2020 미래희망기구 유엔협회세계연맹 국제모의유엔대회 한국대표단 결과보고서 2020 WIMUN Korean Delegation Final Report

Special Thanks to.

Group Programmes Unit, United Nations Department of Global Communications AND Permanent Mission of Republic of Korea to the United Nations New York Office, USA

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HOPE TO THE FUTURE ASSOCIATION NGO Representative at the United Nations Department of Global Communications Member of United Nations Academic Impact Korea Website: www.hopetofuture.org Address: 4F, 176, Bongeunsa-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea Tel: +82-2-6952-1616 Email: outreach@hopetofuture.org

Team Manager Eun Chung Lee I unjena@hopetofuture.org Writer and Editor-in-Chief Paul Kim I paul.kim@hopetofuture.org Assistant Editor and Writer Hohyeong Lee I outreach@hopetofuture.org 2

WFUNA International Model United Nations 2020 Delegation of the Republic of Korea

Table of Contents

Program Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 4 2020 Hope to the Future Association Delegation ........................................................................................... 5 Hope to the Future Association Advisors ....................................................................................................... 7 2020 Training at the United Nations Headquarters in New York ............................................................... 8 UN Briefings Speakers List ...................................................................................................................... 9 Permanent Mission of Germany to the United Nations ....................................................................... 11 Sustainable Development Goals ............................................................................................................. 19 Human Rights: The Transatlantic Slave Trade/Combating Racism ................................................. 33 Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations................................................................... 42 United Nations Children's Fund ............................................................................................................ 50 Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations ................................................. 58 Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations ........................................................................... 67 2020 WFUNA International Model United Nations .................................................................................... 72 Program Curriculum .............................................................................................................................. 73 Position Papers ........................................................................................................................................ 74 Opening Speeches.................................................................................................................................. 102 Participants’ Reflection................................................................................................................................ 115 Photo Gallery ................................................................................................................................................ 129 Organization Overview ................................................................................................................................ 134 Hope to the Future Association............................................................................................................ 134 Cooperation Organization .................................................................................................................... 135

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Program Introduction

“Since 2012, Hope to the Future Association (HFA) and World Federation of United Nations Associations (WFUNA) signed an official MOU and agreed to a collaborative partnership.

Based on this agreement, Hope to the Future Association selects Korean youth representatives to participate in an annual WFUNA Model United Nations Conference held in the Grand Hyatt Manhattan.”

WFUNA International Model United Nations (WIMUN) is the world’s most accurate simulation of the United Nations and is the flagship Model UN conference hosted and organized by the WFUNA. WFUNA works closely with a number of UN agencies and in the development of a new approach that offers the most accurate simulation of the UN. The WIMUN features intensive training workshops taught by the UN officials, briefings on important agenda items by UN Agencies, and the Opening Ceremony and Plenary at the UN Headquarters.

The Inaugural WIMUN Conference took place in Rome, Italy in July 2014 in partnership with UN venues at the Food and Agriculture Organization. The second conference, WIMUN 2015, took place in New York, with sessions at the United Nations General Assembly and also at the Grand Hyatt New York. In 2016, WIMUN introduced its first regional conference in Brazil in partnership with Faculdades de Campinas.

All of the WIMUN conferences to date have focused on different aspects of the Sustainable Development Goals.

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2020 HFA Delegation

WIMUN Korean Representatives at Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations and attended a briefing by Counsellor Sang-deok Na

WFUNA International Model United Nations (WIMUN), a four day United Nations simulation program, was composed of 15 committees, with around 1,300 participants from 37 different countries. WIMUN 2020 simulated the main decision-making organs of the United Nations: The General Assembly, Security Council, ECOSOC, and International Labor Organization. Delegates had the opportunity to engage with topics listed on the UN's agenda.

Chaebeen Lim

Eunah Sohn

Eunju Jeong

Haram Jang

Ewha Girls’ High School

Jukjeon High School

Cornerstone Collegiate Academy of Seoul

Harbin Wanbang School

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Jun-Soo Park

Minyoung Chun

Seohyun Lee

Seojung Park

Gyeongnam Foreign Language High School

Harbin Wanbang School

Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies

North London Collegiate School Jeju

Seung-Been Yu

Songhyeon Lee

Taewoo Kim

Yeseul Choi

Handong International School

Korean Minjok Leadership Academy

Cheongshim International Academy

Busan International High School

Ryan Donghyun Park

Skylar Yiahn Yun

Livingston High School

Notre Dame Academy

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HFA Advisors

Hope to the Future Association Eun Chung Lee | Team Manager

Hope to the Future Association Paul Kim | Program Officer

Hope to the Future Association Hohyeong Lee | Program Assistant

“We hope that HFA delegates took a step toward their dreams through this valuable experience and widened their perspective of the world as future global leaders�

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2020 Training at the United Nations Headquarters in New York

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UN Briefings Speakers List Organized by the United Nations Department of Global Communications and in cooperation with international organizations, the briefings led by UN officials and Permanent Mission representatives focused on the Sustainable Development Goals. The students were able to deepen their understanding of the workings of the international community and built networks with UN Professionals in New York.

PERMANENT MISSION OF GERMANY TO THE UNITED NATIONS Lauren Rogers Deputy Press Officer https://new-yorkun.diplo.de/un-en

UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS Catharine Smith Public Information Officer www.un.org/en/hq/dpi

UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS Sharon Birch-Jeffrey Associate Information Officer www.un.org/en/hq/dpi

PERMANENT MISSION OF SWITZERLAND TO THE UNITED NATIONS Favre Dominique Deputy Permanent Representative

www.eda.admin.ch

UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND Callie Anne King-Guffey Public Partnerships Officer www.unicef.org

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PERMANENT MISSION OF REPUBLIC OF KOREA TO THE UNITED NATIONS Sang-deok Na Counsellor http://overseas.mofa.go.kr/un -ko/index.do

PERMANENT MISSION OF GREECE TO THE UNITED NATIONS Spyros Pagkratis Secretary of Embassy, Fifth Committee Expert https://www.mfa.gr/missi onsabroad/en/un-en

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Permanent Mission of Germany To the United Nations Deputy Press Officer: Lauren Rogers

Eunah Sohn Eunju Jeong Ryan Donghyun Park Seung-been Yu Seohyun Lee 11

Permanent Mission of Germany to the United Nations Deputy Press Officer Lauren Rogers Table of Contents 1. History 2. Goals a. Peace b. Justice c. Innovation d. Partnership 3. Notable Issues a. Humanitarian Aid to Refugees Veto 4. Crisis Management a. Attacks of Boko Haram Terrorist Militias (2009) b. Clearance of Mine Fields (2015) c. Humanitarian Assistance to Refugees (2019) 5. Reflection 6. Reference

Eunah Sohn, Jukjeon High School Eunju Jeong, Cornerstone Collegiate Academy of Seoul Ryan Donghyun Park, Livingston High School Seung-Been Yu, Handong International School Seohyun Lee, Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies

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1. History Germany was first elected as a non-permanent member of the UNSC (United Nations Security Council) for the years 2011/2012. Although Germany worked diligently on all brought up issues during this two-year term, one of the topics they prioritized was on the matter of crisis management. As strong advocates for international peace and security, Germany wanted to contribute, to the best of their ability, in making sure the UNSC responded accordingly in a responsible manner to global conflicts, such as the 2011 referendum in South Sudan. Another issue Germany focused on during this term was on UN reform. The G4 countries (Brazil, India, Japan, and Germany) consider the Security Council in need of overhaul due to the lack of representation of Asia, Latin America, and Africa Continents when tackling international issues in the UNSC. Although the UN reform has not completely been in effect since the 2011/2012 term, Germany’s long-term goal in an utter overhaul is to create a combined seat for the EU and the Security Council.

After Germany’s 2011/2012 UNSC term, former German Foreign Minister Steinmeier announced their candidacy on June 27, 2017. Germany has stated that this candidacy demonstrates its political will in contributions to all peace and security challenges in the Security Council. After the elections in June 2018, the Federal Republic of Germany was renewed its nonpermanent membership in the UNSC. With, once again, an opportunity and voice in the Security Council, Germany has vowed to work earnestly on the crisis prevention in Africa. They specifically advocate and hope for support on the ongoing UN mission in Mali, a mission dedicated to stabilizing terrorism and crime in specific regions. Germany also hopes to fight against the small arms trade

in

the

Balkans. With the UNSC’s support, they plan to do so by strengthening cooperation with the

local

authorities

and

portraying this as an example for other regions.

Currently, both Germany and France, who is a permanent member, are serving in the UNSC. For the first time in history, however, the two have engaged in a dual presidency. France was to occupy the chair in March 2019 while Germany latterly took the chair the following month, April 2019. However, as a symbol of close cooperation, France and Germany have agreed to jointly occupy the chair during these two months. Although in practice, France passed on the occupation of the chair to Germany in April, there was hardly a change as the two continued to co-occupy the presidency.

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2. Goals On 1 January 2019, Germany became a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2019/2020 term. As a result, Germany has assumed major responsibility for peace and security in the world for the sixth in this role. a. Peace The first goal that Germany tries to maintain is ‘Peace’. In a globalized world, the international community is being called on more than ever before to work together to address conventional and new security challenges. Germany is a reliable partner in this endeavor. It has contributed both personnel and funding to peace missions for almost 30 years now. Conflict prevention, stabilization, post-conflict peacebuilding, and arms control are among the pillars of German foreign policy. b. Justice The second goal of the Security Council is ‘Justice’. Germany is committed to a functioning, valuesbased global order. Human rights are the foundation of our global coexistence. Gender equality and the self-determination of all women and girls, social inclusion as well as economic, social and cultural rights are among the fundamental values that Germany is working to promote around the globe every day. c. Innovation The third goal of the Security Council is ‘Innovation’. The main priority of German foreign policy is climate policy. The legally binding climate agreement negotiated in Paris sets important parameters for a genuinely sustainable energy supply worldwide. As a founding member of the United Nations Environment Programme, Germany shares its wide range of experiences and ambitions as the architect of the energy transition. Equal and high-quality education for all children and young people is another top priority. These are issues that, at first glance, may not appear to be relevant to security, but which are key to peaceful and free societies. There can be no security without access to education and water, or without an intact environment. d. Partnership The fourth goal of the Security Council is ‘Partnership’. Germany is a reliable partner in the world.

A partnership is about working together as equals. Moreover, Germany wishes to draw on its experiences to support development. Development policy is an investment in the future in order to create structures, share knowledge and ideas and help people to help themselves. Germany wants and is able to help to give the world a more humane face. This also includes treating refugees justly and humanely. The causes of flight have to be dealt with in the countries of origin. Germany is, therefore, making a substantial contribution to relief organizations such as the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the World Food Programme.

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3. Notable Issues Russia and China have blocked a UN Security Council resolution that would have extended for a year cross-border humanitarian aid to four million Syrians. Humanitarian aid currently flows into Syria through UN-designated checkpoints without the formal permission of the regime in Damascus, but that authority is due to expire on January 10. Germany, Belgium, and Kuwait presented a resolution extending that authority for a year, winning the support of 13 council members but drawing the vetoes of Russia and China. A competing Russian resolution that would have granted a six-month extension while reducing the number of UN crossing points was rejected, having failed to get the minimum nine votes. Russia is a close ally and supporter of Bashar al-Assad, the Syrian President, and has used its veto 14 times on Syrian issues since the start of the country's civil war in 2011. Russia’s ambassador to the United Nations, Vassily Nebenzia, said the latest resolution was “obsolete” because the authorities in Damascus have “retaken control of most of the territory” of Syria. However, the UN humanitarian relief department says the aid remains crucial as the situation on the ground has deteriorated over the past year and Syria is heading into winter.

4. Crisis Management Germany views crisis management as a crucial factor in international peace and security. Germany is known for its contributions to the stabilization of crisis regions through humanitarian aid. The following are some notable cases Germany has participated in recent years: a. Boko Haram Attacks (2009) Since 2009, extremist militia group Boko Haram raged trouble in Nigeria, which later spread to neighboring countries of Chad, Niger, Nigeria, and Cameroon. During this conflict, Boko Haram has managed to seize territory from fishers and farmers in these areas, who rely heavily on getting by through the lakes and lands. Unfortunately, their atrocities continue to this very day, as Boko Haram carries on their acts of looting, abducting, killing and conscription of men/boys into their armed forces in villages in the conflict zones. The devastations have affected 17 million people, with 7.2 people in desperate need of need and 2.3 million people forced out of their homes, unwillingly becoming internal refugees.

The Federal Republic of Germany has stepped up alongside Norway to pledge more than $150 million of aid for the Lake Chad crisis. This promise of action came from a conference co-hosted by Germany called the Governors’ Forum, which is a conference to create an opportunity for dialogue with the affected regions.

German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas has emphasized Germany’s stance on wanting to help as he quoted in the conference, “We stand together so that the region of the Lake Chad, the economic hub between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa, does not turn into a hub for terrorism, crime, and human trafficking,”. With 15

Germany’s powerful views on ensured security, the Federal Government has also pledged to donate $46 million in hopes to create and strengthen security projects for the crisis. Lastly, as part of Germany’s demonstration of how serious they view this topic, they have vowed to distribute an additional $116 million in humanitarian aid to the people affected in Chad, Niger, Cameroon, and Nigeria. b. Clearance of Mine Fields (2015) Germany is fully aware of the issue in Ukraine, where forgotten landmines and unexploded ordnance from conflicts and wars severely injure and kill numerous amounts of people annually. As a huge advocate for human rights and humanitarian aid actions, Germany has made supporting humanitarian mine action projects and campaigns against the production, storage and even the utilization of anti-personnel mines and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) one of the country’s top priorities. Of course, Germany is also fully aware multiple other countries also face similar troubles as Ukraine. Germany has endeavored to do its best to assist all countries with such issues to the best of its ability.

Since 1992, Germany has assisted 56 mine-affected countries in the continents of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, etc. Germany managed to prioritize the assistance in the countries in Afghanistan, Bosnia, Cambodia, Colombia, Iraq, Somalia, and Ukraine due to the severity of their situations.

In 2018, the Federal Foreign Office provided $33 million for humanitarian mine action and victim assistance. Additionally, roughly $8 million was funded for the mine and IED clearances in Iraq. Germany currently stands as one of the largest donors in this topic, with already having provided $40 million.

Not only has Germany contributed in funds, but they have also cooperated with partners, such as the Red Cross, United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) and the Red Crescent Movement to clear mines in affected regions. c. Humanitarian Assistance to Refugees (2019) The refugee crisis in Syria has been one of the world’s biggest conflicts since 2011. Violent government retaliations launched Syria into a deadly civil war that holds responsible for the 5.5 million Syrians fleeing their homes, unwillingly becoming refugees. Nearly half of the refugees are reported to be children and roughly 10% of total refugees live in informal settlements, where clean water and sanitation are inadequate and poor. Of the total Syrian population affected by this conflict, over 13 million people are in desperate need of humanitarian assistance.

Germany currently stands as one of the world's biggest advocates of human rights and humanitarian aid action. Due to this mentality, Germany strongly wishes and endeavors bring such assistance and help to the people of Syria, whether refugee or displaced in Syria.

As Germany’s biggest way of contributing to the assistance of the humanitarian aid crisis for the people of Syria, Germany heavily supports the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) to continue its works and assistance to the Syrian’s outside and inside the country. Germany, like many other organizations 16

and groups, is one of the top donors (currently 2nd in the year of 2019) for the WFP, with having donated $2 billion for food and $229 million in for relief activities. In the context of this topic, Germany is most well-known for its contributions in 2016, when it provided the WFP with the largest single contribution WFP ever received ($629 million). This allowed the WFP to provide food assistance to more than 4 million people in Syria. Germany continues to donate generous amounts in hopes to meet the needs of as many Syrian families as possible.

5. Reflection Eunju Jeong The German representative was the first lecture so I was very excited, nervous. But Mrs. Laura Roberts has helped me relax with a quick quiz, contrary to my concerns. And the good part was there was also a listener who was discussing the information in addition to the information given by the speaker.

Eunah Sohn The Embassy of Germany was the first place we visited to learn about the UN and Germany’s relation.

We learned a lot of interesting information about the embassy. The Embassy of Germany was the secondlargest donor of humanitarian aid, very active in eight UN peacekeeping Missions and the fourth largest donor of the UN budget. They mostly focused on humanitarian aid and said that they were fully supporting it. There were various questions asked about the unification of Germany. They said that it was politically not easy to bond the states into one. Nothing is simple when it comes to blending different things as one. Yet the unification has brought countless benefits that grew Germany into a stable country. During this session, I was able to connect to my country’s situation as well. It’s heartbreaking to see how one country is split into two, and I wish it’s not long before Korea’s unification.

Ryan Donghyun Park The presentation by Mrs. Laura Roberts quickly went into what Germany does for the United Nations.

She used quiz questions to intrigue the audience and created a fun environment for us to learn. The presentation was interesting and mentioned the priorities of Germany. I learned about Germany’s opinions on controversial topics and why they took their stance. This revealed their process in creating opinions of which I might use in the future.

Seohyun Lee Before the Lecture, I was curious about the unification of Germany in 1990. In 1990, East Germany and West Germany unified. Before they unify in 1990, everyone including Germans knew that differences between them would make many conflicts and risks if they unify. For example, there were differences in economy and ideology. In the case of ideology, it would make communication and interaction in terms of 17

politics. Also, the difference in the economic level between east and west was the most serious problem that made the unification of Germany difficult. If they unify at that period, one region should support financially the other region consistently. In spite of these risks, they unified in 1990, and apparently, Germany almost overcame these differences and regained stability. However, the lecturer told me that Germany still endeavors to overcome differences between east and west. In addition, the situation regarding the unification of South Korea and North Korea is similar in the situation of east and West Germany before the unification.

Seung-Been Yu In the session with Lauren Rogers, I was given the opportunity to learn about Germany in the United Nations Security Council. Ms. Rogers first started her talk with basic facts about Germany, the Security Council, and Germany’s non-permanent membership in the Security Council, which began on Jan 1, 2019.

As we went into depth on the standpoints Germany had in the Security Council’s agenda, I became very intrigued by the passion Germany had for its views. Germany’s fight for humanitarian aid, climate change, disarmament and just overall a better moved me deeply and further pulled my attention to the lectures' talk.

Due to this, I was able to comprehend the materials in the lecture very thoroughly. Through this session, I learned about Germany’s standpoints in Security Council topics and most astonishing, their drive for these issues.

Reference 

“Germany and the United Nations.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 23 Nov. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_and_the_United_Nations.

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http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/sede/dv/sede240511germanyuns eccouncil_/sede240511germanyunseccouncil_en.pdf

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Germany’s Candidacy for a Seat on the Security Council in ... www.germany.info/us-en/embassyconsulates/gkhoustonen/vn-sicherheitsrat/903724.

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Deutsche Welle. “UN Security Council: Germany, France Share Presidency: DW: 01.04.2019.”

DW.COM, www.dw.com/en/un-security-council-germany-france-share-presidency/a-48136912.

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“Our Work in Chad - Lake Chad Basin.” ShelterBox, www.shelterbox.org/where-we-work/lakechad-basin-crisis/chad/.

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Amt, Auswärtiges. “Humanitarian Mine Action.” German Federal Foreign Office, www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/themen/humanitaerehilfe/humanitarian-mineaction/218566.

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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) United Nations Department of Global Communications Sharon Birch-Jeffrey

Eunah Sohn Eunju Jeong Ryan Donghyun Park Seung-been Yu Seohyun Lee 19

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) United Nations Department of Global Communications Sharon Birch-Jeffrey

Table of Contents 1. Introduction/History a. Introduction b. History of the UNDGC c. History of the SDGs 2. Definition & Purpose of the SDGs 3. ACT NOW a. Korea’s Effort towards SDGs b. Effective Instances of SDGs c. What We can do to Contribute to SDGs 4. UNICEF and SDGs 5. Q&A 6. SDG’s Future Prospects 7. Reflection 8. Citation Eunah Sohn, Jukjeon High School Eunju Jeong, Cornerstone Collegiate Academy of Seoul Ryan Donghyun Park, Livingston High School Seung-Been Yu, Handong International School Seohyun Lee, Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies

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1. Introduction/History a. Introduction The Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. They address the global challenges we face, including those related to poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice. The 17 Goals are all interconnected, and in order to leave no one behind, it is important that we achieve them all by 2030. b. History of the UNDGC UNDGC - the UNDGC announce and deliver various UN-related stories by using multiple platforms, digital and traditional. Our global operations and offices are present in 60 countries, and we reach millions of people with reliable. Furthermore, objective information and an inclusive message enable the work of the United Nations to be engaged in by the public, civil society, the private sector, and the Member States.

c. History of the SDGs SDG - The SDGs were fostered by the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) that were created in 2000 and ended in 2015, which were eight goals that the UN wanted to accomplish in order to create world peace. The MDGs were for the most part, unsuccessful and were not acknowledged by much of the general population. The SDGs have similar goals as MDGs but were created to inform the public about what the UN has in mind to establish world peace. If the 17 SDGs are achieved, social problems, human rights 21

dilemmas, and climate change issues would be resolved and in an ideal world, perfect peace could be formed.

2. Definition & Purpose of the SDGs Goal 1: No Poverty Poverty is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity. There is less poverty than there was in 1990, but some people still live a poor life. Most countries lack food, safe drinking water, and clean facilities.

Many other countries with well-growing growth gave benefits to poverty countries. However, across South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa, which accounts for 80 percent of the poorest people, they haven't ended poverty. So SDG though they still needs a great idea of effort to get people out of poverty and not just have food and services. But it does not mean that they won't provide the food; they will continue with another way.

Goal 2: Zero Hunger Ending hunger by 2030 and ensuring food security is the uttermost important part in order to achieve this goal. The goal is to ensure that everyone has enough food that is in good quality to lead a healthy life.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim would require increased access to food and widespread promotion of sustainable farming. Improving the productivity and incomes of small-scale farmers by promoting equal access to land, technology and markets, sustainable food production systems, and resilient agricultural practices. It also requires increased investments through international cooperation to bolster the productive capacity of agriculture in developing countries.

Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being The goal is to promote people's well-being and ensure healthy lives by improving reproductive and maternal and child health and eliminating non-communicable and environmental diseases. Achieving this goal will lead universal health coverage and ensure universal access to safe, affordable and effective drugs and vaccines. So world leaders are committed to supporting research and development, increasing health resources, and improving all countries’ capacity to mitigate and manage health risks.

Goal 4: Quality Education The goal is to ensure access to quality education and lifelong learning opportunities for all people. The SDGs aim on the acquisition of basic and higher-order skills at all stages of education and development. In addition, giving more equal access to quality education at all levels and to give opportunities for all.

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Goal 5: Gender Equality After the 13th amendment and the 15th amendment every slave was freed and had human rights, but until the 13th amendment, women had no right to vote. Finally, after the 15th amendment, they got the right to vote. Discrimination has existed between men and women since ancient times, and it still occurs wherein labor. Women are discriminated against not only in the workplace but in many other problems. There is a lot of discrimination not only between men and women but among children as well. The SDGs hope to resolve all problems facing women.

Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation Water scarcity affects more than 40 percent of people, an alarming figure that is now known to rise as temperatures do. Although 2.1 billion people have improved water sanitation since 1990, diminishing drinking water supplies are affecting every minute. More and more countries are experiencing water stress.

By 2050, it is projected that at least one in four people will suffer due to water shortages. Safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030 requires investigation of inadequate infrastructure, providing sanitation facilities, etc. By prioritizing clean water, we can improve the health and livelihoods of millions of people.

This is what the SDGs are working on to prevent serious problems from happening.

Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy Between 2000 and 2016, the number of people with electricity increased from 78 to 87 percent, and the numbers without electricity dropped to just below one billion. As the population continues to grow, so will the demand for cheap energy. Furthermore, an economy reliant on fossil fuels is creating drastic changes to our climate. Investing in solar, wind and thermal power, improving energy productivity, and ensuring energy for all is vital if we are to achieve SDG 7 by 2030. Clean, sustainable energy is not just about the environment. Around 4.3 million people die every year from pollution resulting from indoor cookstoves that use fire or toxic fuels. These deaths are entirely preventable. We can make sure every person has access to renewable energy by 2030.

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Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth Over the past 25 years, the number of workers living in extreme poverty has declined dramatically, despite the lasting impact of the 2008 economic crisis and global recession. In developing countries, the middle class now makes up more than 34 percent of total employment – a number that has almost tripled between 1991 and 2015. However, as the global economy continues to recover, we are seeing slower growth, and an insufficient amount of jobs to keep up with a growing labor force. According to the International Labour Organization, more than 204 million people were unemployed in 2015. Encouraging entrepreneurship and job creation are key to this, as are effective measures to eradicate forced labor, slavery, and human trafficking. With these targets in mind, the goal is to achieve full and productive employment, and decent work, for all women and men by 2030.

Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure Investment in infrastructure and innovation are crucial drivers of economic growth and development.

With over half the world's population now living in cities, mass transport and renewable energy are becoming more important, as are the growth of new industries and information and communication technologies. Technological progress is also key to finding lasting solutions to both economic and environmental challenges, such as providing new jobs and promoting energy efficiency. Promoting sustainable industries, and investing in scientific research and innovation, are all important ways to facilitate sustainable development.

Goal 10: Reduced Inequality Income inequality is on the rise—the richest 10 percent have up to 40 percent of global income whereas the poorest 10 percent earn only between 2 to 7 percent. If we take into account population growth inequality in developing countries, inequality has increased by 11 percent. We cannot live in a truly developed world without equal opportunities for both countries and their citizens. Equality is at the core of all the sustainable development goals. Together we can empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all people irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion, economic or another status.

Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities About a quarter of the world's population resides in cities. By 2050, two-thirds of all humanity—6.5 billion people—will be urban. Sustainable development cannot be achieved without significantly transforming the way we build and manage our urban spaces. The rapid growth of cities—a result of rising populations and increasing migration—has led to a boom in mega-cities, especially in the developing world, and slums are becoming a more significant feature of urban life.

By 2030, almost 60% of the world's

population will live in urban areas, and most of that urban expansion will be in the developing world. Rapid urbanization puts pressure on supplies of fresh water, sewage systems, the living environment, and public 24

health. The SDGs are working to resolve this by investment in public transport, creating green public spaces, and improving urban planning and management in participatory and inclusive ways.

Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production Achieving economic growth and sustainable development requires that we urgently reduce our ecological footprint by changing the way we produce and consume goods and resources. The efficient management of our shared natural resources, and the way we dispose of toxic waste and pollutants, are important targets to achieve this goal. Encouraging industries, businesses, and consumers to recycle and reduce waste is equally important, as is supporting developing countries to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption by 2030.

Goal 13: Climate Action The UN aims to take action in the fight against climate change by reducing the amount of pollution and carbon emissions around the world, specifically in developed countries. To take action against global warming, the UN aims to mobilize $100 billion annually in an attempt to aid developing countries to adapt to climate change and invest in the development of low-carbon emitting technologies. Achieving SDG 13 would contribute to not only preventing global climate change but would also contribute to other SDGs including Goals 14 and 15, saving life on land and below water.

Goal 14: Life Below Water The world’s oceans – their temperature, chemistry, currents, and life – impact global systems that make the Earth habitable for humankind. How we manage this vital resource is essential for humanity as a whole, and to balance the effects of climate change. Over three billion people depend on marine and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods. However, today we are seeing 30 percent of the world’s fish stocks overexploited, reaching below the level. Marine pollution, an overwhelming majority of which comes from land-based sources, is reaching alarming levels, with an average of 13,000 pieces of plastic litter to be found on every square kilometer of ocean. The SDGs aim to sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems from pollution, as well as address the impacts of ocean acidification.

Goal 15: Life on Land Human life depends on the earth as much as the ocean for our sustenance and livelihoods. Plantlife provides 80 percent of the human diet, and we rely on agriculture as important economic resources. Forests cover 30 percent of the Earth’s surface, provide vital habitats for millions of species, and important sources for clean air and water. Every year, 13 million hectares of forests are lost, while the persistent degradation of drylands has led to the desertification of 3.6 billion hectares, affecting poor communities. Moreover, nearly 7,000 species of animals and plants have been illegally traded. Wildlife trafficking not only aggravates biodiversity, but creates insecurity, fuels conflict, and feeds corruption. Urgent action must be

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taken to reduce the loss of natural habitats and biodiversity which are part of our common heritage and support global food and water security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and peace and security.

Goal 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions We cannot hope for sustainable development without peace, stability, human rights, and effective governance, based on the rule of law. Yet our world is increasingly divided. Some regions enjoy peace, security, and prosperity, while others fall into seemingly endless cycles of conflict and violence. This is not inevitable and must be addressed. Armed violence and insecurity have a destructive impact on a country’s development, affecting economic growth, and often resulting in grievances that last for generations.

Countries must take measures to protect those who are most at risk. The SDGs aim is to significantly reduce all forms of violence, and work with governments and communities to end conflict and insecurity.

Goal 17: Partnerships to Achieve the Goal The SDGs can only be realized with strong global partnerships and cooperation. Official Development Assistance remained steady but below target, at US$147 billion in 2017. Furthermore, humanitarian crises and natural disasters continue to demand more financial resources and aid. Many countries also require Official Development Assistance to encourage growth and trade. The world is more interconnected than ever. Improving access to technology and knowledge is an important way to share ideas and foster innovation.

3. ACT NOW a. Korea’s Effort towards SDGs One of a few empirical studies conducted by students from universities in Korea (2016), surveyed young Koreans from 15 to 24 years old about their basic understanding and the capacity of SDGs in the country. The results suggested building a foundation for increasing the rights and roles of youth in the future, capacity training of youth for leading SDGs, and aligning the youth policy to the SDGs framework. Wild International Community was building upon the discourse on sustainable development, Korea was focused on making economic growth and was slow to make the transition. Yet, the government of Korea put all efforts to pursue sustainable development over the past two decades. A series of legal frameworks were established and the interests of multiple stakeholders have been rigorously coordinated by the government of Korea to achieve SDGs. Following the historical overview of our Korea’s efforts for implementing sustainable development, we can see how Korea is making steady progress to help reach all 17 goals. b. Effective Instances of SDGs To fulfill the aims of the Strategic Plan and complexity that the 2030 Agenda demands, UNDP is implementing six approaches to development, known as Signature Solutions. An integrated way to put our 26

best work – or 'signature' skills – into achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. No one solution will succeed on its own. We need all of them to achieve the SDGs. Each solution has the potential to unlock the path to sustainable development. UNDP’s Signature Solutions are the fastest approaches to development— for example, a gender approach or resilience approach can be applied to any area of development, or to any of the SDGs. Working together with partners across the UN system and beyond, UNDP is implementing these Solutions building on UNDP’s strengths and expertise to help countries reach the SDGs. Because the six solutions are interrelated, we can adjust unique combinations to best meet each country’s needs. c. What we can do to contribute to SDGs 1) Educate yourself and your peers The first step to creating an engaged and socially conscious workforce is to gather knowledge and educate your peers. You can bring up the SDGs casually over daily conversations, or host a Global Goals educational event to introduce yourself and your pears to the goals.

2) Start fundraising campaigns Once your peers are informed and educated about SDGs, a great way to get more involved is to start fundraising campaigns to support the goals.

3) Promote volunteering and capacity building Volunteering in various campaigns with your peers increases your impact and is a great way to build skills and responsibility.

4) Do more good by doing less harm Often the best way to make an impact towards reaching the SDGs is to stop doing the many things that cause more harm than good.

5) Use your connections to influence people Your SNS could be valuable to a change-maker when trying to take steps towards making SDGs a reality.

4. UNICEF and SDGs The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as a universal call to action to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all by 2030. UNICEF works with governments, partners and other UN agencies to support countries around the world to ensure that the goals deliver results for every child. Now and for generations to come.

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UNICEF is responsible for 7 global SDG (Sustainable Development Goals) indicators and co-custodian for a further 10. In this role, UNICEF supports countries in generating, analyzing and using data for these indicators for all their citizens. This includes leading methodological work, developing international standards, and establishing mechanisms for the compilation and verification of national data, and maintaining global databases.

Many of the measurement techniques developed by UNICEF and its partners during the MDG period have now been integrated within the SDG global indicator framework. UNICEF also supports the collection and analysis of a wide range of data relating to children beyond SDG indicators, including through government surveys and censuses, administrative and regulatory data, and participatory reporting by service users and citizens including parents, adolescents, and children. UNICEF also actively supports the development of censuses and administrative data sources, including civil registration and vital statistics systems and sectoral management information systems.

5. Q&A Q. Young people are not usually as conscious about the actions they commit that contribute to global warming compared to adults because they do not perceive climate change as a severe and urgent topic. What do the UN and society do to alert young people about the negative effects of global warming?

A. Actually, young people are taking more action than most adults due to the increasing utility of technology and young adults spread more awareness through social media than adults. Overall, more young people help and contribute to the fight against climate change.

Q. The UN has a set timeline of 15 years for the SDGs. Is there a reason why the SDGs are set to exactly 15 years?

A. 15 years is enough time to see every change. If it is too long, people are more likely to disengage from the goals because the SDGs are elongated. If it is less than 15 years, results will be minimal and not show enough results to help problems throughout.

Q. What is the criteria to choose the SDGs? A. A three-year discussion and a long process took place in order to create the SDGs. Many governments and state leaders came from all over the globe to contribute to a list of goals that is applicable to all nations, developed or not.

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Q. On September 2000, leaders of 189 countries signed the Millennium Declaration which had 8 goals. After that in 2015, SDGs were made containing 17 goals. In what way did the MDGs affect the goals of SDGs? If some of the goals of the MDGs were not achieved, how were they supplemented?

A. As for the Millennium Development goals, there were only a few inputs to it. The total of 8 goals was not all achieved, and they were focused on different points than what the society was focused on; a sustainable world. Though the MDGs worked for poverty around the world, by the new set of SDGs, environmental sustainability, social inclusion, and economic development are now equally valued. The MDGs were also not utilized nor publicized and did not have a major effect on the United Nations’ decision making.

Q. What is the UN's definition of peace (16th SDG)?

A. I cannot say anything to define the UN but it generally means no conflicts and ensuring there is equality among all.

Q. Young people are not aware of what’s happening in the world. How can we educate them and awareness?

A. They are already putting all efforts to try to make a change. For example, there is Greta Thunberg working on climate change.

Q. How did the UN get developing countries to take part in SDG? A. After the MDGs, everyone was soon involved in adapting all of the goals. It initially got all member states in adopting the goals. They already knew they were taking part in creating history. The countries soon realized that the SDGs was not about a single country, but the whole planet.

Q. What can teenagers do to contribute to the SDGs? A. It doesn’t have to be actions that are big scaled. Simple acts such as downloading apps related to the SDGs and recommending it to the peers, reducing plastic, visiting websites will be some of the examples.

Q. What motivated you to work in the UN? A. I first learned multiple languages in my years of education and I loved it, then I got to understand my own field. This helped me to start a new chapter of my career and changed my way of viewing certain topics.

Q. Which is the most important SDG? A. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are the world's best plan to build a better world for people and our planet by 2030. Adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, the SDGs are a call for action by all countries - poor, rich and middle-income - to promote prosperity while protecting the environment.

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They recognize that ending poverty must go hand-in-hand with strategies that build economic growth and address a range of social needs including education, health, equality, and job opportunities while tackling climate change and working to preserve our ocean and forests are equally utilized and important.

Q. Prior to the creation of the SDGs, the principles used in the SDGs already existed in the United Nations.

Why did the UN create the SDGs if the principles were already used?

A. If people do not set an outlined goal, people tend to quit or fade from completing the goal. The SDGs were not officially created and it helps the United Nations create a goal for themselves: create world peace.

Q. Students get free education and can learn about the SDGs but adults do not get an education and do not learn about education. How can adults learn about the SDGs? A. The UN offers conferences for adults about the SDGs and there are information centers all around the world to educate any adult that seeks the knowledge of SDGs.

Q. How does the UN monitor the progress on completing the SDGs? A. The UN conducts an analysis of the progress of completing the goals each year. This document is called the Annual Sustainable Developments Goals Report.

Q. By 2030, do you think the SDGs will be completed?

A. It is hard to say at the moment but I do believe that in this decade, we will progress in achieving the goal and we will have positive results by 2030.

6. SDGs Future Prospects “As we go forward, we will discover that 2015 was when we really started getting serious about transdisciplinary challenges inherent in sustainable development,” said Melinda Kimble, senior vice president for programs at the UN Foundation, at the Wilson Center on April 13. Unlike the MDGs, the SDGs are for all countries – developing and developed – showing people that we are all responsible for this transformative and revolutionary foundation. The SDGs also shift the development agenda from a focus on primarily social issues to one that includes social, economic, and environmental elements, and encourage more domestic and private sector investment. Finally, the impacts and progress of the SDGs will now be measured through more modern means such as mobile, social, real-time data.

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7. Reflections Eunah Sohn In 2015, more than 190 world leaders signed up for the SDGs to make a sustainable world. In order for all 17 goals to meet its purpose, people have to stay alert and move forward together. The lecture about the SDGs was very useful and engaging. All the questions mentioned during the speech were keen and memorable.

Most people are aware of problems driven across the world but hesitate to start to make a change. Yet, since the goals are already set, I’m sure it will motivate most people to take effective actions. The Q&A session insured me to be a part of a laborious global citizen. We can live in a world that we design and that can start with taking responsibility to achieve the SDGs as much as possible.

Eunju Jeong It was the first time I heard about Sustainable Development Goals through United Nations training sessions and MUN preparations. Mrs. Birch-Jeffrey also explained very well, so that I could easily understand.

I was impressed by the fact that the lecture that SDGs were set goals for many countries and implement them for peace, human rights, and development. I hope that many countries and people will become aware of the SDGs and act.

Ryan Donghyun Park The lecture presented by Mrs. Birch-Jeffrey explained the significance of having goals in the United Nations. This session helped me understand that SDGs would define a set of goals for the UN and would encourage progress and officially outline a set of goals to establish global peace. Her lecture was easy to understand and was the most interesting session on day 1. I was surprised when Birch-Jeffrey mentioned that the youth of the world are often the ones to spread the most awareness about climate change problems through social media platforms. It was easy to relate to this because almost every week I see another one of my friends or classmates posting about how climate change will destroy the environment and the earth. Hence, I was interested in the lecture and Mrs. Birch-Jeffrey created a relationship with the audience which contributed to her great presentation.

Seohyun Lee Before the lecture, actually, I already learned about SDGs a lot so I was very excited to participate in the SDG session. Especially, I was curious about the behavior of the youth. In the case of SDG regarding the environment, the future generation will handle it. However, I thought that in spite of a lot of education to make students perceive the seriousness of climate change, they do not act well. So, I ask the lecturer the effective way to enlighten the youth. However, she told me that currently, the youth try to act to prevent climate change voluntarily. After the lecture, I wanted to participate in such activity to prevent climate change held by the youth.

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Skylar Yiahn Yun I feel I obtained more information about the specifics of SDGs and the history around it. The lecture really taught me how important the SDGs are in the world and how much of an impact it is making. SDGs help receives ideas to solve them from all around the world. The answers to all of the questions I had asked really helped me understand everything there is to know about the SDGs such as knowing if there is a reason they are numbered or if by 2030 all of these will be solved.

Seung-Been Yu Out of the three sessions we partake in on day two, I was able to follow along with the SDG session the best because of a great deal of understanding and research I have done on this topic. Sharon Birch-Jeffery’s talk on SDGs was a great review, however, I did learn several new things. I was first of all shocked to hear how involved the younger generation was in SDGs. For example, Sharon Birch-Jeffery discussed Greta, someone who I have only heard of but never realized how impactful she was in the climate change movement.

Additionally, I was quite surprised to hear how the topic on SDG was active in kids' TV shows, as shows such as ‘Thomas the Tank engine’ which have showcased SDG themes in an episode. Overall, I am quite pleased to walk away with having learned several new things.

Reference 

“Department of Global Communications.” United Nations, United Nations, www.un.org/en/sections/departments/department-global-communications/.

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“Goal 1: No Poverty.” UNDP, www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-developmentgoals/goal-1-no-poverty.html.

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https://data.unicef.org/children-sustainable-development-goals/ (UNICEF)

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https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2016/05/future-sustainable-development-goals/ (SDGs future)

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https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/six-signature-solutions.html (instances of SDGs)

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https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals no no.html (definition of 17 SDGs)

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https://blog.movingworlds.org/five-ways-to-help-reach-the-sustainable-development-goals-inyour-professional-life-sdgsandme/ (what we can do to contribute to the SDGs) 32

Human Rights: The Transatlantic Slave Trade/Combating Racism United Nations Department of Global Communications Catharine Smith

Chaebeen Lim Haram Jang Seojung Park Taewoo Kim 33

Human Rights: The Transatlantic Slave Trade/Combating Racism United Nations Department of Global Communications Catharine Smith

Table of Contents 1. About the UNDGC 2. Division 3. Actions 4. About the Lecture 5. Q&A 6. Reflection 7. Conclusion 8. Citation

Chaebeen Lim, Ewha Girls’ High School Haram Jang, Harbin Wanbang School Seojung Park, North London Collegiate School Jeju Taewoo Kim, Cheongshim International Academy

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1. About the UNDGC UNDGC stands for the United Nations Department of Global Communication. Basically, the UNDGC raises awareness of the issues and works that are happening in the United Nations in many different ways. It makes partnerships with media, NGOs, and the entertainment industry. It also plays the role of messenger of peace programs and host special events. For education, they produce materials for students and organize educational events on the United Nations for all. Not just ‘making’ the event, they also support the educational organization in the long term. Not only this, UNGDC manages United Nations Remember Slavery Program and The Holocaust and United Nations Outreach Program and promote the International Day of Peace. For students, UNGDC also brings Model United Nations with actual United Nations Rule of Procedure.

“UNDGC raises awareness of the issues and works that are happening in the United Nations in many different ways. It makes partnerships with media, NGOs, and the entertainment industry.”

2. Division The body of the United Nations Department of Global Communications is divided into three parts: Strategic Communications, News & Media, and Outreach.

First of all, the UNDGC Strategic Communications division conducts making productive strategies to promote the UN’s actions to citizens and communicate about them like its name. Inside the UN itself, UNDGC Strategic Communications handles the 60 United Nations’ information centers, and at the same time, Strategic communications prepares and conducts campaigns for citizens all around the world based on the priority event and implement them.

On top of that, the other division of the UNDGC is News & Media. Like its name, UNDGC News and Media is in charge of sharing news and information which are priorities of the UN throughout media. Besides that, to strengthen the impact of UNDGC News & Media, it bonds the partnership between various media organizations. In this regard, UNDGC News & Media supports its works by every journalist and organization that contributes to the UN. Last but not least, Outreach which involves the lecturer Ms. Catharine is also part of the United Nations Department of Global Communications. The missions of the outreach division are teaching and engaging 35

people regardless of age, race, gender, etc. about the value of the UN and its actions to solve the global issues to the world.

These three organizations try their best to achieve the goal of the UNDGC at their given position as mentioned above.

3. Actions The Department of Global Communications (UNDGC) was established for the purpose of sharing and educating the works of the United Nations. Coinciding with such aim, UNDGC is currently working in 60 countries using more than 80 languages. In order to make sure the works of the United Nations impact all corners of the world, UNDGC is encouraging people to join their actions.

There are several approaches UNDGC is taking on: spreading the news, involving the public, and building partnerships.

First is providing an ample amount of highly objective information. Audio-Visual Services and photographs are work that can be done by accrediting journalists, assisting logistically, organizing press meetings, and disseminating documents. Not only providing a series of services to press members but also directly giving the news to the users is crucial in letting the works of the UN be approachable and friendly.

By running the UN News Centre, UNDGC is able to approach the people through official-UN television, social media, and etc. about both breaking news and in-depth coverage.

Second is engaging the public. Various events and exhibitions for teachers and students are held every year. ‘International Day of peace’ and ‘International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery’ are examples. Providing UN websites, library Services (Dag Hammarskjöld Library), and publications of documents (both on and off-line) are also the works of UNDGC. Third is building Partnerships. The NGO Relations and Liaison Service promote constructive relations between the UN and civil society links over 1,500 non-governmental organizations. Through fostering coherence of cross-cutting and emerging issues, the UN’s agenda processes could facilitate meaningfully.

These three actions by the Department of Global Communications are always in line with communicating the ideals and works of the UN to the world, interacting with diverse audiences, and building support for such works.

4. About the Lecture On January 30, 2020, representatives of the Republic of Korea visited the UN Headquarters to experience the real UN and listen to the address regarding the UN and UN projects. And the first lecture we heard is 36

about human rights from Catharine Smith, public information officer DRC outreach Division who are focusing on the UNDGC education related to human rights.

First of all, she raises the seriousness of the Human rights issues since one of the three pillars of the UN is Human rights so that every global citizen has to wake up to this topic. Besides, the three pillars: peace and security, development, and human rights are interconnected and influence each other so that it is important not to lose any of the balance of them. That’s why she and UNDGC do outreach (education) for people from all around the world.

On top of that, Ms. Catharine shared one of the educations that UNDGC operated called ‘Remember Slavery Programme’. This is the project related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), especially it contributes to ensuring goal 4-quality education, goal 10-reduced inequalities. The rationale to choose this program as an operation of the SDG is that slavery triggered some serious long-lasting problems: Human rights abuse, Dehumanization, Transatlantic slave trade (Europe-Africa-Americas trade of ppl) which make people regard slave as one’s own property.

Consequently, this situation continues as the loss of life in some conflicted regions, depopulation, and being stagnant in the development of Africa. And the legacies we got from there were racism, structural and institutional racism and some barriers due to the inequalities.

To solve these international circumstances, the UN takes a lot of actions such as education we listened to today and participation experiences to everybody in the world through social media, lectures, etc. Therefore,

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as global citizens, we also have to contribute by informing what we learned today and volunteer to our community to help others to guarantee their human rights and get sufficient humanitarian aid equally.

5. Q&A Q. As a student, I’ve learned that racism often occurs due to personal prejudice, hence the problem of individual values. How does the UN approach this problem on an international scale? Can this be solved by international cooperation and intervention? - by Chaebeen Lim A. The UN works to solve this issue through educational programs. The UN holds many programs on this issue such as the holocaust program and the transatlantic slave program. There are also many events held by the UN regarding this issue. The UN also works with mayors around the world to provide education and promote the issue to eradicate racism.

Q. If education plays an important role in improving racism throughout the world, children are more likely to have received better education and hold more knowledge than adults. How would these adults or people without access to education be able to receive the opportunity to be educated about such issues? - by Chaebeen Lim A. Adults can always be involved in any kind of program that is happening all around the world held by the UN. Also, access to the internet is very fast and easy these days which raises the accessibility of the websites about many different kinds of global issues including racism. Additionally, for more information, NGOs and many other organizations that are involved in these kinds of problems are able to help.

Q. The video conference that will be held in April of 2020 with African and American students. Please explain more what students are discussing and debating about it. -by Seo Jung Park A. The conference is connecting American students and some students from Africa and the Caribbean. It is a large conference that discusses the slavery that has happened in the past and what students can actually do.

Q. Many industrialized countries have developed through illegal colonization or exploitation of resources from countries that are mostly in their developing process, especially in Africa. Do you think that developed countries should take responsibility to help these countries?-by Haram Jang A. The UN does not hold the power to order any government of a country to act in a specific way. There are times when the UN military force interventions take place, however, there are sanctions to these actions. My personal opinion is that countries that are relatively richer and developed should help the development of developing countries for global harmony.

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6. Reflection Chaebeen Lim The visit to the UN headquarters and the lecture regarding Human rights has been both very pleasant and educational. Although I’ve learned roughly about the slave trades in the past, having an expert explain slave trades in detail was different from my past experiences. I was able to learn, of course, about the history of slave trades, as well as the UN’s related programs. Most importantly, I was able to fully understand the importance of remembering the slave trades and the facts of the past. It was helpful to know what programs the UN holds for this issue, and what effective solutions there are. Slavery systems are brutal and inhumane actions of our past, and although the slave trade itself does not exist anymore, there still remains other forms of discrimination including racism. Until this discrimination disappears almost completely from this world, and until everyone is guaranteed the same rights as a human being, we must remember the first trigger of racism; slave trades and work to eradicate all forms of discrimination. Lest we forget.

Seojung Park It was my second time to visit the United Nations Headquarters in New York. However, this time my visit was more special because of this lecture. Through this lecture, I have learned a lot of new things, especially about slavery and racism. I thought that slavery is something that is not related to me because none of our family members or my country was related. However, all of the nations were actually ‘matter’ to slavery history. The ultimate reason for this is because internationally, treating slaves without considering human rights and humiliating them. But, the biggest problem was that all of these kinds of actions were allowed legally in international law. There were a lot of new things that I have learned and it was good for me to learn about a new history that has happened in the past. We must remember and never forget about the dark past, but learn that we should not repeat the same mistake and prevent all kinds of discrimination.

Haram Jang As a student who is interested in resolving humanitarian issues, especially comfort women in the Republic of Korea, it was a really valuable lecture to get some sense of humanitarian issues and learn how the UN contributes to solving humanitarian issues. Before hearing the lecture, I regard human rights issues as something individual problems that are not related to other sections such as peace and security. However, she taught me that all things are interconnected so that all things can be destroyed by one time if only one thing loses its balance. In this way, this address widened my sight to see global issues. In addition, as mentioned that all things are interconnected in this world, there should be cause and effects, and this circumstance will be rotated in every situation. Throughout this lesson, I realized that the first thing we have to figure out is the root of the conflict and unveil how to solve this problem systemically. Even though the address that I heard was about human rights, I have learned the whole UN’s system and how to apply those lessons to my daily life as one of the global citizens and future leaders.

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Taewoo Kim Listening and feeling more than 200 years of cruel exploitation and trafficking of the significant amount of African-Americans, I could not sympathize more with the hardship they had been through. At the same time, what Catharine had told us—that the multi-national approaches are key in solving the problem as slavery was about regions not only where slaves were from but also where they were bought—has deeply motivated me. My motivation was heading towards the eagerness to be part of the global action to stop the inequality and start the racial harmony. I do not doubt participating in the Model UN in the opposite part of the globe would be my first step towards such action. As a member of the minor side of the race in a global society, I really would like to do as far as I can for racial equality.

Ryan Donghyun Park The lecture revealed the inhumane actions that occurred in the Middle Passage and the slave trade. The slaves were kept in little ships that reeked of feces and urine and they would be strapped down to the boat. I was really shocked to hear this and it made me wonder what they did to deserve this. They were innocent men and were being violated of basic human rights only because of the color of their skin. This was the reason human rights were created, to guarantee nothing like that could ever occur again. The lecture was very eyeopening, and I hope that nothing like this would ever happen in history again.

Skylar Yiahn Yun Before this lecture, I did not know a good amount of information about human rights. After, I learned how much emotion there is behind all of the history dating all the way back to ancient times to now. I feel I was really taught that no matter what race or what gender you are, you should still be taught or teach about the significance of human rights. There are countless times women have been discriminated against and treated unfairly, this really shows that human rights relate to one of the global goals, Gender Equality, very much.

Songhyeon Lee The human right issue was always one of my biggest interest. As I consistently studied and read about racism, misogyny, feminism, and human rights abuses, Catharine Smith's lecture about racism and slavery was amazing and touchy that absorbed me into the content for about 30 minutes. In the process of a global approach for recovering the pain of the past and mitigating the modern social problems based on human rights, UN studies and educate about it to acknowledge and apologize to the painful history without repeating it again.

"This is not our history. It is global history." This quote made me feel something important. History is not only the record or possession of one perspective, but it is a result of millions of interactions and sacrificing.

And the right attitude that we should have toward history is to analyze and search for the mistakes and make

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a better future with reflections. Slavery and racism is the biggest event that made people's reflection and motivation for developing human rights.

As history flows, people realize the absurd situations around them and try to make a proper change. The courage to change the given situation makes a different history and a better life for everyone. Ability and potential that observe, analyze, criticize, and finally change the world is still needed in 2020.

This world is still ill with discrimination and inequality. Diversity in life has come close to us, but respect for it has yet to be created completely. Differences are perceived as maladjustment rather than individuality, and the maladaptation is combined with complete indifference toward others' state. So people approach each other with a glare rather than an equal look.

Living together and trying to coexist is an essential thing to respects each other's human rights, and we need an attitude toward difference with opened-heart.

Change and development have continued, and living in a rapidly changing world without forgetting the fundamental respect for human beings, is an essential value of this era that we must pursue to become distant from discrimination and intimate to peace.

7. Conclusion UNDGC is for sharing and educating all of the works of the United Nations. This makes UNDGC make many different kinds of people work from all around the world. It spreads the news, involves the public and builds partnerships. It provides a lot of amount of highly objective information. It provides information to press members and give the news to the users. It also engages the public with various events and exhibitions such as ‘International Day of peace’ and ‘International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery’.

Lastly, it is about Partnership. UNDGC links more than 1,500 non-governmental organizations and civil society. And all of these are for interacting with diverse audiences and building support for such works.

Reference 

“About Us.” United Nations, United Nations, www.un.org/en/sections/departments/departmentglobal-communications/about-us/index.html

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About the UNGDC United Nations, Department of global issue, https://www.un.org/en/sections/departments/department-globalcommunications/outreach/index.html

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Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations Deputy Permanent Representative Favre Dominique

Chaebeen Lim Haram Jang Seojung Park Taewoo Kim 42

Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations Deputy Permanent Representative Favre Dominique

Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Role a. 2030 Agenda b. International Geneva c. International Gender Champions 3. About the Briefing 4. Q&A 5. Reflection 6. Conclusion 7. Reference

Chaebeen Lim, Ewha Girls’ High School Haram Jang, Harbin Wanbang School Seojung Park, North London Collegiate School Jeju Taewoo Kim, Cheongshim International Academy

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1. Introduction The permanent mission of Switzerland to the UN was founded in 2002, and its role is to promote Switzerland’s stances on international issues at the UN and express the country’s interests to the international society. It participates in the work of the UN’s organs, Funds, and Development Programmes. Switzerland supports and acts based on all three pillars of the UN: peace and security, human rights, and sustainable development. Switzerland mainly focuses on: 

The reform of the UN system with the goal of improving its efficiency, efficacy, and transparency

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The implementation of Agenda 2030 on sustainable development

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The promotion and the respect of human rights, gender equality and the protection of civilians

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The strengthening of International Geneva

2. Role a. The 2030 Agenda The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted by all 193 UN member states on 25 September 2015. It entered into force in 2016 with its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and constitutes the new global and universally applicable frame of reference for sustainable development. All UN member states have declared their willingness to join forces to achieve the SDGs by 2030.

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with their 169 targets, form the core of the 2030 Agenda. They balance the economic, social and ecological dimensions of sustainable development, and place the fight against poverty and sustainable development on the same agenda for the first time.

The SDGs are to be achieved around the world, and by all UN member states, by 2030. This means that all states are called upon equally to play their part in finding shared solutions to the world's urgent challenges. Switzerland is also required to implement the Goals on a national basis. In addition, incentives are to be created to encourage non-governmental actors to make an increasingly active contribution to sustainable development. b. International Geneva The city of Geneva has a long tradition of hosting international organizations. For that reason, reference is made to "International Geneva". This acknowledges not only its pivotal role in terms of cooperation but also its position at the forefront of multilateral diplomacy.

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Since the founding of the Red Cross in 1863, International Geneva has evolved considerably into what is now one of the foremost centers of global governance. It thus embodies the significant international humanitarian commitment made by the Swiss Confederation and by Geneva itself.

Switzerland has been host to international organizations and conferences for more than 150 years. This role of the host state is firmly rooted in Switzerland's tradition of humanitarianism and policy of making its good offices available. International activities take place in Basel, Bern, in the canton of Vaud and above all in Geneva. The city of Geneva itself is host to 38 international institutions, organizations, bodies as well as a secretariat established under a treaty, approximately 750 NGOs and the permanent representations of 179 member states, including Switzerland. c. International Gender Champions International Gender Champions is a leadership network that brings together female & male decisionmakers determined to break down gender barriers and make gender equality a working reality in their spheres of influence. We launched at the Palais des Nations in Geneva, July 2015.

As of this writing, the network numbers over 235 active Champions and Alumni who are the heads of International Organizations, Permanent Missions, and Civil Society Organizations.

One must be the head of an organization, permanent mission, or institution. Champions currently include the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the heads of UN Offices at Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi, the ILO, WHO, WTO, WIPO, ITU, UNHCR, OHCHR, IPU, NGOs, academic institutions, and Permanent Representatives of Member States. Each Champion assigns a Focal Point from their organization.

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Focal Points work on the implementation of the Champion’s commitments and represent the Champion and institution within the larger IGC Focal Point network.

3. About the Briefing The representative of Switzerland which country is a young member joined the UN in 2002, at the same time, a country has a lot of things to learn since this country has overcome a lot of adversities as a late member of the United Nations. For the brief view of the permanent mission of Switzerland, as mentioned above, Switzerland is the UN’s late member and neutral country that contributes to the United Nations as a chair of the OEWG on Cyber Security, 2020 Vice president of the executive board of UNICEF, 2018 Co-Facilitator of the Global Compact for Migration and etc.

As said before, Switzerland contributed to the United Nations as a neutral country in Europe. Among those efforts, the representative of Switzerland focused on the alleviation of need and poverty in the world and promoting respect for human rights and democracy and the peaceful co-existence of people for the most.

To achieve those goals, Switzerland, the United Nations, and many countries who are involved in the UN believe that there should be reform of the UN. Therefore, they began to build 2 years reform track development system based on the three pillars of the United Nations for the most, pragmatism.

Following that, the representative of Switzerland introduced us to the political context of Switzerland’s UN policy. The politics that Switzerland pursuit is that Geopolitics which means a transition towards a multi polarized world to the rise of civil society, and this country attempts to halt the conflicts with demanding 46

peace processes. Besides, Switzerland focuses on Predominant issues: climate change, migration, terrorism, and pandemics.

To accomplish those things that Switzerland promised, they followed the current priorities which are adopted from 74th GA. In this wise, this representative of Switzerland introduced the position of Switzerland in the United Nations to us.

4. Q&A Q) Switzerland joined the UN relatively late compared to other countries. Were there any difficulties because of this? If there were, how did Switzerland overcome this? –by Haram Jang A) Because Switzerland joining the UN meant an addition of a country, Switzerland at first had to be extra friendly and supportive to other countries. However, 18 years into the join, it is not a big problem now. Being a neutral country has helped in being part of the UN since the status of the country itself enabled us to do more.

Q) What do you think the UN should do to increase efficiency? –by Seojung Park A) The UN needs to put more focus on where aid is actually needed. Much of the time and financial resources get used in the decision-making process. The UN should concentrate more on the operation process rather than the process of decision-making. Additionally, although the UN is one big organization, moving from one department to another inside the UN takes a long time. We need more flexibility in the system to achieve more goals as an organization efficiently.

Q) Why did it take so long for Switzerland to join the UN? -by Songhyeon Lee A) Important decisions of Switzerland are almost completely decided by the people, which is part of the reason for the late join of the country in the UN. First of all, the people of Switzerland weren’t as interested in international problems when the UN was first founded. It took a long time for people to notice the importance of being engaged and involved in the global community, especially after the Second World War. Q) Could you elaborate more on the quote “Multilateral engagement is in our DNA”? – by Seungbin Yu A) Switzerland depends greatly on the well-organized world, based on rules and laws. Therefore, Switzerland is in a position where it must invest in multilateral cooperation. Unlike countries such as Russia or the U.S., Switzerland has no choice but to support multilateral engagement.

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5. Reflection Chaebeen Lim Switzerland was always an interesting country for me, especially because of its special stance as a neutral country. It was both an enjoyable and instructive time meeting the deputy permanent representative and receiving lectures from him about Switzerland and the UN. I was able to learn about how being a neutral country affects Switzerland’s role in the UN, and what the country has done as a member state. I also learned about how Switzerland is contributing to multilateral engagement and why the country is so focused on this area. It was interesting because multilateralism was an unfriendly concept to me, but through this experience, I was able to gain little but valuable knowledge regarding it.

Haram Jang Today, the representative of Switzerland who we met today was more special than other ambassadors we met before. I saw that he was committed and passionate about his work at the Mission. Besides, I told me that he was proud of himself as a representative of Switzerland in the United Nations. And it was helpful for me not only as a student who prepares for international organizations but also as one person. The most interesting fact is that Switzerland has joined the UN relatively later than other nations in 2002. Therefore, there must be some adversities that this representative had to overcome. However, since he has a real passion for this work, he did his best to achieve Switzerland’s mission that is neutrality in the UN. Finally, he did some contributions to the UN. Throughout this experience, I learned some pieces of knowledge regarding the UN and life lessons and decided to put my all passion and commitment as a student in my own position right now.

Taewoo Kim What most of my friends and I were curious about was, what hesitated such a neutral and democratic country like Switzerland for a long time to join the United Nations. The reason for that question turned out to be the lack of unity as one state, thus leading to a lack of sense of duty from each citizen as a member of the global society. It must have been hard to pass the referendum when there’s no national consensus towards global cooperation. However, the fun part was what he told us, that he cannot sure if there would be enough members in the UN if every single state had a referendum for participation. Thinking of the recent nationalistic characteristics from states that avoid global cooperation in various matters, true words were spoken in jest!

Seojung Park Visiting the Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations was one of the best parts of the entire education. It was a great privilege to visit there and learn about the position as the neutral nation in the United Nations. Also, as Switzerland joined the United Nations very late which is 2002, I found out that there were some difficulties for Switzerland too. Switzerland has the second headquarter of the United Nations in Geneva, and various different offices of the branches of the United Nations are located in Geneva. It was fascinating to learn about the special relationship between Switzerland and the United Nations. Not only about 48

Switzerland, we learned how does the United Nations actually functions and the problems of the United Nations currently.

Ryan Donghyun Park The lecture by Mr. Favre revealed the priorities of Switzerland to contribute to the United Nations. He explained that Switzerland vitalizes the 3 pillars of the UN: human rights, development, and security. He explains that his job is to reveal the Swiss position, not his personal beliefs. This really opened my eyes because I realized being a diplomat means that you represent the country, not yourself. He explains carefully you must be because any word that comes out of your mouth can be twisted and publicized about and can be used to attack you or the country you represent. This lecture taught me about the difficulties of working as a diplomat and reveals what he does, of which I found to be interesting.

Skylar Yiahn Yun I really learned about how the Swiss are a part of the UN and how they relate to other countries. The Representative of Switzerland taught us the responsibilities and qualities a Vice President of UNICEF should acquire. He taught us many things about Switzerland’s role in the UN and all of their current priorities. One thing I found very surprising was that Switzerland became part of the UN pretty late and they used strategies to get visibility.

6. Conclusion The Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the UN participates actively in many of the UN’s global activities. The 2020 WIMUN Korea Representatives received valuable lectures and memories from the visit to the permanent mission of Switzerland. The Representatives felt and experienced many things through interacting with the Deputy Permanent Representative and by asking questions and receiving answers. There were especially more to absorb from visiting the Permanent Mission of Switzerland because of the special position Switzerland holds in the UN. The representatives of Korea were able to learn about the position and the roles of Switzerland in the UN and international society as a neutral country. All representatives of Korea were given great motivation and inspiration through this experience.

Reference 

“Mission of Switzerland to the UN in New York.” Eidgenössisches Departement Für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten EDA, www.eda.admin.ch/missions/mission-new-york/en/home.html.

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United Nations Children's Fund Public Partnerships Officer: Callie Anne King-Guffey

Jun-soo Park Minyoung Chun Songhyeon Lee Yeseul Choi Skylar Yiahn Yun

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United Nations Children's Fund Public Partnerships Officer Callie Anne King-Guffey

Table of Contents 1. Definition & History a. Definition b. History 2. Recent Issue a. Drinking Water b. Children Labour 3. Partnerships and Supporters 4. Reflection 5. Reference

Jun-Soo Park, Gyeongnam Foreign Language High School Minyoung Chun, Harbin Wanbang School Skylar Yiahn Yun, Notre Dame Academy Songhyeon Lee, Korean Minjok Leadership Academy Yeseul Choi, Busan International High School

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1. Definition & History a. Definition The United Nations Children's Fund, UNICEF is a United Nations agency that accounts for providing developmental and humanitarian aid to children in the world. The ultimate purpose of UNICEF's programs is to encourage children in extreme poverty, regardless of gender, race, nationality, and religion, to live in a healthy and well-being environment by providing materials and systems needed in various fields for them. It has 192 countries as a member, and its network includes 150 country offices, headquarters, which are located in New York, and other offices. They also have the Regional office for Europe in Geneva, Switzerland, supply division in Copenhagen, Denmark, Innocenti Research Center in Firenze, Italy, and 34 national committees that carry out its mission through programs developed with host governments. Their programs are separated into 7 fields; child protection, child survival, education, UNICEF in emergencies, gender, innovation for children, supply and logistics, and research and analysis.

“The United Nations Children's Fund, UNICEF is a United Nations agency which accounts for providing developmental and humanitarian aid to children in the world.”

b. History Based on the proposal of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, UNRRA, United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund was created by the General Assembly to provide supplies and assistance to children in 1946. At the beginning of the establishment, they provided medical aids, clothes, shoes, and emergency food supplies to 6,000,000 children in 12 countries of Europe. In 1949, their support was expanded more widely to other areas, and their amount of aid reached almost $140,000,000. At first, it was a temporary organization for providing humanitarian aid for the children in danger around the world, but after the time passed, it was recognized for its necessity and developed as a permanent organization in the United Nations. In 1965, it won the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of its contribution to children. After that, they assisted the UN Commission on Human Rights in the drafting of the Convention on the Rights of the Child during the 1980s, and also played a very important role in the process of enactment. In 1990, the summit meeting for children around the world was held in the headquarters of the UN, and representatives in different 159 countries discussed and selected the goals and plans for action that we should achieve for the children. They continued to support children around the world by progressing a variety of campaigns such as ‘Say Yes for Children’, a signature-seeking campaign over 100,000,000 people, including leaders around the world, participated 52

in, ‘Unite for Children! Unite against AIDS!’ for achieving the goals of MDGs, and the campaign for the termination of early marriage which results in a decrease in the rates of children who got married early.

2. Recent Issue a. Drinking Water Unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation in residential areas pose a major threat to children's survival and health. Poor sanitation and dirty drinking water are putting children at risk of diarrhea, infectious diseases, and parasites. This is a huge loss to children's growth and causes poor development.

For this reason, under UNICEF's support, many NGOs are making international efforts for drinking water and sanitation. As a result, in 2015, about 5.2 billion people were able to use safe drinking water, reducing deaths from diarrhea in children under the age of 5. But still, 844 million people don't have access to safe drinking water. There are children who can't go to school because of drinking water.

Many children are not able to go to school because of a lack of drinking water. According to a survey of 45 developing countries, seven out of 10 women and children were looking for drinking water.

Worldwide, women and children spend 200 million hours a day trying to get drinking water. Also, contaminated drinking water and poor hygiene can cause various diseases in children, which adversely affect their academic performance and school education. b. Children Labor An estimated 54 percent of South Asian youth leave school without the necessary skills to get a decent job in the next decade, according to data produced by the Global Business Coalition for Education (GBC-Education), the Education Commission, and UNICEF. According to the data, South Asia lags behind several other regions in preparing the next generation of young people with the skills they will need for 21st-century work. Projections place South Asia well below the global average. This builds on the estimates UNICEF produced with the Commission last year on the projected learning outcomes in 2030 for all South Asian countries. "Every day, nearly 100,000 young South Asians – a large sports stadium of young people – enter the labor market, almost half of them not on track to find 21st-century jobs,” said Henrietta Fore, UNICEF Executive Director. “South Asia is at a critical juncture, with a limited window during which it can reap significant demographic dividends from its talented and capable youth. Get it right, and millions could be lifted out of poverty. Fail to do so, and economic growth will falter, youth despair will rise, and further talent will be lost to other regions.” With almost half of its population of 1.8 billion below the age of 24, led by India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, South Asia will have the largest youth labor force in the world until 2040. This offers the region the potential to drive vibrant and productive economies. If strong investments in skills development are made, the 53

region is poised to maintain strong economic growth as well as an expansion of opportunities in the education and skills sectors in the coming decades. However, a recent UNICEF ‘Voices of Youth’ survey conducted among 32,000 young people in South Asia reveals concerns among these under 24-year-olds about how well they are being prepared for the modern economy. According to the poll, many young people in South Asia feel their education systems are outdated and do not prepare them for employment.

They cite lack of work experience (26%), inadequate support services to improve employability (23% received no support and most received limited and not comprehensive support), and bribery demands/discriminatory and unfair hiring practices (44%) as key barriers to finding employment even after they have graduated. “This is a crisis,” said Justin Van Fleet, Executive Director of the Global Business Coalition for Education. “Addressing the youth skills gap in South Asia requires government investments, commitments from the business community, contributions from civil society, and the perspective of young people to best equip the next generation to successfully enter the rapidly changing job market.” A separate new report commissioned by UNICEF identified major obstacles to addressing the youth skills gap in the region. These include the low quality of education and suboptimal vocational training which do not give students the desired skill levels the labor market demands, among others.

Compiled by Ernst & Young India, this report identifies a total of 30 already-in-operation solutions to the youth skills crisis. UNICEF, the Global Business Coalition for Education, and Generation Unlimited are convening a major forum from October 29-31 in Mumbai to bring together leaders from government, youth, and the business community to address the education and skills crisis and showcase solutions.

Representatives from Accenture, Britannica, Grameenphone, Tata STRIVE, Google, Maruti Suzuki, ILO, Capgemini Technology Services, Ooredoo, Jetwing, etc. will also attend.

3. Partnership and Supporters There are many partnerships and supporters that assist UNICEF with their goals and needs. Various charity partners have been leading corporations in funding for UNICEF. All of the companies have really contributed in raising money and helping the survival for the children in need. An accumulation consisting of many companies have been a part of different charities, one of them is the President’s Circle. The President’s circle contains 17 companies such as Google, Gucci, UPS, The Walt Disney Company, and many more. The charity has raised over 1 million dollars in the past year alone. Having the most companies, another charity called the Million Dollar Circle has been part of the organization for a long time now, containing 45 companies in total, and has raised over 1 million dollars over the history of the partnership. Some of the companies that are a part of the Million Dollar Circle is American Airlines, GE Foundation, Alex and Ani, and Pier 1 Imports, Inc. There are many more corporations and each and every one of them has made a big difference in helping the survival, growth, security, and health for the children in need. With all of these corporate partners that are taking part, UNICEF has raised almost 7.7 billion dollars since it was founded in 1947. An enormous amount of celebrities have also contributed to the organization. The partnerships have benefited UNICEF greatly by 54

raising money to buy more vaccines, health facilities, education for children and more positive changes throughout the world. For instance, all of the funding provided by the charities have helped vaccinate nearly half the world’s children which is about 3 million lives every year. Climate change has become one of the world’s biggest problems today and is one of the main reasons why children need to get vaccinated around the world. Due to climate change, diseases have become more widespread and have affected children the most as they are the most vulnerable. With all of the partnerships that have benefited UNICEF greatly, we can ensure that all children will one day be able to fully live their lives in happiness without any restraints.

4. Reflection Jun-Soo Park I learned about the seriousness of child labor and learned about UNICEF's support for the UN’s SDGs plan. And what was memorable was what UNICEF could do to help children in their poor working environment. One of the help was to provide them with a guarantee of education and wages and that constant attention was important. We also learned that there are relatively many individual donors when we make donations for UNICEF and that we need constant attention to donations and services to help many young children.

Minyoung Chun Children who are full of potential hope to the future and UNICEF, an organization working for children, exist to guarantee all the children who are qualified to get equal protection and opportunity to develop in a proper way.

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Before I visited the UNICEF, I actually had no idea about the UNICEF itself. However, as I got to know about UNICEF through the lecture and question time, I was dominated by their passion for their vision and their impressive attitudes. During the lecture, I was impressed when I heard that UNICEF not only works to help children but also works with children, revealing their attitude that truly wonders the ideas of children and challenges themselves to realize their vision. For example, there was a project that they believe as one of the most successful ways to educate children. The project was making a cartoon that can make children know about the SDGs and to encourage them to keep SDGs in their minds. I was stimulated by their efforts to approach children with diverse aspects, showing their eagerness for vision, which is believing that young people have the power to change a world.

As UNICEF believes, young people are the mover, maker, and changers who develop the world as a better place. I, as one of the young people, recognized the efforts of UNICEF to encourage us to realize our better opportunity for better education and I also got a hope that I also want to help other children for their higher education quality. Today’s meeting was really great and the heart of UNICEF also fulfilled my heart with a vision for a better future.

Ryan Donghyun Park The lecture at UNICEF was very interesting because it could be applied to my life. Since I am a young person, I was able to visualize what some people are going through in other least developed countries. The lecturer explained UNICEF’s goals and what they do every day to help young people in need. They aim to help children all around the world and ensure they all have basic needs and a good education just like they deserve. I was happy to see UNICEF was trying to build homes and schools in Africa using plastics which would be beneficial to the environment and would help the children in need of a good education.

Skylar Yiahn Yun The lecture on UNICEF really covered the importance of helping children all around the world get an education, have more rights, have a healthy life, and grow. The way the SDGs and UNICEF really interact with each other really intrigued me as they both apply with one another and have similar goals. I was informed about the many things UNICEF has done to provide children with the type of care they need.

Songhyeon Lee Children’s rights should be guaranteed without exception. Even their society, religions, traditions, and cultures may oppress children’s freedom to pursue their happiness, children are the ones who the protection should be guaranteed as the world’s future who connects the present and future. Children’s life is the life of the future and adults and people who have the potential ability to help others, also have a duty to protect children.

During the lecture in UNICEF, I found that we have a duty to work for children’s better life with 56

education and safe society to raise them as a healthy adult and make a better society for the future. Every adult is made of the combination of their own infant, children, teenager, and youth period. In the overall process of their growing, young experiences complete the human as an adult.

The word ‘potential’ is the best explanation that describes the basis of global children’s protection and education development. Every child is with their own ability and interest. Without support and education, it is difficult to develop and specialize the potential to do what they really want to achieve. To give every child an opportunity to find out and develop their full potential, a proper environment for children should be guaranteed.

I am having a big interest in the human rights of the minority, including the children’s education issues in a dangerous environment. This lecture let me develop my thought about children’s right to live a life fully expressing their ability and ideas. Every child, every book, every idea, every hope should be protected and respected.

Yeseul Choi The United Nations Children’s Fund, UNICEF is a United Nations agency which is existing for the children all around the world. They provide humanitarian aids to the children in danger, regardless of race, sex, religion, or language. At first, they were just temporary organization, not an official UN agency, but it is recognized its necessity and became the biggest organization which provide a variety of help for the children around the world. When I was younger, UNICEF was a dream job for me. Although I think I lost a bit of direction about how to live my life in the future, my experience visiting UNICEF New York headquarter has been an unforgettable and precious experience in my life, as the goal of working for children still remains. It is just an honor to have such a wonderful experience because I know how precious this opportunity is to visit UNICEF New York headquarters and learn something directly from someone who works there. While writing the report, I felt a lot that ‘knowledge is power’ was not wrong. Depending on how actively I participated in the programs, I could get more new things that are really valuable. It was a new fact for me that UNICEF was related in SDGs and it also was a guide of their project, and it conducted projects such as a cartoon contest to publicize the contents of SDGs, and I could realize how important a role UNICEF played in the UN. When asked what qualities are most required to be a person working with children, I was impressed that she answered "persistence," and I thought that I should keep that saying in my mind all times to realize my dream.

I’m not sure if I have a qualification to enjoy such a great opportunity with a lot of great people, but I'm just grateful so much to those who have had such a great experience with me.

Reference 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF

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https://www.unicef.org/

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https://borgenproject.org/the-history-of-unicef/

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https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/unicef-founded

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https://timelines.issarice.com/wiki/Timeline_of_UNICEF 57

Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to thePermanen United Nations Permanent Counsellor: Sang-deok Na

Permanent Mission of Mission of Permanent

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the Republic of Korea to United the Korea to the United Nations Nations Counsellor Sangdeok Na

Jun-soo Park Minyoung Chun Songhyeon Lee Yeseul Choi Skylar Yiahn Yun 58

Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations Counsellor Sang-deok Na

Table of Contents 1. History 2. Role a. International Peace Security b. Climate Change and Development c. Human Rights and Humanitarian Assistance d. International Law e. United Nations Budget and Human Resources Management 3. Relationship a. Relationship between UN & Korea 4. Reflection

Jun-Soo Park, Gyeongnam Foreign Language High School Minyoung Chun, Harbin Wanbang School Skylar Yiahn Yun, Notre Dame Academy Songhyeon Lee, Korean Minjok Leadership Academy Yeseul Choi, Busan International High School

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1. History 1949. 08. 01

The Observer Mission of the Republic of Korea to the UN was installed.

1951. 11. 06

The Observer Mission of the Republic of Korea to the UN was established

1991. 09. 17.

The Republic of Korea joined the United Nations.

Since the establishment of the government of the republic of Korea, the UN and Korea have continued a special relationship. In 1948 the UN permitted the establishment of the establishment of the government of the Republic of Korea through the general meeting and in 1950 when the Korean War occurred, the UN sent the United Nations forces. After the war, the United Nations supported resources to Korea until Korea achieved successful economic improvements and overcame the destruction. In 1991, the Republic of Korea realized the enrollment as a member of the United Nations. After that, the republic of Korea has engaged in support of development and peace including climate change, and also participated in the discussions of the major part in UN based on Korea’s development. Through this, Korea advanced as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council in each 1996 and 2013. Also, Korea has produced a secretary-general of the United Nations. In addition, the U.N. economic and Social Council (2015), Human Rights Council (2016), and Peace and Construction Committee (2017) have been appointed the Republic of Korea as a chair.

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2. Role Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations, representative of Korea in the UN, has been participating in solving global issues since 1991. It is working in various ways to make a better world as a member of the United Nations. a. International Peace Security One of the UN’s major missions to achieve, international peace and security is a crucial issue which the UN is proceeding projects to discuss.

Korea is also working with the UN, contributing to mitigating tense conflicts around the world and sustains effort to maintain international peace. Since 1991, the Republic of Korea served as a nonpermanent member of the Security Council twice and expanded the support toward PKO (peacekeeping operation) and conflict prevention activities. Korea’s history and nowadays’ stances are deeply related to the UN's Security Council.

Since the 1940s, the United Nations worked for unification and rehabilitation of Korea and stabilizing the Korean peninsula, and the Security Council is still sustaining efforts for peaceful negotiation with North Korea. Security issues with North Korea are a global topic that requires international cooperation including the Republic of Korea.

The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea is focusing on peacebuilding, which is the next step of peacekeeping. As a responsible member of the international community, the Republic of Korea will continue to strengthen its participation and contribution in the UN to keep international peace and security activities. b. Climate Change and Development Climate change is a serious issue that the United Nations keeps sustaining efforts. The UN has been debating climate change consistently. For example, adopting the Paris agreement, international society promised to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to strengthen efforts to maintain the world’s average temperature increase. The Republic of Korea presented the Emission Trading Scheme in 2015 and submitted its Intended National Determined Contribution (INDC), as well as voluntarily committing to a 37% reduction of business as usual (BAU) greenhouse gas emission goal by 2030.

Climate change is the issue directly related to humans surviving. By working for achieving sustainable development and encouraging each country to make a concrete and effective manner toward climate change, the international community is willing to keep the Earth stably.

Korea is playing a leading role in the international community’s efforts to tackle climate change by hosting the Global Climate Fund (GCF) and NGO working for climate change to provide support for the mitigation and adaptation of developing countries.

From the perspective of development, Korea is a country with a special history achieving social, 61

economic, political and cultural stability in the short period of 40 years since its liberation. Based on Korean cultural characteristics and intellectual tradition, the development leads to Korea’s own identity and concrete culture. c. Human Rights and Humanitarian Assistance The Republic of Korea, as a country has reached incredible developments in the economy, democracy, and human rights, spare no efforts to promote human rights for all by putting the goal, which is improving human rights, as the biggest part of the foreign diplomacy. Also, Korea actively protects the rights of people who used to be excluded like women, disabled people, and young girls. Moreover, Korea strives to participate in country-specific human rights issues and Universal periodic review to urge human rights protection.

The Republic of Korea has been recognized as a country supporting other countries damaged by destructive disasters effectively and systemically by legislating assistance laws for foreign countries.

Humanitarian assistance to almost 40 accidents that happened abroad is offered by the republic of Korea annually. Moreover, the Republic of Korea also donated 5 million USD for the rapid aid of urgent accidents and forgotten disasters in 2019.

d. International Law Korea, a member of society, has been endeavored to encourage other nations to promote their efforts for international laws based on our experiences. International laws include the law of the sea, rules on commercial transactions and international criminal law. For the law of the sea, the Republic of Korea has participated in the discussions, which promoted the international laws relating to the seas and oceans, actively. The Republic of Korea not only adhere to discuss the development and prevention of the laws but also plays an active role in cooperating with other nations for the sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). For rules on commercial transactions, Korea has engaged in promoting the field of international trade law since 2004. Korea also joined the UN Convention on contracts for the international sale of Goods, one of the international trade laws and has tried to accommodate the law as domestic law. Moreover, for international criminal law, Korea has actively participated in the process of the Rome statue system of the ICC, the international criminal court, to eliminate all the forms of crimes.

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e. United Nations Budget and Human Resources Management The Republic of Korea, a country that admits the given responsibility to manage the budget made by many countries as a member of the UN, plays a role as an inspector to encourage UN business to manage resources effectively. Korea not only supports the planned budget but also establishes fiscal disciplines and contributes to the efficiency, effectiveness, and transparency of the UN organization. Moreover, Korea also takes care about reforming the policy relating to human resources for the members of the UN, so they can display their potential by adopting the Umoja system. Korea believes that the UN should be an organization with the flexibility and will contribute to the UN by participating in sustainable issues constantly as a member of the UN.

3. Relationship a. Relationship between UN & Korea A few years after Korea’s independence, in June 1950, a severe war occurred between North Korea and South Korea. The United Nations intervened and mitigate the conflict by sending armed forces to repel 63

the aggression. Now, almost 50 years after the Korean armistice, a UN army is still acting in the Korean Peninsula. In 1991, both the ROK and the DPRK were simultaneously admitted to the UN as the Cold War structure of global politics receded. After the Republic of Korea gets into the official member of the UN, it has made significant contributions to the work of the UN through peacekeeping operations, development, and human rights activities.

Welcoming the inter-Korean summit and encouraging its follow-up measures, the General Assembly adopted a resolution called "Peace, Security, and Unification on the Korean Peninsula," co-sponsored by 157 nations, including both Koreas in 2000. The Republic of Korea remains firm in its goal of establishing permanent peace on the peninsula and contributing to stability and prosperity.

Now, Korea has become one of the major countries which are actively supporting the UN in a wide range including peace, poverty, and security.

4. Reflection Minyoung Chun Looking back, I have been to many ambassadors where I learned many things. However, I can confidently say visiting the permanent mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations was the most memorable moment.

Many people in Korea usually ignore the merits of Korea. Including me, people do not be grateful about the country but say negative words toward Korea, our lovely nation. I believe the councilor of an embassy 64

who I met also knew about the perception of people regarding Korea and that is why he mentioned the merits of Korea. As he mentioned, Korea is a country has developed fast and incredibly only in a half-century. Now, Korea is the one playing an important role in the UN, helping other nations. In addition, I could think more about the merits of Korea from small things to the big things after the meeting. There was a lot. For small things, Korea is a country very well regulated. People in Korea abide by small rules like obeying the traffic signals and also do not use disposable products usually. For big things, as I mentioned, Korea plays an essential role internationally.

After visiting the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations, I could get more patriotism which is very important as a public of Korea. It was a great honor to be there and talk about Korea with the counsellor of an embassy and I hope to see him and be there in the future.

Songhyeon Lee It was a great honor to visit the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea as a Korean student. I have learned about our history and society in school only by the unfriendly textbook, without realistic experience and touchy lecture. So it was much more meaningful for me to have a talk with the expert who is working in the scene of history with global cooperation.

Especially, a story from the lecture sincerely impressed me.

“In city A, when people get up every morning, people in the city try to figure out if they can get food to eat. They always worry about jobs and about whether they will be able to protect their jobs. There is little possibility of finding new jobs. The family sends their children to school, and even it is a big burden for children to school. They find if there is a doctor around when someone is sick. They have to wait for a long time indefinitely as the health care system does not already have a doctor and cannot afford to pay the costs of it.

On the other hand, in city B, people get up every morning worrying about investing in the stock market or buying a house. Real estate prices and share prices are rising rapidly. They are afraid of getting too much meat as they can get adult diseases by fat intake. Domestic or abroad, the best education opportunities in education are that their children are trying to get. They search for the best doctor if someone is sick.”

Korea is a country that experienced both A and B city’s situation. The process being B city from A city is a ‘development.’ After the war, in only 40 years, Korea has been developed amazingly in the economic, diplomatic, and cultural aspects.

I could be proud of the role of Korea as a member of the United Nations as a developed country with high-quality culture. Even only 70 years ago, Korea was a small and weak country which the international community ignored. However, now Korea is a major member of the United Nations, which is developing and developing its own resources.

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I learned that our history is made with the effort of countless sacrificing, researching, and experimenting.

We should know that and think of our country and history as an important and precious monument.

Jun-Soo Park I learned about the specifics of PKO and PBO and I was very impressed. It was interesting to hear from the diplomat peace should be maintained first and then peace should be built. For this reason, I also learned that Korea sends soldiers to many countries which are not maintained peace. In questions about the Dokdo dispute between Korea and Japan, Japan says Dokdo is its own territory. Also, the reason why Dokdo is their territory is well organized. The diplomat said that explains a lot of reasons why Dokdo is our land can rather fall into the trap of Japan. I found the diplomatic issue not easy and extremely complicated.

Yeseul Choi I was just happy because I could meet friendly Korean people in New York which is a totally strange land for me. I was glad to greet in Korean to others, hear something in Korean, and even see the Korean style patterns in the building. Everything felt like an old friend and made me feel comfortable. At the permanent mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nation, I met an advisor who was working there and learned a lot of things about Korea’s modern history and status in the international community from him. Listening to his explanation, I was really proud to be a citizen of the Republic of Korea, which grew from a country receiving international aid to a country providing aid. However, at the same time, I realized that there were a lot of things that we should give up due to rapid industrial development. Also, I appreciated many people working for the interests of the Republic of Korea and felt that the UN is a much more difficult and complicated organization rather than I thought. It was surprising that small acts and small words could affect the interests of countries, so people working in international organizations always care about their acts and words. The time in the permanent mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nation, was really precious for me to get an opportunity to think about Korea, and the UN deeply.

Skylar Yiahn Yun Even though this lecture was all in Korean it really educated me about a lot of things. The lecture really taught me about the importance Korea has in the United Nations. Almost all of the history of Korea in the UN was also talked about and I really learned a lot. The Korean representative that gave us the lecture also shared his opinions about the problems Korea has faced and is facing right now.

Reference ď‚&#x;

http://overseas.mofa.go.kr/un-en/index.do 66

Permanent Mission Permanent Mission ofofGreece the Republic of Korea to the Mission of United toPermanent the United Nations Secretary of Embassy, FifthNations Committee Expertof :to Spyros Pagkratis the Republic of Korea Permanent Mission Counsellor United the Republicthe of Korea toNations the United Nations Sangdeok Na Counsellor Counsellor Sangdeok Sangdeok Na Na

Haram Jang Songhyeon Lee 67

Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations Secretary of Embassy, Fifth Committee Expert Spyros Pagkratis

Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Q&A 3. Reflection

Haram Jang, Harbin Wanbang School Songhyeon Lee, Korean Minjok Leadership Academy

68

1. Introduction Greece is one of the founding members of the United Nations so that there is a long history of Greece regarding the UN. Since the UN’s founding, the Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations has contributed to the United Nations in three ways: Peace and Security, Economic and Social Development, and International Law and Human Rights.

For peace and security in the world, Greece has supported Peacekeeping operations, Disarmament of arms and weapons. For the final solution, Greece suggests sanctions regarding civil wars, illegal armed groups, and weapons to the UN Security Council.

On top of that, the Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations supports Economic and Social Development in the world. Due to the issue regarding the financial crisis, Greece has attempted to eradicate poverty by developing countries with MDG(Millennium Development Goals) and SDG(Sustainable Development Goal). Besides, to correspond to the emergent humanitarian crises, Greece founded Hellenic Aid to eradicate humanitarian abuse and ensure the response to the urgent circumstances in 1999.

“Greece is one of the founding members of the United Nations so that there is a long history of Greece regarding the United Nations.�

For the last thing, Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations actively prevent human rights violation, especially maltreated and set a legal framework to resolve this issue.

2. Q&A Question by Haram Jang Q: As the representative of Greece to the United Nations, there are massive human rights abuse and violations in this status all around the world, especially in the African countries and the Middle East.

Therefore, a controversial issue which is the refugee problem occurs in most of the European countries.

How does Greece contribute to solving this serious problem?

69

A: Yes. The refugee problem is a serious human right problem. Usually, refugees fleed to the European countries due to civil wars or terrors in their own countries. To save their lives themselves, they sailed across the sea and cross the borders though many people have died during their flee. And they came to some European countries, especially Greece, an entrance of Europe, which is located between Asia and Africa countries. Due to this geographical matter, Greece is trying its best to solve this refugee problem.

First of all, Greece set a refugee camp and send refugees there. At there, refugees can get health care and rest. However, recognizing refugees and giving citizenship requires some complicated processes since this process should be based on each European countries domestic law and European law. Nonetheless, Greece tries its best to protect the human rights of refugees.

Question by Songhyeon Lee Q: Before the lecture, I searched for some information about Greece, and I found that the unemployment rate of Greece reduced a lot with economic development since 2010. I want to ask you what can be the future industry or youth program in which Greece is trying to support Greece’s sustainable future or reducing more unemployment rates?

A: As Songhyeon Lee mentioned, there was a financial crisis with big bankruptcy in 2009 Greece, and Greece’s whole economic systems and Greece’s government were paralyzed. Even, huge unemployment and declining construction and production occurred, and banks stopped lending. To mitigate these emergent situations, banks were subsidized, money was provided from abroad, and there was the help of the IMF. Besides, the government started to encourage savings and tried to be careful with cash management for stabilizing. In this regard, Greece’s government is trying to expand the investment for youths by education and businesses, and reformation of the social system. Furthermore, minerals, coal, and renewable energy industry development are encouraged as future industries in Greece.

3. Reflection Songhyeon Lee We were honored to visit the Greek Embassy with an invitation, though not on our previous schedule. We learned about Greece, which we didn't know very much about, even though I didn't have much time to study and prepare questions on a sudden schedule. Greece is a country that was previously unknown in the news except for the big titles of cultural heritage, tourism, and economic crisis. So we prepared questions to answer questions about Greece's future and prospects, and we learned things that we didn't know at all. Greece is rich in natural resources, and in the future, it is preparing industries through convergence with current chemical technologies, and it is promoting development through green 70

energy and renewable energy. I learned about the delicate parts of Greece, which are hidden by the big title of the economic crisis, and I felt again that we shouldn't be able to tell all about a country with one piece of information that we see on the news. I learned and felt a lot through discussion and Q&A, and thank Greece Embassy for the warmth that welcomed us.

Haram Jang To be honest, I believed that Europe is the place where people think about only themselves such as wealth, welfare, and culture before though I’ve never been to Europe. And this stereotype blocked me to understand real Europe and Europeans; however, the representative of Greece I met today altered my wrong thought. He recognizes global issues that humans face and feel empathy with people all around the world such as refugee problems, abject poverty, and human rights abuse. Therefore, he does his best as a representative of Greece in which is involved in European Unions(EU). But the thing I saw is that those processes require numerous knowledge regarding policies and diplomacy not only domestic but also the European Union, United Nations, and international. Therefore, I strongly determine to study really hard to help those people who are in danger with my knowledge and diplomacy skills.

Reference ď‚&#x;

https://www.mfa.gr/missionsabroad/en/un-en

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Program Curriculum WIMUN: The REAL UN Experience WFUNA International Model United Nations (WIMUN), the most accurate simulation of the United Nations in the world. Located in New York City, Geneva, and Seoul, the World Federation of United Nations Associations aims to precisely simulate the United Nations in Model UN programs and provide students with the most realistic experience possible.

The WIMUN program features intensive training workshops taught by UN officials, briefings on important agenda items by UN Agencies, and a conference session in the heart of New York City in the North American edition.

Date

Time

WIMUN Schedules

10:00 – 17:00

Registration

09:00 – 17:00

General Assembly Officials’ Training

18:30 – 19:30

Opening Ceremony

19:30 – 20:30

Opening Plenary Session

09:00 – 12:00

Training Sessions Workshops

13:30 – 17:30

Training Sessions Workshops

15:00 - 17:30

Committee Session I

16:45 – 17:30

Advisor Meeting

19:00 – 21:00

Committee Session II

09:00 – 12:00

Committee Session III

13:30 – 17:30

Committee Session IV

16:45 – 17:30

Advisor Meeting

19:00 – 21:00

Committee Session V

21:00 - 23:00

Global Exchange Program

09:00 – 12:00

Committee Session VI

15:30 – 16:30

Closing Plenary Ceremony

16:30 – 17:30

Closing Ceremony

20:00 – 23:00

High School Delegate Social

Jan. 31

Feb. 1

Feb. 2

Feb. 3

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Position Papers Chaebeen Lim, Ewha Girls’ High School ECOSOC-Commission on Population and Development, Belgium

“Population, Food Security, Nutrition and Sustainable Development” The concept of sustainable development is relatively new to this world. It pursues the development of the society without compromising the resources for future generation.

The United Nations has adopted “2030 agenda for sustainable development”. It is centered by 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The topic “Population, Food Security, Nutrition” mostly falls under the Goals 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. As the world population continues to grow rapidly, the challenge for eradicating world hunger is more severe. The international community recognizes that sustainably increasing in the global food

“Belgium urges the international

supply, decreasing the food loss and waste, as well as

society to cooperate for an even

ensuring the access of food for the people with malnutrition are significant approaches. Poverty, particularly extreme

distribution of resources

poverty can easily lead to the issue of malnutrition. Besides,

throughout the world, which will

climate changes, political instabilities, conflicts also play as

enable regions that face food

factors for this issue that the delegates ought to be

insecurity to produce and build systems for secure access to food.”

considering during the discussion. What it seems not to be a complicated world issue eventually makes millions of children in the modern world suffer. It requires the integrated international cooperation as well as an urgent up-coming deadline.

The rapid growth of population started from the agriculture revolution in the 17 th century, and is still in progress at this very moment. Ironically, food supply, which once was the cause of the increase of population, is now unable to catch up with the speed of its consequences. Although the increasing rate is slowly declining, the global population is still growing, and has reached a point where the food our planet can provide us today cannot fulfill the needs of everyone. This kind of food shortage is present in most developing countries, especially serious in the African areas. Crop failure caused by the climate change and political issues also worsen 74

this problem, all of them existing mainly in relatively less developed nations. The ultimate amount of food the planet can produce, however, is sufficient for the whole population. The problem with food scarcity is closely related to the imbalance of resources between countries, caused by the mismatch of food supply and population growth in different places around the world. This suggests a possible solution; food insecurity might be a problem of distribution of fundamental resources, rather than the absolute amount of food production itself.

Belgium has been very active and supportive to many organizations regarding the problems related to food security. It has been through severe stages of food crises in the past. It was the most overpopulated country just before the First World War, and had depended much of its food supplies on importation, which led to a consequence of food insufficiency as the war developed. The country eventually conquered the problem by reducing caloric intakes per citizen, creating more efficient procedures and policies to sufficiently feed its territories, and developing domestic production. Belgium holds partnership with numerous international groups for food security worldwide, including FAO and WFP. Belgium currently spends millions of euros on structural agricultural aid each year and supplies countries that call for external aid in the form of financial donations. The country has been giving money to these countries for food aid, later to be used for buying local food by partner organizations.

Through their experiences from the First World War, Belgium prioritizes domestic production in rural areas to solve food problems. It focuses on urgent assistance for rural people to purchase and produce food by maintaining food production and rebuilding the agriculture sector. For this, Belgium attaches great importance to flexible funding and seeks for more effective mechanisms for these funds to support food management in rural areas. Belgium urges the international society to cooperate for an even distribution of resources throughout the world, which will enable regions that face food insecurity to produce and build systems for secure access to food. This balance around the globe will contribute to the world’s long-term food security, as well sustainable agriculture and development around the globe.

References 

http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index/en/?iso3=BEL



https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/food_and_nutrition_belgium



https://www.wfp.org/news/belgium-throws-support-behind-wfps-life-changing-innovations



https://diplomatie.belgium.be/en/policy/development_cooperation/what_we_do/themes/inclusive_ growth/agriculture_and_food_security/belgian_fund_for_food_security

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Eunah Sohn, Jukjeon High School Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice A, Guatemala

“Wildlife and Forest Crime” Wildlife and forest crime is an increasingly important global issue. The term wildlife and forest crime itself refers to the illicit trade, selling, smuggling, or exploitation of flora and fauna. Through the spread of transnational networks, similar to those used by human traffickers, wildlife smugglers are able to transport flora and fauna around the world. As a result, the illicit trade of wildlife has grown into one of the largest criminal enterprises in Asia and the Pacific region, generating USD 19.5 billion annually. Yet, wildlife and forest crime is still increasingly hard to account for due

“The problem with wildlife and

to the interconnected nature of the crime. Wildlife and forest

forest crimes is not just about one

crime is linked to corruption, other transnational crime

single country anymore. Taking

networks, and continues to face inconsistent and often ineffective penalties around the world. The impact of forest

into consideration that everything

and wildlife crime is palpable, contributing to the

in the world is interconnected,

degradation of social and economic development, in addition

Guatemala strongly believes that

to providing challenges to global security. During this simulation, delegates will address the growing need for

the problems that lie within wildlife and forest crimes can be resolved with global cooperation.”

regulatory frameworks, increasing abilities to uncover networks of such criminal enterprises, and creating greater global cooperation to combat this threat.

Planet Earth, the home and source of our lives, is formed with a wondrous variety of wildlife that enriches our lives in every way. Noting that the complex web of species have given us unremitting essentials like water, clean air, fertile soil and a stable climate, for much its deeds, only a vestige of movements were done in requital.

With the planet’s wildlife at crisis (numbers have fallen rapidly since the 1970’s), forests have been another concern. Every year, 8.8 million hectares of forests are destroyed for activities like cattle pasture, palm oil plantations, soy fields or roads. Most of this is happening in tropical regions, where there is a particularly rich variety of life. The head of a United Nations-backed environmental treaty stated at the opening of a wildlife conference in the Philippines: “Unless the international community integrates wildlife conservation with sustainable development, it will not be able to protect the remaining animal species on Earth.”

Known as the lungs of Central America, Guatemala is considered one of the most biologically diverse 76

countries in the Americas, alongside Mexico, Costa Rica, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Venezuela. It is home to 192 species of mammals, 486 types of birds and 27 species of amphibians. This diversity is threatened by trafficking networks in east and north Guatemala, which are focused on extracting wildlife for commercialization in Mexico, the United States, Spain, Holland and Australia. Guatemala’s rosewood, prized for its rich color and durability, are now the world’s most trafficked wild product by value. According to the Global Environment Facility, an international partnership among governments, civil society etc, the illegal wild animal trade is worth between $5 billion and $20 billion a year; it’s often ranked as the world’s fourth most lucrative black market business after narcotics, human trafficking, and the weapons trade. The Guatemalans first realized that there was a serious problem with the rosewoods was in 2011 but couldn’t make any substantial improvements. Consequently, Guatemala lost 17 percent of its forest between 2001 and 2017, according to Global Forest Watch, a website developed by the World Resources Institute to track forest data. Up to 2019, the country had the world’s fourth-highest deforestation rate partially because it has limited areas in which the local species of woods prefer to grow. Alarmed of the rose wood’s vulnerability, in 2016, Guatemala led global efforts to have all 300 species upgraded to Appendix II of CITES, which put in place stricter regulations on rosewood exports: every shipment must have a permit certifying the timber’s legal provenance.

CONAP(National Council for Protected Areas), the Guatemalan National Council, has broad management and responsibilities in more than 300 protected areas covering approximately 30 percent of Guatemala, twothirds of which corresponds to the Maya Biosphere Reserve. The agency is also expected to protect biological diversity throughout the entire country. CONAP has been assigned an annual budget of between 13 and 14 million dollars, which is comparatively significantly insufficient to other organizations’ funds. Protected areas are not considered as a figure in government objectives. The problem isn’t just a lack of funding, however.

There’s a lack of vision and long-term planning, according to Erick Cuellar, a program director for the Fundación Naturaleza para la Vida, a Petén-based environmental NGO. Guatemala believes that the ways to safeguard the wildlife and forests are with strategies that follows: reinforcement of international laws including CITES listings, development of national laws, global outreach, and education programs. When included in CITES listings, legal and sustainable trade are ensured and international cooperation is promoted. National laws for instance, CONAP will have to develop effective laws.

(This will be possible when the budget that supports the council rises.) When the problems that were threatening the wild weren’t being solved, the members of Guatemala lended a helping hand. Guatemala states that bigger help is needed by making global outreach. As for the education program, it is important that people of all ages understand the severity of the agenda. More people will have to act out for the problem and contribute to making a brighter future. Organizations such as the UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes) have developed the Global Programme for Combating Wildlife and Forest Crime which gives a framework to deliver a range of technical assistance activities within several thematic areas aimed to contribute to the reduction of demand for wild fauna and flora. More specifically, UNODC works with legal systems and law enforcement agencies of Member States to increase awareness regarding the nature and scale of environmental crimes, and enhance cooperation on a bilateral and regional level. Like what this organization has done, substantial effort 77

and performance are needed. The problem with wildlife and forest crimes is not just about one single country anymore. Taking into consideration that everything in the world is interconnected, Guatemala strongly believes that the problems that lie within wildlife and forest crimes can be resolved with global cooperation.

The protection of wildlife and forests is of uttermost importance, and the ideas above are a few ways to make the world a better and more sustainable place to live.

References 

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gt.html



https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/08/guatemala-fight-against-rosewoodtrafficking/



https://www.peoplenotpoaching.org/law-enforcement-and-anti-smuggling-conservation-actionsendangered-wildlife-dry-forest-guatemala



https://news.mongabay.com/2016/06/successes-and-many-challenges-in-guatemalas-mayabiosphere-reserve/



https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/articles/community-the-secret-to-stopping-deforestation-inguatemala



https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49753886



https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/inside-guatemala-s-animal-trafficking-trade/



https://news.mongabay.com/2019/03/wildlife-traffickers-thrive-on-guatemalas-murky-borderwith-belize/



https://www.veterans4wildlife.org/wildlifecrime?gclid=Cj0KCQiA4NTxBRDxARIsAHyp6gAlkPST_iTMOAcrBgZhPLEdst4jw8n0vYAlXchH PYM36Z8Nrd2KtmwaAoC8EALw_wcB



https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/07/150706-wildlife-crime-technology-poachingendangered-animals/



https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/how-wildlife-and-forest-crime-undermines-developmentand-ravages-global-biodiversity



https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/10/569072-wildlife-conservation-sustainable-developmentspotlight-un-backed-conference



https://news.un.org/en/story/2016/05/530292-un-launches-unprecedented-wildforlife-campaignend-illegal-trade-wildlife



https://wwf.panda.org/our_work/wildlife/



https://www.unodc.org/westandcentralafrica/en/newrosenwebsite/TOC/wildlife-and-forestcrime.html



https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/wildlife-crime/module-3/key-issues/criminalization-of-wildlifetrafficking.html

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Eunju Jeong, Cornerstone Collegiate Academy Second Committee B of the General Assembly, Guatemala

“Protection of Global Climate for Present and Future Generations of Humankind” As it has caught the focus of the entire human race in the past few decades, climate change has become a primary agenda for the global community. A report published by the World Meteorological Organization confirms that the carbon dioxide released in the atmosphere has reached a level that has not been seen in 3 to 5 million years. The topic Protection of global climate for present and future generations of humankind is mostly addressed by the goal No.13 Climate Action out of the 17 sustainable development goals. As part of the goals for the National Sustainable Development Strategies (NSDS) which is “a coordinated, participatory and iterative process of thoughts and actions to achieve economic environmental and social objectives in a balanced and integrative manner”, its purpose is for nations to best

“Solution on global climate

approach the preparation and implementation of its national

protection for present and future

sustainable development strategy under the prevailing

humankind, we will cooperate

political, historical cultural, ecological circumstances. As mentioned under Goal 13.3, nations need to achieve

with other country on the World

education, awareness-raising and human and institutional

Meteorological Organization

capacity on climate change and strengthen national

(WMO) and UNEP.”

institution, systems and individual capacity-building to implement adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer and development actions. Throughout the conference, the General Assembly will seek to make these ambitious goals a reality.

1. Topic Background Guatemala was a mountainous country and has the largest population in Central America. In Guatemala, half of its land was used for agriculture. However, Guatemala has weakness in natural disaster. Hurricanes, earthquakes, and tropical storms are likely to occur in Guatemala. It also went through a serious drought throughout the last ten years, known as dry corridor. According to the Climate Risk Index (CRI), Guatemala was the 9th most affected country. During 1996 to 2015 had most effect from climate change 79

Since the 1990s, Guatemala and Honduras had experienced many disasters, along with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation. And these events are caused by global climate changes. They affect negatively to agriculture in Guatemala and Central America. In addition, especially Guatemala and Honduras rely heavily on agriculture, which consists a large portion of their gross domestic product. For example, some of their main crops are coffee, corn and bean. But global climate changes affected their livelihood.

2. Country Stance The government of Guatemala encourages an effort to escape this risk of climate change as quickly as possible. Guatemala government action aimed at reducing deforestation has been initiated by the National Council of Protected Areas to protect biological diversity and diverse habitats.

3. Past Actions and Recent Commitments On September 30, 2015, The United Nations Framework assembled on Climate Change (UNFCCC) submitted its new climate action plan to the Republic of Guatemala. U.S Agency for International Development (USAID) assists Guatemala in establishing early warning systems for flooding and fires, as well as in supporting soil and rainwater harvesting, watershed restoration, and other sustainable practices to create climate-resilient communities in the Western Highlands. Until 2022 Guatemala agreed to restore 1.5 million hectares of forested land.

4. Key Solutions Solution on global climate protection for present and future humankind, we will cooperate with other country on the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and UNEP. And also, Guatemala has a water management policy. We will improve this policy. The policy is focused on soil recovery and forest conservation techniques for protecting from climate changes.

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Haram Jang, Wanbang School Security Council, Indonesia

“Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo”

The situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of the biggest humanitarian threats currently faced by the international community. The political turmoil that began after the country's independence has yet to be resolved, and the conflict has taken millions of lives over the years. The Security Council has been working towards the stabilization of the region for many decades, and efforts are being made in order to stop the ongoing violence in the Congolese

“The delegate of Indonesia strongly believes that this issue cannot be solved only by one country, but only when all

territory. The Security Council must work to elaborate new solutions to support peace-building in the Democratic Republic of the Congo through political changes that can help stop the humanitarian crisis the region is suffering from, and achieve lasting peace and development in the region.

countries co-operate.”

Independence; Ironically, a word that stands for liberty has extorted the freedom of the Democratic Republic of Congo. After a colonial-era, Congo faced harsh adversities: Feuding between president Kasavubu and the prime minister, the secession of the Katanga region, changes of governance, and 27 years of dictatorship; however, those were only the beginning. In 1994, extreme Hutus who took the power of the Rwandan government triggered the Rwanda genocide that massacred 100 million victims and caused 200 million of the refugees. Those refugees fled to the DRC so that Rwandan and Ugandan armies intruded into the Congo.

Therefore, DRC, Zimbabwe, Namibia, and Angola repelled ab attempt to kick out them from the DRC. Because of that, there were two attempts of the UN to halt the war, and the war was nominally over, but so far, violence and humanitarian issues continued in the DRC. According to the WAR child, five million people have been killed in the past 20 years, and proportionally 1 out of 10 women are subjected to sexual violence. Among weaker governance and the prevalence of many armed groups, it is innocents who are suffered massive violence most. Thus, this delegation raises the seriousness of this status quo.

Acknowledging this urgent circumstance, the UN and various organizations are promoting actions to eradicate the civil war humanitarian issues toward innocent civilians. Notably, the UN put in a great deal of effort for its peacekeeping operations: the UN sent more than 17,000 troops and police, especially in the eastern of the DRC where is the most conflicted, plus 4,000 personnel with a budget of $1 billion a year to the 81

Democratic Republic of Congo to put a termination to the civil war and protect the innocents. Besides, the Security Council and the World Food Programme’s contributed toward helping to establish an interim government and national Five-Year Plan (2017-2021) of the Democratic Republic of Congo for instability, insecurity and citizens’ severe poverty. This project would enhance nutritional status in line with national protocols and national stability of the vulnerable populations in conflict and shock-affected areas by 2020. This delegate truly appreciates the actions done by the international society to protect the violated rights of human beings.

Still, war and human rights violations continue in the DRC despite those endeavors. Therefore, this delegation believes the measures our community is taking are feeble to solve the problem. According to the Readings in the International Relations of Africa, the peacekeepers did not take local context sufficiently into account. Furthermore, the policy has been based on a non-negotiable conception of what the states eventually should look like. Similarly, the rationale of the failure of the interim government in Congo is that it failed to reach the agreement and negotiation. In this respect, myriads of organizations and countries are having projects regarding the situation of the Democratic Republic of Congo itself, but very few projects work properly.

As the 6th largest troop contributor of DRC in the Security Council, Indonesia has participated collaboratively to stabilize in many regions in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Since both countries, Indonesia and Congo, have suffered colonization, long dictatorship, corrupted government, and conflicts, this country is full of desire to help the Congo with the same pain. Besides, this country resolved some problems suffered before and established a stable government so that this country promises to be able to give enough help to Congo. That is because the Indonesian government is stabilized with the proper election process by Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK): coordination with and supervision of other institutions authorized to eradicate corruption; conduct pre-investigation, investigations, and prosecutions against corrupt acts; conduct preventive actions against corruption, and monitor state governance. In this regard, the Indonesian government withdrawal governance corruption. Furthermore, this country succeeded in resolving the conflict between regions called Aceh and Maluku by negotiation. This negotiation called to disarm 3,000 fighters by the end of that year negotiation achieved, at the same time, the Indonesian government released guiltless political activities since that year August. Therefore, the Indonesian government succeeded to deal with those two regions by recovering citizens’ human rights and security for its country.

Therefore, this delegation highly suggests cooperating with every single country in the world to achieve the peace in the Democratic Republic of Congo with following solutions of corrupted government, humanitarian issues, and the civil war of the DRC. To prevent decay of the interim government established by the UN, this delegate highly recommends utilizing the African Union and OSCE as surveillance which monitors corruption of the DRC political parties and applying sanctions to the DRC government with adopting the Corruption Eradication Commission from Indonesia. Also, cooperation with the interim government and WFP would not only ensure the stability of the DRC but also keep innocents from the human rights violation and extreme poverty.

On top of that, this delegate also strongly claims to achieve negotiation between Rwanda would halt the conflicts 82

and disarm soldiers and weapons by adopting negotiation from Indonesia which mentioned above with the power of the Security Council. If not, the security council would cooperate with the Igarape institute to research the cause of the conflicts and set peacekeepers in the DRC, the especially most conflicted region of the eastern DRC to put an end of the war for the national peace and protect the civilians.

â€œâ€Śthis issue cannot be solved only by one country, but only when all countries cooperate. Therefore, this delegate suggests that the international community should care about it and all countries to consider the solutions mentioned above and collaboratively advocate them.â€?

The delegate of Indonesia strongly believes that this issue cannot be solved only by one country, but only when all countries co-operate. Therefore, this delegate suggests that the international community should care about it and all countries to consider the solutions mentioned above and collaboratively advocate them. The delegate of Indonesia assures all nations to have faith in this delegate and encourages all delegates to promote resolving the situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

83

Jun-Soo Park, Gyeongnam Foreign Language High School International Labour Organization, Belgium Worker Representative

“Combating Child Labor in the Chocolate and Coco Industry” The United Nations defines child labor as work performed to the detriment and endangerment of children whom according to the Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) is anyone below the age of 15, 13 for light work, 18 for dangerous work and 16 under certain conditions.

Worldwide, there are 152 million victims of child labor of which 73 million of them work under hazardous and extreme conditions which has and courses lasting effects on the victims of this.

Child labor is rife in cocoa rich regions especially in the

“Given the complexity and the scope of the problem, it is now

chocolate production industry in west Africa, where there are more than 250 000 victims of child labor in these coca plantations. This exposes children to a number of inhuman

imperative to develop an

conditions and violates children’s rights for it deprives all

integrated and coordinated

children who are victims of this ill an opportunity to access

approach as well as to assemble and disseminate recognized and proven good practices.”

education and a decent livelihood.

The ILO has made a number of attempts to prevent and curb child labor especially in the cocoa production industry.

But more needs to be done urgently.

According to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), over 215 million children worldwide are child laborers and are engaged in activities that should be abolished. Amongst them, 152 million are under the age of 15, and 115 million engage in dangerous activities. There is little reliable data on the specifics of child labor in the cocoa plantations of West Africa. However, research has shown that many child workers carry very heavy loads, use dangerous tools (i.e. machetes) or handle chemical fertilizers and pesticides. These types of activity pose genuine physical harm to children. Furthermore, child laborers are often denied the opportunity (temporarily or entirely) of attending school, effectively limiting their development potential and jeopardizing their future. Confronted with the realities of rural poverty and a lack of infrastructure, cocoa producers frequently resort to using their children in order to reduce labor costs on the family farm. They also consider that an apprenticeship in the production of cocoa is essential to guarantee the future livelihoods of their children, who will likely work in the agricultural sector when they become adults. Therefore, it is vital in these circumstances to ensure that any such support given by children is neither dangerous nor detrimental to their education. The fight against the exploitation of children is universal, and draws together a wide variety of actors 84

and nations. There are a growing number of initiatives to tackle the problem at every level (local, national, regional and international). Individuals, civil society organizations, governments, parliaments, trade unions, international organizations and industries supporting these initiatives constitute a de-facto alliance and a full and varied spectrum of activities should indeed be encouraged. In 2008, the Belgian Government asked the Secretariat of the Sahel and West Africa Club to become fully engaged as well. Given the complexity and the scope of the problem, it is now imperative to develop an integrated and coordinated approach as well as to assemble and disseminate recognized and proven good practices. This is why the ICI foundation (founded in 2002, and representing a unique partnership between the cocoa industry and civil society organizations) has decided to support this publication. 70% of world cocoa production is cultivated in West Africa where child labor poses severe, in some cases unacceptable, risks. These primarily affect Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana, who share the largest production basin, but also Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Cameroon and other neighbouring countries.

85

Diplomacy Award WINNER 2020 WFUNA INTERNATIONAL MODEL UN Minyoung Chun, Harbin Wanbang School International Labour Organization, Belgium Employer Representative

“Combating Child Labor in the Chocolate and Coco Industry” The United Nations defines child labor as work performed to the detriment and endangerment of children whom according to the Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) is anyone below the age of 15, 13 for light work, 18 for dangerous work and 16 under certain conditions.

Worldwide, there are 152 million victims of child labor of which 73 million of them work under hazardous and extreme conditions which has and courses lasting effects on the victims of this.

Child labor is rife in cocoa rich regions especially in the chocolate production industry in west Africa, where there are more than 250 000 victims of child labor in these coca

“To aid this process of Belgium

plantations. This exposes children to a number of inhuman

employers, international society,

conditions and violates children’s rights for it deprives all

and committee of the International

children who are victims of this ill an opportunity to access education and a decent livelihood.

Labour Organization should overcome three barriers

The ILO has made a number of attempts to prevent and curb child labor especially in the cocoa production industry. but more needs to be done urgently.

In order to achieve SDG Alliance 8.7, an essential step to achieving decent work for all, the international community has been striving with the problem of child labor in cocoa production, which let children engage in the worst forms of child labor, such as child trafficking and forced labor. Child labor in cocoa farms has led 2million children in danger by giving them hazardous works including spraying pesticides, lifting heavy loads, burning fields and using sharp tools. Also, children have to face denial of their rights at work and education, an international right for all. Even though the government of the Ivory Coast and Ghana tried to eliminate child labor by enforcing the legislation, children in the two countries continue to be exploited in cocoa harvesting, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. Thus, it is obvious that this problem cannot be tolerated. However, 86

this problem is being perpetuated.

In 2018 chocolate industries in Belgium, the second-largest importer of cocoa beans of Europe, launched the partnership named ‘beyond chocolate’, which concerns tackling child labor in the two largest cocoaproducing countries, Ghana and Ivory Coast, accounting 70% of the world’s cocoa production, for sustainable Belgian chocolate . Based on the ‘beyond chocolate’ partnership, the employer of Lidl Belgium and other employers in Belgium immediately practiced a new plan by offering added premium, in addition to training and support facilities to around 440 Ghanaian cocoa farmers. This underlines the significant consciousness of the employers in Belgium about their responsibility in solving child labor problem in cocoa production by practicing effective policies.

Employers in Belgium are showing that in the future they aim to focus on eliminating the number of children laborers in cocoa production. To aid this process of Belgium employers, international society, and committee of the International Labour Organization should overcome three barriers: first, sustainable solution for poverty in cocoa farmers, second, increasing the number of inspectors and attributing them power, third, enhancing legislation that encourages children’s education. It is true that the average daily income of cocoa farmers in 0.78$, which is very low compared with the 2.51$ regarded as necessary for a living income and since the farmers want to make their price competitive, they choose to exploit children. To solve the poverty sustainably, the policy that Belgium employers practiced is necessary for various employers such as producing private-label chocolate that gives higher premium and training courses to farmers directly. Also, it has been observed that the number of labor inspectors in both Ghana and Ivory Coast is insufficient. Moreover, the labor inspectors suffer from a lack of resources including transportation and facilities.

To solve this problem, enforcing legislation is most essential and also, there should be help from IPEC and ILO to train more inspectors. For the third barrier, suggested government action should be practiced such as eliminating all school-related fees in order to improve the access to school. The representative of Belgium employers admits that the responsibility to solve the child labor problem is given for all. Also, Belgium employers believe that solving the child labor problem is a key to producing sustainable chocolate, which is a benefit for the employers too. Therefore, we urge for these possible solutions to step toward SDG Alliance 8.7.

References 

https://www.ilo.org/global/lang--en/index.htm



https://diplomatie.belgium.be/en



http://www.ecoi.net/



Cocoa Farmers in Ghana Experience Poverty and Economic Vulnerability- International cocoa initiative

87

Seohyun Lee, Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies Third Committee A of the General Assembly, Belgium

“Elimination of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance” On behalf of the second article expressed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, no people in the world should suffer any kind of discrimination. Although the United Nations unceasing commitment to eradicate this translated into several documents and plans of actioncontemporary forms of discrimination and intolerance can still be seen.

Taking in consideration the globalization process and it consequent changes in human spheres, we can sustain that some discrimination and intolerance incidents are occurring through different areas. National and international migration

“As racism is a complex issue that cannot be solved in a short period of time, a lot of countries have to consider the solution of racism together”

flows, job access and nationalisms are just some figures of them.

Certainly we can remark that institutions and governments are faltering in dealing with this challenge, and that multiculturality values should be spread around the institutions

and

political

structures.

Delegates

are

encouraged to explore the contemporary forms of discrimination and intolerance, and to create action plans that can be helpful to extinguish them completely.

In the present environment of advanced industrial society and post-war migration to Europe, it is impossible to ignore the role of ideas about immigration, national identity and ‘race’ and political relations.

Although there is a public commitment in terms of official policies to the promotion of anti-racism and a multicultural society, racist movements and ideas are increasingly part of the public political debate. In case of Belgium, we are sick of racism because racism is still very prevalent in Belgium society in spite of the movements of anti-racist. The majority of racism cases usually occur at social domain. In detail, the number of racism cases occurred in terms of employment and media is biggest, according to the statistic about the number of racism cases reported in Belgium.

Fighting racism and all forms of discriminations throughout the world is one of Belgium’s priorities. In Belgium, the anti-racist movement, Hand in Hand, has developed a diverse range of strategies to answer the issue of racism and intolerance, to counter right-extremist ideas and to limit its political influence. At the 88

national level, the Belgium Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism has a remit to combat discrimination in all its various forms. Internationally, Belgium is one of the main sponsors of a biannual resolution on the UN’s International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.

Belgium also plays a major role in the UN conferences against racism held in Durban in 2001 and Geneva in 2009. These conferences enabled the adoption of final documents reasserting the importance of combating racism at the international level. These same documents also set out the specific issues arising in this domain and proposed some possible lines of action to take. These documents formed the basis for the adoption of Belgium’s National Action Plan Against Racism in 2004. Within the European Union, the fight against racism and discrimination is one of the top priorities for the European Union’s Fundamental Rights Agency(FRA). This public institution publishes reports on the real-life situation within the EU and analyses the available measures for combating the phenomenon of discrimination. The issue is also central to the bilateral relations that Belgium and the European Union maintain with third countries.

Not only Belgium, but also other countries in the world are sick of severe racism. We believe there are no exceptions of suffering from prevalent racism. As much as that racism is not soon blow over, a lot of countries have to consider the solution of racism together. Especially, Belgium is unofficial capital city of Europe, where many different races are gathered. As much as a lot of various races are gathered in Europe, not only conflict between different races are prevent but also there could some possibility to respect each other and to reduce racism if we endeavor to change stream of time regarding racism. Belgium has a lot of instances of racism in various routes, also Belgium has implemented many policies and actions respond to racism. Therefore Belgium is one of the countries where are able to handle racism and make solutions to reduce racism. In detail for methods to reduce racism, we need intensive restriction at the national level. Progressing education to promote the public to change perception about race could be a good way because racism is occurred from wrong stereotype.

However, it is pretty difficult to make the public to get rid of one’s prejudice. According to the statistics, the majority of racism is occurred in Media and Employment. Media is a medium which has big influence to people.

So, racism that occurred in the media could give direct influence to view of race value. The most of these negative influences from the media spread and permeate in an instant. Eventually, it become a factor which provokes racism in the society. In this way, racism in the Media and Employment is the most serious issue we have at the moment. Lastly, when we ponder the solution of racism, we have to consider influences of the Media and progressive methods instead of changing perception regarding race of people.

References 

https://www.google.co.kr/amp/s/amp.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/26/belgian-anti-racismactivist-forced-to-flee-town-in-blackface-row



https://apnews.com/f35f3edff22841bdb3b0bf91c2004fab

89

Diplomacy Award WINNER 2020 WFUNA INTERNATIONAL MODEL UN Seojung Park, North London Collegiate School Second Committee A of the General Assembly, Belgium

“Harmony With Nature” The threat posed to the planet and nature has been a growing concern from as far back as the latter parts of the 20th century, triggering the emergence of declarations such as the World Charter for Nature of 1982 and the Rio Declaration of 1992. Humanity is currently sitting on a ticking time bomb which may be set off within the century if practical steps are not taken to deal with the needs of nature in a sustainable manner. Climate change and its

“The main point of harmony with

accompanying problems (health, sanitation, effects on life below water and life on land and increased difficulty in

nature is to balance economic,

achieving a greater part of the sustainable development

social and environmental needs for

goals) are the results of disregard of the rights of nature by

present and future generations.”

man, as well as the disregard for the concept of responsible consumption and production.

The symbiotic relationship between humanity and nature should be mutualistic; however, the activities of man have made this a parasitic relationship where man feeds off nature while causing harm. The United Nations is calling for existing legal structures to be strengthened to ensure that a good relationship between humans and nature is established and preserved. During the conference, delegates are expected to work together to advance the cause of harmonious coexistence between human life and nature.

The earth’s nature and ecosystem must be protected and preserved in their original states. However, the development of the world is also a significant goal as well. In these kinds of situations, it is important to maintain harmony with nature. Harmony with nature was first proclaimed in 2009, April 22 in the General Assembly.

The main point of harmony with nature is to balance economic, social and environmental needs for present and future generations. Biodiversity is defined as variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems.

In Belgium, recently, the biodiversity assessments have recorded more than 35,000 species of animals, 90

plants, fungi, and bacteria. Additionally, there are numerous insects: 4,500 species of beetles, 4,500 species of flies and mosquitoes, 2,400 species of butterflies and moths and more. As insects are the basic parts of the food chain and animal pyramids, this is a significant part of human beings too. Vertebrates are the least with only 73 species of mammals and 150 species of fishes, but biodiversity experts believe that there are more unrecorded species. 20% of Belgian territory is still covered by forests and it is significant part for the economy in the southeast of the country. It is the biggest reason why Belgium has national parks like Hoge Kempen National Park, Sonian Forest, Burdinale and Mehaigne National Park, The Zwin, Eifel Nature Park and more.

However, pollution of water and air in Belgium is a severe problem. Biodiversity is in serious threat as a result of human activities. The main reason is because of the destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats, pollution of water and air. The reason of these kinds of problems is because of agricultural and industrial practices, excessive water catchments in some areas (like farming areas). The most serious problem of climate change and sudden changes and rapid pollution is also linked to leisure and tourism which make it a concern.

Especially concerning biodiversity, Belgium has developed a national biodiversity strategy and action plan.

Both environmental policies and biodiversity policies are regional competences in Belgium and therefore the regional governments have a high concern about the conservation of species and habitats. The latest Belgium’s NBSAP (National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans) 2020 includes the involvement of the community in biodiversity conservation through communication, education, public awareness, and training. The plan considers combining biodiversity, ecosystem services, and ecosystem approach into an educational program to promote the understanding and importance of Belgium’s biodiversity and ecosystems. It also contains raising awareness and providing training courses for sectors that links with biodiversity.

Belgium has always promoted international co-operation on environmental issues as well as domestic issues. Belgium is also very open to working with countries outside of the EU. Belgium has carried out a successful program of mutual co-operation on local issues and has agreed to a system of international agreements to solve issues related to the quality and quantity of the waters of the Scheldt and the Meuse which are major rivers in Europe. The results of the installment of this system have already proven to be effective.

Also, with the Biodiversity Convention, Belgium has created one of the first Internet sites containing most of the biodiversity data in the country. Again, Belgium supports sustainable development activities at the federal and regional levels.

Belgium strongly believes that this topic is a vital part for the present as well as our future generation and look forward to great resolutions.

References 

https://www.un.org/esa/earthsummit/belg-cp.htm



http://www.oecd.org/environment/country-reviews/2446905.pdf



https://www.iucn.org/regions/europe/resources/country-focus/belgium/country-focus/belgium

91

Seung-Been Yu, Handong International School First Committee of the General Assembly, Belgium

“Reducing Nuclear Danger” Amidst the complexity of international relations which dominated by the dynamics of traditional and the non-traditional security issues, the United Nations General Assembly in accordance with the United Nations Charter (Chapter IV) plays a key role to maintain international peace and security. One of the non-traditional issues which urgently should be discussed is the proliferation of nuclear weapons as a tool within the international politics which constitute catastrophic dangers that could jeopardize mankind and breach the United Nations

“Unfortunately, a mentality has arisen latterly among several

Charter. Yet, nuclear power provides a promising alternative for member states in managing their energy supply in the future.

However, the abuse of its utilization as a political and security

states where nuclear weapons

tool should be questioned by the international community. Fully

constitute as the utmost

alarmed by the proliferation of nuclear weapons which

deterrent to a nuclear attack.

eventually could threaten the stability of international politics and lead to the security dilemma, the General Assembly shall

This contagious standpoint has

work effectively to discuss the reduction of nuclear danger

made non-proliferation even

which possess ethical and humanitarian imperatives. Moreover,

more complex, making the task

the General Assembly shall find the best nuclear armament

of eradicating the presence and

mechanism, improve the verification regime, address the key challenges, develop the complete elimination of nuclear

practicable utilization of

weapons, identify the role of nuclear-weapon States, and

nuclear weapons an even more

accommodate the Member States proposals regarding the

urgent matter.”

measures taken to completely disarm and eliminate nuclear weapons. The General Assembly shall become the multiplier force to settle the issues.

In 1945, the world was introduced to the shocking and devastating power of the nuclear bomb. Since then, many states have decided to go the nuclear option, and several have even employed it as a weapon for political and security affairs. This weapon has been deemed as the deadliest weapon in history, having the potential to eradicate cities, as well as any hope for its future generations through its calamitous, long term effects.

Unfortunately, a mentality has arisen latterly among several states where nuclear weapons constitute as the 92

utmost deterrent to a nuclear attack. This contagious standpoint has made non-proliferation even more complex, making the task of eradicating the presence and practicable utilization of nuclear weapons an even more urgent matter.

Means for disarmament and regulations for armaments go back as far as the first resolution adopted by the General Assembly in 1946, Resolution 1 (I), which called for ensuring the usage of atomic energy for peaceful purposes and eliminating weapons adaptable to mass destruction. In 1963, the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) was established, prohibiting all test nuclear weapon detonations except those underground. Shortly afterwards, the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) entered into force in 1970, stating that states can access nuclear technology under safeguards and that those with nuclear weapons will pursue disarmament. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty calls similarly to the PTBT but bans all nuclear explosions in all environments. This treaty was signed in 1996 but has yet to be in force. Resolutions, A/RES/67/56 (2012), A/RES/68/46 (2013), A/RES/69/41 (2014), A/RES/70/33 (2015), and A/RES/71/258 (2016), which advocate for taking forward disarmament negotiations, were what decided to convene a UN conference in 2017. This led to the adoption of The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, a comprehensive set of prohibitions leading towards nuclear weapons complete elimination. Although it was signed in 2017, it too has yet to be in force.

93

In World War II, Belgium played a significant role in the making of the atomic bomb by providing US with uranium ore, which could only be found at Belgium at the time. Through Belgium’s active participation in the first atomic bomb drop, they are fully aware of the horrors nuclear weapons possess. After several states have gone nuclear, Belgium has swiftly acted to protect the Belgian populace at all costs. The Belgian government hopes to eradicate any future events like the Hiroshima bombing. They plan on doing so by actively participating in international organizations and respecting international commitments. Belgium specifically strives to make an impact on the international scale and seeks to promote common positions in the UN and EU. Belgium takes part in several international forums such as the Disarmament Conference (DC), NATO, OSCE, and the international assemblies in the framework of the Non-Proliferation Treaty. Within the UN, Belgium participates in the General Assembly (especially the First Committee), United Nations Disarmament Commission (UNDC), and has supported and signed all treaties regarding the elimination of nuclear danger.

Although the pursuit of disarmament of nuclear weapons has been endorsed by every Secretary-General and a majority of Member States, not many phases of actions were passed or were able to be in force. Belgium specifically recognizes the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which is a multilateral treaty that bans all nuclear explosions. Belgium urges member states to assist the enforcement of this treaty not as a way to give up status or defense, but as a way to establish one of the UN’s long-time goals, international security. To minimize nuclear tensions between ‘big’ nuclear countries, Belgium encourages the United States and Russia to extend their Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (which is to end in 2021) and urges the United States to rejoin the Iran Deal.

Belgium wishes to continue and go further in-depth in its rigorous works alongside the international community in creating and developing programs and treaties to make the disarmament of nuclear weapons a reality.

References 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki



https://www.vrede.be/nieuws/belgium-and-bomb



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_mass_destruction_treaties



https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/ctbt/



https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/



https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/tpnw/



https://diplomatie.belgium.be/en/policy/policy_areas/peace_and_security/disarmament_non_prol iferation/weapons_of_mass_destruction



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework

94

Songhyeon Lee, Korean Minjok Leadership Academy Security Council, Indonesia

“Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo”

The situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of the biggest humanitarian threats currently faced by the international community. The political turmoil that began after the country's independence has yet to be resolved, and the conflict has taken millions of lives over the years.

The Security Council has been working towards the stabilization of the region for many decades, and efforts are being

“Aiming to stabilize the lives of civilians by easing violence

made in order to stop the ongoing violence in the Congolese territory. The Security Council must work to elaborate new solutions to support peace-building in the Democratic Republic of

and military conflicts among

the Congo through political changes that can help stop the

tribes in large areas of the

humanitarian crisis the region is suffering from, and achieve

DRC.”

lasting peace and development in the region.

The Security Council called for a ceasefire to quell confusion immediately and dispatched the United Nations Organization Mission in the DRC (MONUC- renamed to MONUSCO in 2010) in order to manage the implementation of the 1999 Lusaka Settlement Agreement. However, without solving the underlying problems between conflict forces, around Kivu and Ituri (eastern regions of DRC), intense armed conflicts between militias are still existing.

The armed conflict within DRC consists of multiple causes, such as resource distribution issues, conflicts between tribes, and political factors. The situation leads to illegal use of resources, raping, killing, and violence against civilians. In 2010, MONUC renamed for MONUSCO and expanded its scope of activity (resolution 1925). Still, MONUSCO is operating with the main purpose of Peacekeeping and an overall mission, including maintaining social order, human rights relief, and civil protection of DRC. Indonesia sustains effort to secure peace and global order with Participation in peacekeeping missions.

According to the statement of Retno L.P. Marsudi Minister for Foreign Affairs of Indonesia at the general debate of the united nations security council open debate on investing in peace: Improving safety and performance or UN peacekeeping (2019), She stated that Indonesia would develop a comprehensive global approach to address and fight the fundamental causes of terrorism and radicalization with a strong partnership and a capacity95

building as a non-permanent member of the Security Council. The Indonesian military has built a tradition of participating in UN peacekeeping missions, established Garuda Contingent for specialized operations, and served with UN since 1956, including MONUSCO. Actively supporting its troops in unstable areas around the world and is a contributor to global peace and civil protection, with about 1,300 peacekeepers, Indonesia was the largest of the 42 troop-contributing countries serving for peace in South Lebanon (UNIFIL). Furthermore, Indonesian troops serving for African Union-United Nations Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) are with the mission "to assist in the protection of civilians, facilitate and support the delivery of humanitarian assistance and safety of humanitarian workers."

Supporting MONUSCO's action, Indonesia believes that solutions to mitigate the tension around DRC should be based on international cooperation and the understanding of interests of each conflict forces. It is needed to reinforce MONUSCO to manage

militias

and

protect

citizens with expanded range, for example, medical, education, and long-term recovery from mental and

physical

damage

from

violence. As minerals in DRC is the major cause of illegal sale of resources and conflict between tribes, instigating fair distribution by focusing on resources buried intensively in the eastern area, especially minerals (diamonds, gold, coppers, cassette, and coltan) exposed to illegal mining is an important process for DRC's situation. A consultative body with the DRC government should be formed to designate ownership by region and tribe, to protect each right, and to impose a duty to manage mines.

Each tribe can reduce the conflict of interest through systematic operation under the government or the UN. Effective operation and management toward each power peacefully in the DRC should be sought as if Indonesia made a peace agreement with separatists in the Aceh region of northern Indonesia's Sumatra Island to return weapons and recognize autonomy in 2005, which stabilized the rebellion.

Aiming to stabilize the lives of civilians by easing violence and military conflicts among tribes in large areas of the DRC, it is fundamentally needed to strengthen the international cooperation based on peaceful consultation, and the ideas above are a few ways to reach a better peace in the world.

96

Taewoo Kim, Cheongshim International Academy Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice B, Guatemala

“Smuggling of Migrants” Smuggling of migrants is a transgression that involves the illegal entry of a person into a state, of which the person is not a national or resident, for financial or material benefits.

It is a matter of grave global concern, with almost every country in the world, small or big, getting adversely affected by it as either origin, transit or destination points. Profit-seeking miscreants smuggle migrants across countries and continents, taking advantage of their disposition to resort to illegal channels of migration, in search of a better life.

The phenomena jeopardizes the integrity of communities,

“Through cooperation, efforts

and exposes the smuggled migrants to abuse and exploitation.

on managing international

The miscreants treat them as goods, rather than as humans, and

frameworks, forging national

ergo not only are their fundamental rights compromised, but often their lives are at a precarious stake.

plans, and operating in regional

Owing to the surreptitious nature of the crime and the

circumstances are possible with

predicament in determining the period of irregular migration,

one voice.”

accurate global figures gauging the real size of the crime is a complex matter.

UNODC, as guardian of the Organized Crime Convention and the associated protocols, assists States in their efforts to implement the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. Pursuant to GA Resolution 61/252, the CCPCJ is mandated to function as the governing body of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).

The Commission will be entrusted with the responsibility to arrive at a consensus-driven political solution aimed at implementation of the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol in an efficacious manner.

In 2000, 112 countries signed to adopt a new legal framework that addresses the transnational crime through defining and responding to the issue, ending the prolonged ignorance on migrants being exploited. The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air (Smuggling of Migrants Protocol) was the result of such global determination. During 20 years of operating the protocol, however, we have seen each state negatively implementing what had been agreed. According to 2016 study by United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 85 percent counties retained the legislative capacity to prosecute migrants without financial purpose, obscuring the definition of migrant smuggling; 70 percent retained the capacity to prosecute 97

the person who has been smuggled, upsetting the obligations to protect migrants being smuggled. It is possible to extrapolate the results that states had no option but to retain the flexibility for all possible situations by not fulfilling the agreement. As the protocol was not able to be implemented by the states alone, the successful implementation depends on how actively the global society is willing to be engaged in, making the challenge of all the states in the United Nations society.

Nevertheless, if there is one thing shared by nearly every achievement, it is co-operation and co-ordination among the participating bodies. In October 2015, Franco-Portuguese investigative organization Operation Bouquet arrested nine key members of criminal network transporting irregular migrants within European Union; in March 2015, Greek authorities and Europol arrested 16 smugglers who were making over 8 million dollars of profits thorough smuggling business; in December 2014, a joint operation of Italian and German police led to the arrest of ten Eritrean suspected migrants smugglers. Since the smuggling of migrants is a complex case with many different interests and geographical boundaries involved, tight international cooperation was the key to solving the problem.

For the Republic of Guatemala, the smuggling of migrants is a serious ongoing issue confronting our government. A considerable amount of Guatemalan is endangered in migrant smuggling as the majority (56%) of the unauthorized migration to the United States was made up of Guatemalan migration, according to the study in 2015 by Pew Research Center, a well-deserved nonpartisan American investigation center. At the same time, Guatemala has a crucial role in comprehending the migrants from one of the world’s busiest migration corridors from Central America to the United States. To deal with the issue facing the sake of our nation, the government of Guatemala recognized massive intelligence and inter-boundary cooperation as a crucial part of stopping the violation of the human rights of smuggled immigrants. The result was working on collaborative neuralinterested projects. For example, in February 2019, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and the United States announced an effort to combat smuggling of migrant’s problem in the U.S.-Mexico border. Our government promised with two other strong Central American allies—El Salvador and Honduras—to harmonize the 98

legislation for tackling smuggler groups and other criminal gangs. Along with the United States, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras agreed to increase the use of intelligence-sharing technology as well.

Deeply sympathizing with the multiplex essence of smuggling of migrants, the government of Guatemala is actively engaging in not only regulating criminal organizations in short term but also establishing plans to eradicate the root causes in long term. Ongoing development and implementation of a Comprehensive Regional Protection and Solutions Framework (MIRPS) is one of the examples. In association with United Nations, the framework was organized through San Pedro Sula Declaration on October 2017 led by 6 countries—Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Panama—to implement the pioneering initiative. This was done through managing forced displacement responsive frameworks by international bodies, forging in national plans developed by various organizations, and ultimately operating in regional approaches. For example, the Guate Te Jncluye Project (Guatemala Includes You in English), one of the regional projects, is aiming reintegration of the population that has faced a forced return from the United States by inserting labor. Acting on the smuggling of migrants is the national priority in Guatemala society and our government would keep putting an effort with global bodies.

Through our national experiences and global precedents, the Republic of Guatemala believes international cooperation is the most essential in implementing the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. As the problem of smuggling migrants is a complex issue that involves multi-boundaries, international criminal groups, and national affairs, international cooperation is the only and the best measure to be taken. Through cooperation, efforts on managing international frameworks, forging national plans, and operating in regional circumstances are possible with one voice. The Guatemalan government is looking forward to taking part in various international cooperation involving enhancing global scale response to disrupt smugglers’ business models, making a network that shares information, providing states guidance towards implementation, and helping the third countries to help address the root causes of migration.

References 

Knowledge Management Portal on Migrant Smuggling https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/en/v3/som/



Working Group on the Smuggling of Migrants https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/working-group-on-the-smuggling-of-migrant s2019.html



A short introduction to migrant smuggling, Issue Paper, UNODC (2010) https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Migrant-Smuggling/Issue-Papers/Issue _Paper_-_A_short_introduction_to_migrant_smuggling.pdf



Smuggling of Migrants: A Global Review (2011) https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Migrant-Smuggling/Smuggling_of_Mi grants_A_Global_Review.pdf

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Yeseul Choi, Busan International High School International Labour Organization, Belgium Government Representative

“Combating Child Labor in the Chocolate and Coco Industry” The United Nations defines child labor as work performed to the detriment and endangerment of children whom according to the Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) is anyone below the age of 15, 13 for light work, 18 for dangerous work and 16 under certain conditions. Worldwide, there are 152 million victims of child labor of which 73 million of them work under hazardous and extreme conditions which has and courses

“The universalization of certificate of cocoa production

lasting effects on the victims of this.

Child labor is rife in cocoa rich regions especially in the chocolate production industry in west Africa, where there are

process for manufacturing

more than 250 000 victims of child labor in these coca

chocolate will be one of ways to

plantations. This exposes children to a number of inhuman

protect children rights who are suffer from the severe working

conditions and violates children’s rights for it deprives all children who are victims of this ill an opportunity to access education and a decent livelihood.

without proper wages.”

The ILO has made a number of attempts to prevent and curb child labor especially in the cocoa production industry, but more needs to be done urgently.

The globalization caused by rapid technological development and innovation has provided a convenience of buying everything we want at a touch, but at the same time, it has violated the rights of children in the world with severe labor to maximize the interests. According to the ‘The Numbers Behind Child Labor’ published by National Geographic, there are 168-million child laborers in the world, and 85 million of them are exposed to hazardous work environments. To solve this problem, ILO convention No.182 and with more than 25% of the ILO’s 175 member States are already formal signatories to the worst Form of child labor convention, which means that they must take immediate and effective action to prohibit forms of child labor such as prostitution, forced recruitment, or hazardous activities for all those under 18 years of age. Also, all members of the ILO will be legally bound to report annually to the Organization on their efforts regarding the worst forms of child labor.

Through this international cooperation, there has been a significant decrease in the number of children in Ivory Coast from 80% to 60%, which indicates that it was effective in trying to reduce the number of children who suffer from the hazardous work by the international efforts.

Even though these international efforts are pursued by many countries, and generate a positive influence on the children around the world, there are still a lot of child laborers working at various industries such as the 100

cocoa industry without getting appropriate pay. Belgium is the country that cannot be discussed except for chocolate. Its chocolate industry has been almost 400 years old, and it is the fourth-largest importer of cocoa and second biggest exporter of chocolate in the world, boasting a yearly production of 600,000 tons and an evitable reputation for its high quality. Not only that, Belgium has one of the world’s highest chocolate consumption rates at an average of six kilograms per person annually, which means that it is hard to think the lives without chocolate for the Belgian. Therefore, the Belgium government has considered that Belgian chocolate accounts for child labor in extreme poverty in the largest cocoa-producing countries particularly Ghana and the Ivory Coast so that Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Development Cooperation took the initiative of launching ‘Beyond Chocolate’, a partnership that is committed to sustainable Belgian chocolate.

Under Beyond Chocolate, all signatories commit themselves to working together on a whole series of challenges in the field of sustainable chocolate. Specially, this means that all Belgian chocolate that is manufactured or traded in Belgium must meet a relevant certification standard, and it includes that Cocoa growers should earn at least a living income by 2030. Belgian universities, governmental and non-governmental organizations, impact investor and trade unions support the new partnership and will contribute in their own filed to a sustainable Belgian chocolate. Based on Beyond Chocolate, every actor in the chain have cooperated with each other to make the workers in the cocoa industry, including child labors, get fair wages to their works.

Belgium will continue to make efforts to comply with the contents of Beyond chocolate to ensure the rights of cocoa producers, including children, and furthermore believes that the universalization of certificate of cocoa production process for manufacturing chocolate will be one of ways to protect children rights who are suffer from the severe working without proper wages. Thus, Belgium government is willing to expand the policy ‘Beyond Chocolate’ by promoting more firms and social organization to participate in it, and negotiate with them actively to protect children rights and a true value of labor.

References 

https://diplomatie.belgium.be/en/newsroom/news/2018/beyond_chocolate



http://www.mightyearth.org/belgium-joins-france-in-calling-for-an-eu-due-diligence-cocoa-law/



http://www.inclsve.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Case-Study-Beyond-Chocolate-Belgium.pdf



https://www.visitflanders.com/en/themes/from-flanders-with-food/belgian-chocolatiers/topbelgian-chocolate-brands/



https://www.rikolto.org/en/news/beyond-chocolate-agreement-sustainable-belgian-chocolate

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Opening Speeches Chaebeen Lim, Ewha Girls’ High School ECOSOC-Commission on Population andDevelopment, Belgium

“Population, Food Security, Nutrition and Sustainable Development”

Honorable chair and fellow delegates, According to FAO of UN, some consumers in the rich parts of the world waste 222 million

tonnes

of

food

every

year.

Surprisingly, this is almost as much as the entire net food production of sub-Saharan Africa. This indicates that some people are overflowing with food, while some are starving, sometimes even to death. The irony is that there is more than enough food for everyone. The key is to make sure everyone can access it, by distributing resources throughout the world evenly, as food security is a basic human right.

Belgium believes domestic production plays a significant role in food security, and focuses on building sustainable agricultural systems in regions that need external help. To do this, Belgium donates, supports, and creates partnership with numerous organizations to contribute to securing food systems.

For further development, Belgium emphasizes the importance of innovative technology. SMS services enable farmers to connect and get access to information such as weather and profitable farming methods. International organizations like WFP should work to enable farmers in vulnerable areas to get access to such information through SMS technology.

Moreover, for the issue to be effectively managed, the international society should cooperate and seek ways for flexible funding and effective mechanisms for these funds to ultimately bring zero hunger to the world.

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Eunah Sohn, Jukjeon High School Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice A, Guatemala

“Wildlife and Forest Crime�

Honorable Chair and fellow delegates, The delegate of Guatemala views the agenda as a global topic.

The agenda of wildlife and forest crime is at crisis. The illicit trafficking in wild fauna and flora continues unabated and negatively impacts on economic and social development, threatening peace and security. Guatemala, as the lungs of Central America, lost 17 percent of its forest just between 2001 and 2017. This is a huge impact to not only Guatemala, but the countries that interact with Guatemala. Moreover, as the most biologically diverse country alongside Mexico, Costa Rica, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Venezuela, protecting wildlife is of paramount importance. CONAP(National Council for Protected Areas), the Guatemalan National Council, has broad management and responsibilities in more than 300 protected areas covering approximately 30 percent of Guatemala.

Guatemala is dedicated to put in all forces to resolve all problems. Strategies that follows are: reinforcement of international laws including the CITES listings, development of national laws, global outreach, and education programs. For instance, when included in the CITES listings, legal and sustainable trade are ensured and international cooperation is promoted.

Taking into consideration that everything in the world is interconnected, the country strongly believes that the problems that lie within wildlife and forest crime can be resolved with global cooperation. Thank you, and we look forward to working with all delegates this week.

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Eunju Jeong, Cornerstone Collegiate Academy of Seoul Second Committee B of the General Assembly, Guatemala

“Protection of Global Climate for Present and Future Generations of Humankind�

Good Morning Chairs and delegates, This is the delegate of Guatemala In recent years, Guatemala has experienced the brunt of the effects of climate change as it has recorded the worst droughts in recent history. This has resulted in the failure of harvest and dwindling production which has even led to starvation.

Therefore, Guatemala recognizes the importance of climate change and asks the international community to act because, despite endless resolutions and protocols, the international community has come up short in enacting real measures to curb the effects of climate change.

Therefore, Guatemala wants to cooperate with other countries and encourages other member states to consider new and effective methods, such as more accurate weather prediction.

Guatemala also calls for the establishment of a control tower that aids all people affected from climate change.

This delegate looks forward to engaging in

active

discussion

during the committee session.

Thank You for your attention!

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Haram Jang, Harbin Wanbang School Songhyeon Lee, Korean Minjok Leadership Academy Security Council, Indonesia(Double Delegate)

“Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo”

Honorable chair and distinguished delegate, It’s a great honor to speak about the Democratic Republic of Congo as an Indonesian delegate as Indonesia works to keep global peace using various methods including peacekeeping operations.

Due to weak governance, massive human rights violations, and the prevalence of many armed groups on account of the failure of suiting each party’s interest including natural resource distribution, 13 million Congolese are victimized. For these reasons, the conflict in the DRC has been debated consistently in the UN. In spite of the UN’s contribution including the Embargo Act and peacekeeping operations in the DRC, it has yet to achieve stabilization due to the failure of reaching an agreement.

This delegation believes it is urgent to search for potential solutions that consider each parties’ interests and mitigate the conflict in a peaceful way.

First of all, this delegation recommends a peaceful negotiation with neighboring countries to end the smuggling of illegal resources and firearms.

Also, this delegation encourages the formation of a consultative body with the DRC government to introduce a system that efficiently distributes the DRC natural resources and manages the local militias.

These long-lasting issues can only

be

solved

international possible.

when

cooperation

So, this

is

delegate

hopes for a constructive debate for the issue at hand today.

Thank you.

105

Jun-Soo Park, Gyeongnam Foreign Language High School International Labour Organization, Belgium Worker Representative

“Combating Child Labor in the Chocolate and Coco Industry” Good afternoon Honorable Chair and fellow delegates To get to the point, In Belgium’s chocolate production, children are exploited to make chocolate.

73 percent of the chocolate ingredient, cacao, is produced in West Africa. There are 1.8 million children who are caught working at the cacao farm.

Therefore a petition is being made to urge the international community to pay attention to and make efforts, agreeing with the ILO’s goal of eradicating "tough forms of child labor" by 2016.

According to the ILO, 284,000 children are being exploited by cacao-producing farms in West Africa.

In order to effectively eradicate child labor, we need to make up for the vulnerabilities that obstruct the survival and development of children, and make sure that their labor is a national concern.

It will also require the establishment of a social safety net through integrated education for protect children's rights.

In conclusion we should produce chocolate that doesn't get soaked in tears.

This delegates is looking forward to having a meaningful time here.

Thank you

106

Minyoung Chun, Harbin Wanbang School International Labour Organization, Belgium Worker Representative

“Combating Child Labor in the Chocolate and Coco Industry”

<Opening Speech> Honorable chair, fellow delegates, it is honor for the representative of Belgium employer to be here today to justify social justice for all, not to satisfy an individual will.

That children in western Africa are in the midst of crisis due to child labor is now well understood.

Employers in Belgium, a country has the second-largest cocoa port in Europe, admit the given responsibility to solve child labor problem.

To solve this problem, there are many aspects that should be discussed like funding, infrastructure, legislations and actions that we need to take.

Through these discussions, Belgium employers hope to find a way to solve the poverty in cocoa farmers, a chief cause for child labor, and to help children’s education.

Employers in Belgium will spare no effort to help West African countries and cooperate with other countries to solve this problem and also encourage others to cooperate actively. Thank you.

<Committee Session: Belgium Employer Representative Speech> Honorable chair and fellow delegates This is the representative of Belgium employer, a vice president of the employers.

This delegate is really grateful that this committee is willing to solve the child labor problem, which is a constant problem. To combat the child labor, ILO has practiced the policy named child labor monitoring and remediation system, which is based on the presence of inspectors within cocoa-growing communities. Also, in Belgium, there is a policy which let the companies produce the private label chocolate which offer higher premium for the cocoa farmers and against the child labor under the partnership named ‘beyond chocolate’.

These policies are revealing the efforts to solve the child labor problem. However, unfortunately, it is true that there are still lots of challenges that disturb the elimination of child labor.

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First challenge is the poverty in cocoa farmers. The average daily income of cocoa farmers is lower than 2.5$ regarded as necessary for a living income. So, they continue to exploit children to make their cocoa price competitive.

Second challenge is access to education. Since the poverty perpetuates, children are not able to attend schools.

Third challenge is the low numbers of inspectors. Inspectors are the one who check the child labourers and help them. However, the number of inspectors is insufficient.

Fourth challenge is legislations that are not enforced. Even though the people who exploit children are found, the punishment is too slight and this leads people to exploit children constantly.

To solve these challenges, a labor law reform is one of the necessary steps to achieve the goals and objectives that have been set. The employers believe that an immediate action on labour law reforms are needed, which is enforcing the punishment for the people who exploited the children.

The vice president of employers encourages other delegates to try their best at their position to justify the social justice, but not an individual will.

Thank you.

108

Seohyun Lee, Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies Third Committee A of the General Assembly, Belgium

“Elimination of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance” Thank you Mr. Chair and distinguished delegates; Belgium is extremely privileged to attend this conference.

Today our delegation is here to discuss the elimination of racism. It is a great concern to our people, and we are sure that it is a great concern to the entire world as well In the present environment, it is impossible to ignore the effects of immigration, national identity and ‘race’ and political relations. Even though there is a public commitment through official policies to promote anti-racism and a multi-cultural society, racist movements and ideas are increasingly part of the public political debate.

Racism is a chronic problem that we have not solved for a long term. A lot of people in the world are suffering from racism and if we do not solve this problem, it will induce even more paranoia and xenophobia. Racism and xenophobia occur due to wrong awareness. The entire world made endeavor to change wrong perspective of people but perception and bias do not disappear easily. We have to make much more radical and effective methods to change people’s perspective of race immediately. Belgium thinks improving education related to race is most effective way to alleviate and also prevent a formation of bias of race.

We hope that the present delegations will engage in fruitful debates, in order to make this conference productive and relevant. Let’s make wise decisions after considering every resolution. Bear in mind that the U.N. was created to make a better world and not to satisfy an individual.

Thank you for your attention.

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Opening Plenary Speaker 2020 WFUNA INTERNATIONAL MODEL UN

Seojung Park, North London Collegiate School Jeju Second Committee A of the General Assembly, Belgium

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Harmony With Natureâ&#x20AC;?

<Opening Plenary Speech> Thank you, Mr. President, Madam Secretary-General, Good evening Delegates and distinguished guests, As all the world is aware of this, there is a huge fire in Australia and the fire grew bigger and bigger as the day passed. Belgium believes that this fire clearly shows that we are not paying attention to our planet, the earth. However, the essence behind this incident is not only about protecting the environment. It is about moving forward together.

As we all know, there are three pillars in the United Nations which is peace and security, development and human rights. And we know that we are the ones who are responsible to achieve these for our beautiful future.

110

There is no single country or committee that is responsible for the global issues that we will discuss. Rather, it is all of us that are responsible. They must be solved in various ways and Belgium strongly encourages all member states to focus on their agenda and work hard for it.

“There is no single country or committee that is responsible for the global issues that we will discuss. Rather, it is all of us that are responsible. They must be solved in various ways and Belgium strongly encourages all member states to focus on their agenda and work hard for it.”

Every single one of the issues that we will discuss is important. It is very closely related especially with our future generation, and Belgium truly hopes that every committee reaches a satisfying resolution trough cooperation to make the conference valuable.

Let’s dream big, think wise and goal ambitiously for the world and to move forward together.

Thank you.

<Opening Speech in Committee> Thank you Mr. Chair, delegates, good afternoon this is the delegate of the Kingdom of Belgium.

This is the 21st century, and we must develop and preserve nature at the same time. Belgium thinks that it is important to protect especially about biodiversity.

The

government

has

launched

Belgium’s NBSAP 2020 which is about the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity. This is seeking to involve the community in biodiversity conservation through

communication,

education,

public

awareness, and training.

Internationally, Belgium has supported financial support to projects on sustainable management, and restoration of forests, especially in Southern-America. The government had worked with more than 70 small projects in eleven countries to raise public awareness with the support of the Belgian Development Cooperation during 2014 to 2018. Flanders (northern part of Belgium) has renewed its support again to BIOFIN to focus on countries’ international cooperation. Just like these kinds of activities, Belgium has a strong wish to co-operate with all of the countries.

This delegate looks forward to speaking more about actual harmony with nature not only protecting nature but heading forward together. Thank you.

111

Seung-Been Yu, Handong International School First Committee of the General Assembly, Belgium

“Reducing Nuclear Danger” Members of the Bureau, Esteemed Delegates.

The delegate of Belgium is honored to be a part of this conference.

On the morning of August 6th, 1945, a nuclear bomb wiped out 90% of the city of Hiroshima, killing roughly 90,000 people instantly. Of course, Belgium is fully aware of the bomb’s destruction, because Belgium took part in the manufacturing process. Belgium hopes to prevent another incident like this from happening ever again. Unfortunately, with disagreement on the utility of such weapons, disarmament has become alarmingly difficult making the task of eradicating such a negative presence an even more urgent matter. The delegate of Belgium believes a possible solution would be to discuss, reconsider and engage in all deals and passed treaties regarding non-proliferation, especially the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which is a multilateral treaty that bans all nuclear explosions. Belgium urges member states to assist the enforcement of this treaty not as a way to give up status or defense, but as a way to establish one of the UN’s long-time goals, international security. Nonetheless, Belgium hopes to help make this conference productive in making disarmament a reality.

112

Taewoo Kim, Cheongshim International Academy Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice B, Guatemala

“Smuggling of Migrants” Honorable chair and fellow delegates, The Republic of Guatemala is extremely privileged to be part of this conference finding solutions on implementing the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. Such place of global cooperation where countries gather around for a common goal—and this time, migrants protection— is not something new to Guatemala. If there is one thing our government learned from successful operations by esteemed European Union especially on smuggling issues, it is co-operation and co-ordination among international bodies. Not only Guatemala but the entire Central American society made an enormous efforts on smuggling of migrants problem. In 2017, we made a comprehensive framework resolving root causes of the problem. And in 2019, we decided to combat the problem with United States.

En la union está la fuerza. In union, there is strength.

Through various international cooperation, Guatemala is looking for a way to manage, forge, and operate the protocol.

Thank you very much.

113

Yeseul Choi, Busan International High School International Labour Organization, Belgium Gov Representative

“Combating Child Labor in the Chocolate and Coco Industry” A chocolate from Belgium, T-shirts made by Bangladesh, a child’s toy from China, and a ramen from Indonesia.

There are a lot of things from other countries that we’ve never been around us. The globalization has provided a convenience of buying everything we want at a touch, but at the same time, it has violated the rights of laborers in the world, including children, with severe labor to maximize the interests. To solve this problem, lots of international efforts are pursued by many countries, but there are still many child laborers working at hazardous environment without getting appropriate pay.

Belgium is the fourth largest importer of cocoa and second biggest exporter of chocolate in the world, and has one of the world’s highest chocolate consumption rates at an average of six kilograms per person annually.

Therefore, the Belgium government has considered that Belgian chocolate accounts for child labor in extreme poverty in the largest cocoa-producing countries particularly Ghana and the Ivory Coast so that Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Development Cooperation took the initiative of launching ‘Beyond Chocolate’, a partnership that is committed to sustainable Belgian chocolate.

Under Beyond Chocolate, that all Belgian chocolate that is manufactured or traded in Belgium must meet a relevant certification standard, and it includes that Cocoa growers should earn at least a living income by 2030.

Belgian universities, governmental and non-governmental organizations, impact investor and trade unions support the new partnership and will contribute in their own filed to a sustainable Belgian chocolate.

Belgium government will continue to make efforts to comply with the contents of beyond chocolate to ensure the rights of cocoa producers, including children, and furthermore

believes

that

the

universalization

of

certificate of cocoa production process for manufacturing chocolate will be one of ways to protect children rights who are suffer from the severe working without proper wages. Thus, Belgium government is willing to expand the policy ‘Beyond Chocolate’ by promoting more firms and social organization to participate in it, and this delegate will negotiate with them actively to protect children rights and a true value of labor. Thank you.

114

115

Chaebeen Lim, Ewha Girls’ High School

The tour to the UN headquarters was an unforgettable experience for many different reasons, but mainly because it’s rare to have an opportunity to be able to visit a place that holds such symbolic meaning-where some of the World’s most important decisions are made. Visiting and actually going inside the chambers of councils were surreal experiences to me. The chairs, tables, paintings and most of everything I saw during the tour almost didn’t feel real. The general assembly hall especially impressed me, and I was almost overwhelmed by the huge size and majestic mood. Besides the council rooms, displays around the building were also very interesting.

Famous and meaningful quotes, paintings, written descriptions, and other art works that represent the UN in different ways were visually pleasant and educational. It personally was an amazing and memorable experience, and I can confidently say that this tour would last in my memory for a long time.

Eunah Sohn, Jukjeon High School

<WIMUN Reflection> 116

This was my first experience in a MUN contest and since it was an international contest, I was sure it was going to take place as an unforgettable event in 2020. Every trace of the UN always left a deep impression. I wanted to take part in resolving the global issues but I didn’t have a chance before. Yet this competition allowed me to contribute to ongoing global issues. Though not any of my resolutions got to make a change in real life, it was thrilling to have experienced what the actual UN works out. The most meaningful fact about the competition was that all of the delegates from all across the world were very thoughtful and said things that were unexpected. For instance, one delegate stood up and said “None of the ideas that all delegates might have are stupid, so if you have a comment please share it with me because I am here to learn, and nobody is perfect.”

This statement was with me throughout the whole competition and still remains as a warm memory. <UN Tour Reflection> I always dreamt of visiting the headquarters of UN, so this opportunity was a dream come true. Due to its unique international character, the United Nations can take action on the issues confronting humanity in the 21st century, such as peace and security, climate change, sustainable development, human rights, disarmament, terrorism, humanitarian and health emergencies, gender equality, governance, food production, and more. The UN takes in charge of things that are making our world a sustainable one. We can say that the UN has the most important role that makes the world a better place, and it was an honor to get to visit the very place where deliberate decisions are made.

Eunju Jeong, Cornerstone Collegiate Academy of Seoul

I've seen the UN on TV or SNS. So the UN tour was fun, and good. I also liked it during the explanation of the tour guide had been nice. It helps to understand quickly and has learned more about UN history. Listening to the lecture at the United Nation was also been very beneficial to WIMUN. Before starts, WIMUN I was very anxious, scared, and worried because this was the first time I had WIMUN experience. So I thought it's going to be hard in WIMUN but it wasn't. Writing resolutions and having a debate with friends was fun and easy. If I have the chance to do it again I'm definitely going to do this next time and I really suggest it to a lot of friends.

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Haram Jang, Harbin Wanbang School

New York is the place where people all around the world gather together. For this reason, New York HEADQUARTERS began to serve as a peacekeeper of the world. During this UN tour, our representatives of Korea have met numerous people who are working in the UN with their commitment and mission to keep the world away from the danger. Throughout some lectures and tour, I have learned not only knowledge about the UN but also life lessons as a human. They feel empathy with people in hardship, cry and be happy together.

They have strong motive in their job and indulges toward it. Besides, they have specific goal desiring to achieve and try best to achieve it. As watching those efforts, I decided to adapt those lessons to my life and become a person who actively help others.

Jun-Soo Park, Gyeongnam Foreign Language High School

I learned from the tour the member of the U.N. and what U.N. do. The U.N. is an international organization established to prevent war and maintain peace, with 193 member states. It ended the Millennium Development Goals, which were implemented in the past until 2015, and implement new Sdgs from 2016 to 2030. This is the 118

biggest joint goal of the United Nations and the international community. Learning about the policies implemented by the United Nations, it came to think that UN served as a stepping stone for the nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growth, not just a formal body that brings representatives from each country together.

Minyoung Chun, Harbin Wanbang School

First time-it is the thing makes everything nervous and it was my first time to participate the MUN. Just after the opening ceremony where I met the people who participate the WIMUN at the first time, I was shocked and I could not keep any smile on my face. The scale was much bigger than I thought and the people looked much bigger and greater than I thought. There were many participants who prepared their calling card already and share them to others. Because of the confidence on their face and readiness in their voice, I was just pressed.

Even though it was true that I was discouraged, but I did not stop at there. Every encouragement I have got from my teachers, parents and friends let me go on and see whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s next. I spoke everything that I found in front of the entire employers to make sure they trust me, and I started to organize the contents of the discussions on my notebook, showing my best attitudes. The first president of the employers, who was from Italy, was impressed by my efforts and she promised me to give the next position of the vice-president. After being the vice-president and until the MUN is closed, there were many problems and crisis that made me feel sad.

However, during the MUN, I did not give up to solve the problem relating to the agenda.

Two days later, there was closing ceremony with awarding. The secretary of each committee came up to the stage and revealed the people who will be awarded and incredibly, I was there. The award was meaningful for me because it was the symbol of my efforts and symbol of my victory in the fight fear. However, I do not believe that the only element the led me to award was my efforts because there were many people who led me.

There were my teachers who encouraged me all the time when I was troubled, there were my friends who helped me a lot, and my parents who prayed for me all the time.

Participating MUN, was my best choice ever. I could learn how to be confident and how to buy peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 119

trust. Also, enjoying the MUN let me be friends with everyone from various nations and also gave me a hope that I want to work internationally with various people someday. Moreover, I was able to learn how to face the big giant named fear, and I could also be grateful about the people who were beside me. It was a great opportunity for me to take a step for a developed person. I am sure that I will never forget these days forever.

Ryan Donghyun Park, Livingston High School

The tour around the United Nations in New York was interesting. I was able to see the UNâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Security Council hall, the general assembly, and other parts of the building where ambassadors and diplomats meet. I was able to take picture of the event and was able to look at paintings and pictures of the building. I had a lot of fun looking around the building and the tour guide taught us about some of the histories of the UN and the building itself. Overall, the tour helped me understand some of the information we learned the past few days, and it helped me visualize what being a diplomat might do.

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Seohyun Lee, Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies

Before the UN tour, I never expected to visit the UN in person. I could visit each councils such as general assembly or Security Council that I only saw with pictures or internet. Not only visit and look around the facility of UN, but also learn the history and a lot of policies or endeavors that UN implements to maintain world peace.

In addition, we could meet lecturer who works in UN. She taught us about SDGs. Even though her lecture was impressive, question and answer session was much more impressive than others. I could get not only new information about SDG but also aware of new perspective and value toward SDG or policies of UN. Furthermore, she proposed some activities to fulfill SDG. Through the UN tour, I could get a lot of new information about UN also I could discuss SDG in depth. It was unusual and useful experience to me.

Seojung Park, North London Collegiate School Jeju

It was my great honour and privilege to visit New York this year with the other Korean Representatives. This was my second visit to the United Nations Headquarter and third MUN conference. United Nations Headquarter in New York was absolutely fantastic and I learned so many things more.

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I would probably say that WIMUN has changed something inside me. It made me bigger, stronger, more confident and not being so scared to meet people from different countries. Making consensus and a resolution that is agreed by everyone was something that was really hard, but I enjoyed a lot. Not only about the resolution, simply meeting others and talking with them were also a great thing for me to experience.

Also, it was a great honour to be an opening plenary speaker of the conference and to have a diplomacy award.

Which make me realized that I am such a little girl who is living in this planet and how the world is wide but at the same time, still we are close together.

Finally, I personally thank to Hope to the Future Association, they gave me such a wonderful and unforgettable memories with so many gorgeous people. Until everyone in the world is able to dream big, think wise and goal ambitiously, we never stop.

Skylar Yiahn Yun, Notre Dame Academy

Before the tour, I did not know what the UN headquarters in New York had in store. We visited various exhibits and our tour guide really explained each and every one of them on the way. One exhibit I was very astonished by was the Grand Council. During the tour, I was very well-educated for every exhibit we passed by and was very interested in each and every one of them.

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Seung-Been Yu, Handong International School

We were privileged to be given a tour of the UN Headquarters in New York City. The tour began with the viewing of the Security Council Chamber after the review of UN basic facts. After seeing the chamber numerous times through TV and SNS videoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, I was speechless to see the National Round Table with my own eyes. As a student who has a strong drive to someday work in relation to the Security Council, especially on the topic of disarmament, my motivation to work in such an establishment grew. Our group then moved on to the Peacekeeping section, an area dedicated to display the peacekeeping measures the UN has taken. I was particularly moved by a picture of a soldier carrying water while holding hands with a small boy. I was able to vividly see the efforts the UN and its peacekeepers take to ensure the safety and human rights of people around the globe. Perhaps the most unforgettable moment would be the displays on nuclear disarmament. As a student who has a passion for the 16th SDG and the topic on non-proliferation, I was intrigued by the displays, figures, quotes and videos that were shown in the section. Through this experience, my motivation to someday work in relation to the 16th SDG and UNSC grew.

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Songhyeon Lee, Korean Minjok Leadership Academy

I was just a young student who was filled with the precious dream about international organizations to lead a change in this world. When I entered high school, for the first time in my life, I found what is MUN in the school magazine.

I kept my shining expectation about MUN and finally my first MUN, NY WIMUN came to me. Beyond doubt, 4 days in my life as an Indonesia delegate were the most sparkling and precious time in my life. I learned so many things with my peer delegations and experienced various cultures with new people.

Actually, I was an obdurate girl who always believe in own belief and try to lead as many things as possible.

However, in the WIMUN, we cannot make a good decision if we donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t cooperate and concede to reach consensus. With this experience with 20 delegates in WIMUN Security Council, I learned how to accept make a balance with othersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; opinion and express my opinion properly based on wise decisions.

Even it was the first challenge for me to take part in MUN, I learned the most things in my life and motivated by this precious experience.

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Taewoo Kim, Cheongshim International Academy

I was 15 when I first had a chance to spend time with friends around the world. For a kid born and raised only in his mother country that summer camp in a small town in England still remains as an unforgettable memory. One of the many lessons I learned from that experience was that we are basically all the same human beings no matter what nationality, ethnicity, or race we are in.

The reason why I am calling back my memories 3 years ago is because that was my mindset participating the WIMUN. As I believed and knew people in the conference may have different backgrounds and looks, but are undeniably same human beings, I recognized I don’t have to act myself unusual or treat others differently. I tried to be myself by lively debating and actively expressing my opinion.

Keeping that in mind, I did participate as much as I could, and I did endeavour my comments to be quality and meaningful sayings. At the same time, however, I strongly felt my limitation. I’ve always thought quick and concise ‘logical thinking’ was what makes the most of myself as a humanities-field person(문과, I would say).

It was also useful at the WIMUN, of course, but the problem was how I put those logics into words.

Back in Korea, when I was debating or writing in English, I usually had enough time to translate my logics into English. In the MUN, that was not the case. Other delegates raised their hands faster and expressed their concerns faster than me, who was still planning how to put my words into English. Feeling anxious about it, I tried to speak first, but the more I hurried, the less quality my comments became.

It must have been much easier for me to participate inactively and say “It wasn’t my full ability,” but the thing is, I did actively participate and still couldn’t reach my expectations. That is what I’m grateful for participating the WIMUN. The model United Nations experience in New York was valuable because it taught my limitations in English and pushed me to learn more. I wish I had such experience one or two years earlier; however, I never regret joining the WIMUN with full of learnings and experiences.

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Yeseul Choi, Busan International High School

It was just a dream for me to visit the UN headquarter in New York, where I always saw its picture in my textbooks. I was tired a bit at first because of our tight schedule, but when UN tour was started, and I took the explanation about UN from the guide, the tiredness disappeared and only joy remained. It was really helpful for me to imagine my future work, and design what I should do for my dream. I truly appreciate that I could have a chance to visit it, but I was ashamed at the same

time,

because

I

realized that I didn't

even

know the basic fact

that

the

member of the United Nations is 193 countries. I have been to many places such as economic and social council and Security Council in there and heard a great deal of explanation, but the most impressive place was UN General Assembly. The place where representatives and people from all over the world gather for world peace overwhelmed me with its size and grand atmosphere. While touring the UN headquarters, I was moved by the fact that so many people were working for the peace of human being, and trying to make a better world. However, at the same time, I felt sorry at the fact that the UN, still moves on the principle of great power, and sometimes the opinions of the weaker countries are ignored. The UN tour made me feel that UN, which had always felt far away from our lives, was actually not that far away, and motivated me to pursue my dream, making a better world for children all around the world.

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Staff Reflection Hohyeong Lee Yonsei University Intern at Education Department, Hope to the Future Association As a student double majoring in education and business, the internship at Hope to the Future Association was already attractive enough. Especially, Visiting the United Nations Headquarters along with a few international organizations and permanent missions in New York, USA was the most anticipated part of my 6 months of internship. From the interviews of recruiting our wonderful students to educating them by providing information on the United Nations, helping them out with the documents needed for MUN, the conference itself, and all the other parts, I felt nothing but enthusiasm. I wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t say it was easy. However, all the hard work that I have done paid off when I saw the happy faces of students and them saying how helpful and memorable those couple of days were to them.

Sitting in on briefings and short lectures given by the United Nations high officials and other diplomats from different countries, I was amazed at how big of an inspiration they were to the students and myself. I was impressed to see the experts so committed to their job and how enthusiastic they were to convey the information to us. Although I myself is a student interested in the international community and its cooperation among participating nations along with other parties in achieving the common goals, which are currently the Sustainable Development Goals, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve always had this feeling of skepticism, doubting that each country would strive to reach such goals over its own set of purposes and values. However, through the sessions with UN experts and international organization executives, I was able to gain confidence that this world will become a better place because countries, organizations, and individuals actually put effort for the whole.

Taking 12 students as HFA delegation in 2020 WIMUN reminded me a lot of my own MUN experiences.

Seeing the HFA delegates work hard on position papers, opening speeches, research, and the debate itself, I 127

was able to see myself in middle school having the same concerns and fears before participating in the MUN. However, just like I told the HFA delegates, MUN conference is a platform to practice expressing oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s opinion in front of others in a logical way, persuade others, and network with them. Therefore, I would like to take this chance to convey once again how proud I am of each and every student in the HFA delegation for successfully overcoming the hardships and fears you had faced in the past 4 days of WFUNA International MUN conference. I believe that this would be a great steppingstone for all of you in whichever way in achieving your future dreams as global leaders. Also, I thank all of you for reminding me of my passion and enthusiasm towards the international society. I believe that this experience will be a strong motivation for me to go a step further towards achieving my dream as well.

Internship at Hope to the Future Association was a new challenge for me. Never had I stepped outside the so safe educational environment of school where the mistakes you make are forgiven at some point and where you are protected by fellow students and teachers. However, I am proud of myself to get myself outside the box and carried on my full internship for 6 months. I have learned and experienced so many things, which led to widening my own perspective of the world. I was inspired by the hard-working colleagues in our company, passionate students that have gone on a journey with me for a week to New York, and all the other people and works I have met and worked with during my internship period. Looking back, applying for the internship at Hope to the Future Association was one of the best decisions I have ever made, one that inspired and motivated me to carry on my life with passion.

With HFA Delegation, in front of Permanent Mission of Republic of Korea to the United Nations 128

Photo Gallery <WIMUN Global Experience>

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Photo Gallery <WIMUN Opening & Closing Ceremony>

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Photo Gallery <UN Tour>

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Photo Gallery <UN Tour>

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Photo Gallery

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Organization Overview Hope to the Future Association Status

NGO Representative at the United Nations Department of Global Communications (UNDGC) Official Member of United Nations Academic Impact Korea

Program

Youth Education Programs and Sponsor Programs supporting the United Nations and its works, Global Citizenship Education Development, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGS) in both domestic and international level

Website

www.hopetopfuture.org

Email Contact

webmaster@hoprtofuture.org +82-2-6952-1616

Hope to the Future Association (HFA) is a non-profit organization registered under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Korea. HFA has acquired the status of an associated NGO with UNDGC in June, 2014. HFA is deeply committed to supporting youth around the world. Our core value is sustainable support, voluntary participation, international partnerships, and empowering youth.

Main Programs (1) UN Headquarters Training Program in New York and Geneva    

Youth UN Training held at the UN Headquarters in Geneva and New York Attending Lectures by UN High Officials and International Organization Experts such as the Secretary-General of UNEP and the President of General Assembly Build Professional Knowledge on the SDGs and Global Issues that the UN mainly deals with Discussion with the UN Ambassador of the Republic of Korea

(2) International Model United Nations – Yale MUN and WIMUN 



Participating in International MUN Competitions as the Selected Korean Representatives and Delegation of Hope to the Future Association Attending Prior MUN Training by UN Ambassadors and experts from International Organizations

(3) International Youth Forum on the United Nations and Trilateral Cooperation 

Two representative International Youth Forums hosted by HFA are ‘Academic Forum on the United Nations’ and ‘Trilateral Cooperation Youth Forum – China, Japan, and Korea’

(4) SDGs English Contest – “Global Leadership Excellence Challenge (GLEC) Korea and Viet Nam  English Speech and Essay Competition under the theme of SDGs and Nuclear NonProliferation and Disarmament  Participants: Elementary 5th Grade – University Students (5) Donation Campaign for Children in Africa – ‘Container of Hope’ 

Sending 40ft long container filled with translated English books, shoes, school supplies gathered from donation campaigns raised by students 134

Cooperation Organization Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations In November 1951, the Observer Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations was established. The Mission became a full-fledged Permanent Mission to the United Nations in September 1991, with the Republic of Korea's accession to the UN. The Korean Mission is currently headed by Ambassador Hyun Cho, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Korea. In November 1999, the Korean http://overseas.mofa.go.kr

Mission moved to its present address, 335 East 45th Street, between 1st and 2nd Avenues, in New York City. The Mission's 11-story building is one of the recent works by the world-renowned architect, Mr. I. M. Pei. The building contains exhibition rooms, an outdoor garden and a conference room, all of which carry a traditional Korean touch.

Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations The Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations in New York promotes Switzerland’s interests in the UN Headquarters, in line with the country’s foreign policy goals. It participates in the work of the UN’s principal organs as well as in the different United Nations Funds and Development https://www.eda.admin.ch

Programmes. The Switzerland’s Mission is currently headed by Ambassador Jürg Lauber, Permanent Representative of the Switzerland.

Permanent Mission of Germany to the United Nations The missions can be called Germany's eyes, ears and voice abroad. On instructions from the Federal Foreign Office, they represent Germany, defend its interests and protect its citizens in the host country. They negotiate with the government of the host country and promote political relations as well as economic, cultural and scientific cooperation. https://new-yorkun.diplo.de/un-en

The essential tasks of the missions include collecting information, reporting on issues which are of relevance to the various authorities of the Federation and the Länder, helping German citizens in emergencies, carrying out crisis protection measures, and assisting Germans living abroad with regard to certificates and legal documents, issuing visas for travel to Germany, assisting 135

German companies with their activities in the host country and generally enhancing mutual trade, promoting cultural exchange, educating the host country's public about our foreign policy and also about Germany, its society and culture in general, preparing and escorting high-level visits from Germany.

Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations Missions of Greece represents the country before other states and international organizations, participates on its behalf in international cooperation initiatives and mechanisms at the international, European and regional levels and advocates Greek interests, both public and private, abroad.

The competences primarily involve representing Greece before foreign states, representing Greece and participating on her behalf in the United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and other international organizations and conferences, safeguarding the rights and interests of the Greek State and implementing international conventions and international law, promoting international cooperation, security and peace, protecting human and minority rights, world solidarity in dealing with humanitarian issues through https://www.mfa.gr/missionsa broad/en/un-en

participation in international initiatives, and providing humanitarian and development aid, enhancing the image of Greece and of Greek culture abroad and promoting international cultural cooperation, informing the international community about the possibilities for economic and business cooperation with Greece, safeguarding the rights and interests of Greek citizens abroad and providing assistance with their administrative affairs fostering closer relations between the Greek Diaspora and their homeland, and supporting them in preserving their mother tongue and their distinctive cultural identity, coordinating Greek ministries, and other authorities and agencies on issues relating to the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s foreign relations.

Group Programmes Unit, Visitors Services, United Nations Department of Global Communications Hope to the Future Association has acquired the status of an â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Associated NGO with the United Nations Department of Global Communications.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; With kind cooperation and support of the DGC Group Programmes Unit, HFA is able to organize a diversified and a high-quality UN Training curriculum the https://visit.un.org/

Korean Youth every year. The Visitor Centre provides UN Expert briefings and 136

guided tours to the visitors from around the world. The Department of Global Communications, previously known as the Department of Public Information (DPI), was established in 1946, by General Assembly resolution 13 (I), to promote global awareness and understanding of the work of the United Nations.

United Nations International Children’s Fund UNICEF fight for the rights of every child seeking safe shelter, nutrition, protection from disaster and conflicts, and equality. UNICEF promotes the rights and wellbeing of every child, in everything it does. In all of its work, UNICEF takes a life-cycle based approach, recognizing the particular importance of early childhood development and adolescence. UNICEF programmes focus on the most disadvantaged children, including those living in fragile contexts, those with disabilities, those who are affected by rapid urbanization and those affected by environmental degradation. www.unicef.org

UNICEF works in over 190 countries and territories to save children’s lives, to defend their rights, and to help them fulfill their potential, from early childhood through adolescence. Their primary fields that UNICEF is involved in are child protection and inclusion, child survival, education, UNICEF in emergencies, gender, innovation for children, supply and logistics, research and analysis.

World Federation of United Nations Association The World Federation of United Nations Associations (WFUNA) is a global nonprofit organization representing and coordinating a membership of over 100 national United Nations Associations (UNAs) and their thousands of constituents. https://www.wfuna.org

Guided by WFUNA’s vision of a United Nations that is a powerful force in meeting common global challenges and opportunities, WFUNA works to strengthen and improve the United Nations.

WFUNA achieves this through the engagement of people who share a global mindset and support international cooperation – global citizens.

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â&#x201C;&#x2019; HOPE TO THE FUTURE ASSOCIATION 2020. All Rights Reserved.

All images included in this report are copyrighted to Hope to the Future Association, except for particular images noted with references on the pages. Materials can be freely used for informational purposes only.

Produced by the Education Program Department Production Director

Paul Kim (paul.kim@hopetofuture.org)

Production Assistants

Hohyeong Lee (outreach@hopetofuture.org)

Publish Date

26 February 2020

Publisher

Hope to the Future Association

Address

4F, 176, Bongeunsa-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Telephone

+82-2-6952-1616

Fax

+82-2-538-5928

Website

www.hopetofuture.org

Facebook

www.facebook.com/hopetothefuture

Email

outreach@hopetofuture.org

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