Mind the gap

ARCHITECTURE YEAR 1 • CHEUNG HOI LING ESTHER • KATY-THEODORA DODITA • YASMIN ROCHA • RAN ZHAO (KIMI)

MIND THE GAP SITE ANALYSIS

CONTENT Introduction 1 Location

1.1 Site Location

1.2 Orientation & terrain 1.3 Wind

1.4 Sun path 1.5 Shading 2 Boundaries 2.1 Frontage 2.2 Views 2.3 Context

2.4 Private & public accesses

2.5 Access & movements

2.6 Security & danger 3 Context

3.1 The Lace Market--- History

3.2 The Lace Market--- Photos

3.3 The Lace Market--- Sketches

3.4 Neighborhood land use

3.5 Pedestrian & vehicular movement 3.6 Noise 3.7 Activities

3.8 Planning policy 4 Physical environment

4.1 Wall & roof materials & details

4.2 Windows and doors materials & details 5 Development recommendations

5.1 Use of the site 5.2 Massing 5.3 Characters 5.4 Materials Bibliography

INTRODUCTION This site analysis report aims to provide recommendations on suitable developments at 32-36 Broad Street, situated next to the New Market public house and an old 3 storeys terraced block, with a student accommodation right in front.

To come up with these recommendations, it is necessary to know the site and its area, first. Identify and examine important influences on the built environment, therefore studies on the location, boundaries, context and physical environment were taken.

The recommendations goal is to help on shaping future design proposals for the site by suggesting what kind of activities it can be better used for, appropriate massing and character of new buildings, and finally construction materials for external surfaces.

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1.1 SITE LOCATION

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The site Bird view

The site is located in Nottingham, a town in the UK .

The street where the site is called Broad Street, which is part of the Lace Market area inside the town.

Nottinghamshire, UK

The upper part of the street connect to a traffic road, Lower Parliament street, while the lower part is linked to the main lace market area.

The Lace Market area

1.2 ORIENTATION & TERRAIN The altitude between the contour lines is 2m. The height grows from 42m (line on the Northeast corner) to 52m (line on the Southwest corner) indicating the site is lying on a slope which is ascending towards the main area of the Lace market.

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1.3 WIND

Year distribution

Distribution in April

The prevailing wind in Nottingham comes mostly from Southwest.

However, there is a 3-month time that the wind would come from Northeast, starting from April. Other time of the year, wind blows from the Southwest, especially in winter.

Arrows are drawn on the map to illustrate how does the wind come in to the site area. Wind blows from the South or Southwest , travels through the main and minor streets to the North or Northeast direction.

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1.4 SUN PATH The diagram below shows the sun path on our site at mid-day on the 21st of June

The diagram below shows the sun path on our site at mid-day on the 21st of December

Looking at the diagrams the site seems to get more sun on June 21st, as the sun on December 21st covers mainly the buildings around, meaning the site gets lots of shading during winter.

This is a predictable event, since it is known that the sun rays are higher on summer, and lower on winter, consequently if there are tall buildings around the site depending on the angle of the sun beams they will get on the way of daylight. And the site in question has tall buildings around it.

On the other hand it looks like some north light may reach the site coming from North/Northeast, as it does not have many great elevations on those directions.

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DECEMBER 8am

DECEMBER 12noon

JUNE 8am

JUNE 12noon

1.5 SHADING The direct light and shadow of the site is illustrated by experimenting the physical model under the helidon.

In the morning, the site gets little sunlight in December, while in June it benefits of more light.

Direct sunlight is the most effective at noon especially in June when the sun is higher up on the sky.

DECEMBER 4pm

JUNE 4pm

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Evidently, the tall old telephone exchange blocked most of the sunlight during the evening in both December and June.

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2.1 FRONTAGE --- ELEVATIONS

&

TOP VIEW SKETCHES

BROAD STREET

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2.2 VIEWS

1

2

UPPER BROAD STREET

The New Market Victorian style bar located at the corner of street

3

4

Site decorations Some graffiti on the wall and fence

Crossed road Pedestrian refuge island for busy traffics

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5 Buildings characteristics Worn out paint on the concrete & brick walls speaks its history

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Road of the site Wide road enables parking along 2 sides

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Neighboring buildings usage Residential buildings located at the back of the site

VIEWS

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2

1

LOWER BROAD STREET

Features Ascending slope to the Arts Theatre with graffiti on wall

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Road towards the lace market Vehicles are forced to park on pedestrian road due to narrow space

Neighboring buildings usage Bars & restaurants

4

6

Access Lace market access to Broad street Broadway cinema Modern style cinema between Victorian buildings

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Usage of space Small parking area for bicycles

2.3 CONTEXT --- PHOTOS & SKETCHES Parking area inside the gate with

2 painted lines dividing the space 4

1

2

3

5

1

Relative low wire gate compare to the buildings surrounding Allow internal views due to transparency

Windows of the engineering office on the third floor

4 3

A public parking area behide the site separated by a layer of metal panel

A limited bird view to the site because of the tree

5

View from garage of the buildings behind the site Only a small part of the site can be viewed

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2.4 PRIVATE & PUBLIC ACCESSES

Private access Public access

The site alone is a private access area with the gate separating the road and the car park.

The public accessible areas are mainly restaurants bars, and retail shops as they invite people to come.

The cinema and theatre are also public accessible areas since they provide entertaining activities for people.

Residential buildings and offices area classify as private accessible areas as not every common people could enter.

More public accessible space are near the Lace Market access (Goose gate & Carlton street) than the main traffic road access (Lower parliament street). This might be because people are mostly coming from the Lace Market which is beneficial to business and economical activities.

The number of private and public spaces is fairly equal, showing that it accommodates the use for all residents, workers and consumers.

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2.5 ACCESS & MOVEMENTS

PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENTS

The access and movement patterns of pedestrian and the vehicles are fairly similar. The main movements are along the Broad Street and the crossing of Lower Parliament Street & Glasshouse street.

However, there are limitations on the direction of vehicle access.

VEHICLES MOVEMENTS

Pedestrians can access the street freely from any directions.

Whereas, vehicles only enter the Broad Street from the Lower Parliament street as it is a one way street.

The spots indicates the parking cars and bicycles along the street.

There are more vehicles parking in the upper Broad street than that of lower part as the road goes narrower towards the Goose gate access.

Direction

In both direction Stop/Still The thicker the line the larger number of people/vehicle usage

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2.6 SECURITY & DANGER

High possible risk Medium possible risk Low possible risk

There are possible danger during the night in this area.

There are very few people walking on the minor street and the alleys during nigh time. This risen the possibilities of dangers .

The areas in white are safe as they are along the main street which still has some activities at night, such as dining and watching movie.

The grey areas are the minor streets which very few people and vehicles would pass through at night. They are unsafe due to the quietness but not the most dangerous areas.

The spaces in black are the most dangerous as they have dim street light which make the area surrounding much more risky. People should avoid walking in alone at night .

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3 CONTEXT

3.1 THE LACE MARKET--- HISTORY Precedent Studies

The Lace Market is the oldest part of Nottingham, being originally the Anglo-Saxon borough and later it became ‘the heart of the English borough when the Normans created the French borough’ (Oldfield, 2013, p89).

16th Century

17th Century

18th Century

Houses made from timber and plaster started to be replaced by brick.

The English and French borough were barely distinct from each other.

Existing larger houses began to be acquired by the horsier and wealthy families.

By the 18th century the area was covered with warehouses and town mansions surrounded with large gardens.

The industry took over Nottingham as ‘many of the inhabitants moved out to pleasant rural surroundings’ (Oldfield, 2013, p89).

18th century -1744 -- 17 --

A century of Great Progress !

Progress of the hosiery, cotton but mainly the lace trade.

The lace commerce surpassed that of the hosiery, and lace manufactures had great buildings built, where before large gardens were placed, for them to use as their warehouses, ‘many of which were of architectural merit’ (Oldfield, 2011, p15).

19th Century

Lace manufacturers ‘found that it was convenient for them to have their warehouses near each other and this led to the term ‘lace market’ being applied to the area.’

(Oldfield, 2013, p89)

1881

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1901

20th Century

21st Century

There was a decline in the lace trade.

The industry started to be housed elsewhere, reducing the need for warehouses in the Lace Market, that was accentuated by the bombing of the World War II which damaged the buildings badly.

The Lace Market was declared a Conservation Area by the City Council, because of its history, meaning that it ‘helped to ensure any development did not conflict too much with the historic site’ (Oldfield, 2011, p15).

For the last 40 years, this zone has been under a gradual transformation.

With ‘the Net trams along Fletcher Gate to the city centre and beyond’ (Oldfield, 2013, p89), new dwellings were erected and old warehouses were converted to accommodations, reviving the residential area again. As a being one of the district in the Creative Quarter, it is an important area for creative industry in Nottingham.

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1969

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3.2 THE LACE MARKET ---PHOTOS 1

The site 32–36 Broad Street, Nottingham.

3

Nottingham Arts Theatre Former chapel converted into a community theatre active for the last 65 years

2

Castle Exchange Old Telephone Exchange building converted into a students accommodation 4

Broadway Cinema Former church & educational centre, established as a cinema in 1982

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St Mary’s Church Built between 1377 & 1475, oldest and largest church in Nottingham city, Grade 1 listed building 9 5

Adam’s Building Grade II listed building ,T. C. Hine, 1855

8

Galleries of Justice Museum James Gordon, 1770-2, altered by T. C. Hine, 1876-8 10

6

Pitcher and Piano Past High Pavement Chapel, nowadays a bar that kept the original features of the church.

Lace Market Square

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Nottingham Contemporary Caruso St. John Architects, 2009, with a traditional Nottingham lace pattern on the exterior as homage to area’s lace trade history.

3.3 THE LACE MARKET ---SKETCHES 1

1

3

2 3 5

Watson Fotherqill’s office in Gothic revival style

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Nottingham Arts Theatre

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6

7

4

8

Different styles of architecture among George Street

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9

Sloping main street in Lace Market

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5

1

Stores & charity shops along the street

Multiple floors car park 2 3

6

9 5 4

New College Nottingham

Modern style apartment building

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7

8

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9

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Adams Building -- 23 --

Victorian style architecture with bars on the ground floor

When getting to know a site, it is essential to look on its surrounding area, and gather information about what kind of activities are available nearby, if it is mostly a commercial area or residential, how much pedestrian and vehicular movement goes on throughout the day and week, the amount of noise at different times and the opening time for access. All the data collected will help on deciding the future of the site, whether it should be a dwelling or an office, a cultural centre or a retail property.

In order to collect such information from the site in question, surveys on the area were conducted on daytime and night.

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3.4 NEIGHBORHOOD LAND USE The following maps shows the utility of the buildings around Broad Street on the ground floor and the first floor respectively:

GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

The area is covered with commercial properties on the ground floor that becomes, mostly, apartments or offices on upper floors. Some of these commercial properties extends to upper floors, like bars, pubs, recreational and healthcare centres. It is safe to say that it is an equally residential and commercial area with a reasonable amount of parking. Although most buildings on the area have a use, there are a couple yet to be occupied.

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3.5 PEDESTRIAN & VEHICULAR MOVEMENT The map below illustrates the amount of movement in the area on different times:

Day: 7.00 - 16.59 Night: 17.00 - 6.59

DAY

NIGHT

Broad street is filled with bar, pubs, restaurants and shops, it also intersects streets with public transport routes therefore there is always movement throughout the day. But as seen on the map above the movement is more concentrated during daytime, since there are lots stores opened between 9 am and 5 pm. At night, there is a considerable amount of activity in the area, since the pubs, bars and restaurants stay opened until late.

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3.6 NOISE

This map below gives information about the amount of noise in Broad Street and its surroundings during the day and night. The deeper red coloured areas indicates a greater amount of noise, while the least indicates little noise.

Day: 7.00 - 16.59 Night: 17.00 - 6.59

DAY

NIGHT

Generally, this area have a larger amount of noise in daytime which mainly come from the main road of lace market and the busy traffic on the lower parliament street. The sound are normally produced by pedestrian and vehicles.

The sound at night mostly are due to the activity of dinning, drinking, and watching movies. The minor alleys behind the site are silent at night, little pedestrian walk pass them at night.

In special occasions, usually Friday night, a pub along the Lower Parliament Street may hold events and would produce noise at the nigh time. It is indicated as a ellipse at the right handed corner on the nighttime graph.

Occasionally, there are music performances in the daytime of weekends, that is also count as a type of sound.

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3.7 ACTIVITIES

Day: 7.00 - 16.59 Night: 17.00 - 6.59

Shops

The map below illustrates the opening time of spaces during different time.

Bars & restaurant Accessible areas

DAY

NIGHT

Most of the public spaces are open during daytime which allow activities in those areas. The main activities are catering, shopping as there is a large ratio of restaurants and shops among the open areas.

The areas that are opened in the nigh time are in dark blue colour, which illustrates most of the bars and restaurants open till evening and even some until midnight. This allows people to dine and drink in those areas after dark.

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3.8 PLANNING POLICY As already mentioned in The Lace Market: Precedent Studies the area was declared as a Conservation Area in 1969, followed by a gradual renovation.

On the past years, the extent has seen residential, educational and commercial properties emerge, where before were warehouses and older buildings, for instance the New College Nottingham and Pitcher and Piano.

The 21st century brought access to the tram NET and new architecture, like Nottingham Contemporary. It became a vibrant part of Nottingham’s City Centre with loads of retail stores, restaurants, bars, pubs and leisure centres.

The surroundings of the site contain a couple of buildings that are not being used now, as shown in grey on the map bellows:

Listed building: Grade II

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As part of a Conservation Area, there are some specific guidelines that must be followed on any development at this neighborhood. In 1993, a Conservation Policy for the area was established and are the following:

Design of New Buildings

Respect for the historic character of the zone, taking on consideration scale, massing and urban form of the area. In the past no caution have been taking when redeveloping on the Lace Market, these days a ‘re-creation of the historic urban form is a priority’ (Nottingham City Council, 1993, p3).

For the northern area of the Lace Market there are some specific guidelines, like reflect the traditional plot widths (5-15 m), create interest and rhythm, no more than 3-4 storeys, high quality designs are acceptable and ground floors should provide activity and interest, where possible.

Principles for Building Repair and Restoration

Match of materials and techniques must be given a detailed attention, mainly on important structures (listed buildings).

Features such as brickwork, windows, stone work and render and stucco needs to be similar on colour, texture and dimensions when repairing.

More information about the area’s planning policy can be accessed on http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/planning-andbuilding-control/ .

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4.1 WALL & ROOF MATERIALS & DETAILS 1

3

1

3

2

Gray brick with stretcher bond

White brick with English laying pattern with thin mortar layer

4 5

2

4

5

Standard British red brick with an English laying pattern with thin mortar layer

Standard British red brick with stretcher bond White painted brick with English laying pattern -- 32 --

ROOF MATERIALS

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6

7

Slate Tiles Pebble dash painted in white wash 6

8 9

7 8

9

Clay Tiles

Standard British red brick with stretcher bond

Light gray brick with stretcher bond

Dark grey brick with stretcher bond -- 33 --

Metal Panels

4.2 WINDOW & DOOR MATERIALS & DETAILS 1

• • • •

2

Awning/fixed Georgian. Four light Single glazed sash window Stone lintel or stone head and stone sill

• • • • •

Awning/fixed Georgian Five light Relieving arch Single glazed sash window

2

1

3

4

3

Stone lintel

5

4

Relieving arch

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5

• Awning/fixed, • Georgian. Five light • Flat arch (Brick soldier course to header) • Single glazed sash white frame window

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• Casement/fixed • UPVC grey double glazed casement window

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7

7

8

• Awning/fixed • UPVC grey single glazed casement window

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• Double glazed standard sized, plastic framed window • UPVC grey double glazed casement window

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9

Multiple casement

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10 11

10

11

-Awning/fixed - Georgian - Four light - Single glazed sash window

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- Awning/fixed - Offset three light - Single glazed sash window

5 DEVELOPMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

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5.1 USE OF THE SITE USAGE OF SURROUNDING BUILDINGS: • • • • • •

Catering --- Restaurants & bars Living --- Apartments & accommodations Entertaining --- Theatre & cinema Working --- Offices locating on the first floor Commercial --- Stores & charity shops Multi Functional --- Different usages in different storeys, eg. shops on ground floor and apartments on first floor

ORIGINAL USAGE OF THE SITE: • Parking space for residents living nearby

1. GALLERY + STUDIO + APARTMENT CHARACTERISTICS SHARED WITH THE SURROUNDING: • • • •

PROPOSE USE OF THE SITE: • • • • •

Architecture that serve more than 1 purpose Residential spaces Most working spaces locate above the ground level Respond to location: One of the centre of creative industry in Nottingham APARTMENT STUDIO

OR

Living Working Exhibiting Perform different functions in different levels Potential users: people who work in creative industries which related to arts or design

APARTMENT & STUDIO GALLERY

GALLERY

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2. LACE HISTORY CENTRE CHARACTERISTICS SHARED WITH THE SURROUNDING: • Respond to location: Lace Market where the main lace production developed in the past & the one of the oldest area in Nottingham • Recreational usage • Multi purposes space

PROPOSE USE OF THE SITE: • Exhibiting --- Permanent exhibitions & temporary displays • Educational usage --- allow people understand the history of lace & the Lace Market • Shop : Commercial --- business opportunities for lace selling • Potential users: people who are curious about the lace & Lace Market history

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5.2 MASSING --- SHAPE

1. GALLEY + STUDIO + APARTMENT 1

• May include a garden as an open space of the house for relaxing • May include a garage for car parking

2

3

Shape edges in the building might not match the context style

A relatively large indoor area with a reasonable size garage facing the street 5

4

Large space for the architecture with a small open space, but not suitable for functioning as a garage

Trapezium shape of house with a relative large area for open space

6

The whole open space is facing the pedestrian road might lessen the degree of privacy -- 40 --

A hexagon shape with different side lengths and a long open space

2. LACE HISTORY CENTRE 1

• Large space for exhibiting • Separated spaces for different exhibits • A small area for store • May include a parking area 2

Use up the whole area of the site for maximizing the usage of space

3

Composed by 2 similar quadrilaterals which might benefit for the internal division of exhibition rooms and the open area can use for car parking 5

4

Shape is formed by cutting off one corner which create an extra wall for displaying

The smaller quadrilateral shapes might use as store area while the larger one could be the main exhibition area 6

Similar to the second possible massing option but this has more internal spaces -- 41 --

Too much edges that might not match the its function as an exhibiting area as this diverse the viewers experience

EXISTING BUILDING

MASSING --- HEIGHT 1

• 2 storeys architecture • Similar height with the New Market bar • Suitable for multi usage building which serve different functions in different floors

2

• 2-3 storeys architecture • With height between the 2 neighboring buildings • Slightly small floor area which enables excess areas for open space

3

• 3 storeys architecture • Similar height with the 3 storeys listed building • Suitable for multi usage building which serve different functions in different floors

4

• 1 storey architecture • Double height space • Suitable for exhibiting area as they should be designed to give a spacious impression to the viewer -- 42 --

5.3 CHARACTERS --- VICTORIAN STYLE ARCHITECTURE Mixing with Georgian style slightly • Gable roof • Mixture of flat arch lintels & arch lintels • Georgian sash windows • Asymmetrical • Chimney pots • Window with pediment • Cornice • Casement windows • Quoins

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--- MULTI STOREYS Most of the architecture in Board Street is designed in 2-4 storeys each functioning different usages.

Four storeys

Two storeys

Three storeys Apartments

Shop Offices Bar

Restaurant

--- MIXTURE OF PUBLIC & PRIVATE SPACE Fairly equal distribution of public and private spaces among the Broad street illustrates well balance of interactions and privacy.

Apartments ensure privacy for residents

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Cinema provide a platform for social interactions

--- A CREATIVE INDUSTRY AREA The site is located in the Lace Market, one of the district in the Creative Quarter, is an important area for creative industry in Nottingham.

The UK Government Department of Culture, Media and Sport defined the creative sectors include: • Advertising and marketing • Architecture • Crafts • Design: product, graphic and fashion design • Film, TV, video, radio and photography • IT, software and computer services • Publishing • Museums, galleries and libraries • Music, performing and visual arts

Engineering office & architect studio

Gallery --- Nottingham Contemporary

PROPOSE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SITE: • • • •

Integrate some Victorian & Georgian architecture style 2 or more storeys which provides space for different purposes Public spaces for social interactions Space aiming to promote the creative industry by providing a platform to showcase works

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Music & book shop

5.4 MATERIALS

--- WALLS

As one of the characteristics of the Victorian style architecture is using brick works, the external materials of the buildings along the Broad Street as well as in the Lace Market are usually brick. However, differ from colours and laying methods. Thus, influences the appearances.

PROPOSE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FOR EXTERNAL SURFACES: As the new architecture should blend into the character of the surrounding and its context, keeping the brick wall characteristics may help achieving that. It also would be good to bring a modern touch by adding a little contrast on brick colours or laying method.

Black bricks Cool, modern

Yellowish bricks Unusual, warm

White bricks Clean, pleasant

Red bricks Normal, common -- 46 --

Laying bricks in different directions Uneven surface

Bricks & stone in different size Geometrical, unique

--- ROOFS From the bird view of the Broad Street, the majority of houses has either a gable or a hip roof in constructing in dark coloured slate or clay tiles.

However, noticeably, the upper left blocks have a brighter colour roof and some of them have a flat roof constructing in metal panels.

SLATE TILES

CLAY TILES

METAL PANELS

PROPOSE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FOR EXTERNAL SURFACES: • Using similar materials with the surrounding to create unity to the context • Slate or clay tiles in dark colour

• Adding a modern character by integrating the roof design with technologies, such as solar panel and roof windows

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BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS

• Chudley, R. and Greeno, R. (2008). Building construction handbook. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

• Durant, D. (2000). Victorian Architecture features: The handbook of British architectural styles. 1st ed. London: Ebury.• Harwood, Elain (2008). Nottingham. Pevsner Architectural Guides. Yale University Press: New Haven & London.

• Merritt, F. and Ricketts, J. (2000). Building design and construction handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill.

• Nottingham City Council (1993). Lace Market Conservation Policy. City of Nottingham • Oldfield, Geoffrey (2011). Nottingham: A Changing City. DB Publishing.

• Oldfield, Geoffrey (2013). Picture the Past: Nottingham. DB Publishing.

INFORMATIVE PANEL

• Designed by Nottingham City Planning Department. The Lace Market in the 16th, 17th & 18th centuries. St. Mary’s Gate, consulted on December 15th 2016.

• Designed by Nottingham City Planning Department. The Lace Market 19th century. St. Mary’s Gate, consulted on December 15th 2016.

WEBSITES

• About Your Theatre. Nottingham Arts Theatre. Available at: http://www.nottingham-theatre.co.uk/about-us.html - Accessed on: Jan 11, 2017 • Architecture. Creative Quarter. Available at: http://www.creativequarter.com/life/architecture/ - Accessed on: Jan 12, 2017 • Classifying and measuring the creative industries. UK: Department for Culture, Media & Sport, p.15. Available at: https:// www.gov.uk/government/consultations/classifying-and-measuring-the-creative-industries-consultation-on-pro • Conservation Areas and Listed Buildings. Nottingham City Council. Available at: http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/planning-and-building-control/planning-policy/conservation-areas-and-listed-buildings/#ConservationAreas – Accessed on: Jan 13, 2017

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posed-changes [Accessed 16 Jan. 2017].

• My property. Nottingham City Council. Available at: http://geoserver.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/myproperty/?c=planning – Accessed on: Jan 13, 2017 • Sunearthtools.com. (2017). Calculation of sun’s position in the sky for each location on the earth at any time of day. [online] Available at: http://www.sunearthtools.com/dp/tools/pos_sun.php [Accessed 16 Jan. 2017].

• Windfinder.com. (2017). Windfinder.com - Wind and weather statistic Nottingham East Midlands. [online] Available at: https://www.windfinder.com/windstatistics/nottingham_east_midlands [Accessed 16 Jan. 2017].

MAPS

• 1:2500. 1st Edition. EDINA Historical Maps. (1881). Available at: http://digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/historic - Accessed on: Jan 11, 2017 • 1:2500. 1st Revision. EDINA Historical Maps. (1901). Available at: http://digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/historic - Accessed on: Jan 11, 2017 • 1:2500. EDINA Historical Maps. (1969). Available at: http://digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/historic - Accessed on: Jan 11, 2017

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