Precedent studies

S E I D P

U T S 2

CT E J PRO

E D

T N E C RE

CHEUNG HOI LING ESTHER ARCHITECTURE YEAR 2

3

2

1

4 5 n g 6 tio din rma d buil o f 7 g in aroun n i 8 ld Bui scape ience 9 d 1.1 Lan exper r 10 1.2 Use tions c 1.3 Fun ulation ystem t h s 1.4 Circ ctural ral lig u 1.5 Stru of nat

e 1.6 Us

7 .

1

s

e m a E

tion ider a m ew for 28 g in p to th n g i i in 29 ld Bui tionsh uild b 30 nd u 3.1 Rela ext o ar t 31 3.2 con scape d 32 e 12 c Lan n e 33 3 .3 orm experi 1 3 F 34 tion ider .4 User ions a 3 m 35

nct tion tem for the w 5 4 . u n i 1 3 F a s g o 36 Circul ral sy light ing 15 6 ldin ship t . i d l 3 u l i B tu 7 ra bu 37 tion y 6-1 .7 Struc f natu t nd 1 i 3 l u i 2.1 Rela ext o o ab ar t 18 3.8 Use erials ustain 2.2 con scape s t d 19 3.9 Ma ice & tment ce Lan n i v 0 e

r i m 20 3.1 Se comm 2.3 For exper 1 r 21 3.1 Life 2.4 Use tions

c 2

2 3.12 2.5 Fun ulation ystem t

h s 23 2.6 Circ ctural ral lig u

u t 24 2.7 Str of na lity i b a

2.8 Use erials ustain s t

a 9 2. M ice & ens e v 2.10 Ser ng scr i 2.11 Slid 2.12

h

rs Ma

e

s Hou

k

ar P ge n a Gr iosk e K rp e o f h a odt lf & C o W Go

e

s u o H

T N TE

N O C

26 27

4

R

BI

OG I L B

Y

H AP

1

SE U O

H S E

M A E h T 0 2

ey K ry

re P g

n

ldi i u B

t

en d e c

u

t Cen

3

1.1

BUILDING INFORMATION

Building: The Eames House Location: California, U.S.A. Architect: Charles and Ray Eames Typology: House Year of completation: 1949

s Case Studie e th n ig s e Art & ited to d blished by es were inv u p m a d E n a y a d R e ‘Life ramme issu Charles and at serve as g th ro e p s a u , o 9 h .8& uild a Houses No asked to b re e w y e h T .

Architecture at work’. ws in the meado te ia c re p e p As they a d to preserv re e id s n o c ey at the site, th e design th k a m d n a t onment. the contex to the envir in d n le b would

4

ar the post-w in l e te s f o rdingly shortage esign acco d ir Due to the e th d e y chang me from period, the struct a fra n o c glass infill. to h it e s w o h ts c n e d n n a po d steel com prefabricate rest of use for the o h e th n in ally live design ofte They eventu changed the interior ucts as hey igned prod s e d d their life. T n a s ted collection hey celebra T . s g n ri e to put their ath that ing social g tion spaces ra o c e d well as hold d n ce orking spa y of using a w it il d b n o a m g e in th ir liv making the turned out etic. more energ

1.2

LANDSCAPE AROUND BUILDING

The house is set into the hillside, sloping upward from the east to the west. There are a concrete retaining wall is put on the west elevation of the house to strengthen the structure of the house

ng aini

Ret

l

wal

e

r th

e helt s s e . s tre g to it u t p n i ad caly f eu ffers sh o w o A ro e and s hou

Access is mainly from the East of the site as East as there is the starting of the walking up the hill and people tended to walk up the hill first, then down.

5

1.3

USER EXPERIENCES

In the past, The Eameses hold parties and gatherings very often as they believe hosting and engaging with visitors was part of living and sharing.

f hosting e

therings in vents or ga

Schedule o

Now, the Eames house is open for public visiting. There are tours for people nowadays to understand the concept of the Eameses art and design.

the house

Nigh-time gathering Home as a stage performance venue

g Relaxin

6

Tour to the house

ctivities

Outdoor a

1.4

FUNCTIONS The House mainly function as working and living space, with the southern block serves as studio, the northern functions as living spaces. The courtyard in the middle as well as the surrounding context connect them publicly and laterally.

Most private spaces located in the upper level of the living block of the house as the only accessing route is the staircase.

7

1.5

CIRCULATION w an

flo t the

latio

rcu d ci

rom es. F

spac n i h wit block. o g n m i r the mov anothe f f o o th to ring s pa rd and d st u e o r i bv ya The e. st o e court o s u m e th ho is th ock to w l o ne b ral fl Late ext to o t con ges

sug del

e

d th

oun n ar

the

There are also vertical flow between spaces individually in each block.

Indoor staircases link upper and lower floors together to achieve simple flow within the spaces.

However, the most frequent flow would happen on the ground level as they are easier to access.

The outdoor space is the main area of the circulation of the whole building as access to the next must be by travelling through the open space.

8

1.6

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM The load bearing structure of the house are mainly the concrete retaining wall and the steel frame. Translucent cladding was added afterward.

9

1.7

USE OF NATURAL LIGHT

The house is arrange to get sunlight mostly in the afternoon, which accommodate the activity that people will use at that time

To prevent overheating and glaring in the house, overhangs is designed on the South elevation of the house.

Trees in the east also help controlling natural light coming inside.

10

The house use translucent panels as their main building material, making the house more easily to get sunlight Double height spaces allows sunlight comes to the lower level more easily with out using artificial lighting.

2

RK A P E K S G O N I A K R G FE E A t n P C e R & ced O e F r H L lP T a O c D G Lo OO

W

11

2.1

BUILDING INFORMATION

Building: Woodthorpe Grange Park Golf & Cafe Kiosk Location: Woodthorpe Grange Prak, Nottingham, UK Architect: Inspiredspaces Nottingham Typology: Cafe & Pavillion Year of completion: 2011

tphere of the d relaxing atmos an ea ar us io sidents ac Due to the sp the city centre, re in ts si at th rk Pa e nge go for a walk in th Woodthorpe Gra to ity un rt po op sure the living nearby trea park.

12

s, the park alone

other facilitie However, with no age. inconvenient in us

seems

ies improve the facilit to d de ci de il nc Cou d to build Nottingham City dspaces is decide ire sp In d an rk pa d providing provided in the visitors needs an g in at od m m co a pavilion ac entertainment.

2.2

RELATIONSHIP TO WIDER CONTEXT

The park locates inside the city centre, allowing people to visit conveniently and suggesting a rural recreational space within an urban context.

There ar

e 3 main

paths to

the pavil

ion.

From the observat ion in th route to e site vis the cafe it , the varies.

People c om are not ju es from all direc tions as st they they walk walking through the pave as they d ment, esire.

VIEWS

1 Pitch and Putt area 2 football pitch 3 Children playground

13

2.3

LANDSCAPE AROUND BUILDING

As the pavilion located inside the park, there are a lot of different types of trees around it.

The terrain in the golf Pitch and Putt area changes to accommodate the activity.

The grey line is the concrete pavement of the park which suggest routes for people walking inside the park.

The pavilion locates at the corner junction of them, making the pavilion more accessible.

14

Grass and soil are usually found in the surrounding context

2.4

FORM

The scale of the depth of the roof to the cladding of the entire pavilion creates an interesting contrast that enhance the aesthetic of the pavilion.

As the name of the cafe is ‘ Bean culture’, I believe the pointed oval shape of the pavilion is inspired by the form of a coffee bean.

The design of this pavilion is full of sliding screens and curved walls.

Together, they shape the curve and form of the pavilion It is a single storey pavilion with a flat roof

15

2.5

USER EXPERIENCE

This illustrates the main activities in the park, around the cafe area.

It suggests a relaxing atmosphere as it is a recreational context and most of the users are doing as they wanted for entertaining or resting.

Playing in the playground

Watchi ng the from th ir child e cafe

Going for a walk.

Eating

Walking dogs

16

office, Visiting the equipments borrowing

Playing golf

R

laying in the unning and p

football pitch

17

2.6

FUNCTIONS

The main function of the pavilion are: - Providing food and drink in a cafe - Providing golf equipment for visitors to borrow - Providing utilities facilities It makes use of the a rather limited space of about 50m2, but providing sufficient area for each activity and increase the convenience and enjoyment of the users by providing facilities.

Food.

Entertainment.

Necessity.

18

2.7

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM There are steel columns to hold the whole structure up, as illustrated in red.

This allows the outer wall free for any form, in this case, it is a curve structure.

Timber columns are located either side of the steel columns to the enhance the strength and as the base of a frame for cladding and furnishing.

Timber column

Steel column

Steel column

Timber frame

Timber claddings

Timber cladding was used vertically as horizontal one requires bending which lead to a higher cost.

Although the frame which hold the cladding also need to be bended, the cost is minimized y using vertical claddings.

19

2.8

CIRCULATION

Due to limited space of the design, there is no internal circulation in the building.

The spaces serve separately only providing necessary services to the user, with no spatial relationship.

Outdoor Circulation

To access other spaces in the building, users must walk outdoor and enter the specific entrance of the space.

It could be argue that it is not inconvenient due to the pavilion is designed in a small scale that users do not need much time to walk out and in the space again.

This involvement of outer context match the design aim of this building, blending in the context.

20

Although it seems not intentionally, lacking internal circulation suggests a outdoor route to other area of the building.

2.9

USE OF NATURAL LIGHT

As the entrance of the Cafe is facing South, the thick roof act as a overhang that block the sunlight and prevent them from overheating the space.

Artificial lights is the main lighting system in this design as it lacks transparency to allow natural passing through.

The design of the a thick green roof and sliding screens scarify a better strategy of using daylight.

It could be argue that as the design focus on the outdoor space of the park, users would not slay long in the interior space and daylight might not being enjoyed by the visitors for a long period.

However, with a more sensible design possessing more glazing, more natural light might be able to enter the building, providing a better working environment to the cafe and office, as they might not able to go outdoor often.

21

2.10

MATERIALS The roof is planted with Sedum to provide a habitat to birds and wildlife

The plaster interior walls and elements are coloured according to the colour pallet of the Bean Culture

22

Blending in the nature is the timber cladding, suggesting a similar texture as the context

The concrete floor also intended to blend the pavilion with its context as the path walking to the cafe is paved in concrete

2.11

SERVICES AND SUSTAINABILITY The green roof is planted with sedum and flowers , encouraging plants to grow and wildlife to visit, especially in Summer.

The daylight strategy of this pavilion was not effective as the overhang of the thick roof blocks a lot of sunlight.

But using sensor helps reducing the use of artificial lightening and save energy.

The curvy wall of the building help directing the movement of the wind back to the context and enable single way ventilation inside the house 23

2.12

SLIDING SCREENS

The special design element of this pavilion is the use of sliding screens.

DAY

There are 6 sliding screens in total which can move to open for the access to users and enclose them according to needs.

NIGHT

24

1 Security

2 Protection

By locking the sliding screens to the wall, the design strengthen the security of the building. People cannot enter as it is fully sealed.

This also prevent unnecessary wildlife enter the pavilion as there is no control or guards in the park at night time.

SE U O

3

MA

H H RS r

Jou

e

r P l na

t

en d e c

25

3.1

BUILDING INFORMATION

Building: The Marsh House Location: Meadows, Nottingham, UK Architect: Marsh:Grochowski Architects Typology: House Year of completation: 2010 with arsh as a home M n lia Ju t ec it built by arch rking.

It is an eco house th living and wo o b e at d o m m res in daily his wife to acco gy-saving measu er en t en im er p to ex es.

The design aim esign approach d ve ti ac d an ve si use through pas

26

cate fully chosen to lo re ca is te si e th f The location o bodied energy in em e th ce u d re er to having a in the city in ord the same time, at , ls ia er at m f transportation o living. a quiet area for is d an ew vi e ic n

3.2

RELATIONSHIP TO THE WIDER CONTEXT Access to the site is convenient as there are three road linking to it and all of them allows vehicles to pass or stop by. Therefore, during the construction, It is favourable to deliveries of materials.

The site of the house suggest potential views to the recreation ground from both the south and west.

Although the river is nearby as well, views might blocked by the neighbouring houses.

The house lies on the edge of a residential area and a recreational context. This suggest a relaxing character to the site as it can enjoy the calm recreation ground just from the sight that the houses in the middle of the residential area cannot.

27

3.3

LANDSCAPE AROUND BUILDING

The site lies on the flat landscape in street level.

It is surrounded by other houses with similar form of a 2-storey and a gable pitched roof.

Opposite the street a green open space that allows people to exercise and relax.

As the landscape is flat and there is only a few trees and no buildings locating near the South of the house, the site can receive sunlight easily as there are barely anything blocking it.

28

3.4

FORM Following the characteristic of its context, the house consist of 2 floors.

The house is framed all sides by brick work in the ground level, but the actual mass is designed in a L-shape so as to harvest sunlight by having a void facing the South.

Two levels has similar form to keep their consistency in the design.

29

3.5

USER EXPERIENCE As the building was designed as a house, the users are the occupant of the property.

The architect, also the occupant, however, decided to open their house for public visiting occasionally in order to promote the idea of a green living. Therefore, visitors sometimes are also the users of this house.

Learning about the design

Working--- Drawing

Wor ki

Gar

den

ing

Enjoying the views

ng

30

3.6

FUNCTIONS

There are 3 main functions in the design: Working, living and gardening.

Working spaces are located on the ground level as 2 separating studios. They are connect by the sunspace and between them is the living room which serve as a main area in living.

The gardening space are the outdoor area of the house, take a relatively large space for the activity comparing to the working space.

The upper level are all living spaces which suggest a higher privacy within the building and provide views to the street levels.

From the diagram, it is clear to see the living spaces are grouped together as it is the main function of the house which the occupants spend most of the time there.

31

3.7

CIRCULATION The Sunspace is the main area linking all the spaces in the house.

Not only to the area in the same level, but also connecting the ground and upper level, enhancing their the spacial relationship, as seeing the building as a whole, not separate floors.

The Sunspace is the main area linking all the spaces in the house. It provides access to.

The architect described the sunspace as an ‘indeterminate space’, that it does not has a specific function to accommodate activities like sleeping or working, but simply a space that its function changes according to needs.

32

3.8

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

The first floor uses more timber frame structure as there are more translucent panels used in separating spaces instead of solid walls.

From the ground floor, most of the structure is made from bricks which is a load bearing cavity wall that support the structure of the building Most of the internal walls are support by timber frame as they are better in holding translucent panels in the sunspace and columns suggest more openness than that of a wall.

Some part of the building used concrete for walls. It is used to achieve certain thermal performance to keep the a moderate temperature.

33

3.9

USE OF NATURAL LIGHT

Roof light is used in the North part of the building as getting sufficient natural lights in this orientation is hard.

Courtyard is design facing the South to invite sunlight coming into the house.

The Sunspace is the essential part to the daylight strategy as it is cladded with translucent panels to allow sunlight transmits to the interior.

This gives natural light to the studio in the ground level as well as the bedroom in the upper level.

34

3.10

MATERIALS The design plays with materials and offers different combination of them in different spaces.

Many recycled and sustainable materials are used in this design.

ete oncr

np

g

ceilin

Da

White plasterboard

ced

fa ch-

ir oB m Os wood ply

mn

olu te c

cre

Con

k

Oa

H

Plastic bottle

Trus-jois t Macm illian Parallam

Re ans d on

Sa xo

n

VM zinc anthra

Re c

yc

le

d

gl

Rodec a

as

s

Translu

cent p

anels

C

n

alo

Pre-rusted steel Dalsouple Dal-uni: White and brown 35

3.11

SERVICE & SUSTAINABILITY

Water is heated by the solar energy generated from the solar cells and store for usage

Material of the timber frame is pressed recycled timber Double height space is beneficial to collect daylight

Concrete stair wall provide thermal mass for heat storage.

Plastic bottles are filled with wax-like substance that give and take their latent heat of fusion

The glass of the bridge is recycled, as they are the leftover materials of the architect’s other projects

The transparency of materials helps transmitting lights to the interior and reduce the usage of artificial lights

Concrete stair wall provide thermal mass for heat storage.

Plastic bottles are filled with waxlike substance that give and take their latent heat of fusion

By enclosing the whole space, the sunspace can store solar energy and users open the door of the space to let the heat come to other spaces of the house

36

A tank is stored underground to harvest rainwater and purify them to use for irrigation and showers.

3.12

LIVING COMMITMENT

The house is designed intentionall fridge due y without th to energy c e oncern. Foo the larder. It d can only sto is a commit re in ment to ob and store it tain fresh fo only for a s od hort period .

The design of a garden suggest self sufficient living that the occupant can grow the own food and consume what they already have.

Ther e them is a com mea into fer posting ti s t to o ure to s lizer for oilet sto ave rgan g from ardeni ring wa ic lif st ng e fillin g th . This is e and tu e se wer, not jus rn t but also a a ret urn

37

Ince, C., Johnson, L., Eames, C. and Eames, R. (2015). The world of Charles and Ray Eames. London: Thames & Hudson.

Eames Foundation, n.d. Eames House [online]. Eames Foundation. Available at: http://eamesfoundation.org/house/eameshouse/ [Accessed 25 October 2017].

Weston, R. (2010). Key buildings of the 20th century. London: Laurence King, pp.90-91.

Nottingham City Council, n.d. Woodthorpe Grange Park [online]. Nottingham City Council. Available at: https://www. nottinghamcity.gov.uk/events-marketsparks-and-museums/parks-and-openspaces/find-your-local-park/woodthorpegrange-park/ [Accessed 27 October 2017].

Inspiredspaces, n.d. Woothorpe Grange Park- Golf Pavilion and Cafe Kiosk [online].

Inspiredspaces. Available at: http:// www.nottinghamlep.co.uk/nottingham/ our-projects/non-education-projects/ woodthorpe-grange-park-golf-pavilionand-cafe-kiosk.aspx [Accessed 27 October 2017].

Suzannah, H., 2014. Disused meat factory transformed into one of the greenest homes in Britain complete with water-bottle walls, wood shaving toilet, vegetable patch and solar panels [online].

Dailymail. Available at: http://www. dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2610182/ Disused-meat-factory-transformedone-greenest-homes-Britain-completewater-bottle-walls-wood-shaving-toiletvegetable-patch-solar-panels.html [Accessed 24 October 2017].

Marsh: grochowski architects, n.d. The Meat Factory [online]. Marsh: grochowski architects. Available at: https://www. marsh-grochowski.com/the-meat-factory [Accessed 28 October 2017].

Invisible Studio, 2015. Julian Marsh’s Meat Factory [online]. Invisible Studio. Available at: http://www.invisiblestudio.org/ julian-marshs-meat-factory/#comments [Accessed 28 October 2017].

Jones, P.B., 2011. No fridge, no oven.

Architects’ Journal, 233 (9), 36-42.

4

A R G

Y H P

B

O I L IB