Growin' Spaces

GROWIN’ SPACES COMMUNITY CONSTRUCTION

CHEUNG HOI LING ESTHER • JUNG KYU LEE • KATY THEODORA DODITA • MBARAK AHMED TWAHIR • YASMIN ROCHA

CONTENT INTRODUCTION

PART 1: FEASIBILITY STUDY

2.2.3 BRACING

1.1 CONTEXT: SNEINTON

2.2.4 DOOR

1.2 CLIENT INFORMATION & GUIDELINES

2.2.5 GUTTER

1.3 SITE STRATEGY

2.2.6 POLYTHENE COVERING

1.4 BRIEF

2.2.7 VINE SUPPORT

1.5 PRECEDENT STUDY: WALTER SEGAL’S METHOD

2.3 PROBLEMS & IMPROVEMENTS

1.6 PRECEDENT: HUF HAUS

2.4 FINAL DESIGN

1.7 GREENHOUSE RESEARCH

PART 3: CONSTRUCTION PLAN

1.8 PLANTING RESEARCH

2.1 PRECEDENT: ANNEX

1.9 MATERIALS & TOOLS

2.2 STRUCTURE IDENTIFICATION

1.10 TIMBER JOINTS ANALYSIS

2.3 ASSEMBLY CONSTRUCTION

1.11TIMBER JOINT DETAILS

2.4 PROGRAMME

PART 2: DESIGN PROPOSAL

2.5 COSTING

2.6 RISK MANAGEMENT 2.7 SUSTAINABILITY

2.1 INITIAL DESIGNS

2.2.2 WINDOW DESIGN

2.1.1 SUN RAY & SHADOW ANALYSIS

2.1.2 STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

2.1.3 VENTILATION ANALYSIS

2.1.4 TIMBER JOINT ANALYSIS

2.1.5 DECISION

2.2 DESIGN DETAILS

2.2.1 POSITIONING WINDOW

INTRODUCTION Project 5: Growin’ Spaces – Community Construction for the Design Studio module requires a report with a proposal of a sustainable design that answers the needs of a particular group of people.

The client, Stevie Doig is the chairman and founder of Growin’ Spaces, a community café in Sneinton related to nearby allotments, where he requested the construction of a greenhouse or a storage shed.

This group report will focus on the proposal of a greenhouse construction. We chose the greenhouse instead of the storage shed because it will be a place used for growing plants which sounds interesting and different from what we have worked with so far, and because it seems to be the structure that will allows us to be more creative and make the most out of the light.

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PART 1 : FEASIBILITY STUDY

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1.1 CONTEXT: SNEINTON

The site

Homeland of the Salvation Army’s founder, William Booth (1829-1912), and George Green (1793-1841), son of a baker that became ‘one of the greatest scientists of his time, a mathematician whose work is known and used around the world.’ (About Greens Windmill, 2017) Sneinton was a ‘large rural area’ that in the 18th century became home of many wealthy families as they were moving out of Nottingham to its surroundings. The reason for the relocation was ‘the arrival of the Industrial Revolution’ converting the city into a crowded area with poor living conditions. (Ablitt, 1980, p. 4) The pleasant surround of the town also faced a growth on its population after the Enclosure Act, in 1845, which allowed ‘building to take place outside the old boundary’. Consequently, Sneinton was filled with houses, becoming part of the City of Nottingham in 1877. Once again, the wealthy ‘moved on to greener pastures.’

(Ablitt, 1980, pp. 4-5) Sneinton in the 1880s

Today, Sneinton is one of the suburb in Nottingham. It is a multi- cutural area as shown by the diversity of restaurants and store. This also encourages various communities forming and basing in this area.

Photo of Sneinton today

Sneinton in the 21st century

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1.2 CLIENT INFORMATION & GUIDELINES As the client Steve Doig is the project manager of the Growin’ Space, the purpose of this community helps identity the needs and requirements of our building plan.

Growin’ Space is one of the community group project under the Sneinton Alchemy, which dedicate to benefit the community within Sneinton area.

Their main functions are:

- Training for long term unemployed

- Provide food in a community café and church

- Encourage self- growing

As a result the construction should help achieving the following :

- Provide working opportunities for the unemployed

- Minimize the cost of construction

- Encourage self- independence in terms of building

Allotment for the community

Severing food to the unemployed

Self- growing 4

Working on the growing space

1.3 SITE STRATEGY

SECTION AA

The wind is represented as arrows that travels from the Southwest to the Northeast.

The arcs illustrate the sun path of the site in different times, June and December respectively.

The sun ray of different times are illustrated as sketches on the right to demonstrate how the shadow would be at a certain time.

SECTION BB

SECTION CC

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1.4 BRIEF

6

U- shaped bricks and blocks foundation for the greenhouse.

Some trash and unused materials are placed which should be cleaned during construction.

The vines root at the back of the foundation and need supporting to guide them grow in the greenhouse

There are some poultry inhabiting in the site, the construction should not damage harm their living.

Tools storing in the shed that can be used in the construction.

No electrical devices

Existing storage shed that will be de-construct and the materials can be recycled in the construction of the greenhouse

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GENERAL CONCLUSION OF THE BRIEF

Design of the greenhouse should consider the effects of sunlight, wind and rain to the site

Dowel & rietveld joint are the main timber joints in the construction Harvesting the rainwater is proposed to achieve sustainability

The design of greenhouse would bring the vines to grow inside it

The greenhouse is structured by timber & covered by polythene

The design should consider ventilation & shading

The greenhouse should facilitate the growth of vines, tomatoes & cucumber

The proposal should clearly illustrate the process of construction

The main tools to aid construction is hand saw

The materials of the greenhouse and the process of building it should be sustainable

Will be built by a group of unemployed people who may not possess construction skills

Cost should be minimized in designing and building

The greenhouse would be built on top of the brick foundation

The construction process should take care of the poultry inhabiting

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1.5 PRECEDENT: WALTER SEGAL’S METHOD This method takes huge consideration in the building process which fosters self-built homes. It is more like an attitude of simplifying the whole building process while solving living problems effectively and environmentally friendly. To achieve this aim, the following approaches are developed:

- Use materials of their standard sizes to minimize cutting and waste

- Choose materials according to their performance that they

should be easy to work in hand tools and

of a suitable weight and size

- Minimize the cost in construction by choosing low cost materials

and using existing materials

- Simplified construction documentation to allow people without

building experiences can also understand and involve in the building process

Double beams with single column on the ridge

This method has benefit in the following ways:

- Quick process as the process of outside the site is reduced

- Environmentally friendly as it minimize the use of brand new materials

- Increase the connection between the living space and people as

people can gain satisfaction in

participating in building process

- Increase the flexibility as people can change the structure

according to their needs and preferences

Double columns with single beam

Bracing to reinforce the structure and all the joints are in rietveld joint Example of his self-built house design 9

1.6 PRECEDENT: HUF HAUS Huf Haus a family brand that brings a classic design with iconic structures of timber and glass that are the representation of luxury and exclusivity. The combination of timber and glass creates elegant, clean lines that originate from the famous Bauhaus architectural tradition and brings the surrounding nature into the living experience.

Their design focuses on access to abundant natural light throughout the house and spacious, open plan, flexible living spaces. This is achieved through their signature timber post and beam structure which removes the need for load bearing walls allowing tremendous design flexibility and the infilling of external walls with generous amounts of glazing.

The design process is very involved from initial discussions on size and budget through to decisions on socket and switch positions which must be signed off before the house goes into factory production.

Exposing rafters that form the structure of the roof.

Double beams with single columns as the primary structure of the roof level in a building.

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1.7 GREENHOUSE RESEARCHES

GREENHOUSE EFFECT PRINCIPLE

VENTILATION

Method to trap heat inside the house and keep warm.

How greenhouse ventilate air flow

Cold air enters the house in lower level through openings.

The air is heated up inside the house as it traps thermal energy causing by sunlight.

Warm air rises and would escape from the roof window (windows in upper levels)

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RAINWATER COLLECTION

POLYTHENE

Rainwater can benefit for planting as it can be stored and reused to irrigate vegetation. This take advantage of the natural resources.

The polythene use in construction should withstand wind pressure, rainfall and be protected from the UV rays from the sun.

Rain chain Rain chain is hang at one end of the gutter which allows water channels through the chain to a container to collect water.

There are different types of chains and basins that can channel and collect rainwater.

Although plastic bags are also made from polythene they are not suitable in construction as they are flimsy, thin and prone.

There are some standard dimensions of polythene with various thickness: 7000mm

20000mm

7300mm

5000mm

The UV stabilisers in the polythene culminate in the good performance of the p olythene.

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600 gauge / 150 micron 720 gauge / 180 micron 800 gauge / 200 micron The ‘720 gauge / 180 micron’ thickness is recommended by the polythene company for poly tunnel construction.

1.8 PLANTING RESEARCH VINE GROWING - The greenhouse cannot be ventilated freely in still, cold dry weather until early spring, as dessert grapes need a period of dormancy - Ventilate the green house in bright days during summer - Leaves need to be removed in Autumn to allow branches expose to the air - Need to grow upwards along a support structure , for example fences and trellis - They can suffer from powdery mildew in hot, dry weather or when growing in crowded positions with poor air circulation.

TOMATOES & CUCUMBER GROWING - It should be planted in pot then transfer to the soil - Train the main stem up a vertical wire or cane - Keep the soil moist

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1.9 MATERIALS AND TOOLS TYPE OF MATERIALS

LOCATION IN CONSTRUCTION

FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLES (PRICE, BRAND & DIMENSION)

FURTHER INFORMATION

TIMBER

Beams, columns, rafters and ceiling joints of the construction

- Spread loads to the ground - Support the structure - Hold the plastic covering

- 38x63x2400mm --- £2.15 (Homebase) - 25x50mmx4800mm--£4.16 (Online-building-supplies) - 19x150x1830mm--- £4.05 (Wickes)

- Some 75 x 200 mm timber can be reused from the existing shed on the site

SOLE STRAPS

On timber and brick foundation

- Tie timbers and brick foundation together to bear loads

Simpson Strong-Tie Simpson Strong-Tie Light Restraint Strap 1000mm Bend 10 Pack --£28.09

- Need to purchase

FLOAT GLASS

Covering and windows

- To avoid water coming in and damaging the plant - Keep warm - Allow light transmission to benefit in planting

About $38 per square metre

- Durable - Not a very good insulator unless double or triple panels are applied - Very expensive that it is not suitable to use in this project

CORRUGATED POLYCARBONATE SHEETS

Covering and windows

- To avoid water coming in and damaging the plant - Keep warm - Allow light transmission to benefit in planting

- 1.1mm 3050mm (10ft) x 762mm (2.5ft) --- £14.27 (Asbestos Profiled Corrugated Cladding Sheets)

- High optical clarity and light transmission - Material that can be consider using in the design

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TYPE OF MATERIALS POLYTHENE

LOCATION IN CONSTRUCTION

FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLES (PRICE, BRAND & DIMENSION)

FURTHER INFORMATION

Covering and windows

- To avoid water coming in and damage the plant - Keep warm - Allow light transmission to benefit in planting

TIMBER DOWELS

Timber joints

- Tie timbers together - Strengthen the corners and to prevent twisting of timbers

SCREWS

Timber joints

- Tie timbers together - Strengthen the corners and to prevent twisting of timbers

Timbascrew Flange Timber Screws Gold 6.7 X 150mm 200 Pack

- Not recommend to use in this project although it is commonly use in construction

/

Drills holes to insert the timber dowels or help drilling screws into timbers

Guild 1.3AH Li-Ion Drill Driver --£32.99 (Argos)

- Need to purchase - Time saving as it is faster than hand doing - Use the cordless and rechargeable one

ELECTRIC HAND DRILLS

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- Utility Grade 10 x 25 ft ---£16 - UV protection 12 x 25 ft ---£ 31 - Thermal protection 12 x 55 ft--£73

- Strong and light-weight - Utility Grade one only last 3-6 months - The UV protection and thermal protection polyethylene can last at least 4 years - There are some polyethylene available on site Assorted Wooden Dowels - 60 Pack - Need to purchase £3.86 (Homebase)

1.10 TIMBER JOINTS ANALYSIS TYPE OF JOINTS

STRENGTH

EASE OF CONSTRUCTION

LOCATION

DOVETAIL JOINT

Very strong

- Difficult in hand cutting - Need to use machinery for accuracy - Long manufacturing time

Corner joints Usually use in furniture design and construction

MORTISE & TENON JOINT

Strong

- Possible in hand cutting but need to be skillful - Long manufacturing time

T- joints

DOWEL JOINT

- Strong - Dowels can be replaced by screws which is more supportive

- Need to use special tools for Corner joints, T- joints & accuracy in the hidden dowel, Edge-to-edge joints but not of the exposed one - Does not require hand cutting in joints - Require to use electrical hand drills

RIETVELD JOINT

Strong

- Similar to Dowel joint Corner joints - Does not require hand cutting in joints - Require to use electrical hand drills - Minimize the chance of cutting timber

MORTISE & TENON JOINT WITH DOWELS

- Very strong - Dowels can be replaced by screws which is more supportive

- Difficult in hand cutting - Same properties with Mortise & tenon joint, but it’s reinforced by dowels

HIDDEN

EXPOSED

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T- joints

1.11 TIMBER JOINTS DETAILS FIX TIMBER ON BRICKS

RIDGE JUNCTION

Cut rafters intersected at one point Fixed by wall straps

Fixed by drilling screws

Overlapping rafters to create a ridge

COLUMN JUNCTIONS

COLUMNS TO RAFTERS JUNCTIONS

Double columns to beam

Double columns to rafters

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Column to rafter and beam

PART 2 : DESIGN PROPOSAL

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2.1 INITIAL DESIGNS PITCH ROOF DESIGNS DESIGN

Developed from poly tunnel but it is not practical to bend timbers.

1

Single slope

DESIGN

2

Use a few timbers to make as an arch form. This increase the timber cutting process and might add extra loads to the polythene covering when there the rain is stock in the flat surface on top

Double slope

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2.1.1 SUN RAY AND SHADOW ANALYSIS DESIGN 1

SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES The tilted surface invites lights in both design that enables the house collect enough solar energy to cause greenhouse effect.

June 11am

Shadow is presented due to the overhangs.

It shades the crops and land in the west of the greenhouse during morning.

These 2 designs have slightly different effects on the their shadings as only design 2 would shade the internal greenhouse. However, the effectiveness is small as the covering is translucent polythene that allow sunlight passing through. It would reduce the amount of sunlight but not creating shadows.

DESIGN 1 June 8am

DESIGN 2

June 11am

The tilted angled slope invites morning sunlight enter the house and benefit the growth of plants inside the greenhouse.

The overhang shades the crops and land on the west of the greenhouse during morning.

It also shade the internal greenhouse which is beneficial to the growth of plants.

DESIGN 2

June 8am

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The sloping roof collects more sunlight than a flat one. This means gaining more solar energy that the heat enhances its function as a greenhouse

2.1.2 STRUCTURE ANALYSIS Primary structure

SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES

Secondary structure

The structure of design 1 and 2 are similar with columns as primary structure and rafters as secondary. Beams and columns of the door are all secondary structures.

DESIGN

1

The difference of them is the roof which design 1 is single sloping while design 2 is double sloping. This has an effect on their structure as the ridge is in different position.

DESIGN

Almost all of the columns are primary structure while the rafters are in secondary structure.

The ridge of design 1 is on one side that it would bear loads from the both the rafters and columns. Therefore it is a primary structure.,

Some beams that connect the end of the rafters are primary structure whereas those tying up the house are secondary structure.

However, the ridge of design 2 is centred that would not bear much loads from the rafters as the covering is polythenevvvv. Therefore, it is just tying the structure together as a structure.

2

MODIFIED DESIGN 2

Almost all of the columns are primary structure while the rafters are in secondary structure.

This design has more secondary structure as there are more rafters.

The ridge and the columns holding is presented as primary structure in the this sketch. However, it should be secondary structure which would be explained later in the report.

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Secondary structure

2.1.3 VENTILATION ANALYSIS

DESIGN 1

DESIGN 2

SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES These design have similar ventilation systems, which also share similarities in their functions and effects that the wind comes into the house and is heated up, then escape from the furthest window.

This allows the air stays longer in the house for warmness at the same time keeping fresh air flow within the house.

Wind comes into the greenhouse through the door and escapes from the furthest side window

Wind comes into the greenhouse through the door and escapes from the furthest roof window

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2.1.4 TIMBER JOINT ANALYSIS DESIGN

1

23

DESIGN

2

SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES Both design 1 and design 2 has similar timber joints that double columns is joined with single beam by a dowel as well as a sole plate is placed on top of the brick foundation to tie the columns in a lower level.

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2.1.5 DECISION DESIGN 1

Design 1 and design 2 share fairly similar functions as a greenhouse in terms of their response to the sun and wind, structure and joinery system.

The main significant difference is the form of the roof that design 1 is single sloping while design 2 is unevenly pitched. Therefore, it could be said that the decision making is due to their aesthetic more than their functionality.

DESIGN 2

We chose Design 2 as it seems more interesting in its appearance while Design 1 has already commonly seen in greenhouse design. As we consider the people building it should enjoy the process of construction, a more appealing design might enhance their experience in building and their satisfaction when it is completed.

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2.2 DESIGN DETAILS 2.2.1 POSITIONING WINDOWS Wind comes through the door as the it travels from the Southwest to the Northeast.

The position of the windows would influence the effectiveness of ventilation in the green house. Therefore, the following diagrams illustrates how the wind flow enter and escape from the house and its effect.

Window opposite to the entrance would dry out the leaves of plant and harm its growth

Windows can also place on the East side but ideally at a lower level to let the wind passes through, rise and escapes from the roof window

Windows far away from the entrance allow air stays within the house in a longer duration which prevent fast pace wind drying the plants and provide adequate amount of ventilation.

Windows near the entrance would accumulate humid air at the back of the house

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2.2.2WINDOW DESIGN TIMBER FRAME POLYTHENE WINDOW

1

2

AIR HOLES ON POLYTHENE 1

Use timber to make the window frame and attach polythene on top.

Connect one side of the window to main structure to open and close the window.

Using more timber but look more aesthetically pleasing.

Cut or punch holes on the polythene surface and use another piece of polythene to cover the it when ventilation is not preferred.

The top layer of polyethylene can be rolled and expose the air holes.

3

AIR HOLES ON POLYTHENE 2

3

HINGING WINDOW A wooden frame for the window opening need to hinge on the roof.

As the window is relative small in size, 2 hinges can already tie them together.

A temporary small rod might need to add to support the window frame when it is opening.

Cut or punch holes on the polythene surface and add another layer of polythene on top. Open or close the window by controlling the drawstring.

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2.2.3 BRACING

EAST ELEVATION

Bracing is to stabilize the quadrilateral structure by adding rods crossing over diagonally to create triangulations.

Without any wind

Apply bracing at the back of the house to add support as it would shear given that there are no triangular trusses supporting

Shears when there is wind

They spread compressions and tensions to the corners and travel through columns to the ground.

Will not shear when bracings are applied

NORTH ELEVATION ROOF BRACING

Bracing can be just applied on some of the members if the entire structure is not massive.

Details on the position of the bracing and the structure it support

It is better to brace the first and the end of the members as they are more likely to shear than those in the middle.

2.2.4 DOOR Stainless steel door hinge is needed to create openings in the design.

They are normally sized at 102mm and 56mm.

They allow the door opens till 180 degree.

As the door is tall in height, there should be at least 2 hinges (ideally 3) to tie the door frame and the structure together.

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There should be some bracing across the roof as well since the triangulations can strengthen the structure of it.

2.2.5 GUTTER 1

Gutter

INCORPORATING WITH THE ROOF

Connect the end point of the rafters to the gutter to let rainwater slide directly and channels down to the chain.

But using timber joint to join them together acquire professional skill.

2

Rainwater chain

GUTTER ON EXTERNAL WALL

Place the gutter over the timber columns and polythene covering of the external wall.

Existing basin

88

A gradient should be applied as this allow water movements.

57

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TYPES OF GUTTER 1

Create timer frame and staple polyethylene on it.

Polythene should be sealed completely to channel water

2

A rod of timber act as the gutter.

3

Easy to construct, but need a electric drills to make the hole.

Polythene covering provide a smoother surface for water sliding

Provides a smoother surface to effectively channel water down the gutter

4

5

Use the standard half rounded gutter.

Constructed by 3 pieces of wood with polythene covering.

Recycled plastic bottles By cutting 2 ends and half horizontally (as the illustration shown) , a half rounded shape is created, which could use as a gutter.

The average price of a 3m gutter is ÂŁ4 which is considerably affordable.

No special work is needed to be done for the gutter.

Polythene does not need to be applied on as the plastic bottle itself is already water proofing.

Adding an extra wood to act as a fascia board.

The gutter brackets isdoweled/screwed between the wall plate and the column supporting it.

The gutter brackets is dowel/ screw between the fascia and the structure.

However, this timber fascia board is exposed to water which might get rotten over time. It also blocks water flowing to the gutter.

Rain water can run down to the gutter smoothly.

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To seal the whole structure with polyethylene in this approach, polythene need to be applied separately on the roof and wall structures.

2.2.6 POLYETHYLENE COVERING 1

Stick the polythene on the inside faces by using sellotape.

- Visually pleasing as the sellotape is transparent - There might be chances that the rainwater slip into the gap as sellotape is not very durable nor waterproof - Stretching is not very even nor strong

2

Staple the polythene on the inside faces.

- Slightly difficult to construct as the frame need to turn consistently for stapling - Visually more appealing as the staples are hidden - Stretching is not very even and strong

3

Staple the polythene on the top side of the timber frame.

- Easy to construct and does not require professional skills - The strongest stretch among these 3 methods.

- The polyethylene is stretch evenly in 4 corners

4

Securing by drilling holes and dowel using a timber plate - Need extra wood / recycle wood to make the timber plate - Drilling holes might cause tearing on the polyethylene if it is thin - Slightly complicated when comparing to the stapling approaches

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2.2.7 VINE SUPPORT 1

2

TRELLIS

EXTENSION ON BEAMS

Construct wooden triangular extensions from the beams which hold the vines and allow them to grow along.

More joints and timbers are required which complicates the design and takes longer construction time.

The vines only grow linear along the extension.

WIRES CROSS OVER COLUMNS AT ROOF LEVEL

3

Trellis supports vines to grow both horizontally and vertically along a face. When the vines meet the roof they may also grow along the rafters.

Thin treated wood is required to construct but the entire latticed wood can also be purchased in the market.

Variations on the composition trellis.

Both are in grid structure but horizontal square grid for the upper one and diamond/diagonal square grid for the lower one.

Vines grow along the wires which allow them to grow on the roof level crossing the whole greenhouse.

This approach also acts as an inlet/outlet for ventilation in the house.

Materials slightly contrast to the timber structure which might seem inconsistent

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2.3 PROBLEMS AND IMPROVEMENTS After the model of Design 2 is made, some problems are found which could be avoided and improved.

After that , a new model is built to solve the issues. However, there are some new problems that are identified and solutions are proposed accordingly. The problems and the solutions would be explained in detail in the next few pages.

5 3

timber junction

1

7

ridge junction

covering

structure

2

6

tilted structure

roof junction

8

4

connection of the door

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door frame

PROBLEM

1

---TIMBER JUNCTIONS

IMPROVEMENT

1

LAP JOINT More faces are connected with interlocking

As the timber for the beam is not long enough, connecting 2 timbe elements is needed.

PROBLEM

2

We used hot glue to glue 2 ends together to form a continuous beam. However, it is easy to break and is slightly bent.

MITRE JOINT Although there is only one face connecting, it has stronger strength than the butt joint as it is a shear surface.

BUTT JOINT This joint has no interlocking that the only connection is the face Not enough strength in tension and would break easily.

Can only joint together by adhesive

To strengthen the junctions and unify the design with other dowel joint, dowel can be added in the joint to bond them tightly together.

IMPROVEMENT

--- TILTED STRUCTURE The upper beam holding the door columns aid no support to the front structure and even add loads to the rafter as they are not joining at a point.

The wall structure is tilted due to unable to hold the tension. There is no triangulationin this structure. Therefore, it it is prone to swerve or shear when there is strong wind pushing it.

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2

This problem can be improved by having timber bracing.

By adding thin timber crossing the corners of the junctions, triangulations are created which reinforces the strength of the structure to minimise the chances of tilting.

5

PROBLEM

3

3

---STRUCTURE

1

2

Primary structure Secondary structure

The ridge is supported by double columns at the back that they are considered as primary structure to spread loads from the ridge to the ground.

IMPROVEMENT

However, as the ridge is not able to span the entire structure and without much loads on the roof level, it is considered as secondary structure.

Also double columns are used throughout the whole design with 5 spacing approximately 1.5m. It is not too strong as sometimes tilted. However, the model of Design 1 is strong in strength that the columns are spacing 1.25m and double column is only applied on every other column.

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3

4

The columns supporting the ridge can be removed or converted to a secondary structure to make the design more rational.

Therefore by using the same wall structure as Design 1 on Design 2, the structure would be strengthened and solve the tilting problem. With this method less timber is required in the construction and the cost is reduced as well.

PROBLEM

4

--- CONNECTION OF DOOR

IMPROVEMENT

4

The columns touch the ground that the damp coming from the ground turn the timber rotten and shorten the life of the structure.

The columns go narrower when they reach the top. This is due to the loose base that the base beam on each side is short and cannot tie the tall columns entirely.

PROBLEM

5

--- RIDGE JUNCTION

To avoid the door columns having a loose base, a single beam can be used to tie the whole structure together.

The columns are also raised to the base beam level to prevent damp coming from the ground damaging the timber.

IMPROVEMENT 1

This design of crossing the rafters with each other makes it difficult to apply the polythene on top. Wrapping all the faces also requires a huge layer of polythene.

If the roof covering is done separately on each side of the rafters, holes need to be cut to let air on the other side of the rafters pass through.

The holes would give way for rainwater to drip through, which might also trap mist between the wooden rafters and get rotten easily.

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5

Rafters join to the ridge board.

This creates a smooth surface to apply polyethylene on top.

This might have a slightly different appearance to other joints as they are not crossing each other.

2 A rafter is slightly longer than the other one to create an overhang.

2 ridge boards are needed to support the rafters on each side.

Polyethylene need to apply on the frame separately.

Rainwater will not slip into the greenhouse as the rafters and the covering fully seal the roof.

PROBLEM

6

--- ROOF JUNCTION

IMPROVEMENT The current roof junction with the rafter extending outwards may make it difficult to apply polythene membrane as sharp edges may tear the membrane.

6

The modified roof junction includes a thin timber functioning as a wall plate and cut the rafter ends to joint with it.

If separated sheets of polythene are applied on top of the structure. Holes need to be cut to fit in the exposing edges.

This junction provide a smooth surface for the polythene to be applied on. The green house can therefore fully seal with polythene and avoid rain coming in.

This might let rain come into the house and might even rot the timber junctions as water might trap between them.

2 sheets of polythene can cover the roof and wall structure separately by stapling.

Also, precise cutting is required that would take longer construction time.

This junction is mainly the connection of primary structures as the rafters, beams and the double columns are all primary structure.

However, if it comes to the single columns, it are a secondary structure.

This improvement has similar structure to the previous one in terms of primary and secondary structures.

However, a wall plate is added between the rafters and the beam.

It serves as a primary structure that bears load coming from the rafters.

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PROBLEM

7

IMPROVEMENT

--- DOOR FRAME

7

To create bracing for the front of the greenhouse,, a timber is put to tie the rafters ends. As the rafters on either side constitute different heights the timber creates an uneven opening structure.

To simplify the shape of the door frame, a short timber is added to influence a rectangular form as an opening structure for the door.

The door frame is in an irregular form where one side is slightly longer that another. In this form, it is hard to construct if the labours making has no experience, and might easily cause damage.

The door would be constructed separately, then connected to the frame by hinges. It would be an easier form for the people to construct.

38

PROBLEM

8

--- COVERING

1

5

2

6

3 7

IMPROVEMENT

8

This design has to apply 2 sheets of polythene. But unlike the complicated process before, this would be easier to construct as there is less cutting of the timber and cutting of the polythene is also avoided.

As we change the ridge junction to fully seal the roof, we thought of the process of doing it.

The left is proposed process of constructing the roof and the covering. We found it is quite complicated and the fact that the cutting the polythene in the right position is difficult.

There would be a small gap without polythene covering. This allows the greenhouse to breathe. In this case, a window might not need to be constructed as the gap perform the function of ventilating the house.

RAIN WIND

We think the builder might also find it difficult and we change the method of doing it.

4

DONE

Although, there is a gap, rainwater would not go in as the sloped overhangs slide water to another end.

Therefore, it is a better design as it maximize the function of the polythene as both covering and ventilating.

39

2.4 FINAL DESIGN DETAILS

BACK BASE CORNER

RIDGE Rafters

FRONT COLUMNS TO ROOF

Window frame Ridge boards Bracing

Rafters Wall plate Columns Door bracing Side bracing

DOUBLE COLUMNS TO ROOF

SINGLE COLUMN TO ROOF

FRONT BASE CORNER BRACING TO BASE

40

TRELLIS AND EXTENTION FOR VINES GROWING

ROOF DETAILS

A small gap between the brick foundation and the beam acts as an inlet for air and vines

Ventilation is achieved by air coming from the ground level and escape at roof level.

GUTTER

HINGING DOOR

By using 2 to 3 hinges, the door can be insert to the door frame of the structure.

Gutter connected with a chain transfers water to the storage basin.

41

Existing water bucket in the site which can be used as rainwater storage.

PART 3 : CONSTRUCTION PLAN

42

3.1 PRECEDENT : ANNEXE STRUCTURE IDENTIFICATION

TIMBER JOINT EXAMPLES

PRIMARY STRUCTURE --- Load bearing structure

FLOOR JUNCTION --- RIETVELD JOINT Floor joints Beam Column

Columns and beams

Rafters

SECONDARY STRUCTURE --- Tying structural elements

Floor joints TERTIARY STRUCTURE --- Covering / Furnishing

ROOF JUNCTION --- BUTT/ MITRE JOINT

Ridge Rafters

Timber battens

Wall studs

Timber cladding

BENEFIT OF TIMBER CONSTRUCTION • • • • • • • • •

Timber is durable Fast and efficient to work with Easy to cut into various shapes Cheap alternative Easy to joint Is structurally very strong It’s natural insulation Environmentally friendly Naturally beautiful 43

3.2 STRUCTURE IDENTIFICATION

Primary structure Secondary structure

The green house has mainly consists of double columns, beams and rafters as the primary structures to transfer the loads to the ground.

Single columns, bracing and ridge boards are the main secondary structures to tie the structure elements together. It does not have a tertiary structure as the covering is polythene, not wood cladding.

Secondary structure: 100 x 30mm Polyethylene support Secondary structure: 100 x 50mm Ridge board Secondary structure: 50 x 50mm Trellis Secondary structure: 100 x 50mm Bracing Primary structure: 100 x 50mm Rafters Primary structure: 200 x 50mm Wall plate Secondary structure: 100 x 50mm Single columns Secondary structure: 100 x 100mm Bracing Secondary structure: 100 x 50mm Door support Primary structure: 100 x 100mm Double columns Primary structure: 200 x 100mm Beam

44

3.3 INSTRUCTIONS TOOLS Saw

*Measures in millimetres * All material need to cut in size ** Always use glue and dowel to fix the timber together

MATERIALS

PLAN & DIMENSIONS

Timber 50 x 50, 100 x 50, 100 x 100, 200 x 50, 200 x 100mm

Rain chain 2000mm

Hammer

Screwdriver

Tape Measure

Polythene 4000 X 50000mm Gutter Installation Clip 68mm

Dowel 15mm in diameter Glue 5 Litres

Hinge 100mm

Heavy-duty Stapler

Drill

Screw 4 x 75, 4 x 30mm

Gutter 76mm in diameter, 2000mm

Wall Strap 33 x 1.5x 600mm Stair Brackets 100mm

45

2 COVER FOUNDATION WITH DAMP PROOF COURSE (POLYTHENE), AND FIX IT TEMPORALLY WITH TAPE.

1 BUILD WALL STRUCTURES ON THE GROUND North Wall 8x column (100x100) 4x h: 2400 4x h: 2450 3x column (100x50) h: 2400 1x sole plate/beam (200x100) h: 7900 2x bracing (100x100) h: 3200 12x dowel 300mm long 6x dowel 200 mm long

4x polythene North/ South 2x (7700x100) West 2x (930x100)

South Wall 8x column (100x100) 4x h: 1500 4x h:1500 3x column (100x50) h: 1500 1x sole plate/beam (200x100) h:7900 2x bracing (100x100) h: 2700 12x dowel 300mm long 6x dowel 200mm long

3 FIX WALL STRUCTURES TO THE FOUNDATION WITH WALL STRAPS AND A TEMPORARY SUPPORT TO HOLD THE WALLS. 14x wall straps

46

4 ADD BRACING AT THE FRONT AND AT THE BACK OF THE GREENHOUSE CONNECTING THE WALLS.

6 FIX THE BRACKETS TO THE OUTSIDE COLUMNS ON BOTH SIDES OF THE GREENHOUSE. 14x brackets

2x bracing (100x50) h: 2900 4x dowel 150 long

7 PLACE THE WALL PLATES ABOVE THE BEAMS AND OUTSIDE COLUMNS.

5 ATTACH THE BASE ON THE EAST SIDE OF THE GREENHOUSE TO THE WALL PLATES WITH GLUE AND DOWELS, AND THE BASE ON THE WEST SIDE WITH WALL STRAPS. East 1x base (100x100) h: 2800 2x dowel 200mm long

2x wall plate (200x50) h:7900 16x dowel 150mm long

West 2x base (200x100) h: 830 4x wall strap 47

8 CONNECT THE RAFTERS TO EACH OTHER MAKING A 90-DEGREE ANGLE BETWEEN THEM ON THE GROUND, THEN LIFT IT UP AND FIX THE RAFTERS TO THE WALL PLATES.

10 ADD A STRUCTURE TO SUPPORT THE DOOR; BUILD A DOOR FRAME; FIX THE DOOR TO THE GREENHOUSE. 3x support (100x50) 1x h: 1950 1x h:1650 1x h: 880 4x door (100x50) 2x h: 1900 2x h: 680 8x dowel 100mm long 2x dowel 150mm long

7x south rafter (100x50) h: 3000 7x north rafter (100x50) h:1560 7x dowel 150mm long

9 ADD THE RIDGE BOARDS AND BRACING TO THE ROOF STRUCTURE. 2x ridge boards (100x50) h: 7700 4x bracing (100x50) 2x north h: 3100 2x south h:4000 7x dowel 200mm long 15x dowel 150mm long 48

13 ADD THE RAIN CHAIN TO THE GUTTER WITH A GUTTER INSTALLATION CLIP AND FIX THE GUTTER TO THE BRACKETS.

11 BUILD A SUPPORT FOR THE GRAPEVINE INSIDE THE GREENHOUSE.

1x rain chain 1x gutter installation clip 1x gutter

19x support (50x50) h: marked on the drawing 30x dowel 100mm long 11x dowel 200mm long

12 COVER THE GREENHOUSE WITH POLYTHENE. South Roof 1x polythene support (100x30) h: 7700 7x dowel 1x polythene (7900x3300)

14 INSTALL A DOOR LOCK. DO NOT USE GLUE TO FIX DOWEL AND TIMBER IN THIS STAGE.

North Roof 1x polythene support (100x30) h: 7700 1x polythene (7900x1860)

1x door lock (50x50) h: 150 1x dowel 100mm long

Walls 2x polythene 1x (7900x2500) 1x(7900x1600) 49

3.4 PROGRAMME TASK

PROCESS

DAY 1

1

Build north wall

4

1

Build south wall

4

2

Cover foundation with DPC Fix north wall to foundation Fix south wall to foundation Connecting walls

3 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 10

Attach east base to sole plates Attach west bases to foundation Fix brackets to columns Fix wall plates to the beams Connect rafters to each other Lift and fix rafters to wall plates Attach ridge boards to roof structure Attach bracing to roof structure Add support for the door Build door frame

DAY 2

DAY 3

DAY 4

DAY 5

DAY 6

DAY 7

3 7 7 4 4 5 3 5 4 5 8 8 5 4

Fix door to greenhouse

5

50

DAY 8

DAY 9

DAY 10

DAY 11

TASK 11

PROCESS

13

Build support for grapevine Cover roof with polythene Cover walls with polythene Connect rain chain to gutter Fix gutter to brackets

14

Install door lock

12 12 13

Average number of workers per day

DAY 1

DAY 2

DAY 3

DAY 4

DAY 5

DAY 6

DAY 7

DAY 8

DAY 9

DAY 10

DAY 11

4 6 5 2 4 2 8

7

5

3

5

51

9

8

4

6

5

4

3.5 COSTING COMPONENT

NAME

SIZE

QUANTITY 1

£8.40

SUPPLIER

East facing wall base

Base 200x100

West facing wall base

830

2

£5.04

Estate Sawmills

Beam 100x100

2400

4

£6.72x4=£26.88

Estate Sawmills

1500

4

£4.20x4=£16.80

Estate Sawmills

Four 1500 beams

2450

4

£7.56x4= £30.24

Estate Sawmills

1500

4

£4.20x4=£16.80

Estate Sawmills

One 2700 beam cut to measure Four 1500 beams

3200

2

£10.08x2= £20.16

Estate Sawmills

2400

3

£3.19x3=£9.57

Estate Sawmills

1500

3

£2.39x3=£7.17

Estate Sawmills

2700

2

£3.99x2=£7.98

Estate Sawmills

2900

2

£3.99x2=£7.98

Estate Sawmills

4000

2

£5.59x2=£11.18

Estate Sawmills

3100

2

£4.79x2=£9.58

Estate Sawmills

Beam 100x47

North facing wall column South facing wall column North facing wall column South facing wall column North facing wall bracing North facing wall column South facing wall column South facing wall bracing East & West facing walls bracings South facing roof bracing North facing roof bracing North side door support

One 3000 beam cut to measure One 1800 beam cut to measure Four 2400 beams

1950

1

£3.19

Estate Sawmills

Beam 100x47

South side door support

1650

1

£2.39

Estate Sawmills

Beam 100x47

880

1

£3.19

Estate Sawmills

Beam 100x47 Beam 100x47

Beam to support the door Door beams Door columns

680 1900

2 2

£0 £3.19x2=£6.38

Estate Sawmills Estate Sawmills

Beam 50x47

Grapevine support beam

2660

2

£2.16x2=£4.32

Estate Sawmills

Beam 100x100 Beam 100x100 Beam 100x100 Beam 100x47 Beam 100x47 Beam 100x47 Beam 100x47 Beam 100x47 Beam 100x47

52

Estate Sawmills

NOTES

Base 100x100

Beam 100x100

2800

COST

Two 3600 beams cut to measure Three 2400 beams Three 1800 beams cut to measure Two 3000 beams cut to measure Two 3000 beams cut to measure Two 4200 beams cut to measure Two 3600 beams cut to measure One 2400 beam cut to measure One 1800 beam cut to measure One 2400 beam cut to measures Remaining parts Two 2400 beams cut to measure Two 3000 beams cut to measure

COMPONENT

Beam 50x47

NAME

Grapevine support beam

SIZE

QUANTITY 1

£2.16

Beam 50x47

Grapevine support beam

2630

1

£2.16

Estate Sawmills

Beam 50x47

Grapevine support beam

2620

1

£2.16

Estate Sawmills

Beam 50x47

Grapevine support beam

2520

1

£2.16

Estate Sawmills

Beam 50x47

Grapevine support beam

2370

1

£1.73

Estate Sawmills

Beam 50x47

Grapevine support beam

2160

1

£1.73

Estate Sawmills

Beam 50x47

Grapevine support beam

2040

1

£1.73

Estate Sawmills

Beam 50x47

Grapevine support beam

1900

1

£1.73

Estate Sawmills

Beam 50x47

Grapevine support beam

1730

1

£1.30

Estate Sawmills

Beam 50x47

Grapevine support beam

1580

1

£1.30

Estate Sawmills

Beam 50x47

Grapevine support beam

1440

1

£1.30

Estate Sawmills

Beam 50x47

Grapevine support beam

1360

1

£1.30

Estate Sawmills

Beam 50x47

Grapevine support beam

1120

1

£1.30

Estate Sawmills

Beam 50x47

Grapevine support beam

1040

1

£1.30

Estate Sawmills

Beam 50x47 Beam 50x47 Beam 50x47 Brackets Dowels

Grapevine support beam Grapevine support beam Grapevine support beam Bracket Richard Burbidge Pine Dowel Moulding

820 790 520 100 300

1 1 1 14 24

£1.73

Estate Sawmills

£3.16x14=£44.24 £8.39x3=£25.17

Roofing Superstore Homebase

Dowels

Richard Burbidge Pine Dowel Moulding

200

32

£8.39x3=£25.17

Homebase

2640

53

COST

SUPPLIER

Estate Sawmills

NOTES

One 3000 beam cut to measure One 3000 beam cut to measure One 3000 beam cut to measure One 3000 beam cut to measure One 2400 beam cut to measure One 2400 beam cut to measure One 2400 beam cut to measure One 2400 beam cut to measure One 1800 beam cut to measure One 1800 beam cut to measure One 1800 beam cut to measure One 1800 beam cut to measure One 1800 beam cut to measure One 1800 beam cut to measure One 2400 beam cut to measures

Three 2400 dowel moulding cut to measure Three 2400 dowel moulding cut to measure

COMPONENT

NAME

Dowels

Richard Burbidge Pine Dowel Moulding

Dowels

Richard Burbidge Pine Dowel Moulding

Drill Glue

Cordless Combi Drill Evo-bond Waterproof PVA

Gutter

76mm Half Round Gutter

Gutter installation clip

Downpipe bracket clip

Hammer Heavy-duty stapler

Polythene 7700x100 Polythene 7900x1600 Polythene 7900x1860 Polythene 7900x2500 Polythene 7900x3300 Polythene 930x100

QUANTITY 44

£8.39x3=£25.17

Homebase

100

38

£8.39x2=£16.78

Homebase

5 litters

2 1

£21.85x2= £43.70 £20.79

Homebase Wickes

2000

2

£3.98x8=£31.84

Homebase

68

2

£0.97x2=£1.94

Wickes

2 1

£0 £7.49

Material on site Homebase

10mm

1000

£5.24

Homebase

3x75mm 4000 X 50000

2 1

£1.43x2=£2.86 £38.28

Homebase Multi fix supply company

150

Heavy-duty staple gun

Staples Manual screwdriver Polythene 2740x100

SIZE

Slotted Screwdriver East facing wall damp proofing North & South facing walls damp proofing South facing wall North facing roof North facing wall South facing roof West facing wall damp proofing

2 1 1 1 1 2

54

COST

SUPPLIER

NOTES

Three 2400 dowel moulding cut to measure Two 2400 dowel moulding cut to measure plus the remaining beats (800+600) The glue is used to glue the dowels into the beams and columns Four half round gutter pieces of 2000 each connected together for each side The downpipe bracket clips are used on both sides at the end of the gutters to sustain the rain chains The stapler gun is used to fix the polythene to the greenhouse The staples are for the staple gun The polythene roll will be cut to measure

COMPONENT

NAME

SIZE

QUANTITY 7 7

£7.98x7=£55.84 Estate Sawmills £12.77x2+£7.98=£33.52 Estate Sawmills

3000 1560

COST

SUPPLIER

Rafter 100x50 Rafter 100x50

South facing roof rafters North facing roof rafters

Rain chain

Jack Chain Zinc Plated

2000

2

£2.78x2=£5.56

Homebase

Ridge board 100x50

Roof ridge

7700

2

£11.18+£9.58=£20.76

Estate Sawmills

£0 £0.92x10=£9.20 £0.68x3=£2.04

Material on site Homebase

Saw Screw

Deck Screw

4 x 75mm 4 x 30mm

2 244 24

Hinge

Iron hinge

100

3

£1.99

Homebase

North & South facing walls beams

7900

2 2

£0 £12.77+£7.98=£20.75

Material on site Estate Sawmills

Light engineering bent strap

33x1.50x600 mm

18

£1.15x18=£20.7

Wickes

Tape measure Wall plate 200x47

Wall strap

NOTES

Seven 3000 beams Two 4800 beams cut to measure plus one 3000 beam cut to measure One 2000 chain for each side One 4200 beam plus one 3600 beam Ten packs of 25 screws for the wall straps and gutter brackets Three packs of 10 screws foe the hinges on the door One pack of hinges which contains 3 hinges One 4800 beam plus one 3000 beam plus one 100 part left after cutting

Total: £681.37

55

3.6 RISK MANAGEMENT HAZARD CUTTING TIMBER

SHARP TOOLS

STEEP AND UNEVEN TERRANCE

MANUAL LABOUR

MACHINERY

RISKS

STAGE OF CONSTRUCTION

CONTROL MEASURES

Cutting oneself as a result of operating with the saws

Sizing timber components for the primary, secondary and tertiary structures

Labourers to ensure to always cut away from themselves

Drilling through ones hand while handling the rechargeable battery drill

Drilling holes for dowelling timber joints

Ensure hands are not in the way of the direction the drilling is being operated

Straining body muscles while carrying and Moving tools onto site moving material to the site and resulting in fatigue which is an unproductive state as well as risk of tripping and falling over

Wear effective boot gear with good grip, as well as labourers should always have their eyes looking where they’re going; Also wear construction helmets at all times to avoid falling head first and suffering from severe injury

Suffer from manual exhaustion and mental Carrying timber onto the site and lifting confusion timber into position of the greenhouse structure

Have multiple people sharing the task of lifting heavy equipment to easily distribute the heavy load and make it easier to operate

Machinery malfunction thus putting work on hold and causing harm from the use of sharp tools

Ensure to recharge battery for the rechargeable drill and have extras fully charged in the case the one being used at the moment undergoes a malfunction

Drilling timber for dowelling

56

HAZARD NOISE

EXPOSURE TO WOOD DUST

FALLING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

RISKS

STAGE OF CONSTRUCTION Handling timber as well as communication among labourers working on site

Complaints from neighbours and disturbance to poultry

CONTROL MEASURES Carefully handle equipment to avoid fall bang sounds, plus keep communication levels at a moderate level.

Affect those who have asthma/could cause Sanding the timber to get rid of splinters asthma

Use gloves and ensure careful handling of the timber components.

Equipment fall and hurt poultry and peoples

Carefully handle tools and equipment.

Multiple labourers should handle heavy structural components when required and construction helmets should be worn at all times when operating on site.

Lifting beams and rafters to be secured into place

Polultry should also be kept away from the site while undergoing constructution.

SLIPPERY TERRANCE FROM MUDDY CONDITIONS

UNFINISHED TIMBER SURFACES

Slip and fall and injure oneself

Moving up the hill or between muddy spaces on site

Wear effective boot gear with good grip, as well as labourers should always have their eyes looking where they’re going. Also wear construction helmets at all times to avoid falling head first and suffering from severe injury .

Prone to getting splinters and cuts

Handling timber by hand at any point of construction

Use protective gloves and ensure careful handling of the timber components.

57

HAZARD

RISKS

STAGE OF CONSTRUCTION

CONTROL MEASURES

MATERIAL STORAGE

Losing equipment on site while operating Dowelling timber to fix the joints in place with small tools such as dowels and staples and stapling the polythene membrane onto the greenhouse

Have clearly labelled seal containers to store any small tools or equipment not being used

GLUE APPLICATION

Glue getting into eyes and causing irritation or blindness

All labourers to wear protective glasses

Applying glue on the joints as an extra biding agent

58

3.7 SUSTAINABILITY

3

RESUING EXISTING FOUNDATION AND TIMBER No extra concrete foundation is done on the house and timber in the existing shed is reused. Less materials are in need of being purchased meaning the greenhouse is less costly and easier to manage and construct.

4

PLANT GROWING

Sustainability is the principle of balancing human developments and the ecosystem. We should consider the environmental impacts of the buildings we construct. The following are some sustainable approaches to the greenhouse:

1

As it is a greenhouse, plant is growing inside.

Agriculture is environmental friendly as it absorbs carbon dioxide and would clean the air to help solving air pollution.

NATURAL HEAT ENERGY As it is a greenhouse, solar energy is trapped inside the house and provides ample amount of heat without extra insulation. This minimize the amount of materials use in the design and the solar energy is a kind of renewable resource is sustainable.

5

2

FSC CERTIFICATE TIMBER FSC stands for Forest Stewardship Council. They are to promote responsible forestry and ensure they meet the highest social standard.

We proposed to use this timber as they take social and environmental impacts into account.

RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM Rainwater is collected when it falls on the container storing it. It is a technique of collecting and storing for future use.

6

In this case the rainwater is used to irrigate the plants. This method saves water usage and cost as it reuses the water comes from the nature, rain.

RECYCLE GUTTER IDEA The gutter we proposed is made from recycled plastic bottles which is considered enviormentally friendly as no extra materials are purchased for the gutter.

As the UK is always raining, this would be effective in having enough water for irrigation.

59

BIBLIOGRAPHY Ablitt, D. (1980). A Guide to Old Sneinton. Nottingham: Sneinton Environmental Society.

About Greens Windmill. (2017, February 25). Retrieved from Nottingham City Council: http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/greenswindmill, , accessed on 12 Feb 2017 Digitmap (n.d.), retrieved from: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/, accessed on 13 Feb 2017 Facebook, (n.d.), Growin Spaces. Seeds of Change, Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/GrowingSpacesNottingham/, accessed on 16 Feb 2017 Gilmour,A. (2015), Huf Haus chief on why we should live in prefab homes without walls , Financial Time, Retrieved from: https://www.ft.com/content/917f5cfc-6819-11e597d0-1456a776a4f5, accessed on 23 Feb 2017 Hughes, T, (2014), Growin Spaces- a Community Allotment for Sneinton, Retrieved from: http://www.sneinton-alchemy.com/news/growinspaces-acommunityallotmentforsneinton, accessed on 13 Feb 2017 Nottingham Enclousure Act, 1845. (2017, February 25). Retrieved from The Social World of Nottingham’s Green Spaces: http://www.ng-spaces.org.uk/nottingham-enclosure-act-1845/, accessed on 17 Feb 2017 Nottinghamshire Insigt Mapping (n.d.), retrieved from: http://info.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/insightmapping/, accessed on 13 Feb 2017 Polythene Polytunnel Cover (n.d.), retrieved from: http://polytheneone.com/, accessed on 2 Mar 2017 Sassy, P. (2006). Strategies for Sustainable Architecture. Abingdon: Taylor and Francis The Architects’ Journal, (n.d.), The Segal Method, Retrieved from: http://www.ianwhite.info/THE_SEGAL_METHOD.pdf/ , accessed on 21 Feb 2017 Ward.C, (n.d.), Walter Segal - Community Architect, Walter Segal Self Built Trust, Retrieved from: http://www.segalselfbuild.co.uk/news/waltersegalbycol.html, accessed on 21 Feb 2017

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