number 4. Better Environment. The organization has completed many landmark achievements throughout the past decades, but two of these stand out. The first achievement is the eradication of rinderpest. Rinderpest, also known as cattle disease, was a disease caused by the rinderpest virus. Rinderpest infected animals and had symptoms of fever, diarrhea, mouth wounds, and discharge from the nose and mouths. But worst of all the disease eventually led to death. This disease has been causing havoc among countries that consume animals for centuries until the UNFAO eradicated the disease permanently through a project in 2011. This enormous achievement is even more memorable because Rinderpest became only the second disease to be wiped out completely in the history of the human race after smallpox, which was eradicated in 1980. The next landmark achievement by the FAO is that they Eliminated Onchocerciasis in West Africa. Onchocerciasis, more widely known as river blindness, is a disease carried by blackflies and is caused by their repeated bites. If bitten over and over, the parasitic worm carried in the blackflies called Onchocerca volvulus will infect the body of humans and lead to visual impairment or even blindness. This fatal disease was eliminated in West Africa through a cooperation programme by the UNFAO, WHO, UNDP, and the World Bank launched in 1974.

Today, The UNFAO faces new challenges for World Food Security. These global challenges that the FAO needs to overcome are conflict among people, climate change, economic slowdown, and unaffordable

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healthy diet. The first challenge, conflict, is sometimes caused by the lack of food, and due to scarcity, conflict arises, leading to even less food. The second challenge climate change is even more tricky. Due to climate change and its impact on the environment, such as global warming, farming has become and will grow to become more and more challenging. As the climate of certain areas changes, the crops that grow in those areas and the farming techniques needed for those crops change accordingly. This means that locals need to change their farming habits which decreases productivity even more. Economic slowdown also leads to less money being able to be funded for farming, which decreases productivity, which then leads more money needed for farming, which slows down the economy even more, and the cycle goes on. Eating healthy a diet is key in maintaining a healthy body. But healthy diets are expensive, and for people in ‘developing’ or ‘less developed’ countries, this is not an option. Even worse, a vicious never-ending cycle can be found in common among all four of these challenges. The UNFAO follows 4 tracks to handle these seemingly overwhelming challenges. These tracks are to 1. Nourish all people, 2. Boost nature-based solution and production, Build resilience to vulnerabilities, and lastly 4. Establish an advanced equitable livelihood, decent work, and empowered community. The FAO also takes great care in educating and informing the youth about their works and how they should help. Through various actions with the youth, the FAO increases global and regional commitments, capacity assessments, educates them with incentives and learning programmes, and works with agri-entrepreneurs.

The UNDP As we all know, the United Nations have many branches in the diverse fields it shows influence in. This diversity plays a very crucial part in how much the UN can show its influence because the world needs help in even the smallest of fields. And one of these branches is the United Nations Development Programme or the UNDP for short. So first of all, what is the UNDP and what does it do? The United Nations Development Programme is a UN organization that works to help countries and governments “eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development.” The UNDP’s headquarter is located in the New

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York City of the United States and has offices in 170 different countries. This United Nations programme works totally off of voluntary help and funds from the UN’s member states. The UNDP mainly focuses on developing local self-sufficiency and prosperity abilities in 125 different countries, hoping to allow these governments to continue prospering even without the UN’s help. The UNDP’s works can be seen in the seven categories its funds are dispersed into. The 7 categories are as follows: Democratic governance, Poverty reduction, Crisis prevention and recovery, Environment and energy, HIV/AIDS, Hub for Innovative Partnerships, and Human Development Report. The UNDP mainly focuses on key areas of the SDGs, which are “poverty alleviation, democratic governance and peacebuilding, climate change and disaster risk, and economic inequality.” In SDG terms, the UNDP works for SDGs 1: No Poverty, SDG 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions, SDG 13: Climate Action, SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth, and lastly SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities. As these examples suggest, the UNDP is for sure one of the most important departments of the United Nations. Through the UNDP and their work, the 125 countries that it works in will be able to prepare and adapt to many circumstances and make a sustainable government.

Reference Global Citizen - Join the Movement Changing the World, https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/. Accessed 16 January 2022. “Goal 17 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs.” Sustainable Development Goals, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal17. Accessed 16 January 2022. “Youths for SDGs - Home.” Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/Youths4SDGs/. Accessed 17 January 2022. SDG Tracker: Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals, https://sdg-tracker.org/. Accessed 17 January 2022. “Environmental and Social Standards.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, https://www.fao.org/environmental-social-standards/en/. Accessed 17 January 2022. “Food and Agriculture Organization.” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization. Accessed 17 January 2022. Ochmann, Sophie, and Hannah Behrens. “How Rinderpest was eradicated.” Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/howrinderpest-was-eradicated. Accessed 17 January 2022. “Onchocerciasis.” CDC, https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/index.html. Accessed 17 January 2022. “Top 10 FAO Achievements You Should Know About.” CEMAS, https://cemas.global/en/top-10-fao-achievements-you-shouldknow-about. Accessed 17 January 2022. United Nations Development Programme: Home, https://www.undp.org/. Accessed 16 January 2022. UNDP Shop – UNDP SHOP, https://shop.undp.org/. Accessed 17 January 2022. “Sustainable Development Goals.” United Nations Development Programme, https://www1.undp.org/content/seoul_policy_center/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.htm . Accessed 17 January 2022. “United Nations Development Programme.” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme. Accessed 16 January 2022. “VACANCY ALERT: JUNIOR PROFESSIONAL OFFICER AT UNDP.” Youth Opportunities Hub, 29 November 2021, https://www.youthopportunitieshub.com/junior-professional-officer-at-undp-programme-analyst-governance-and-rule-of-law/. Accessed 17 January 2022.

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HYUN JI AN KOREAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL IN HANOI

Disarmament affects world peace. Before listening to it, thoughts about contraction Since disarmament was a topic that deviated from my interests, I was excited as soon as I saw it on the lecture list because I didn't know many things. When the story about weapons comes out on the news, I guess it's just like that. I just passed it and was not aware of its dangers. Listening to this lecture served as an opportunity to recognize the dangers of weapons, and I will continue to watch with an interest in disarmament.

Types of weapons defined by the UN Armament Office (how to deal with mass destruction weapons and conventional weapons) A weapon of mass destruction is a weapon that can kill many people at once. However, weapons of mass destruction in the international community have a slightly different meaning. In the international community, there are only four types of weapons of mass destruction: nuclear weapons, chemical weapons, radioactive weapons, and biochemical weapons. The rest of the weapons are said to be called "conventional" instead of "mass destruction" weapons, no matter how dangerous their functions are and how many humans they can kill. Among them, the most dangerous and currently problematic weapon is nuclear weapons. The United Nations is working hard to promote the dangers of these weapons and to create several treaties to prevent more and more countries from becoming nuclear-bearing countries. Weapons which have the most direct impact on people's lives. In disarmament, it is conventional weapons that have the most direct impact on our lives. Among them, the best are rifles and grenades, or weapons that soldiers can carry. Since it is impossible to remove such weapons in a world with a state and a party to protect basic security, it regulates the use of weapons at appropriate levels for each country. For example, several international norms prevent weapons from being freely sold and used in crimes by organizations that are not operated by the state. Among them, let me introduce one of the agreements related to Korea, where we currently live. It is the Mine-Ban Convention. This is an international arrangement that private mines should not be used. Although most countries have joined the agreement, the Republic of Korea has yet to join. The reason is that the war with North Korea is not over yet, and some mines have not been collected due to the harmful effects of the Korean War throughout the DMZ. Various campaign activities are being carried out to increase people's awareness of disarmament. Representative activities include the world being over-armed and peace being under-funded. It says that most of the problems will be solved if the money used for weapons is used to solve global problems instead, such as improving the quality of education or solving hunger. Why is it inevitably hard to disarm? Weapons are developing in more and more novel ways. War no longer proceeds just by the way the army fights over the walls. Various weapon systems are emerging, such as cyberattacks and wars with drones. Among them, inhumane weapons are also mixed. The moral standards for what to allow and not allow to

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protect the minimum human principle are not clear and human thinking systems and laws are too slow to follow compared to the speed of development. We are trying our best, but control is indeed difficult.

Help with the military constitution related to politics. Since the United Nations is not a judicial body, supporting the government's discussion process on issues is the biggest and main task. So when a problem arises, you should quickly find out the information and think about what position the United Nations should take. Another task is to publish a book called the Disarmament Yearbook. It is a book that summarizes what meetings have been held regarding disarmament during the year and which countries have been involved in disarmament. All countries agree that weapons of mass destruction pose a great threat to mankind. In addition, it seems that they are equally aware of the need for efforts to reduce this. However, in the process of reducing this, there may be various elements of conflict, such as interests between countries, imbalances of power, and political factors, so it can be said that the path to practice is difficult. First of all, countries with many weapons of mass destruction and countries with great influence around the world should make efforts to reduce or eliminate weapons of mass destruction, and to do so, production facilities for them should be reduced or eliminated. Furthermore, it seems necessary to control raw materials that can be used in the production of weapons of mass destruction. In addition, it is necessary to find a fundamental solution to this through an analysis of why countries or organizations that produce and use weapons of mass destruction want to do this.

What teenagers need to do for the future I was very interested in climate change. Therefore, expectations were high as it was the first environmental pollution lecture. The theme of this lecture is largely the role of the general public in climate change. Contents of the lecture: People think about what they can do as a person other than a company or government on environmental issues. But there's a lot we can do. The beginning of finding out what we can do is accepting that individuals have to pay. Individuals, not governments or corporations, should bear the burden of climate change. Usually, we enjoy the activated delivery service in Korea. Many of them are complaining about the high delivery fees. However, if you think a little more deeply, you will see that the delivery fee should be much higher than it is now. This is because the amount of carbon dioxide emissions

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increased due to delivery is very high. People do not agree to raise delivery fees even after knowing about this phenomenon. We, consumers, should first have the mindset that we want to pay carbon emission taxes. And we should argue that we can pay carbon taxes to the government and companies. That way, even if the government and companies implement such policies, they can think about the environment without worrying about losing their jobs. Apart from what we have to do, there are things that the government has to do. It is essential to include environmental issues in social and economic textbooks. When teaching marketing and economic systems, teach children who will be responsible for the future economy so that they can think and decide how it will affect the environment. Current economic textbooks focus only on more production. This is very important as economic development and environmental pollution have been a big dilemma for many years. My opinion: I thought that the content of the lecture was different from reality. I think we should apply the contents of the lecture in the future as it seems difficult to realize it in the short term at the moment.The lecturer had come up with the ideal plan from a mid-to-long-term to long-term perspective. Naturally, people's perception of taxation is not good. It can be said that few of the things we use right now are made without carbon emissions. In this state, if a carbon tax is imposed, prices for almost all facilities or goods across society will rise. Then, of course, people's resistance is bound to be enormous. When asked what they could do to change people's perceptions, teenagers said they should hold a carbon tax support campaign called "We want to pay carbon tax/I'm ready to pay a carbon tax for my future" to convey to the government and the people that we want a carbon tax. There are a lot of people who are having difficulty making ends meet right now, and in this situation, if teenagers had held campaigns and changed the public's perception, it would have already changed. Also, you cannot force people to sacrifice right away for the future. As I said earlier, the present is, of course, more important than the future for those who barely fill their stomachs. I don't think it's a problem to dismiss their attitudes only with the ignorance of the people. The reason why the carbon tax described by the lecturer is needed is that a carbon tax may be difficult right now, but economic growth may rise further and jobs may increase. That is the concept of green growth called "new climate economics." For example, research closely related to the economy can be conducted, such as fuel cell power generation, hydrogen power generation, and technology development that can reuse solar panels with a carbon tax. If successful, of course, there will be great benefits to the economy. This is because it can seize new business opportunities. My idea is not to make everyone responsible for the carbon tax, but only those who have accumulated a lot of wealth. In addition, carbon taxes should not be imposed on products that even poor people must use, such as VAT, but on luxury goods. Also, I think it is right to impose carbon emissions on companies that emit a lot at once. I think this is a fair world. In other words, we sincerely want people and companies that have accumulated more wealth to pay more carbon taxes to reduce environmental pollution.

What should we do about Climate Migration New problems are occurring due to climate change in the world these days. One of them is climate migration. Climate Migration is a word that refers to a social phenomenon in which the environment deteriorates and you have to immigrate to another place. This issue is very important as all SDGs are related to climate migration. First, let's talk about the difference between mobility and migration. Mobility is the act of moving whenever we want to, and migration (immigration) is inevitable. Many countries have borders and create walls to prevent them from entering the country. This is currently happening in so many countries. What happens if we don't do anything about this? Climate Apartheid will occur. This is a situation where the rich can go to a safe place to protect themselves and move away from danger, but the poor cannot protect themselves and have to be isolated in a dangerous place. I'm concerned by the stories that are emerging about this issue.

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Many people think that a lot of agreements are currently underway on this, so it is getting better. But the reality is completely different. If you look at the contents, most of them are just problematic. There are no legal restrictions on keeping them, so you don't have to do it if you don't want to. The United Nations held the second convention in 1951. Refugee status and legal protective facilities do not apply to claimed migrants, and that is the only legal state available to people who move. So if you are in an applicable unconventional state, you are not in a legal state. So if people move due to the climate crisis, they are not legally there. And not many countries are showing an interest in making it legal. We are looking at the opposition. We continue to see many countries tighten their boundaries to prevent people from entering. Then, they have no choice but to visit large countries such as the United States and Europe, which take various measures to prevent them from entering and even criminalize unorganized vibrations. And other small countries are also required to do this. You may think that only developed countries do not want to accept them. But even small countries are like this. For example, there is South America around Venezuela, which tightened the board further in case of political turmoil. Kenya, Somalia, etc.

The reason why they choose to immigrate. Because based on the current situation in South America, half a degree has already risen from 1950 to the present, and this is a very fast speed. And as the temperature rises, environmental patterns, soil quality, and other things related to farming change. Then this naturally affects farmers and the local economy. And disasters such as typhoons and droughts are also accompanied. 1. Many people still rely on farming, so droughts and other damages are immense. 2. It's hard to prepare for it because there's no good internet level. 3. A lot of people were born in that situation. According to the UN's announcement, 98% of the population growth will take place in low-developed countries by 2025. Is it better to first accept refugees in unprepared countries and then create policies or to accept refugees after making policies? Instructor said I'm probably talking about refugees who accept them beyond the sea. However, currently, no country wants to accept refugees while doing so. And refugees don't go far away, but go to the country right next to them and spend a long time next to the border to avoid immediate problems. It seems important to accept it first. Wouldn't it be impossible to tell the countries to wait for years for policies to be made? Instructor said she thought so, too. The question seemed to proceed in a slightly different direction than I thought, so I didn't know what to explain. So what I think is an analogy: when abandoned dogs find a new owner, no matter how urgent their situation is, pregnant people will be reluctant to send dogs to people with poor environments. I think if the dog is forced to go to such a person and eventually be dispatched again, more people will have a negative view of abandoned dogs. And these dogs are sold to dog farms or used for illegal activities. Immigrants

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eventually escaped hell and somehow entered one country, but I think they have no choice but to do anything to survive if they do not have basic support and remain alone. I think crimes are likely to be committed to survive. I know that they are highly related to crimes such as human trafficking and drugs. However, Koreans and the world see this phenomenon, and prejudice against immigrants is bound to grow. That's why I thought it would be better to create a system first and then accept them in the mid-to-long term. And although it is a cruel story, I don't think it's a bad idea to test refugees' abilities, select talented people, and bring them into the country first. Currently, many countries are suffering from low birthrates, and if such a test system is introduced, it will be a much more effective way to rescue refugees as they can receive refugees as a concept of nurturing talent, not as a burden to the state.

International government for common problems Viruses don't know borders. Global warming doesn't know borders. Although we know and respect borders, the natural environment does not understand the human border. In addition, these problems are linked to one another. Therefore, there are no environmental problems that no country can solve alone. International cooperation is important. Issues such as hunger, inequality, war, and peace are also linked to one another. When we talk about global cooperation and the production of global public goods, the most important thing is to understand the concept of the "trap of the commons." This means that if we try to benefit each other from what is given to everyone (called commas), such as the moon, the sun, and the air, it will eventually be a terrible ending for all of us. Eventually, no one will use them. And now it has a lot to do with many transnational issues. There is a solution to this. 1. There must be government-level regulatory measures. It should be monitored. For example, the convention for international trade in advanced specifications. Most of them are on the national board. If there is an illegal exchange of endangered animals within the country, they are protected within their country. 2. As an example of economic incentives for alternative interiors. 3. To receive money for polluting the environment (taxing polluters). 4. The establishment of private property rights and a free market. COVID-19 Most developed countries, until last year, had completed vaccinations. But countries like Africa are impossible. However, with the release of Omicron this time, the situation is getting worse. No country is sure of its safety because the international world is becoming more and more like a country. The most serious thing is the global authority for the global distribution of health, welfare, and vaccines. In Korea, it was decided who would get the vaccine first. Even if I wanted it, it doesn't fit because the government decides. But it doesn't do this worldwide. And we don't spend money on vaccines. However, there is no government yet that does such a thing globally. In other words, there is no general government that looks at the whole world and thinks about where and how many vaccines to give. This government is essential and WHO just did this for us. They can't force it. They said don't get booster shots because more people now need to get vaccinated, but no one listens. There is no international law that affects the country if people don’t want to get vaccinated. Each country follows its own laws. Many countries sign treaties

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and just cut them off if they don't have any benefit. And most countries think more about business and that they just want to be richer. It's still lacking, but no one is thinking of engrossing the shortage since there is no need for that. And this is the biggest obstacle to international cooperation. It's not necessary to do it right away. International cooperation is difficult because it is not compulsory. International tax is essential. The UN suggested that developed countries should walk with their 0.7% of cross-national income as official development assistance or ODA. But only six countries are doing it. ODA is used more elsewhere than it is needed. 70%, middle class, 25%, to countries with a 25% lower income. We need a more advanced system. Global health governance’s budget is too limited since Trump declared he would not give money to WHO. So it has a limit in making a big impact and helping low income countries. We have to make human rights-based narrative global funding so that everyone can get a vaccine. It is not only the right thing to do, but if someone can't get the vaccine, it will cause economic and security difficulties due to illness. If everyone is vaccinated, it will eliminate dangerous situations and make disease easier to control. Vaccine simulation I had a lot of fun as a representative of Team Red. Assuming that each country's population has a certain age distribution, how much vaccine is used in its own country, how many are on the verge of death, how many vaccines they have, and how many die, and donating vaccine to another country or used in its own country was a fresh shock. What should be kept in mind while playing this game is that if the situation becomes serious in other countries, the disease will spread to those countries as well. The key is that no country is safe until everyone is safe. I was able to understand donating is not a disadvantage at all, but a better situation more easily because of this fun activity. My opinion : I knew that international cooperation was important, but I didn't know how serious the current situation was. I agree very much that everyone should get a vaccine. I have lived in Vietnam for about two years since COVID-19 began. Vietnam is a communist country, so it thoroughly regulated businesses, such as stopping all exports, trade, and tourism products and strictly preventing them from moving abroad or going back home. Nevertheless, it eventually led to more confirmed cases and watching the commercial district die and the economy seriously stagnate and reopen. So this lecture touched me so well. I was also surprised that there are only a few nations that support developing countries. For sure, the idea of eliminating unfairness by creating governments around the world is a good idea. But considering where to collect more taxes, how much taxes are earned by countries, the international government's position in various diplomatic situations, and the reactions of developed countries, it was practically impossible to create a government that oversees the whole. I thought the position of the United Nations was very solid, but I was surprised to learn that this lecture serves as a role to support countries in negotiating well. Nevertheless, I became convinced that a good organization called the United Nations was properly playing the role of coordinator. In the future, I thought that more efforts were needed to form a consensus that all countries could sympathize with so that selfishness toward their country could properly play the role of a coordinator even in serious situations, and I want to play a small but precious role in this process.

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MIN JUNE YOU CMIS CANADA Lecture of ambassador Rae-kwon Chung. Mr. Rae-kwon Chung was originally a Korean diplomat, who has been in charge of environmental negotiations, and represented the Korean government in the UN for climate change conventions, protocols, and more. From 1991 to 2015, he was also a director for the environment development and the UNESCO. He was in charge of harmonizing economic growth with climate change, and he pioneered the concept of “green growth”. He is now working as the board of director of the BanKi-Moon foundation, and is also the chairman of the Global Energy Prize established by Putin. From almost 30 years, he has been working in the areas of climate change in these ways. After listening to Mr. Chung, I realized the real issues of climate change that could not have been obtained from mere books or documents. The basic reason why Mr. Chung thinks that it is so difficult to tackle the climate change issues, is because our current economic system is based on economic theories. The conventional economic theory thinks natural resources like air and water as “free goods”, and in the economic textbook it says that such prices don't have to be paid. For example, the price of gasoline is only the cost of its production. But then, to be more responsible for the future, I learned that the current economic system should also consider the factors of climate change, such as by taking into account the environmental cost of burning fossil fuels. To do this, I understood that people have to accept that the act of purchasing the products is equal to producing carbon. Therefore, they would have to feel obliged to pay carbon taxation. Also, people have to acknowledge the fact that the economic system only provides for short-term equilibrium, and that it should be changed to address the long-standing problem of climate change. They would have to perceive that climate change is an imminent problem, and pay the price right away. An example of an incorrect perception that has to change, is the way the newspaper writes about the rising price of electricity. This makes people worry about the price of electricity more, and not the climate crisis. Through the lecture, I realized that the solution to solve these problems is the young generations like us paying more attention and advocating carbon taxation.

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TEAM Report: Through my presentation, I learned about UNDESA and what it did to solve the problems caused by Covid-19. Such problems included, the destabilization of macroeconomics, heightened unemployment, and the decrease of global trade. These could be known by research, as according to the UN/DESA Policy Brief #85, this pandemic situation made countries into a harder situation, the WHO projected that global merchandise trade will fall by 9.2%, accurately portraying the trend of decreasing overall trade in the world, and the unemployment in May might have been as high as 16% according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Also, there were social impacts as well. Many countries indicated in their VNR’s that the pandemic had their divides and inequalities worsened along with other disparities as well. For example, the north-south polarization. It has been worsened in this pandemic situation and widen the gap between the poor and the rich. According to the 2020 UNSTATS SDG Review, the primary completion rate is 34 percent for children from the poorest 20 percent of households and 79 percent for children from the richest 20 percent of households. I had a meaningful time, where I realized what global organizations such as the UNDESA did, for example supporting the Secretary-General's initiatives in response to Covid-19, releasing Sustainable Development Outlook 2020 and writing a Policy brief and webinar series on the economic and social impact of Covid-19

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JIMIN YOUN DAEWON INTERNATIONAL MIDDLE SCHOOL

Global Cooperation for the Post-Covid -Era First and foremost, Kadir Jun Ayhan (Dr.)’s lecture about global cooperation for the post Covid era enlightened my vision and thoughts about global partnerships and the importance of international society. His lecture was a very participatory one where we played Covid -19 game by taking roles of each country and discussing about vaccine exports and imports. Also, the lecture went on by our questions or points asked; which made the session more engaging and instructive. During his session, he explained about some transnational problems such as health crisis, environmental crisis, inequality and poverty. These are ones that happen in every country around the world, which also means that there is no boundary upon the problems. Covid-19 which is a global pandemic, also holds a characteristic: the virus has no boundary! And this feature is what makes global collaboration much more critical in the process of overcoming the pandemic. After listening to this part during the session, I tried to think about ways of cooperation for the Covid 19 case, but it didn’t come up right away. And as the lecture moved on, I learned diverse ways of joint action that can be made.

One way that was most interesting was vaccine support. Vaccine support means by the word itself, countries giving vaccines to parts of the world where it is hard to get because of less supplies in vaccine. If you look at the Covid-19 vaccine tracker on the left, there is a large gap existing between countries with vaccinations and ones that don’t. To resolve this differential status and solve the pandemic as a whole, vaccine support is necessary at this point. Countries with lot of supplies can give away their vaccines to ones with less supplies, and by every stakeholder seeking their needs, the trade can lead to lot of benefits. During the Covid -19 roleplay game, I was a team that represented a country with less vaccine supplies, so asserted to team with lot of supplies

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to give help and support to us. At first, countries that had lot of vaccine leftovers hesitated because it seemed to only benefit our country. However, as they acknowledged the importance of global cooperation and working together for the pandemic, the team gave vaccine support to us. I learned a lot while participating in this game, and started to think that our country’s own survival isn’t the upmost critical issue, but solving together in a global scope is the most urgent and crucial one. Also, I thought that since there is no global authority for global restriction of vaccines, there is a need of an international law or prototypes regulation. Other than the vaccine support, I learned diverse ways of global cooperation that are also urgent ones to be put in action right away. The session really made me to think again about mutual support that countries can make to overcome the pandemic. In conclusion, the session was thoroughly enlightening and educational, and I acknowledged the fact that global collaboration is the most critical and crucial factor in post Covid era. International cooperation is vital on making a safe and inclusive globe, so I hope that there will be more active collaborations and supports in the future. And as a student, I will try to participate on any global campaigns or projects and play a role in international cooperation that will help every person and country living in this world.

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CHAEN YOON CORNERSTONE COLLEGIATE ACADEMY OF SEOUL

First, I would like to thank Hope to the Future Association for giving me this opportunity, to learn various knowledge about SDGs, and current events. I was usually interested in it before the lecture, however I got to know many new things through this opportunity, and I think all the questions I had before were solved. Of course, I learned a lot from listening to the lecture, but I think it was a time to think about what I can do to develop SDGs in the future. I want to learn more about SDGs, and organizations in the future. Among the various lectures this time, one of the memorable lectures was Ambassador Cho Chang-beom's lecture. Ambassador Cho Chang-beom's lecture taught us about tasks for young global citizens, which was to look beyond national borders and find a place on the world stage, and build global competence and integrity with deeper knowledge of national interests. After learning the tasks for young global citizens, I decided that I should practice these things as a global citizen. Furthermore, he explained that US re-committee to the Paris Agreement, to reduce emissions by 50% by 2030 and net zero emission by 2050, to fully integrate climate change into US foreign policy and national security strategies, as well as its approach to trade, which is really interesting.

FAO’s vision Furthermore, it was interesting about FAO’s vision. First of all, before this lecture, I didn't know much about FAO, but after this lecture, I got interested in it, so I researched it. FAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations, and has 194 member states. Their goal is to achieve food security for all and make sure that people

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have regular access to enough high-quality food to lead active, healthy lives. Furthermore, their mission statement is helping to build a food-secure world for present and future generations.

They mentioned that over the next 15 years, FAO will assist Members in: i.

Reducing food insecurity and rural poverty;

ii.

Ensuring an enabling policy and regulatory framework for food and agriculture, fisheries and forestry;

iii.

Securing sustainable increases in the supply and availability of food;

iv.

Conserving and enhancing the natural resource base; and

Generating knowledge of food and agriculture, fisheries and forestry.

Furthermore, their vision statement is to remain fully responsive to the ideals and requirements of Members, and to be recognized for leadership and partnership in helping to build a food-secure world.

They mentioned over the next 15 years, FAO will be:

A centre of excellence and an authoritative purveyor of knowledge and advice in the sphere of its mandate;

ii.

A pre-eminent repository and provider of multidisciplinary capacities and services in the areas of its competence;

iii.

An active partner of organizations - within and outside the UN system - that share its goals and values;

iv.

A well-managed, efficient and cost-effective institution;

vi.

A mobilizer of international will and resources to assist its Members, as well as a responsible manager of the resources entrusted to it; and

vii.

An effective communicator and advocate for its own goals and those of its Members.

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During the lecture, director Shengyao Tang explained that FAO will take a leadership role to follow up the Summit, to focus on strengthening the science-policy interface, and build up an important network for Scientific Group, working closely with high level panels. Also, he said FAO will take key actions to try to mobilize an annual investment of about $40 to $50 billion until 2030, and work with International Financial Institutions with a robust investment plan. For FAO and SDG, he said FAO possesses the experience and expertise in supporting policymaking, partnership-building, and projects & programmes built on 3 dimensional sustainability.

Hero of Agriculture Director Shengyao Tang's lecture was also very memorable. He introduced the hero of agriculture, and his name was Kim Soon-kwon. He is a South Korean agricultural scientist who developed hybrid corn that significantly increased crop production in Korea. In addition, his hybrid techniques produced phenomenally high-yielding crops and were environmentally friendly, allowing farmers to avoid the conventional use of chemicals to control agricultural pests. For these following reasons, he is the leader of the “Corn for Peace” project, and founder of International Corn Foundation. It was impressive that he had successful results in developing corn despite the fact that it was resistant to an array of parasites, insects, and diseases, and become the leader which is related to corn.

https://www.fao.org/about/en/ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kim-Soon-Kwon https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/html/10125/19578/150.html https://www.fao.org/3/x3551e/x3551e02.htm#:~:text=FAO's%20mission%20and%20vision%20statements&text=reducing%20f ood%20insecurity%20and%20rural,the%20natural%20resource%20base%3B%20and

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DONGHWAN YI SEOUL YOUNGIL HIGH SCHOOL

Introduction To start off I would like to simply introduce the organization that I represented. The UNDP or United Nations Development Program is an organization tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development. They gear more towards longer term solutions and aims to attract investment to these areas. They could be simply thought of as a middle manager who identifies the problem and help donor countries or other organizations properly provide aid. Before this training program I had a passing interest in the UN and the numerous other organizations tied to it and thought the UNDP was unnecessary because I thought their job was what the UN should already be doing. However, after the 4 th day and session from Sean O’Connell, the head of governance with UNDP Lao PDR, I realized that the UN can’t do everything that the UNDP does. The UN has over a hundred of different member countries all with different perspectives and ideas of the goals that the UNDP strives to achieve. If the UN was forced to do what UNDP does it wouldn’t be as efficient as anything with more moving parts will lead to it being bogged down with bureaucracy and complications. There was a reason for all these different groups or organization that do these kinds of work. They don’t just appear because people don’t have stuff to do, by dividing and compartmentalizing each of the more important and outlying goals or actions would lead to a more efficient system.

The SDG history and my personal thoughts To begin after the end of the cold war a series of UN conferences in the 90s had focused on children, nutrition, human rights, and women. The World Summit on Social Development in 1995 laid out the Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development with a long and complicated list of actions for and by global leaders. But was soon seen as a failure and the following year the report “Shaping the 21st Century” turned some of the list of actions into the “International Development Goals” which was a precursor to the Millennium Development Goals. The IDGs were halving poverty, reduce infant, child, and maternal

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mortality, and universal primary education by 2015. As well as eliminate gender disparity in schools by 2005 and many more. Following that during the turn of the millennium at the Millennium Summit the General Assembly issued a Millennium Declaration. This declaration had no specific mention of the MDGs but contained much of the same context with the process of refining the Goals from the declaration taking some time. In September 2001, Annan presented a “Road map toward the implementation of the United Nations Millennium Declaration” which did contain the MDGs, however David Hume and James Scott noted that the MDGs had no clear start or end and also stated that the process and discussions were driven by rich nations rather than the countries that would be more subject to the MDGs.

MDGs 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and empower women Reduce child mortality rates Improve maternal health Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Ensure environmental sustainability Develop a global partnership for development

As you can see many of the goals overlap with the SDGs, even the creation of the SDGs wasn’t because we have solved all the MDGs. It was just moving the goal post up until 2030 and adding or describing certain issues in more detail. The SDGs in my opinion are simply to maintain the status quo and fail in certain aspects. Such as separating human wellbeing and the environmental, during over 3rd day’s session with Jack Bathe, an intern at Global Green Growth Institute, he pointed out that some of the goals could be contradictory. For example, economic growth is good and all but it can come at the cost of the environment due to rapid industrialization. The SDGs as a whole have in total 169 targets and it just seems to be overly complicated and some ignore the local community’s context. For instance, a certain countries ability to solve the other 16 goals might all rely on achieving SDG 1, ending poverty. Because if your people are all starving to death, I doubt they would much care about clean energy or gender equality. I mean even COP26 wasn’t a flaming success. It does seem arbitrary to set these goals and to have them done by 2030, and most of these goals are just a one and done thing they need to

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be constantly by upkeeped and changed as living standards and perspectives change. But the sadder thing is that I believe the SDGs are the best that people can do right now, of course it would be better to improve people’s way of living worldwide but it is like democracy, it has its’ flaws and things could be improved but it is the best that we can do right now. So, throughout our training session and through all the thoughtful lectures we have had I tried to find a better way to approach the SDGs and what the world and the youth can do to build our own future.

Global Mindset for Future Generations (Ambassador Chang-beom Cho) Ambassador Cho was the first lecturer of the first day, so it could be said that he has made a big initial impact on me. He focused on the global side of the SDGs and the youth as global citizens. Especially with the internet where I can instantly contact my friends from across the world it could be said that international borders have been losing their meaning. The same could be said for global problems like climate change, these problems don’t care for arbitrarily drawn human borders and impact everyone, some differently due to their geography but it is the only thing that affect the entire population. Ambassador Cho said that in order to be a proper global citizen the most important thing is the right attitude and approach. We need to look beyond our borders, race, and different cultures and look at the big picture of human rights. He also introduced 2 different ideologies through 2 different philosophers, Thomas Hobbes and Immanuel Kant.

Thomas Hobbes Darwinism/Realism

Immanuel Kant Liberalism/Idealism

-peace through balance of power

-peace through negotiations

-the weak should fear the strong

-rule through law -might not always right

Throughout history many large empires and kingdoms adopted the Thomas Hobbes approach. To put it simply, bigger army diplomacy. They ruled through power and fear and I don’t think I have to say that living in those times won’t be the most pleasant. However, the current world and the UN are more leaning towards the Immanuel Kant, with more international conferences and agreements. However, I believe the current world is at an awkward middle ground, certain countries have more political power than others and can bend agreements to their liking. Or they just have a stronger military that translates to more political power and is a thing that we all need to move away from but these countries with all the power probably won’t let it happen easily. So, Ambassador Cho emphasized the importance of independent actors. In the world of the internet individual people have more power than in any time in history. But the people who give these people power are people like you and me, everyday people. They are just a figurehead of our opinions and wants. I think that is what is means to be a global citizen, to be an internet citizen, to get your opinion out there and to band together with likeminded people to start an online movement. We need to

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more heavily focus on negotiations and put human rights at the forefront. Now is no longer the age of empires and dictatorships, now is the time to all sit together and have a civil discuss on international matter. The internet is a tool that chance has given us we just need to be proper educated and be aware of the problems we need to rally together and solve and with platforms like ConnectAID that Rachel Harri Weiser, the Chief Strategic Officer of ConnectAID introduced. Now is the perfect time with COVID and everyone on the internet and a lot of NGOs going digital you need to be the initial push to build the momentum to make these changes stick.

The youth, Climate Change, and Sustainable (Jack Bathe, Intern on Uzbekistan Team at Global Green Growth Institute) As I have mentioned earlier in my report Mr. Bathe brought up a very good point. Some of the SDGs are or can be contradictory in some cases. Or that the SDG targets in general are too vague and have no contingencies in place. Not to mention there are way too many of them to account for all of them and see the effects one has on the rest. That the SDGs are a very careful balancing act, they need to specific but just broad enough so the entire world can implement them. I believe the SDG Mr. Bathe focused on (SDG 13, climate action) was a good example. Climate action first of all isn’t a one and done thing, the entire world needs to constantly be aware of the damage they are doing to the environment and try to mitigate it. On the other hand, trying to solve climate change can also lead to other unintended side effects. For instance, let’s say you switched from natural gas to solar energy. Great! you have reduced your countries emissions. But that doesn’t account for the production and manufacturing of solar panels which if not done correctly could produce emissions and what about all those employees working at the natural gas and coal stations, they need to feed their families don’t they and you can’t just make them work and manage solar panels, they need proper training to be reliable if your nation wants to switch to solar power. So, the money and time to train them would have to come from somewhere, either from the countries money by allocating funds or from the citizens

through tax which can open its own can of worms. Also, to add solar panels don’t last forever, they last around 25 years so every 25 years or so you would need to swap them out which would be a money and logistics nightmare, not to mention the initial cost of switching to solar panels. As you can see it is not as simply as common folk say it is. During our QNA section Mr. Bathe answer if a more detail framework for the SDGs would be better. He answered that making any of the SDGs more detailed would be a

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double-edged sword. With more detailed sub targets it could exclude certain countries and people but with more detail it could help break it down for countries and people that can’t easily understand or know what to do with the current SDGs. I think the best course of action right now will be to leave the current SDGs as they are but summarize and condense the targets of each SDGs so they are more concise and easier to follow as well as offer consultation and help for any individual, government, and or country that request it on the SDGs. We need to proper educate and spread awareness of the SDGs, when I asked my friends at my school they had no idea, these children are our future generation, our future leaders. If they don’t proper know then what is the point. The best thing for the UN to do is to proper educate and spread information in a more precise and organized manner.

The Private Sector on SDGs On is all handy dandy and all if the general public and governments are aware of the SDGs but what about private companies, some of which are so big that they could be considered as small nations with equal political power to some countries. Well during our first day UN e-learning session we learned about “Climate Responsive Budgeting”. Where governments and companies can use data from the environment and financial sector to work out the amount of money it would take to whether fight climate change, build infrastructure to mitigate the risks of climate change, or not doing anything at all. Now it isn’t a surefire way of accounting for the cost of investment in mitigating or preventing climate change but I believe it is the most effective way to talking to these private companies in a language they understand, investment and profit. According to research done by Forbes unmaintained climate change could lead to almost 7 trillion dollars of related economic damages in Europe alone. On the other hand, decarbonization would only take 200 billion dollars per year until 2050 in Europe. This isn’t something that these companies can ignore anymore, it is a real problem. Just look at the material shortages because apparently everyone thought it would be a great idea to put all our eggs in one basket by building all our manufacturing plants in China. This is what happens if companies don’t care about industrialization anywhere else and only care about maximizing profits. The UN needs to persuade these private sectors that caring for the SDGs isn’t just a nice thing to do, it is a future investment that will save them literal billions of dollars. Not to mention when

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people are properly educated and are aware of how important SDGs truly are and can fully grasp the situation they will in cases where they can choose to support the company with the entire world’s interest in mind. This is not only about SDG 13 but almost all the SDGs, it all could be considered an investment and can help companies win in the court of public opinion. Which in the age of the internet could make or break certain aspects of a private company.

Governance and Development Cooperation- (Sean O’Connell, Head of Governance with UNDP Lao PDR) Since my team was representing the UNDP, I had to be more attentive during this Mr. O’Connell’s session. To be honest I had very little idea what the UNDP is or what it does, with my research it just seemed like a platform or middle man to help in cooperation between countries and to help develop and place a stable government in undeveloped ones. Through the lecture however I learned that the UNDP is closely related the SDG 16; Peace, Justice and Strong institutions. The UNDP could be thought of as a sister to the UN and functions as a funding, implementing, and training grounds to support other UN agencies. Currently focusing on the climate, environment, and economy of the local area. While UN is more diplomatic with numerous member states in international meeting and conferences. The UNDP is basically solely focusing on actually supporting different countries rather than diplomacy. The UNDP also help with “Good Governance”, a government that is capable and responsive to threats like COVID and are inclusive to all leaving no one behind all while being transparent to its people. It would be based on international human rights and work out from there as a framework with the public’s participation. Now you can’t only have a robust government, you would need people with skills and the infrastructure to support it. However just because one system of governance worked in one place it doesn’t mean it would work in another so different models are necessary. Good governance is not a means to an end, it is the process and the SDGs gives it a framework to work on.

During the QNA section of the session I asked what the UNDP could od for the supply chain issue due to COVID. Mr. O’Connell answered by saying the easiest solution currently would be to strengthen the supply chain to increase adaptability and be more responsive to outside threats. For example, since the reason why these factories shut down in the first place is due to them being packed with hundreds sometimes even thousands of people in a single building, usually with not the best working conditions. So improve labor laws, provide a better system for the health and safety for the employees. An example Mr.

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O’Connell brought up was that in factories in Vietnam, they had separate bubbles each worker for COVID concerns.

My answer to the supply chain issue is a bit more extreme. With the UNDP regulating the companies to move their factories outside of China to help spread out and the strengthen the global supply chain. Currently certain tech giants like Apple or Samsung who is actually partnering with the Biden administration are building factories in other countries. They have now realized and seem what it means to have all our production facilities in one place, it limits their adaptability and responsiveness to threats like COVID. So, the UNDP could help hasten the process by cooperating with the private company and the governments of the countries for the new factories to lessen the logistics it takes to build in different territories. It would not only strengthen the global supply chain but could help in growing the economy around the local community. The need for a reorganization supply chain and resources were made very apparent during the height of the COVID pandemic and the lockdowns. Temporary trade restrictions and shortage of pharmaceuticals, critical medical and almost any product or resources produced overseas have highlight its instability. The current global resource/supply chain is a complex mesh of different industries, companies, factories, governments, and individual people all working together in tandem. If only one of these important links of the chain fail it would lead to undisclosed repercussions. The COVID pandemic is just the beginning of a new era as governments and companies now realize the risk of putting all their eggs in one basket and are now vying for their share of global resources. The best way to achieve such a goal fairly would necessitate the need for the decentralization of the world’s resources. If these factories were more local (For example Samsung is partnering with the Biden administration to build a chip factory in Texas as well as many other companies slowly moving out of Asia to find other places or production) it would lessen any risk threatening the global supply chain

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The seriousness of Climate Change and COVID’s impact on it I would like the focus on an SDG that many of the lecturers during our training session focused or touched on, SDG 13 climate action. Climate change is a huge issue that impacts everyone single living being on this planet so it could be considered one of the biggest threats for the future of humanity. However, the biggest impacts are being felt by lesser developed countries due to either geography or lack of means to mitigate the effects of rapid climate change. While more developed nations like the USA or China who are the biggest contributors to global emissions have in comparison mild symptoms. But how are we supposed to tackle such a big global problem?

Well to begin what really is climate change and why is it such a big deal. During 119 years between 1901 and 2020 global temperatures have on average risen about 1.1 degrees Celsius. Now that might not sound like a big deal but that is the global average, if you look at it on a smaller scale it is much worse. But how does it happen? Earth could be thought of as a very large greenhouse, a biosphere with a thin blanket of ozone and atmosphere protecting us from the harshness of space. Actually, only about half of the sun’s light reaches the Earth’s atmosphere then about 90% of that is absorbed by the greenhouse gases and radiated towards the surface. Scientists attribute the changing climate to humans’ forced expansion of the greenhouse effect. Certain gases like water vapor, Nitrous oxide, Carbon dioxide, and Methane actually trap and block the heat from escaping our atmosphere. During the last century burning fossil fuels like oil and coal have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the impacts of changing the natural atmospheric greenhouse can be difficult to predict but most of our data and scientist agree that on average Earth will become warmer with the warmer conditions leading to more evaporation of water and precipitation overall. It will also melt glaciers and ice sheets, increasing the global sea level. Water also actually expands if it’s warm, contributing to further sea level rise. With this climate extremes like droughts, floods, and storms are more likely to happen. Leading to food lose and threaten people’s livelihoods.

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Surprisingly during the height of the COVID pandemic and lockdowns with most of the factories shutting down and people driving cars less have led to an emissions decline of 2.4 billion tons in 2020, 7% lower than in 2019. Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service observed unprecedented healing of the hole in the ozone layer in 2020. Professor Jason of Earth Systems Science at Stanford has said that it was like taking 500 million cars of the road. However, he also added that the world needs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions more sustainably when the pandemic ends. As society hopefully slowly returns to more usually state nations need to find ways to keep the ball rolling in a sense, people have seen what a measly 7% decrease can do and with international cooperation.

The best thing normal people can do is hasten the electric car transition. While the environmental effects of mass producing anything as large as cars will be harmful to the environment to some extent electric vehicles can actually cancel their carbon footprint. Depending on the electric car’s efficiency as well as the source of the electricity on average the environmental effects of driving an electric vehicle would cancel out on average at 15,000~20,000 miles. While Norway who uses mostly hydro power it would only take 8,400 miles to break even. After that driving the electric car would be orders of magnitude better than driving a comparable gas-powered car. The best thing governments can do is to switch to cleaner energy to power those electric cars and the lives of their citizens. The main issue with renewable energy is its fleeting nature, the wind is bellowing or the sun is shining the energy produced must be used or be lost. On the other hand, when the wind isn’t blowing or the sun isn’t shinning there won’t be enough power. The use of better energy storage would substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions, up to 67 to 89% on some studies. Thankfully countries like Australia have commissioned companies like Tesla to make massive battery packs to store energy to be used later and have shown that it can even be better than fossil fuel due to the abundance of renewable energy and the immediate access to massive amounts of power with the battery pack. If more countries aid the development of battery technology and build large battery packs to store energy it would be much easier to rely more heavily on renewable energy as a whole.

Conclusion It is now the age of the internet where national borders are meaningless, COVID-19 has only hastened to rapid digitalization of our lives. Internet citizen are now global citizens, and with that it gives power to everyday, average people. While governments and companies are who actually makes the physical changes it is the people who vote not only with their political vote but with their support and money. It matters very little if a government or company is good willed if the people don’t support them and vice versa. COVID has also shown just how important global cooperation truly is. Since a worldwide pandemic isn’t something that one country can solve. As Dr. Kadir Ayhan demonstrated in his lecture about Global Cooperation for the Post COVID Era, through a simulation of different countries and their use of vaccines on not only their citizens but also donations to others. Global cooperation especially when there are people’s lives are at stake is a very nerve-racking decision that government leaders have to make, and without the people

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support or input it only make it harder. COVID-19 was a wakeup call from nature that has highlighted as well as created problems in our current society as well as the SDGs. We students might be too young to make important political and international decision and too old to just ignore it and leave it to the adults, but we are at the just right time to use the tools our developed society has given us to express our opinions and work together with people around the world to build and support a future we want.

References https://www.forbes.com/sites/cindygordon/2021/12/27/covid-19-causes-global-supply-chain-havoc-intensifying-last-milelogistics-ai-innovations/?sh=537df1496a2c https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-climate-change-k4.html https://climate.nasa.gov/ https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/climate-change/index.cfm https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/report-2013/2013_progress_english.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20130222043028/http://conversations.psu.edu/episodes/gillian_sorensen https://www.adb.org/features/12-things-know-about-mdgs-asia-and-pacific?ref=features/series/12-things-to-know/ https://sdg-tracker.org/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343517302166?via%3Dihub https://sdgs.un.org/goals https://www.solarreviews.com/blog/how-long-do-solar-panels-last https://www.treehugger.com/how-much-co-does-one-solar-panel-create-4868753 https://www.cooleffect.org/solar-carbon-footprint https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/climate/climate-change-impacts https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-51977625 https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1102307_once-again-electric-cars-have-lower-lifetime-carbon-emissions https://thunderbird.asu.edu/thought-leadership/insights/5-challenges-renewable-energy https://interestingengineering.com/the-problem-with-renewable-energy-fixed https://hbr.org/2020/09/global-supply-chains-in-a-post-pandemic-world https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/06/ongoing-impact-covid-19-global-supply-chains/ https://partrunner.medium.com/what-is-a-decentralized-supply-chain-and-how-can-it-improve-your-company-a4d5bf93469a https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33549623/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7323667/

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JIN HEE LEE DAEWON FOREIGN LANGUAGE HIGH SCHOOL Global Disarmament and World Peace Have you ever heard about UNODA? UNODA is an Office of the United Nations Secretariat established in January 1998 as the Department for Disarmament Affairs that is part of the United Nations. They tried to ban the dangerous weapons such as nuclear bombs. There big goal is making the countries to lessen the weapons as possible. However, this does not mean the countries need to throw away their weapons. UNODA respects those countries can possess the weapons for their national security. Mr. Jun-houng Yoo told us what exactly UNODA do and what treaties they made. UNODA divides the weapons by risk rank. As you all know, one of the most dangerous weapons is nuclear weapons. In the past nuclear weapons were used not only at war but for various purposes. Hiroshima nuclear bomb is one of example that had a huge damage that lots of people have died and also still some places on Hiroshima are not 100% recovered. Moreover, there are some treaties that are related to UNODA and I chose CTBT. CTBT (Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty) was designed to prevent the development of new nuclear weapons and the improvement of the performance of existing nuclear weapons by banning all nuclear tests. Not only banning the nuclear tests that are happening on the ground but also that are happening underground, underwater, even in the atmosphere. The treaty was ready for signature in September 1996, and has been signed by 185 nations and established by 170. However, the treaty was not able to enter into force until it was approved by 44 specific nations, eight of which are not ready for it. China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel, Iran, Egypt, and the United States. I felt a lot of things through this presentation and it was a very precious time for me because this could be the first but also last chance for me to hear about UNODA from someone who works in UNODA. Moreover, I could learn of the treaties that I have not heard before. I was very impressive about this presentation because such as weapons, terror, crimes are far but it is also close to us in these days.

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SEONGEUN JEONG HANKUK ACADEMY OF FOREIGN STUDIES Frankly speaking, I was the person who never considered and was not interested in what the UN does. Thus, I didn’t even think that there would be something valuable that I could earn from this program. However, it was not true. Throughout 5 days journey, I have learned lots of things that change me to think about my world, my neighbors, and even myself.

Strategy for SDG and Carbon Neutral Future Lectured by Ambassador Rae-kwon Chung

In this lecture, Ambassador Chung introduces us about climate action and the attitude that the young generation has to have. The most basic thing that our world must achieve for a safe future is carbon neutral. To achieve a carbon-neutral world, the idea of a carbon taxation system newly came out. There are lots of companies emitting carbon and also individuals emit lots of carbon by their cars. However, since there are no laws that limit the carbon emission of individuals strictly, most people do not care about their responsibility. Most citizens perhaps, I would say, shift their responsibilities to the countrywide and ignore what happens around the world. I believe that there has to be a forceful law that limits carbon emission for the public. Thus, I was curious and not able to understand why countries do not introduce carbon taxation right way. People are mostly concerned about the economic changes the carbon taxation would cause. The citizens have to pay more tax to the government than they usually do. However, as Ambassador explained, we must think of this carbon taxation system as a long-term project for the nation’s and world’s development. If we start the carbon taxation system, since the pressure on the public increases, there would be invented new technologies to solve this social problem. This new technology would lead to the opening of a new market that eventually leads to job creation as well as novel

development, which is called green growth. In a short term, it would suppress the public but ultimately this system would help both the nation and individuals. One thing that is most memorable for me is the attitude and way of thinking that the present generation needs to have: LET ME PAY FOR THE NATURE. This was a quite shocking message that I never thought of. This is basically addressing that since the government is reluctant to introduce green policies that could give press on the citizens, we adolescents have to stand out with the message that we want to do something for our future. The only thing that I thought about for nature as an adolescent was to inform the issues around the world and do hashtag challenges via social media. However, I thought that this is really

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impactful since nobody can limit our action for nature if we announce that we want and desire voluntarily for their future and our present. This way of thinking leads me to make the slogan: This is our time to act. This is our time to act. The world is becoming full of an increasing number of natural disasters and people can feel what is happening around our nature tangibly. Once I thought that why do we have to clean up and make right all the things that adults and previous generations had done; this kind of thought is similar to when we think of the developing countries and developed countries. There is nothing to solve my question, but I rather started to view this problem as the motivation to do active climate action not to transmit our work to the next generation. It might be the future for the 8090 generation but it’s present for our generation. I want to do whatever I can for my present as an adolescent. This is my time to act.

UNODA (United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs) Lectured by Aaron Jun-hong Yoo

Mr. Yoo lectured about what is the role of UNODA in a global society. Since South Korea is in the middle of an armistice with North Korea, this lecture was interesting for me. Basically, UNODA mobilizes the member states to make the resolution that promises all of the countries would make their armaments secure not to be passed by the non-state actors. If the issue is related to the armament, UNODA rapidly comprehends the situation and the position of each country to set the position of the UN. I was curious about the source of information that UNODA gains from. And Mr. Yoo explained that there are lots of people performing as UN diplomats in each country and they serve the information directly to the UNODA.

WFUNA Lectured by Youngjin Lee

Mr. Lee gave us a lecture about overall SDGs. During 5 days program, the most frequent thing that I heard was the Sustainable Development Goals. This is “The Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. While taking the lecture about the SDGs, I came up with the question is this really enough for our sustainable future? Do people think that there has to be the 18th SDG? The one that I think is that there has to be another SDG that mainly focuses on the animals. There are lots of animals suffering from what human beings do and they also are the ones who live on earth with the human being together. The earth is not the place for only human beings. These lectures help me to think of a better sustainable future living together. I will be the person who actively does what I can do now for a better future and I will courage people to join me. Thanks for this adorable and meaningful opportunity.

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SUYEON JEUNG AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF GUANGZHOU 1. Former Vice President of United Nations Associations Republic of Korea, Ambassador ChangBeom Cho

Global Mindset for Future Generations: Ambassador ChangBeom Cho introduced the attitude that growing youth in global society should have. As the world is globalized widely, the border between nations, including culture, politics, and economy, diminishes. The countries share many sectors that provide many benefits, such as advanced technology and modernization. The graph illustrates how industrialization impacted the world population. Decreased death rate demonstrates that the developed living condition offers an advantage to people’s life span and death rate.

In contrast, globalization has triggered many confrontations in society. Because the world influences each other, there are numerous following issues between nations. The conflicts beyond the border are almost impossible to consider a particular country’s fault or responsibility to resolve. Moreover, welldeveloped countries often have powerful authority over developing countries, leading to unfair relationships. To reduce conflicts and distribute power fairly, we should learn how to live and work together in this situation. Ambassador Chang-Beom Cho highlighted the term global citizenship. The entire members of the world should cooperate for a better society. Global citizens should have altruistic perspectives: Hobbesian perspective and Kantian perspective. Hobbesian perspective, suggested by Thomas Hobbes, emphasizes that human nature should all be against war. This theory strongly states the necessity of cooperation and also believes peace among the world can come from the balance of power. The Kantian perspective evokes liberalism and idealism that describes peace among the world can be made by negotiations, the rule of law, norm, regime, and international institutions. These concepts commonly underscore the spirit of brotherhood, which argues the significance of equal power distribution within nations.

Without considering these ideas, continual conflicts are inevitable like Russia and Ukraine. Those two nations are experiencing significant conflicts. The intensified conflict eventually started the RussoUkrainian War in 2014, which is still ongoing. Russia abruptly declared the Crimean peninsula as their

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territory by claiming over half of the population in the Crimean peninsula is Russian. This creates big controversy because many other nations are similar to the Crimean Peninsula. The United States, one of the most powerful nations, has worked to resolve their issues by arranging conferences and suggesting a middle ground, which is an example of demeanor that global citizens must have. Having these attitudes is not limited to developing and authorized countries and corporations, NGOs, and even individuals. Multinational corporations, such as Apple and Samsung, sometimes have more influence than some nations. So, it is crucial to consider their issues and help global issues that cannot be resolved by one nation. Climate change is the most issued conflict that all societies have responsibility for determining how we make improvements on the current situation. These efforts can impact on a large scale like the whole Earth; therefore, society and individuals should have a more expansive vision for solving issues and constructing peace.

8. United Nations Department of Political Affairs

United Nations Department of Political Affairs is responsible for all the issues in the world related to military and weapons. They promote Sustainable Development Goal 16, peace, justice, and strong institutions, to achieve the complete disarmament and restriction of conventional weapons. There are different types of commonly used weapons: mass destructive weapons and conventional weapons. Mass destructive weapons include nuclear, radiological, biological, chemical weapons, or any other weapons intended to harm many people. Due to their danger, manufacturing mass destructive weapons is now strictly prohibited by UNDPA. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons is one of the restrictions for no more nuclear weapons globally. The treaty's ultimate purpose is to resist nations producing nuclear weapons and guide nations to throw away their nuclear weapons, leading to the eradication of nuclear weapons. Some nations claim that without nuclear weapons, they cannot protect themselves also can not regulate countries such as North Korea and Iraq. However, if all the nations agree on NPT, eventually, there would be fewer threats upon nations using nuclear weapons so that the world can attain peace. There are also different treaties to protect world peace, such as Mine Ban Convention. The landmine was invented to destroy the enemy target and disable combatants' vehicles and tanks. However, because it is hidden under the ground, inactivated landmines remain dangerous many years after a conflict ends; it harms civilians and the economy. Such weapons continue to cause many casualties, often civilian. They restrict the movement of people and humanitarian aid, make land unsuitable for cultivation, and deny citizens access to water, food, care, and trade. The world keeps using its finance to invent more powerful, more fatal weapons, which is ineffective. The global military expenditure is 1981 billion dollars, and it is increasing in a rapid rate. If the world cooperates for reducing their military expenditure, it can be invested in other factors that can improve sustainability. Considering the four pillars of UNDPA: Disarmament to save humanity, Disarmament that saves lives, Disarmament for future generation, and strengthening partnerships for disarmament, violence and weapons should be eradicated for advanced society.

Through listening to the lecture about UNDPA, I learned a lot of new information about the department and SDG 16. I did not have much knowledge about UNDPA and SDG 16, but after the lecture, it expanded my thinking and perspectives for how we should consider not only just one aspect but also various connected factors.

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9. Jack Bathe, intern on Uzbekistan Team at Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI)

The youth, climate change and sustainable development: Jack Bathe from Global Green Growth Institute lectured about the world's action toward climate change and what kind of attitude should youth have. Global Green Growth Institute, where Jack Bathe is associated, is an inter-governmental international development organization headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. The organization aims to promote green growth, a growth paradigm characterized by a balance of economic growth and environmental sustainability. Bathe mainly discussed SDG 13, climate action, and some actions that are already initiated or will be initiated in our society for this goal. He introduced a quote from Barack Obama at COP26, saying, "We have to think about the mother in India, who yes, will suffer droughts and floods made worse by climate change, but who's more immediate concern is getting electricity so her children don't have to sit in the dark every night and can't do their homework." The quote expanded my thought to consider why it is so hard to eradicate using fossil fuels to prevent climate change. In reality, especially for the underdeveloped country, it is hard to reduce the usage of fossil fuels because it is currently the cheapest and most accessible resource for Less Economically Developed Nations. To balance out the life quality of LEDCs and MEDCs, facilitating fossil fuels is essential for constructing fundamental infrastructures and facilities. So, for those nations, attaining prosperity is more important than dealing with climate change.

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To provide a basic guideline for a sustainable society, United Nations first created Millennium Development Goals that UN member states agreed to achieve by 2015. MDGs contain 8 goals, 21 targets, and 60 indicators. However, the international community realized what they were overlooking, gained experience, and recognized the limitation of MDGs. So, MDGs was rectified to Sustainable Development Goals that include 17 goals, 169 targets, and 232 indicators. UN modified targeting nations from developed countries to all nations, also they expand from social issues to broad coverage of the issues. And SDG 13, climate action becomes urgent agenda these days. As stated in the quote from Barak Obama, not all nations have enough resources and ability to advocate climate protection policies. Regarding these, the UN established Voluntary National Reviews that aim to facilitate useful and centralized information sources with a view to accelerating the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. European Union has also composed a goal of a 55% reduction in carbon emissions compared to 1990 levels by 2030 and becoming a climate-neutral continent by 2050. EU constructed an international level of policy called Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, which is a climate measure that should prevent the risk of carbon leakage and EU's target for climate mitigation while ensuring WTO compatibility. Moreover, there are also some actions that can be done by private sectors and markets. SDG 00, responsible production and consumption are critical because less consumption would lead to less production, which would contribute to the reduction of environmental pollution. Likewise, the process for resisting climate change would involve many obstructions, but it does not mean it is impossible. If the world works together, we can improve the situation and achieve a sustainable society. Reference: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/vnrs/ https://mhsapes.weebly.com/day-3-text.html https://www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/landmines-2/

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HYUNGEON CHUNG DWIGHT SCHOOL SEOUL Climate responsive -

Budgeting for sectors - The budget cycle

More floods and natural disasters are happening in Asia

Renewable energy

Expanding forests

We can use funds well by making a school for shelter, study, and for storage. The budget cycle has six things: -

Budget preparation – planning for maximization Macro projections by the ministry of finance The setting of budget ceiling for line ministries Preparation of the budget circular Line ministry submission Appraisal of submissions Budget negotiation and approval

General problems: Warming trend, Extreme temp, Extreme precipitation, Drying trend, Sea level rise These tell us that agriculture will be affected by climate change and is difficult to predict what precisely will happen. This means for the ministry of agriculture: Multicriteria analysis + qualitative approach, poverty, etc.

Cost-effectiveness analysis vs. Cost-benefit analysis: Benefit Cost Ratio + benefit/cost You can see the climate change with the BCR ratio Cost / benefit Things can be done to prevent natural disaster Climate proofing measures

Guide/tour for UN Human rights Key issues UN focus on Asia and the pacific tour Map of Asia and pacific region: Russia is not Asia, 5 parts of Asia south, west, etc Universal voice with the combined countries

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UN charter was in Chicago, It has to goals and the rules, We the people .. etc When it was created there was only 51 -> Now 191 Mu yi fang was the one of the 4 womens to sign the paper Three poles of UN Peace development human rights UN headquarters: Secretary General with the flag while building the building UN was designed with 11 architects, Built with ‘International style’ Lian ci chan was one of the architects He is considered the father Chinese architect UN has 6 main buildings -

General assembly -main

Security Council -maintaining trust, security

Economical council -

Secretarial building

International court of justice

Trusteeship Council.

Secretary-general Antonio Guterres - Portugal 9th secretary-general 2 goals He makes sure that the organization is running properly Mediator when there is a problem he tries to talk it out by talking to leaders He discluded the Cuban missile crisis by talking to the USA and Cuban

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He went to India cashmere and Pakistan and he talked out the war between them Ban Ki moon 8 secretary Oversaw the transition Only 8 goals for only developing countries and after 50 years they realized it should be for developing countries and added more goals He did the Paris climate thing by 1.5 degrees Security Council -

Responsible for main international peace

15 member stated – if one of them say no then it doesn’t pass

China France Russia UK and USA permanent

UAE became a member in 2022

Talks about problems to pass the problem yes or no, 9 has to say yes If a conflict happens the security tries to solve the problem by talking It may send military troops for peace -> May send peacekeepers after peace happens Leaders of the association met and asked to stop the violence of peaceful protesters and release prisonered people UN sent troops to protect citizens Peacekeeper: Army police engineer and doctor They help with elections, houses, etc. Disarmament: Less military thing for fewer dead people Nuclear weapon should be blocked 1, stop spread of nuclear weapons 2 tests on

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3. Making more 4, stop spending money on it Economic and social council: 8 major plastic rivers are in Asia Human rights: Should be given to anybody after WW2 Golden rules: Do unto others and you would have them unto you General assembly Usually not have access to SNS Not enough economic power Call to action: A campaign called to act now Climate change is the biggest problem Verified: Action verified / Health verified

Strategy for SDG and carbon-neutral future Is carbon neutral? Cutting carbon to net-zero and building resilience against the physical impacts of climate change is goal 13 The climate change issue is difficult because our economic structure is based on economics (economic theory) and we consider water air and ground as free goods and don’t pay price for the air, and the environment 1) As we are driving the car we pay the price of gasoline price of gasoline is the price production of gasoline = production cost But we are not paying money for climate change in the market price As long as we are operating without paying the price of carbon climate change is hard to fix. But we don’t so it is hard/ we should pay price of carbon = everyone should pay their own carbon. 2) Climate change is a long term issue but our economy is focusing on short term issue The market economy is very short supply and/ no one wants to pay the price for the long term issue Everyone thinks it isn’t a big problem right now and say we can pay later = time gap issue 3) Newspaper makes us worry about electronic price more than climate change People are confused because of who should be the leader of this whole action / citizens say big companies, government, should be the leader very little think we should do it not many think we should do it and struggle to come up with ideas about climate change

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Government should make carbon tax but doesn’t because they are afraid that people won't like it. Korea gets elected with votes and people won't vote for people with paying more money. We should demand carbon tax and say that we are willing to pay rnoney. We are only asking government to take action. We should take action too not only government, company, etc. No big impact is made because people only want government and company to take action. The solution is “I am willing to pay the price of carbon and change the market price.”

To make all three points happen we have to change the economic textbook*** It says that economics is excluding climate The textbook is excluding environment but it should It only thinks about maximizing their own goods and free-market theory but not climate New climate economics textbook ***

Sustainable market Including climate, carbon, etc Energy upheaval : electronic prices are high England put a lot of money in 풍력 but there was no wind which caused them to use fossil fuels not wind Korea has really cheap electronic price But we complain a lot even when 20 won increase

Global disarmament and world peace Peace and security through disarmament Nuclear weapons -

1968 non-proliferation of nuclear weapon

1997 additional protocol

Mass destruction weapon

Nuclear, biological, (NRCB)

1996 CTBT

Test ban treaty

Chemical weapons

1997 CWC (bans all chemical weapons)

Biological weapon

BWC From 1975

174 members- may 2016

Prohibits production or use of biological weapon

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WMD terrorism Make the mass destruction weapons to take action to stop terrorists from taking the weapons Small arms & light weapons The guns that army/soldiers might have Not destroy all weapons but have enough strength to choose how to use it Stop terrorists from getting weapons Anti-personnel landmines Mine ban convention - 1999/ 162 states in 2016 may Korea is not in this because North Korea Cluster munitions Totally banned since 2007 May 30, 2008, 111 un member states joined All those weapons should be destroyed in 8 years Convention entered into force in Aug 2010 Military expenditure Each day 2.8 billion is used in the army Military money is 3 times the money UN has Emerging issues Information security and cyber-warfare new techs -

UAV (Uncrewed vehicles)

Killer robotics (fully autonomous weapon system)

Swarm weapons (10 thousand drones where they explode near enemies)

US general assembly Special session on disarmament UN security council UN disarmament information program (voluntary trust fund) UND education program Website and publications UNODA UNODA flagship publication (book) Every issue of the disarmament in that year, the conferences it had in that year etc. Korea is in the education part of UNODA 4 pillars of the agenda Disarmament to save humanity

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Disarmament to savers lives Disarmament for future generations Strengthening partnership for disarmament

Global cooperation for the past-covid-era Global migration Migrating because of the climate They don't move seas because they can’t swim (it is illegal to cross borders) -> So walking People are poor (Africa) and can’t afford sea

Less migration because of the harsher environment as the climate change goes on The countries that the migrating people might be going to might increase the security Who is responsible for climate change and who is worst affected Climate migration is already happening -> 87 percent of disaster is weather related What about the future? UN says by 2050 200million will be forcibly be migration Connection to SDGs SDG 13, 16, 2, 1

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Impact of Covid-19 on the sustainable development goals Achieve social change and progress, Eliminate poverty & hungry, Improve well being of people education, health, etc, Build more equitable and just societies, Promote economic change and progress , Sustainable economic growth, Sustainable consumption and production, Protect the environment, Address climate change, Protect biodiversity, Protect air, land, and ocean COVID_19 global pandemic Manage impact on global goals Overcome the global health crises Roadmap for our future 2015 general assembly of UN adopted 2030 agenda for SDG containing 17 SDGs Provides a roadmap for building a sustainable and an equitable Goals need to launch a transformative change in the way we address social and economic development, climate, and the natural environment Covid’s effect on SDG -Before covid, we had 6% of poverty by 2030 -After covid 119-124 people pushed back into extreme poverty in 2020 Poor = world hunger Worldwide, additional 70-161 million people are likely to experience hunger because of covid in 2020

Economy -

255 million people lost full-time jobs (about 4 times the number lost during the global finance 20072009)

1.6 informal economy workers who lack social safety net were significantly effected

international tourist arrivals fell from 1.5 billion to 381 million in 2020-

not expected to return to 2019 levels for up to 4 years

economy recovery is underway

but finished in 2022 or 2023

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Education -

Wiped out 20 years of educational gains

101 million of 9% of children in 1st - 8th grade fell below reading proficiency level in 2020

participation in organized pre-primary learning increased from 65% in 2010 to 73% in 2019

slow progress in school competition is likely to get worst

Other Key Indicators -

Gender equality didn’t improve

Women present 25% in national parliaments

26% in local government

28% in managerial positions

Violence against women grew worst ⅓ women (736 million) subjected to physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime since the age of 15

10 million girls will be at risk of child marriages

Health -

The pandemic has halted or reversed progress in health and shortened life expectancy 90% of countries are reporting disruptions to essential health services

a decade progress in reproductive health, maternal health, and child health could be stalled or reversed

health workers have been stretched to their limits by the pandemic

lack of data - we don't know the real estimates of who died because of covid

The pandemic is likely to reverse progress made in reducing income equality since the financial crisis

Estimated to increase the average of GINI by 6%

The proportion of the global population who are refugees has doubled since 2010

For every 100,000 people 311 are refugees

Remittance cost are an all-time low at 6.5%

Only 82 countries had independent national human rights institution

2020 331 human rights defenders were killed in 32 countries (18% increase)

Child labor rose to 160 million

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Sustainability of our oceans are in severe threat

Number of dead zones are rising at an alarming rate, from 400 in 2008 to 700 in v2019 200 dead zones in USA alone (3 billion people rely on oceans for their livelihoods) 2020 global average temp 1.2 C above pre-industrial baseline Paris agreements says below 1.5 C Balancing society, economy, and environment There are real and clear boundaries to earth’s natural environment that limit economic growth and exploitation of natural resources Sustainable development is needed to ensure a proper balance between those three SD requires that we see the world as a system - a system that connects space and system that connect time (beter future)

We must change -

Government polices must change so that they promote and support the integrated and universal approach to SD

Corporations and businesses must change so that their resource use, product design, production methods, marketing, and distribution activities are sustainable -- corporate social responsibility & “B corporation”

Civil society and NGOs must change so that they also promote, support, and implement sustainability

People must change how they behave, spend, and consume as part of sustainable communities and cities

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HYUNSEUL CHUNG DWIGHT SCHOOL SEOUL After returning from America, I was enrolled into an international school in the Republic of Korea. In MYP Year 4(G9), I was first introduced to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. I barely had any knowledge of the SDGs and the UN. I later made a presentation in school to my peers about the importance of working together to achieve all 17 goals, which led me to finding different organizations that works with the UN to extend my field of knowledge. Prior to attending the Training program on the United Nations and the SDGs, I thought SDG 13, Climate Actions was the most important issue that needed to be addressed. Even though Climate Action is an urgent issue, I now believe that all issues share an equal importance, to be addressed alongside each other. As a maturing adolescent, I always had the desire to be educated more about the global issues. This program was the perfect fit, introducing and informing me to different UNrelated agencies, organizations, and personnel whom are highly recognized in this field.

United Nations UN Virtual Tour

Due to the current circumstances, we were not able to visit the UN Headquarters in person. Instead, speakers from UN visited us virtually and gave us an online tour. Even though I have visited the New York City, the UN HQ was something I have never even seen before. Notes:

- 3 pillars of UN are Peace, Development, and Human Rights. - UN does not have any sort of military troops and was founded after the World War II to prevent future World Wars from occurring.

- UN promotes decent standards for everyone, and helped member states to adapt treaties.

- The UN Charter

• It was signed at the San Francisco conference in 1945, and it consists of rules/ goals of the UN. • Extracts of the document; “We the people of the United Nations determined to save people… To practice tolerance and to live in peace with one another…”

- The United States of America was chosen as the host country, therefore the UN Headquarter is in the New York City. Even the architecture is a global structure, fitting the ‘international style’

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- 6 main branches called ‘Organs’

• The General Assembly • Security Council • Trust Issue Council

• Economic/ Social Council • Administrative

• International Quarter - The 6 official languages of the UN are Arabic, Chinese, French, English, Russian, and Spanish. - Peacekeeping operations • It was created to make sure the peace is kept, and 12 are currently active (Jan 5, 2022). Countries contribute peacekeepers which includes police personnel, military workers, doctors, engineers, etc.

• Disarmament is also a big issue for the peacekeeping operations. Deducing the number of military force and weapons so people are less likely to kill/ hurt each other. Nuclear bombs are considered the most dangerous weapon to this point.

• Less money on military budget more money on human rights

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1st Organization FAO

The FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations mainly focuses on the SDG 2, which aims to end hunger, achieve food security and have improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture for all. The FAO is a specialized agency of the UN, working to accelerate agricultural transformation, sustainable usage of natural resources provided, etc. FAO also focuses on providing policy and technical assistance such as policy support and governance, implementation of project(s), setting standards/ guidelines, and providing data analysis/ statistics. The Youth can get involved with the FAO, as it provides programs for youth by making global/ regional commitments, providing incentives, and learning programs. A few of the main achievements of FAO are providing voluntary guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries, and Forests, creating the code of conduct for Responsible fisheries/ the Port State measures Agreement, etc.

FAO’s 4 mandates are 1, Policy Dialogue 2. Information Center 3. Standard-Setting 4. Technical Assistance

“Hunger will not be eradicated by 2030 unless bold action are taken to accelerate progress”

E-Learning Sessions Carbon Taxation

Carbon taxation is a global goal that should aim to reduce emissions rather than put the price on the product itself. It addresses a fundamental problem in our community, and engages in economic transactions that drive climate change. Climate change is considered a vast externality, which means the baby born today will also have the responsibility for the externality even through the baby has not caused any CO2. In order for Carbon taxation to effectively take place within a community, governments should not hesitate to step in and internalize different products and collect prices for emissions caused. Characteristics of carbon taxations are high private discretion, and costs paid by private parties. High private discretion are effective towards concerns regarding costs, and costs paid by private parties lead to unabated emissions and emissions reductions. Examining the elasticity of demand is also an important part of making Carbon Taxation true. For example, in transportation sectors, the elasticity of demand is low compared to other sectors. Putting Carbon Taxation as a political policy has the potential role in climate, fiscal, and energy policies, and government-funded researches, can be made with high technology standards.

Climate Responsive; Budgeting for Sectors

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The climate change has been making rainfall to be less predictable, extreme weather events to become more common, and has been causing negative events. Through budgeting for sectors in response to climate change, individual countries can adapt to climate change more easily and investigate in renewable energy, expanding funds, etc. A national budget system can be placed, to achieve national climate change policy objects. Each sectors can have an important impact on how the government allocates funds in the context of climate change through their budget submissions. International funds, can be put into place to help with climate change initiatives. Domestic/ international effective use of climate funds can lead to a better use of climate finance. Strategic planning and budget preparation are important factors, as decisions must be made to maximize the benefits, and the budgeting should be based on benefits for climate change. For example, each sector can take part by holding macro-projections by the ministry of finance, setting budget ceilings by ministries, budget negotiation and approval, and more. In the end, climate proofing measures should also be made, identifying investments that are likely to perform well whether or not climate change occurs, as these should be prioritized. A strong, clear, evidence-based cases make differences. Expenditures in a sector budget should also be taken into consideration.

Team Report SDG 13, Climate Action

“Take urgetn action to combat climate change and its impacts” Climate change is an undeniable threat to our civilization and our planet Earth. The consequences of our actions are clearly visible and will be catastrophic unless we act soon. The Sustainable Development Goal 13, Climate Action, aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change. The Paris Agreement, held in 2015, aims to strengthen the ability of countries to deal with the impacts of climate change, through appropriate financial budgeting, a new technology framework, and an enhanced capacitybuilding framework. SDG 13 aims to have its targets achieved by 2030. Targets include; strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries (13.1), integrating climate change measures into national policies, strategies, and planning (13.2), etc. Keeping a gloobal temperature rise this century below 2 degrees Celcius is another goal they are aiming to achieve.

UN DESA; Economic Issues

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Serving as a secretariat of the Committee for Development Policy, they provide capacity development assistance to developing countries, analysis and policy research on global macroeconomic issues/ trends, implications for the achievement of the SDGs. Providing assistance comes through in various forms, which include independent advisory body to the Economic and Social Council, providing recommendations on cross-cutting developments issues, and reviewing the status of member/ non-member countries in the Least Developed Country Category.

Reference “World Economic Situation and Prospects 2021 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs.” Www.un.org, www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2021/. “Economic Analysis and Policy Division | UN DESA | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.” Www.un.org, www.un.org/development/desa/en/about/desa-divisions/policy-analysis.html. United Nations. “Envision2030: 17 Goals to Transform the World for Persons with Disabilities | United Nations Enable.” Un.org, United Nations, 2015, www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030.html.

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HYUN BIN JOO KOREA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

UN Briefing: SDG 4, Quality Education

Education has constantly been a sector of passion for me. Through this lecture, I was able to reaffirm interest in and expand knowledge on the subject. Like many of the SDGs, Education should not be a privilege, but a basic right given regardless of class, gender or race. However, while admirable in theory, one must recognize the difficulty in achieving the former statement. Thus, rather than attempting to absolve the issue through blanket policies, I believe it is more important to consistently take small, but sure steps in alleviating the problem—something that the UN does through its various programs. With that said, I hadn’t recognized the variety of sub sectors within the SDG itself. Examples include free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education; and ensuring access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education. Target 4.6, in particular, focuses on literacy and numeracy. As my academic interests are in literature, my primary interest has been the former. However, by becoming aware of this target, I now understand that the better approach may be to pursue both simultaneously—without neglecting either. As such, I plan to increase access to numeracy in my volunteer organization, through projects like workshops. Now knowledgeable, I will be able to take a nuanced pursuit of my goal in improving education for the economically disadvantaged. I am thankful to have had the rare opportunity to learn from an UNESCO official, and hope to channel this learning into impactful future change.

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SEUNGJOO HA DAEWON FOREIGN LANGUAGE HIGH SCHOOL

During the course of five days, I had the wonderful opportunity to meet experts in the field of international relations and Sustainable Development Goals, and converse with fellow students like me who were interested in such topics. It was an honor to be able to ask questions and get in-depth answers that I couldn’t find the solution to simply by research. Thanking the Hope to the Future Association that organized this program, below are the five topics/lectures that stood out to me the most.

1. Global Mindset for Future Generations Speaker: Ambassador Cho Chang-Beom The current interconnected world is faced with numerous challenges such as the COVID19 pandemic, terrorism, climate change, and etc. In order to solve these problems collectively, people should have the mindset of a global citizen. A global citizen is a person with a global mindset that actively engages in, or supports global cooperation to solve global challenges, and one who promotes the spirit of brotherhood and the spirit of “together first”.

Here, a global mindset is the attitude or approach of a deeper understanding of a sense of global community and values such as democracy, market economy, and etc. Ambassador Cho Chang-Beom then explained the major threats and challenges the world faces in a global context, focusing on COVID19, climate change, nuclear peril, and human rights after going through the theories of world order. As a student who had little understanding of international cooperation and diplomatic issues and hoped to fill such knowledge through this program, such theories and the overall characteristics of today’s international system were what caught my attention. Ambassador Cho explained two theories on world order: the Hobbesian perspective that reflects realism, and the Kantian perspective that reflects liberalism and idealism. The Hobbesian perspective stresses the importance of a nation’s power, and that nations seek to maximize individual interest. Therefore, conflict is something that naturally follows. Therefore, nations seek peace through a balance of power. Meanwhile, the Kantian perspective focuses on human reason and consciousness. Even though people are in conflict, they should negotiate and converse to achieve mutual interest. Right should make might, not might make right. Traditionally, the international system focused on the relationships of states. After the Thirty Year War, the treaty of Westphalian guided international relations among nations and states to sovereignty and nonintervention. However, now, the roles of non-state actors are more important and influential. For example, multi-national corporations have more influence than several countries in the Pacific or Africa. If the focus

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was on military and diplomatic state-to-state interaction previously, now, it’s on the economy, culture, and etc. With this change of international order heading towards global cooperation, the future generation is left with a task. They must look beyond national borders and find their place on the world stage. They should build global competence and integrity with a deeper knowledge of national interests. Globalism must be recognized as equally important, if not more important, as nationalism.

However, hearing the last part of Ambassador Cho’s speech, there was one question that popped into my mind: What if one’s country’s interests clash with the international flow of globalism? How should one, as an ambassador of a nation, take action then?

Because of this curiosity, I asked Ambassador Cho if he had any experience of facing such situations, and if he had, what he did. Though Ambassador Cho said that his commitment to globalism and nationalism had no conflict during his career, he further stressed that that is the exact reason why one should have a deep understanding of global and national interests. We can never exclude a situation in which a certain conflict erupts, but in such cases, one needs to seriously execute based on what one has already built on what globalism and national interest are, and that this is the price we should pay to become a good global citizen or diplomat.

2. United Nations and the Republic of Korea Speaker: Ambassador Tae-Yul Cho Korea’s Role as a Bridge Between Developed and Developing Countries During the early years when South Korea joined the United Nations, it only focused on issues that were related to the Korean peninsula, despite being part of an international organization that aimed to solve global problems. As a developing country, it couldn’t afford to pay attention to foreign welfare due to its own problems. Also, because Korea is located in a very complicated geopolitical region; surrounded by the US, Russia, China, and Japan, it was difficult to take a pose in diplomacy.

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Therefore, it has not been long since Korea has seriously been affiliated with diplomacy, which calls for the need for ways to upgrade Korea’s diplomacy substantively. Korea has to look at every issue in the global agenda so that it can come up with its own vision that can differentiate its role on the global stage and add value. This vision is precisely what Ambassador Cho has tried to develop, which is: the role of Korea as a “bridge” country between developed and developing nations. Most global problems are caused by the gap between developed and developing countries; at the heart of every problem lies inequality, especially the gap between the global North and South. If this inequality is not resolved, then tension will remain.

This inequality is the reason why there are multiple international conferences of negotiation, but the conflict will not be resolved unless someone in the middle compromises and mediates. This exactly should be the role of South Korea in the future: as a country that had success as a developing to a developed country, it can understand the problems of both and have a balanced perspective on emerging global issues. Korea has to play as a facilitator; it should be the one to serve as the bridge of communication. The most important thing in international relations is to find common ground-Korea must do just that. Currently, countries such as Sweden, Norway, and Finland have this role, and there have been international agreements such as the Stockholm Climate Pact and the Helsinki Process. Korea should work towards the future where there is a “Seoul Pact” among them. Though there is no exact definition of a ‘developed country’, according to socioeconomic indicators, Korea has been recognized by the world as a developed country for some time. However, Korea itself has not completely grasped this: though it has enjoyed the benefits of being regarded as a developed country, it has posed quite a passive behavior towards bearing the responsibilities of one. However, now, this behavior must be transformed; Korea must now actively participate in solving global problems with its own role on the global stage, and that is as a mediator, facilitator, and bridge.

Question: Why did Korea Fail to Recognize Itself as a ‘Developed Country’ When the World did? Ambassador Cho stressed the importance of ‘perception’ many times throughout his lecture: Korea should now perceive itself as a developed nation and fully bear the responsibilities of being one. Yet, my question

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after hearing this was: Why did Korea fail to do so before? Clearly, compared to the 1950s when the country was struggling with the aftermaths of the Korean war, the country has reached a much-heightened level of social and economic life proved by numbers such as GDP. Even at school, students learn about the ‘Miracle on Han River’, which points to the unbelievably rapid economic development Korea has made in the late 1900s. What caused this lack of perception? When I asked this question, Ambassador Cho answered by saying that it was because Korea has never reached such success before. For example, China, at some point in history, contributed to half the world’s GDP, and Japan had once ruled many parts of the world as well. Yet Korea, with its history marked with numerous invasions, could do nothing but defend and remain humble. Historically, we have never ‘thought’ on such a global level. However, now, the situation is completely different. Korea must quickly close this gap of thought and be ready for the changing international system of global cooperation.

My Thoughts as a Korean Ambassador Cho’s lecture was very mind-opening to me because I myself was exactly one of the people who had this ‘lack of perception’. Though being educated numerous times on the success Korea has reached economically and socially, I had never thought that a small country like Korea would ever be regarded as a truly ‘developed’ country, nonetheless be able to contribute significantly in solving world problems. Yet my thoughts were proven wrong multiple times throughout the lecture, and this combined with what I learned about the need to have the mindset of a global citizen from Ambassador Cho ChangBeom earlier in the program, I sincerely came to realize that youth such as myself should be the ones to actively engage in solving global problems. As a youth, I must be ready to be a responsible member of the global community that is getting more and more connected as time passes, and as a Korean, I must be ready to be one of the many people that should aim to turn Korea into a nation that is more actively engaged in international affairs than now, with the role and stance of a bridge and mediator on the global stage.

3. Strategy for SDG and Carbon Neutral Future and Carbon Tax Speaker: Ambassador Rae-Kwon Chung + UN e-learning

During the course of the UN Training Program, I had multiple chances to learn more about topics related to the environment and SDG13: Climate Action. During the lecture of Ambassador Rae-Kwon Chung, I first learned the importance of carbon tax and the role of the people in implementing it. Afterwards, through the UN e-learning session, I could gain a much more in-depth knowledge on what climate tax is.

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Ambassador Chung’s Lecture 1. Climate Change in the Perspective of Economics and Carbon Tax One of the main reasons why the response to stop climate change is so difficult is because of our economic system. Conventional economic theory treats natural resources as free goods. Our lives are run by the market economy, yet the market treats natural resources as free. For example, when driving, we are paying the price of the production of gasoline, but we are not paying the price of climate change. We are emitting CO2, but in terms of economics, we do not have to pay any price. As long as we operate our market economy without paying the price of carbon, climate change will be difficult to address. The solution is to accept the fact that everyone should pay the price of carbon we are generating. Furthermore, climate change is a long-term problem. Yet, the economic system we are working on is based on short-term equilibrium. The market is only interested in equalizing supply and demand in the short term, which causes a time gap that causes people to not be willing to pay the price for the long term. This is the reason for why questions such as ‘Why do I have to pay the price for climate change now, not later?’ This is also why the media repeats the same things such as: if we transform from fossil fuel to renewable energy, then the price of electricity will go up. The news argues that we will have to pay a higher price for electricity, which makes people worry about electricity prices more than the climate crisis. But what people should really have in mind is, ‘Should we worry more about paying a little more for electricity of the consequences of climate crisis?’

These two reasons call for a sustainable market theory that recognizes climate change as something that people actually have to pay for, in contrast with the conventional market theory. Another reason why action against climate change is difficult is that people are confused as to who should be the driver of action to address climate change. Many people think it is the big companies and governments that should act against climate change. Few people realized that everybody, the consumers, should be the responsible drivers of climate action. We have to change our mindset. Everyone should be ready to pay the price for carbon. It is not the government. It is not the businesses. It is all of us. The main thing that everyone can do is to demand carbon tax. The government is reluctant to implement this because it is afraid that people will not like it. It does not want to lose votes. Therefore, all of us have to demand the government and voice that we are actually interested in paying carbon tax for the sake of our futures. Initially, carbon tax might not be favorable as it seems that one has to pay more money, but when environmentally-friendly technologies are developed and green growth is enabled through carbon tax, it will not feel like a waste. Currently, the government’s budget on climate action is very limited, but with carbon tax, we can solve that. However, in order to do this, it must be the people that lead this movement.

2. Questions I asked 1) Q: What is your opinion on emissions trading systems compared to carbon tax? A: Emissions trading is a nice scheme, but it can be very complicated and difficult. Emissions Trading requires very sophisticated administrative supervision compared to carbon tac, which is

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simple and doesn’t require such a sophisticated system. It’s much more universal and easy to practice, along with being efficient. Also, emissions trading might not deliver, real, tangible results. For example, the corporation of POSCO is actually making money using the emissions trading system because it secured a quarter that is bigger than the necessary level, and didn’t have to reduce any CO2 at all. Emissions trading may be useful for developed countries, but for many developing countries, it cannot be manageable. 2) Q: Are there any examples of carbon tax already being implemented? A: In several countries in Europe, the tax for energy is already very high, which can be called carbon tax. However, excluding Europe, there is no such precedent, the main reason being the negative viewpoints towards it.

UN e-learning: Carbon Tax

https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/7/20/17584376/carbon-tax-congress-republicans-costeconomy

Carbon tax is one way to decrease greenhouse gas emissions by putting a price on carbon. It can be applied in different ways; for example, it can be applied to fossil fuels according to the mount of carbon they emit. It can also be applied to measure emissions of power plants, factories, or cars. To fit carbon taxes within the existing tax system, numerous things must be taken into consideration. 1. Level of Government: Whether carbon tax will bring advantages or disadvantages differs on the level of government. For example, centralized taxes may benefit from lower administration costs thanks to the economics of scale. 2. Simplicity and Transparency: Carbon taxes must be simple and transparent to let people understand the implication and importance of the tax they are paying. 3. Coherence: Reviewing other taxes and fiscal policies is important when implementing carbon tax. Though carbon tax can be a complementary measure, it can even be overlapping or counteractive with existing policies. For example, carbon taxes on transportation fuels will overlap with consumption subsidies on transportation fuels. 4. Effective Carbon Rate 5. Taxing Powers: While only one authority may be able to impose carbon tax, it can be possible for many shared powers to impose carbon tax. In these cases, the tax levied by one authority should not seriously affect the tax levied by another authority.

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Furthermore, carbon tax will be most effective in reducing emissions in a market where the price elasticity of demand is high. The price elasticity of demand measure the responsiveness to changes in price. When price elasticity of demand is high, it means that the % decrease in demand is higher than % increase in price, hence it is associated with the greatest reduction in emissions. The difference between carbon tax and emissions trading systems was also mentioned. Carbon tax provides a higher level of certainty about cost, but not about the level of emission reduction to be achieved, whereas emissions trading does the opposite. Also, as Ambassador Chung mentioned in the answer to my first question, carbon tax can easily be piggybacked onto an existing tax administration, while emissions trading systems usually require a new administrative structure.

4. Sustainable Cities and UN-Habitat Speaker: Ana Sabrina Martinez Feria, Urban Development Specialist at UN-Habitat About the UN-Habitat

https://unhabitat.org/annualreport/

UN-Habitat operates under the vision of ‘A better quality of life for all in an urbanizing world’. It tries to build socially and environmentally sustainable cities that are inclusive and state, and it promotes urbanization as a positive force. The things it does can be summed into four words: Think, Do, Share, and Partner. UN-Habitat draws from its unique expertise gained from all around the world to give technical assistance to different governments and the public. It partners up with governments, international agencies, and societies to share this expertise and actualize their vision.

Currently, 1.6 billion people live in inadequate housing, and 2.1 billion people lack access to safe drinking water services. Up to 70 percent of human gas emissions are generated in cities, and there are 763 million internal and 244 million international migrants without proper places to live. Through five flagship programs, UN-Habitat aims to solve these problems. The five are: 1. Inclusive, Vibrant Neighborhoods and Communities 2. People-Centered Smart Cities

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3. RISE-UP: Resilient settlements for the Urban Poor 4. Inclusive cities: Enhancing the positive impacts of urban migration 5. Sustainable Development Goals cities Dealing with Cultural Landscapes in the Huasteca Region

Specialist Feria then guided us through the project that she participated in, explaining a participatory approach towards re-imagining the role of medium-sized cities and towns in Mexico. According to the statistics given by the Mexican government, human settlements in the Huasteca region, which holds seven municipalities and 257,7766 inhabitants, were in extreme poverty. However, it is important to know what is actually happening beyond the data, and she shared her experience of actually going to one of the regions that were deemed to be in extreme poverty.

However, what her team found was something completely different from the numbers. In the town they visited, people were very sustainable and not consuming. Yet, the numbers said they were in poverty because they didn’t own accommodations such as washing machines and cars. Many people there were even trilingual. Based on this, her team started to develop programs and projects with three principles: governance, financing, and implementation, understanding what was exactly happening in different municipalities through participatory means such as surveys and interviews. She explained that through this project, three lessons could be learnt: first, participatory approach allows projects to be operational and transcend political issues. Second, fieldwork is a powerful tool when dealing with cultural landscapes. Third, synergy is the best ally to achieve the SDGs.

Question: What about Seoul?

After hearing Specialist Feria’s lecture on UN-Habitat and a project she participated in, I was curious as to what UN-Habitat’s thoughts towards Seoul, the city I live, would be. In South Korea, over 50 percent of people live in 11 percent of the total landmass of the nation, in Seoul or its near cities. Therefore, Seoul is extremely overpopulated, causing problems within and outside the city by endangering the survival of

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other regions. If this continues, Seoul will grow far away from the ideal cities of the vision of UN-Habitat; it will not be sustainable, inclusive, or resilient. Though for years, the government has tried many things to try to solve this problem, I wanted to hear the opinion of Specialist Feria on this matter. Specialist Feria stressed the importance of dispersing the dense population to other regions by creating strategies that incentivize people to move. This was a solution that I had already heard of, and it was one of the main things that the government has been trying to do- but what made Specialist Feria’s answer memorable and especially helpful was the example she shared of Mexico City. In Mexico City, more and more people want to head to the south because there is no pollution, expenses are cheaper, and the quality of life is getting higher. This is one of the cases where people want to move to cities that are better integrated with the territory-historically, we have been thinking of cities as an entity of themselves, but especially because of climate change, we need to integrate our cities with our territories. This served as an incentive for people to move, and drawing from this precedent, Korea should also provide similar incentives by building strong urban policies.

5. Governance and Development Cooperation Speaker: Sean O’Connell, Head of Governance with UNDP Lao PDR

About the UNDP

UNDP, short for the United Nations Development Programme, was established in 1966 by the General Assembly of the UN based on the merging of the United Nations Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance and the United Nations Special Fund. It helps approximately 170 countries develop strong policies, skills, partnerships, and institutions. Its work is focused on three main areas: sustainable development, democratic governance and peace building, and climate and disaster resilience. Mr. O’Conner’s lecture, in particular, was focused on the part of democratic governance and peacebuilding.

UNDP and Governance UNDP defines good governance as governing systems that are capable, responsive, inclusive, and transparent. According to this definition, good governance can be broken down into three pillars, which are: 1. People’s Participation 2. Rule of Law and Human Rights 3. Strong Institutions

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These three pillars must work together to form good governance as a process of : 1. Participation 2. Regulatory framework 3. Strong institutions. An example of a ‘not’ good governance would be a ‘onesize-fits-all’ model. Good governance is a process, therefore, there is no perfect model. No model should be forced upon. For example, Laos, where the speaker, Mr. O’Connell works in, is a single-party state. Governance models from countries with more than one party such as Korea or the US cannot be applied. Participation and inclusion are key to good governance, and every governance model should be based on them.

Questions I asked The first two questions that I asked were related to SDGs and the UNDP. The latter two were related to access to justice and the legal sector, as those were my main fields of interest, and because Mr. O’Connell had a background in them. 1. Q: The importance of inclusivity in the decision-making process was mentioned many times throughout the lecture, and while studying the SDGs, I realized that inclusivity was also important in economic development as well. Is the role of inclusivity different in the decision-making process and economic development? A: In terms of economic development, inclusivity means that all groups can benefit from economic growth. However, inclusivity in the decision-making process must come first if there is to be inclusivity in economic development, as decisions made with inclusivity are what allow different groups to be benefited in the first place. Inclusivity in the decision-making process is more overarching, and it is the first step. 2. Q: What was the most memorable projects that you did while at the UNDP? A: A project where we worked with people with disabilities to develop a national report on their current situation. The UNDP requires to submit a report, but the government can be biased. Therefore, we worked together with the disabled people, and we realized that unlike what most people think, they don’t complain, or demand a lot. Actually, they know they have to balance their own needs with others, and they are conscious that fellow people should share economic development. From this, we can learn that marginalized people are aware of the need for collective improvement, but that it should not be based on the sole sacrifice of others. 3. Q: Can you share examples of projects at Lao PDR where you worked to increase access to justice? A: In Lao PDR, only about half the population can speak Lao. The other half use different regional languages. Therefore, when accessing the court system, they are faced with a massive language barrier. Even when they overcome the language barrier, the physical distance between them and the court makes it difficult to access the legal system. To solve this problem, we worked to ensure that legal aid can be provided online, and also to provide an interpreter to explain the legal situation and the rights one has to the people. Law is difficult to read, and the government should take time

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to break it out. This can be done through brochures and pamphlets; images and cartoons can also work. 4. Q: Recently, legal technology has risen as a whole industry itself, and the legal system is getting more and more incorporated with technology. What do you think of the relationship between technology and the legal sector? A: Though better access to justice can be provided by using the wide accessibility of the internet, there is always the risk of a ‘digital divide’. Typically, digital tools are better utilized by people who have money, and those who are in actual need are left further behind. Therefore, when incorporating technology into the legal system, we must be very careful to make a proactive effort to include everyone.

Reference : https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/ https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wondrium.com%2Finternational-economic-institutionsglobalism-vs-nationalism&psig=AOvVaw3SGtj91bTAiB2VcJQlmMP&ust=1642775625754000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCOiD7KbGwPUCFQAAA AAdAAAAABAD https://www.edarabia.com/south-korea/flag/, https://un-rok.org/ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Brandt-Line-Royal-Geographical-Society-wwwrgsorg-3_fig1_348961536 https://www.occupy.com/article/economics-climate-change-part-iii-crash-or-transformation#sthash.YLopqZmE.dpbs https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/923529.html https://www.careerjobsinternational.org/jobs/undp-administrative-assistant-in-ukraine/

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HARAM HONG CHUNGNAM SAMSUNG ACADEMY

Global Mindset for Future Generation Before the lecture, I didn’t really have a full understanding of what global citizen is and what our role is. However, ambassador Chang-beom Cho’s lecture helped me get a better understanding on global mindset. Ambassador Cho started off his lecture with the definition of global citizen. According to him, global citizen is a person who values very much about global mindset and cooperate to solve the global challenges to pursue common interest beyond boarders. Because the world is interconnected, we should put “us” before “me”, for a world of “together first”. He also mentioned the perspectives on world order which was totally new to me. He mentioned the major two perspectives which were the Hobbesian perspective and the Kantian perspective. First the Hobbesian perspective believes in realism, emphasizing on human nature, and national interest. It seeks peace through balance of power, The other perspective, the Kantian perspective, claims liberalism and idealism. It trusts in reason, and human conscience. It seeks peace through negotiations, rule of law, norm, regime, and International Institutions. Then the ambassador mentioned the characteristics of today’s international system and world order. Traditionally, diplomatic referred to strategic relationship of states. However, today, the role of non-state actors is growing importance. Also, due to the globalization, the multi-dimensional relationship among various actor overlap. The key elements in the changing nature of international system are first, the multiplied actors, second, multi-dimensional goals such as security, and last, the diversified instruments like hard power, soft power, and smart power. The hard power here, is defined as an ability to reach one’s goals through coercive actions or threats. On the other hand, soft power is the ability to shape the preferences of others through intangible assets such as an attractive personality, culture, political vales, institutions and policies that are seen as legitimate or having moral authority. The smart power is the combination of soft and hard power in the right mix in the appropriate context.

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Next, ambassador Cho introduced the major threats and challenges. The first challenge is the Covid-19. The aftermath of the coronavirus has two perspectives. Everyone is aware of the pandemic and that it is the greatest public health crisis. However, along with this, the Covid-19 has also brought some positive effects on certain planet. The carbon dioxide emissions dropped by 5.6% in 2020. The UN SecretaryGeneral has launched the 2021 update of the UN Comprehensive Response to Covid-19 which includes saving lives, protecting societies, and recovering better. The UN’s response to the Covid-19 promotes the three pillars of operation: delivery of a large-scale, coordinated and comprehensive health response, adoption of policies that address and devastating socioeconomic, humanitarian and human rights aspects of the crisis, and a recovery process that builds back better. The response also sets out what we can and must do to deliver global response that leaves no-one behind, reduce our vulnerability to future pandemics, build resilience to future shocks, and overcome the severe and systemic inequalities exposed by the pandemic. Also, the vaccine sharing is important for a global public good, since the Covid-19 respects no borders. Lastly ambassador Cho rapped up his lecture with the role of the youth. He emphasized that we should look beyond national borders and find our place on the world stage. He also said to build global competence and integrity with deeper knowledge of national interest. His lecture helped me get a better understanding on the global stage and helped me figure out where I should be looking at and the position I should put myself in.

UN Virtual Tour The United Nations was founded in 1945 with original 51 Member States. Currently, there are 193 Member States in UN. The Charter of the United Nations is the founding document of the UN. It was signed on 26 June, 1945 at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization. It came into force on 24 October 1945. The UN Charter is an instrument of international law, and UN member States are bound by it. The UN Charter states the goals of UN. The goals of UN are: prevent future World War, promote equal rights, and maintain a decent standard of level. The three pillars stated in the UN Charter are peace, human rights, and development. There are total of 6 branches, or organs of the United Nations. They are: The General Assembly, the Security Council, the Trusteeship Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat, and the International Court of Justice. There is a president for each council and all Member States have votes. The General Assembly is the main policy making organ. It comprises all Member States, and discuss international issues, making global decisions. The Security Council maintains international peace and security. There are 15 Member States under the Security Council which consists of 5 permanent members, China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the US, and 10 nonpermanent members. The permanent members have the vital power, so a resolution cannot be passed if one of the 5 member votes “no”. When there is a conflict between two countries, the Security Council talk out to solve the problem. However, if this is not enough, the Security Council can put sanctions on the countries. If this is not enough also, the Security Council sends military troops. The last step is sending peace keepers to maintain peace. The General Assembly makes recommendations and the Security Council makes the mandatory resolutions.

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Furthermore, the Trusteeship Council is in charge of overseeing the administration of trust territories as they transition from colonies to sovereign nations. When the last trust territory gained independence in 1994, the Council ceased operations. The Economic and Social Council brings together people and issues to promote collective action for a more sustainable world. The Economic and Social Council conducts cutting-edge research, establishing global norms, and advocating for progress. The Secretariat is in charge of carrying out the day-to-day operations of the United Nations as mandated by the General Assembly and the other major organs. The Secretariat is led by the Secretary-General. It has UN personnel working at duty stations all over the world. Ban Ki Moon was the 8th secretary general. Some of the major achievements made by the Secretary General were the 2007 Climate Change Summit, efforts to focus on the Millennium Development Goals, creation of UN Women, strengthening UN peace efforts, rejuvenating the disarmament agenda, and introducing new measures aimed at making the UN more transparent, effective, and efficient. The last organ is the International Court of Justice. The Court's role is to resolve legal disputes referred to it by states and to provide advisory opinions on legal issues referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies. The Court resolves international disputes through the voluntary participation of the States involved. When a state agrees to participate in a proceeding, it is bound by the Court's decision. Before listening to the lecture, I thought I knew a lot about the United Nations. However, as I was listening to the lecture, I found out there were more things that I don’t know. This virtual tour was a good change for me to learn specifically about UN, especially in the Asia and Pacific region.

SDG 4: Quality Education- UNESCO According to the lecture from Lily Gray, UNESCO was founded in 1945. The headquarters is at Paris and it has 53 field offices around the world. UNESCO develops strategies, programs and activities in consultation. The mission of UNESCO is to contribute to the development of a culture of peace, poverty eradication, sustainable development, and intercultural dialogue through education, science, culture, communication, and information. Its mandate is building international cooperation in education, science, culture and communication, and also strengthening ties between nations and societies, mobilizing the wider public. More than 262 million children and youth are not in school today. After several years of schooling, six out of ten students have not mastered basic literacy and numeracy. An estimated 750 million adults are illiterate, contributing to poverty and marginalization. Education is both a human right and a driver of long-term development and peace. Every goal in the 2030 Agenda calls for education to provide people with the knowledge, skills, and values they need to live in dignity, build their lives, and contribute to their societies. Sustainable Development Goal 4 in particular ensures inclusive and equitable quality education and promotes lifelong learning opportunities for all. SDG 4 provides direction for achieving the education goal. UNESCO is in charge of coordinating the international community in order to achieve this goal through partnerships, policy advice, capacity development, monitoring, and advocacy.

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The role of UNESCO grew in importance due to the COVID-19 pandemic. School closures caused by the pandemic had a devastating impact on children's learning and well-being. Many children and young people are falling behind in their learning, which has a long-term impact on them. Two-thirds of students worldwide are still impacted by full or partial school closures one year after the COVID-19 outbreak. The most vulnerable children, as well as those who cannot access remote learning, are more likely to drop out of school and be forced into child marriage or child labor. It is estimated that 101 million more children and adolescents will fall below the minimum reading proficiency level by 2020. What is the UNESCO’s response to COVID-19? UNESCO is cooperating with ministries of education, private and private partners and civil society to ensure learning for all children and youth worldwide. UNESCO is working with ministries of education, public and private partners and civil society to ensure continued learning for all children and youth. UNESCO is committed to assisting governments in their efforts to promote distance learning, open science, knowledge sharing, and cultural exchange as essential means of uniting and strengthening the bonds of our shared humanity. As a student, I felt like one of the biggest impacts of the coronavirus is education like it shows from the statistics. When the pandemic broke out, I was about to enter high school. However, because of the coronavirus, we couldn’t go to school for months. It was harder for me to adapt to the high school life and the advanced education. This lecture and the topic touched me more because I have had this experience and going through it still. However, after researching more, having been able to take classes online myself,

I realized that I won’t be able to understand those who wouldn’t. After this program, I want to participate and find ways to contribute to helping the ones in need.

Work as a Diplomat and an Ambassador Ambassador Denis Godwin Antoine gave us a lecture on the competence and mindsets of an ambassador. Because I have always been dreaming of becoming an ambassador, this lecture was more interesting and motivating.

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Ambassador Antoine mentioned the skills that are critical for ambassadors. He said that the role of an ambassador is to build a lasting and peaceful international relations and that ambassadors always think about “how to make the world a better place”. This relates to the role of ambassadors and what they do. Also, because ambassadors communicate with various people from different culture, they should have inter-personal skills and global-cultural competence. This should also be supported by critical thinking skills and communication skills. Ambassadors should be able to determine the country’s interest, communicating with different discipline. Ambassador Antoine also talked about the qualities of ambassadors. He told us that it is important to be courageous. I have never thought being courageous would be important for ambassadors, so this was interesting and new to me. The reason why ambassadors need to be courageous is because they need to work as problem solvers wherever, and whenever. Because I have never thought about this quality, I thought I should try develop the skill. The most impressive part of the lecture was when the ambassador said that ambassador is more than the title. When one represents a country, it should be done with dignity. Ambassadors should not only work for fame. He said that when everyone becomes an ambassador in the field they are in, then we will be able to represent one another. Listening to the lecture was a chance for me to look back at my actions, and think more deeply into the roles and qualities of an ambassador.

The Youth, Climate Change, and Sustainable Development- GGGI Who is GGGI? GGGI or the Global Green Growth Institute is a treaty-based international, inter-governmental organization dedicated to supporting and promoting strong, inclusive and economic growth in developing countries and emerging economies, established in 2012. Its vision is a low-carbon, resilient world with strong, inclusive, and sustainable growth, and its mission is to assist Members in transitioning their economies to a green growth economic model. SDG 13 Sustainable Development Goal 13 is taking urgent actions to combat climate change and its impacts. SDG 13 has 5 targets in total. These targets allow nations to make progress. However, these 5 targets are not enough to solve the climate change. It should be put into action by international level. The lecturer, Jack Bathe introduced the actions of some stakeholders. The private sector and market should take part of voluntary carbon markets and take part of the gold standard for the global goals. Gold standard for the global goals is a comprehensive standard designed to accelerate global progress toward climate security and long-term development. The actions of NGOs and Charity are education and awareness actions, critique of SDG progress by the government, and facilitating civil action by organizing actors. MDGs to SDGS The United Nations Millennium Development Goals, MDGs, are the eight goals set by 189 UN Member States in September 2000 and agreed to be achieved by 2015. The Millennium Declaration was signed at the September global summit and the 149 international leaders in attendance committed to combating disease, hunger, poverty, illiteracy, discrimination against women and environmental degradation. On the other hand, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future.

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It was adopted by all the United Nations Member States in 2015. They recognize that eradicating poverty and other deprivations must be accompanied by strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and stimulate economic growth – all while combating climate change and working to protect our oceans and forests. Then what is the change that was made going from MDGs to SDGs? The Millennium Development Goals were mainly focused on developing countries whereas the Sustainable Development Goals include all nations. Also, the MDGs were produced by group of experts, but the SDGs were produced by all of the UN Member States and other stakeholders. MDGs were also focused on social issues, while the SDGs are covers broad and various issues. Lastly, the MDGs only have 8 goals, 21 targets, and 60 indicators. However, the SDGs have 17 goals, 169 targets, and 232 indicators. The Pros and Cons of SDGs There are some advantages and disadvantages to the Sustainable Development Goals. The positive points are that it monitors and quantifies actions, highlights areas which need focus, and has accountability. On the other hand, the negative points are that it relies heavily on political will, there is no built-in incentive to engage the private sector, and it does not prevent of account for policy spill over. Policy spill over here is referring to the situations in which a policy aimed at one pollutant affects emissions of another. This part of the lecture was personally one of the most interesting parts because I have never thought that there would be drawbacks to the Sustainable Development Goals. I only thought that they are helpful for solving global issues. It was a good chance for me to learn new concepts and ideas on the field I am interested in. After taking this program, I felt like I gained so much and felt like I got a step closer to my future career. Reference: http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/content/pdf/participant-papers/2015-12_annual/Power-In-Ir-By-Raimzhanova,A.pdf https://hbr.org/2008/11/smart-power https://www.un.org/en/coronavirus/UN-response https://d2v9ipibika81v.cloudfront.net/uploads/sites/165/AP_387431793025-1068x684.jpg https://foreignbrief.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/UN.jpeg https://www.un.org/en/ccoi/trusteeship-council https://www.un.org/ecosoc/en/home https://www.un.org/en/about-us/secretariat https://www.un.org/sg/en/formersg/ban.shtml https://www.un.org/en/model-united-nations/international-court-justice https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2013/08/unesco-united-nations-educational-scientific-and-cultural-organization/ https://i0.wp.com/www.un.org/youthenvoy/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/unesco-logo-260px.jpg?fit=260%2C173&ssl=1 https://en.unesco.org/themes/education2030-sdg4 https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal4 https://www.kit.nl/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/E_SDG-goals_icons-individual-rgb-04.png https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/support https://cdn.imweb.me/upload/S20210208123539b7826b6/1e0352611a7b6.png https://gggi.org/ https://un-rok.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GGGI-1.png https://www.goldstandard.org/articles/gold-standard-global-goals https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal13 https://www.mdgmonitor.org/millennium-development-goals/ https://sdgs.un.org/goals https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0095069617300220

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JISUN HWANG HANKUK ACADEMY OF FOREIGN STUDIES

Climate Action and the COP 26 The annual average temperature is rapidly rising after the introduction of the first industrial revolution in the 17th century. Abnormally high temperatures cause the sea levels to rise, taking away the habitat of plants, animals, and humans. Natural disasters including typhoons, hurricanes, and tornadoes are growing in size and strength causing damage to millions of residents. The main cause of global warming is the excessive emission of greenhouse gas from continuous development. As the UN Secretary General mentioned in his 6 climate-positive recommendations nations should adopt, decarbonization is the key to sustainable development. COP 21, mostly known as the Paris Climate Agreement, is one of the most successful international agreements for cooperative climate action. Every nation participating in the conference agreed to set a long-term goal to keep the rise of the earth’s temperature below 2 degrees. Every 5 years, the countries are required to update government policies and budgets invested for decarbonization. The plans should be increasingly ambitious throughout the years and the execution process should be monitored. The Paris Agreement led to the 2021 November 13th

summit in Glasgow. A new global agreement to lessen the worse impacts of global warming was reached - the Glasgow Climate Pact - during the COP 26 UN Climate Summit. Although the climate pact doesn’t have any legal binding power, it will work as a guideline for future climate projects.

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The ultimate target of the climate conference was to maintain their goal of 1.5 degrees. Despite the effort of a lot of member states, the current speed of decarbonization is too slow: experts estimate current pledges would increase over 2.4 degrees celsius. Also, there was the first explicit plan discussion to reduce the emission of coal – which produces 40% of the CO2 emissions. Coal is yet the most popular form of fossil fuels used in developing countries because of its cheap price. However, it Delegates from different countries pose for a causes secondary diseases by harming the respiratory organs by group photograph together on the stage in polluting the air. It is a positive signal that governments are the plenary room at the COP 26 UN Climate paying attention to the dark areas of a greener discussion. Lastly, Summit, in Glasgow, Scotland, Nov 13. 2021 the agenda to significantly increase money for international aid to support poor countries to cope with climate issues and make a transition to clean energy was passed. The fund is expected to collect over a trillion dollars as richer countries agreed to provide approximately $billion dollars a year by 2020. COP 26 is called “the most important climate conference after the Paris Agreement”. It is inarguable that the Glasgow Agreement is a great progress in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 13. However, there also are many limitations and room for improvement in this climate agreement too.

The limitations are: 1. Leaders agreed to phase-out subsidies that artificially lowers the price of fossil fuels (including coal, oil, and natural gas) but the date isn’t fixed 2. African and Latin countries are dissatisfied with the progress in the supportive programs aimed for developing countries 3. China and India made the last minute amendment to phase-down coal rather than phase-out 4. There were not enough discussions related to loss and damage [ex) people losing their households] so more emphasis on climate adaptation is necessary 5. Pace of Carbon cut isn’t fast enough

What can the youth do more to support carbon reduction? The international committee emphasizes the importance of education on the responsibility and seriousness of global warming. The voluntary participation of policies or climate change movements will make it easier for politicians to propose costly but effective measures. The active spirit of participation in holding campaigns, writing petitions, and opening public forums is the hope for a better future.

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ORGANIZATION OVERVIEW

Hope to the Future Association

www.hopetofuture.org

Status

NGO Representative at the United Nations Department of Global Communication (UNDGC)

Program

Youth Education Programs and Sponsor Programs supporting the United Nations and its works, Global Citizenship Education Development, and Sustainable Development Goals(SDGS) in both domestic and international level

Website

www.hopetofuture.org

Email Contact

webmaster@hopetofuture.org +82-2-6952-1616

Hope to the Future Association (HFA) is a non-profit organization registered under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Korea. HFA has acquired the status of an associated NGO with UNDPI in June 2014. HFA is deeply committed to supporting youth around the world. Our core value is sustainable support, voluntary participation, international partnerships, and empowering youth.

Main Programs (1) UN Headquarters Training Program in New York and Geneva  Youth UN Training held at the UN Headquarters in Geneva and New York  Attending Lectures by UN High Officials and International Organization Experts such as the Secretary-General of UNEP and the President of General Assembly  Build Professional Knowledge on the SDGs and Global Issues that the UN mainly deals with  Discussion with the UN Ambassador of the Republic of Korea (2) International Model United Nations - ’Yale MUN & Yale MUN Korea’  On February 2018, Hope to the Future Association and the Yale MUN Secretariat signed an official MoU and agreed to a collaborative partnership on organizing YMUN Korea  Participating in International MUN Competitions as Korean Delegation  Attending MUN Training by UN Ambassadors and experts from International Organizations (3) Global Youth Forum on the United Nations – ‘Academic Forum on the United Nations’  The forum is a pedagogical four-day program that aims to improve the degree of understanding and professional knowledge on the UN and the role of International Organization.  The theme of the forum is ‘Sustainable Development Goals and Peace’ (4) Donation Campaign for Children in Africa - ‘Container of Hope’  Sending 40ft long container to African developing countries filled with translated English books, shoes, school supplies gathered from donation campaigns raised by students

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Sponsors Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University

en.apu.ac.jp/

Under the principles of “Freedom, Peace and Humanity’, ‘International Mutual Understanding’, and the ‘Future Shape of the Asia Pacific Region’, APU was established on April 1, 2000 with the aid of Oita Prefectur, Beppu City and a range of organization and individuals from Japan and overseas. APU’s philosophy is to create a university campus that produces graduates with the skills they need to contribute to international society based on the fundamental principles of Freedom, Peace and Humanity, International Mutual Understanding, and the Future Shape of the Asia Pacific Region. With almost half of the faculty and student body comprised of foreign nationals from all over the world, the University has achieved a truly international campus environment of cultural coexistence. APU has been one of the biggest sponsors of Hope to the Future Association since 2013.

Cooperation Organization Group Programmes Unit, Visitors Services, United Nations Department of Global Communication Hope to the Future Association has acquired the status of an ‘Associated NGO with the United Nations Department of Global Communication’.

https://visit.un.org/

With kind cooperation and support of the DGC Group Programmes Unit, HFA is able to organize a diversified and a high-quality UN Training curriculum the Korean Youth every year. The Visitor Centre provides UN Expert briefings and guided tours to the visitors from around the world.

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ⓒ HOPE TO THE FUTURE ASSOCIATION 2022. All Rights Reserved. All images included in this report are copyrighted to Hope to the Future Association, except for particular images noted with references on the pages. Materials can be freely used for informational purposes only.

Produced by the Education Department

Production Director: Jin-Hoan Choung, President and Head Director Production Manager: Hyeonkyung Ha, Program Manager

Publish Date

28 February, 2022

Publisher

Hope to the Future Association

Address

4F Dana Bldg, Bongeunsa-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea 06125

Telephone

+82-2-6952-1616

Fax

+82-2-538-5928

Website

www.hopetofuture.org

Facebook

www.facebook.com/hopetothefuture

webmaster@hopetofuture.org

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