Hofstra Model UN 2019: Social, Cultural, and Humanitarian Committee

Hofstra Model United Nations Conference 2019

Social, Cultural, and Humanitarian Committee Daniela Guido Chair

1 Welcome Letter Dear Delegates, On behalf of myself and the entire HUMUNC staff, welcome to the 2019 Hofstra University Model United Nations Conference. My name is Daniela Guido, and I will be serving as your chair for the Social, Cultural, and Humanitarian Committee (SOCHUM) this year.

I am currently a sophomore at Hofstra majoring in Accounting. This is my second year being a part of Hofstra’s Model United Nations (MUN) club, but this is my fifth year participating in Model United Nations. I started Model United Nations in sophomore year of high school as a delegate. In my junior and senior years, I played a huge role in the crisis aspect of MUN; being a part of the crisis team in my junior year and serving as Chief of Crisis in my senior year. At last year’s Hofstra Model United Nations Conference, I was a part of the crisis staff for the Historical Crisis Committee. In addition to these roles, I participated in many conferences across Long Island; winning awards such as an honorable mention for my performance as Britain in the European Union. Model United Nations has taught me many things about world issues, but it also allowed me to drastically enhance my public speaking skills and meet so many new and amazing people.

For this year’s conference, the committee will be debating the topics of children’s rights in developing countries and the treatment and placement of refugees. Both of these issues are very prevalent in today’s world, so I think it would be interesting to see how a formal debate unfolds. In many countries in the Middle East as well as Africa, most children live in poverty and don’t have certain basic freedoms, such as the right to an education. Additionally, the number of refugees from the ongoing refugee crisis, specifically in parts of Africa and Asia, has increased greatly, and it is causing an issue on where to place them, especially in places that might experience natural disasters. I am very excited to see what ideas you provide to tackle these important and emotive issues, and I look forward to seeing all of you in committee.

Sincerely, Daniela Guido HUMUNC 2019 Social, Cultural, and Humanitarian Committee Chair

2 Introduction to the Committee Within the United Nations lies the General Assembly, a representative body which includes all 193 countries of the world1. The General Assembly itself contains six smaller committees which all deal with different types of world issues. Currently, the Third Committee of the United Nations General Assembly, the Social, Humanitarian, and Culture Issues Committee, which informally known as SOCHUM, is in its seventy-third session. This committee’s agenda deals with the advancement of women, the protection of children, indigenous issues, the treatment of refugees, the promotion of fundamental freedoms through the elimination of racism and racial discrimination, and the right to self- determination. The Committee also addresses important social development questions such as issues related to youth, family, ageing, persons with disabilities, crime prevention, criminal justice, and international drug control.2 The current chair of this committee is H.E. Mahmoud Saikal from Afghanistan.3 At the seventy-second session of this committee, of the “…over 60 draft resolutions [produced], more than half… were submitted under the human rights agenda item alone. These included three socalled country-specific resolutions on human rights situations.”4

Introduction to the Topics Topic 1: Children’s Rights in Developing Countries In November 1989, the United Nations signed a treaty called the Convention of the Rights of a Child, outlining the rights of a child, including political as well as social rights. In layman’s terms, this document states that every child has fundamental rights and that the child’s respective government is required to help each child reach their full potential, as well as supply them with basic necessities. The treaty’s goals have garnered significant consensus, as 196 countries and territories have become parties to the convention and 140 have signed it.5

3 As of today, the United States is the only country that has not ratified the Convention of the Rights of a Child. The most recent country to ratify the treaty was Somalia in 2015. Even though the United States is a signatory to the treaty, it has not been ratified by the Senate because some “…politicians and activists who argued that it would undermine parents’ rights and ‘give our children unrestricted access to abortion, pornography, gangs and the occult.’”6 However, it is still well known around the world that there are many children that don’t have the same opportunities and privileges as other children in other parts of the world. In some cases, children are taken from otherwise normal lives to serve as soldiers in conflicts normally fought by adults. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child explicitly ban this violation of a child’s rights in Article 38, which sets age fifteen as the youngest a child can be recruited for service in armed forces. It also prohibits their direct participation in conflict until age eighteen. Article 38 further calls on states to protect children during conflicts, while Article 39 makes states responsible for helping those forced become child soldiers to reintegrate into normal life.7 Despite this agreement, some countries continued to abuse children’s rights, such as using them in significant numbers as soldiers. In past conflicts in Uganda, young girls were being abused and forced to become “wives” to rebel leaders. Other long-standing civil wars in Colombia, Lebanon, and Angola included the use of child soldiers.8 As recently as 2016, these three countries still have reports of child soldiers being used, despite significant progress on ending the conflicts. In addition to these three countries, the use of child soldiers has been reported in Mali, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, South Sudan, Libya, Somalia, Yemen, Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Myanmar and the Philippines.9

4 Another crucial example of the abuse of children in developing countries is child marriage. New data from 2017 reports that “One in five girls in the world are said to be married before eighteen”10 and that “[over] six hundred and fifty million women alive today were married as children.”11 Some current examples of countries with the highest child marriage rates include Niger, the Central African Republic, Chad, and Bangladesh.12 This committee will work together to come up with a reasonable and permanent resolution to this issue. Delegates must focus on the political, social, cultural, civil, and economic rights of children while taking into account the values of other countries in order to resolve this issue.

Topic 2: The Treatment and Placement of Refugees In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of people, primarily from Africa and the Middle East who are seeking refugee status, particularly in European countries.13 Most of these people are forced to leave their homes due to dangerous situations in their own countries, such as war and hunger, as well as persecution based on religion, gender, and sexual orientation.

In the future, climate change may be a significant factor that forces more people to become refugees.14 Environmental refugees, as they are properly named, flee their country mostly because of natural disasters, such as hurricanes or even other environmental issues, such as a rise in sea levels and drought.15 At the height of the 2015 refugee crisis, when people were forced to flee to new places such as Europe, some of these host countries did not follow the European Union rules for processing incoming refugees.16 As a result of moving into new countries without proper entry documents because they could not be secured before fleeing, refugees faced difficulties in

5 achieving entry to safer places or may have been forced to live in poverty or have restricted freedoms. Additionally, host countries have been running out of space to place them, creating overcrowded and unsafe conditions for new arrivals.17 Northern African countries, such as Libya, have been treating their refugees differently, opposing a European Plan to create assessment centers for migrants outside the Union. This plan was proposed to give the United Nations and other agencies the opportunity to evaluate those refugees who “…have a genuine claim to asylum in Europe.”18 Many Northern African countries, including Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco have rejected this plan. For instance, Libya’s government prefers to hold the illegal migrants in their own established centers and have them returned to their home countries. Libya insists that security along its borders is more of a priority than serving as a way station for West Africans seeking refugee status in Europe.19 Additionally, many governments in Europe, such as Italy, have passed and enforced new laws purely for refugees. These laws are known to be very strict, even sometimes to the point of them being considered inhumane. The most recent example of this occurred in September 2018, when the Italian government pushed Panama to revoke its registration for the Aquarius, which is a ship used to rescue refugees travelling from Libya in small, unsafe boats.20 The Italian governments new restrictions against refugees increased “The following day, [when] Italy’s Council of Ministers approved a decree to sharply curtail access to asylum, downgrade the care asylum seekers receive, and increase immigration detention.”21 United Nations actions have been taken primarily by the United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) and the United Nations Children’s Fund UNICEF, as well as nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) like Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the International Rescue Committee (IRC). These organizations, as well as many local

6 groups, have encouraged many nations, particularly countries in Europe, to stop treating the refugees like criminals and to respect the legal rights that they are entitled to according to international law. Delegates will work together to bring forth different ideas on how this refugee crisis can be solved, as well as determine how refugees can be returned or resettled if one location becomes overcrowded.

Children’s Rights in Developing Countries Children in developing countries are most susceptible to having their basic rights denied due to the effects of poverty. “Around the world, children make up nearly half of the almost 900 million people living on less than US$1.90 a day. Their families struggle to afford the basic health care and nutrition needed to provide them a strong start.”22 In addition to the denial of these rights, children in poverty face threats to accessing education, clean water, legal protection, and civil rights. These issues mostly arise in areas of the world where there is a great level of poverty or conflict.23 In countries that are less affected by poverty, children have better access to their rights but may be subject to other violations in their countries of origin, such as discrimination, abuse, and violence. For instance, in Jordan, even though the country is not entirely poor, families that live below the poverty line are subject to poor delivery of specific services by the government, such as healthcare and education.24 Additionally, child marriage is still an issue in Jordan, particularly for girls who can be subject to marriage if the consent is granted by a judge or a guardian. There have even been cases where Jordanian girls are forced to marry a man who has been accused of raping her as an “…alternative to honor killing… [or to] preserve the family honor and also the life of the man responsible.”25

7 The United Nations has performed many actions to promote children’s rights, as well as to improve the state of children’s lives altogether. One of the primary actions taken was the creation of UNICEF in 1953. UNICEF was created by the United Nations specifically after World War II, in order to “meet the emergency needs of children in post-war Europe and China…[and] In 1950, its mandate was broadened to address the long-term needs of children and women in developing countries everywhere.”26 Currently, UNICEF’s work is primarily based on supporting the Millennium Development Goals and enacting the Convention on the Rights of the Child.27 This treaty completely changed the way children are viewed and treated. It urges countries to view children as “…human beings with a distinct set of rights instead of as passive objects of care and charity.”28 On the other hand, protecting the rights of children are still a prevalent issue in today’s world even though documents like this are enforced.

However, in 1959, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, which is a document that defines children’s rights to protection, education, health care, shelter, and nutrition.

Case Study One: In this case study of child protection in Indonesia, we will examine the existing conditions and how international organizations like UNICEF can help advise the nation on its policies and assist with implementing programs to improve child protection in the country. In 2012, Indonesia began to make an effort in strengthening child protection systems. "Indonesia has experienced steady economic growth in recent years. But national indicators mask major inequalities at subnational levels and among the most vulnerable people, especially women and

8 children."29 Even though they have enough government resources to provide support to child protection, government distributions from the national budget are not one hundred percent directed to the child protection sector in the most efficient manner. Keep in mind that about onethird of Indonesia’s population is under eighteen years old. These children are subject to many horrible conditions and occupations. For example, “at least thirty percent of females under eighteen years old are forced into sex work, more than 120,000 children between the ages of ten and fourteen are or have been married, and nine percent of children under seventeen are working in hazardous conditions.”30 Some government action takes place whenever a child protection issue occurs, such as violence in the home. However, the resolution is usually just to place the child in an institutional care setting. UNICEF has worked with the Indonesian government to address the numerous factors that lead to problems, such as violence towards children, as well as to strengthen child protection services.31 As a result of the efforts from UNICEF, the Indonesian government is improving their child protection system. “The objective is to develop comprehensive laws, policies and regulations; improve the delivery and quality of services; and strengthen professional capacities in child protection and related sectors.” 32 Additionally, the Indonesian government is looking to contribute more expenditures to child protection as a whole.33 In recent years, there have been many signs of progress of child protection systems in Indonesia. “UNICEF supported training for national mid-level staff from line ministries to introduce the concept of a holistic child protection system.”34 This training has spread to provinces across Indonesia, and the local governments are starting to address factors that contribute to the vulnerability of children to get a more comprehensive reaction from the public,

9 and to grow awareness of child protection as a concept. In addition, “[t]he inclusion of Members of Parliament from the relevant provinces proved crucial as they were able to defend and advocate for budget allocations and for changes in the local government environment to ensure passage of progressive regulations.”35

Guiding Questions for Delegates: 1) What are other ways in which the United Nations can generate public awareness of child vulnerability?

2) How can the topic of child rights be viewed in other countries?

3) How can other countries follow Indonesia’s example and improve their own child protection systems/policies?

Case Study Two: Since 1998, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has suffered from wars led by external powers and persistent internal conflicts which have had a tremendous negative impact on its citizens, particularly its children.36 In 2012, “…girls and boys displaced by conflict constituted more than 50 per cent of the 2.2 million internally displaced people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo as of June 2012.”37 In the case of the conflict in the DRC, children are especially vulnerable once they are disconnected from the safety of their homes and the benefits they receive at school.

Displacement brings risks for both girls and boys. It puts girls at risk of sexual violence and exploitation as well as early marriage, and it limits their access to services such as reproductive health care. It puts both boys and girls at risk of recruitment by armed forces and groups and prevents them from attending school.38

10 As a way to restore the concept of safe places for children, UNICEF introduced camps to provide displaced boys and girls with secure locations â€œâ€Śto play, participate in structured activities, and access to psychosocial support to deal with violence and abuse.â€?39 To further instill comfort for these children, local community members are recruited and trained by UNICEF and are linked to NGOs supported by UNICEF for additional access to materials and technical assistance.40 Since the introduction of these areas, UNICEF has increased the scale of the project, creating more safe spaces for internally displaced children. Based on on-site visits, these groups have greatly improved the lives of the girls living there. According to the study, the girls feel extremely valued and they truly appreciated the recognition of their right to participate.

Additionally, the girls felt empowered that they were able to properly establish themselves. Their self-confidence greatly increased. The boys in these spaces have formed groups against sexual violence, and they report any concerns to local authorities. In summary, both the boys and girls feel better equipped to challenge any dangers experienced in their areas as well as challenge gender roles.

Guiding Questions for Delegates: 1) What other actions could the United Nations perform to not only decrease the violence in these areas, but also improve the quality of life for internally displaced children?

2) Are there any specific services that these child-friendly spaces should include?

11 The Treatment and Placement of Refugees In recent years, the Refugee Crisis has become a pronounced global issue, with an estimated 65 million refugees worldwide, the most since the end of World War II.41 The reasons why people become refugees include, but are not limited to, social persecution, gender/sexual orientation, hunger, and climate change. Specifically, a refugee crisis refers to a movement of a large group of people that are often displaced in response to specific events. Most of the refugees involved in the current Refugee Crisis originate primarily from Africa and the Middle East and move to new areas.4 For example, Syrian refugees are migrating to Europe because of the Syrian Civil War. In total, “…5.6 million Syrians have fled the country as refugees, and another 6.2 million people are displaced within Syria.”42 In many cases, refugees are fleeing conditions at home and are forced to come across borders illegally in order to reach safer areas, which may put them in danger from human traffickers. It may make them fearful of punishment by the governments of the countries where the flee to, which can make them avoid accessing “…basic rights such as education, healthcare, employment and freedom of movement.”43 In 1950, the United Nations General Assembly established the UNHCR, based in Geneva, which is the agency whose specific focus is to help refugees. The UNHCR has staff almost all over the world, including places like Colombia, Mali, and Turkey. In these areas, assistance and protection are provided by UNHCR to millions of refugees, which include stateless and internally displaced people.44 In addition to the UNHCR, the General Assembly created the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) in 1949. The goal of this project was to give registered Palestinian refugees in the Middle East different services to help them out with daily life.45

12 Case Study One: Uganda, in eastern Africa, is home to refugees from around the region. “As of August 2009, 142,297 refugees from 24 countries were [in Uganda], with a majority coming from countries in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa (DRC, Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Kenya).” This large number of refugees is large, but is less than one percent compared to Uganda’s total population of 40,853,74946.

As mentioned before, some refugees may not be able to access to basic services, such as education. Out of a total 6.4 million school-aged refugees in Uganda in 2009, “…3.5 million – did not go to school.”47 This can be seen specifically in the capital Kampala, where UNHCR is providing assistance and care to “…urban refugees and asylum seekers estimated at 23,000 representing 14% of the total refugee population in the country.”48 In Uganda, refugees have access to land for living and agriculture only. All of these settlements are open. In these settlements, schools, roads, and other forms of infrastructure have been constructed to give these refugees the ability to have a sense of community. The UNHCR in Kampala hopes to improve the lives of these people by revamping service deliveries and their livelihoods as a whole.49 However, one of the biggest issues in this area are the challenges of providing education.

According to a 2009 analysis, there were 48,579 school-aged children, ranging from five to seventeen years old, living in these refugee settlements, or roughly 30% of Uganda’s total refugee population, yet only 46.6% of refugee children were enrolled in grades one to six. The analysis had no numbers available on the enrollment of children in grades seven to twelve.50 Even though there are children enrolled in these schools, the quality of the education is very poor. “School buildings are dilapidated and in need of repair, equipment is damaged or

13 missing and needs replacement, teaching and learning materials are insufficient and teachers poorly paid and trained. Classrooms are overcrowded; the school environment is generally not very child-friendly; infrastructure and facilities like classrooms, water, latrines, etc. are run down and few teacher training programs are offered to improve the quality of teaching.�51As a result, parents are not willing to send their children to school, depriving them of their education.52 There is also the added issue of protection in these urban refugee areas, specifically for girls. They are subject to harassment, discrimination, and domestic violence. Girls are not only subject to these dangers, but also to early marriage and pregnancy, which forces them to drop out of school.12 UNHCR has instituted some good practices in the schools they have opened as a way to improve education access and quality for refugee children in Uganda. For example, in Kampala, various services such as remedial English language classes, Parents Teachers Associations (PTAs), and functional adult literacy classes are provided to increase parental engagement in their child’s education and improve their own education.53

Guiding Questions for Delegates 1) How could these urban refugee areas be improved?

2) In what ways could the amount of discrimination, domestic violence, and harassment decrease?

14 Case Study Two: Most refugees aspire to migrate to higher-income countries, such as Germany, the United Kingdom, and France due to the opportunities that can be found in those places, but more than 85 percent end up in developing countries.54 They arrive with high hopes of resettling and beginning a new life with their families and friends. However, in these areas they have challenges integrating into the health care system of that respective country. “The legal status of refugees and asylum seekers is a key factor in obtaining government assistance such as housing, food, vocational training and health insurance...”.55 However, a significant concern of policymakers is the assurance of “…equitable, long-term access to appropriate health services, including management of chronic diseases and development of comprehensive programs that address social determinants of health and evaluate the health impact of policies…”.56 In France, refugees have full access to healthcare through France’s universal healthcare insurance policy, PUMA. In order to qualify, applicants must send the proper documents to the social security services of their place of residence in France.57 Through these documents, the proper authority will have the ability to prove whether the applicant is actually a resident of France and whether that person qualifies for the health insurance policy. Qualified asylum seekers receive free care if they make less than a threshold equivalent to less than $11,000.

Migrants who are not permitted to stay in France but who have been there at least three months can benefit most from State medical assistance (AME), which permits them access to free medical treatments in hospitals and in doctors’ offices.58 Even though asylum seekers and migrants can qualify for these health insurance policies (PUMA), obstacles remain. In some cases, the eligibility period for access to PUMA does not correspond to the period that asylum claims are certified, denying refugees the legal permission

15 they need. Many medical professionals are hesitant to receive and treat patients who qualify for PUMA or AME. These medical professionals even refuse to book appointments with said patients, even though according to law, they can be punished for this action. Mental health professionals also avoid appointments with asylum seekers who cannot speak French or afford interpreters, which is more common among those refugees who depend on PUMA and ACE. 59 In the United Kingdom, asylum seekers with a current claim have access to free hospital treatments, as well as those whose claim was refused but are registered for refugee assistance (Section 95 or Section 4)60 or unaccompanied children.61 Although required to register with a general doctor, they still might face struggles in signing up for assistance, retaining care because when forced to move due to Section 95 or Section 4 housing unavailability, or a lack of mental health services available . If not on Section 95 or Section 4 support, free hospital treatment will not be available to asylum seekers and costs can become too expensive.62 However, in different areas of the United Kingdom, such as Scotland, all asylum seekers are granted access to free health care in its entirety, including those asylum seekers that are not supported by Section 4.63 In Germany, asylum seekers are provided inadequate access to health care. However, a recent World Report proposed an electronic health card (EHC) as a solution to this problem.64 There are many objections to this proposal, including more immigration as a result of better access to healthcare, a change in the cost of healthcare, and the fact that it might not feasible.65 The following points expand on the objections mentioned previously. Neighboring countries of Germany, such as Austria, France and Switzerland provide all asylum seekers with the same healthcare as actual citizens.66 Additionally, placing restrictions on access to healthcare is projected to cost Germany more than it would to permit asylum seekers full health-care access.67 Lastly, regardless of size of the state, giving EHCs to these types of patients is based on

16 the same policies as issuing EHCs to unemployed German citizens who are need of these kinds of services by the government.68 However, the German federal government failed to fully introduce the EHC and the administration of cards was left for the municipalities, which could each apply their own rules for access.69 As a result, a wider inequality gap exists between citizens and asylum seekers, especially when it comes to access to healthcare.70 As a result of these case studies in various European countries, it was determined that refugees, as well as asylum seekers must be granted equitable access to appropriate health services, no matter their condition.

Guiding Questions for Delegates: 1) Specifically, what kinds of health services should be available to refugees and migrants/asylum seekers?

2) What kinds of initiatives can be taken to improve the access and quality of health services for these people?

17 Notes 1

“Countries in the World:” United Arab Emirates Population (2018) - Worldometers, www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-are-there-in-the-world/.

2

“United Nations, Third Committee, Social, Humanitarian, Cultural, Main Body, Main Organs, General Assembly.” United Nations, United Nations, www.un.org/en/ga/third/index.shtml.

3

Ibid.

4

Ibid.

5

United Nations Treaty Collection. “11. Convention on the Rights of the Child.” New York, November 20, 1989 (status as of December 31, 2018). Accessed December 31, 2018.

6

Drake, B. Shaw, and Megan Corrarino. “U.S. Stands Alone: Not Signing U.N. Child Rights Treaty Leaves Migrant Children Vulnerable.” The Huffington Post, TheHuffingtonPost.com, 13 Oct. 2016, www.huffingtonpost.com/b-shaw-drake/children-migrants-rights_b_8271874.html.

7

“Convention on the Rights of the Child.” United Nations Office of the High Commissioner. https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx 8

“An Assessment of Children's Rights on the 10th Anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.” Human Rights Watch, www.hrw.org/legacy/press/1999/nov/children.html 9

“Reports of Children Used in Hostilities.” Child Soldiers International. https://childsoldiersworldindex.org/hostilities 10

Girls Not Brides. “Child Marriage around the World.” Girls Not Brides, 2017, www.girlsnotbrides.org/where-does-it-happen/.

11

Ibid.

12

Ibid.

13

“Refugee population by country or territory of origin.” The World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.REFG.OR?view=map&year_high_desc=true

14

Rueckert, Phineas. “These Are 5 Reasons Why People Become Refugees.” Global Citizen, 14 Aug. 2017, www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/reasons-why-people-become-refugees/.

15

Kadletz, Bruna. “Climate Refugees: People and the Environment Treated as Disposable.” Oceans, News Deeply, 16 Dec. 2016, www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/community/2016/12/16/climate-refugeespeople-and-the-environment-treated-as-disposable.

16

Dearden, Lizzie. “Four Ways Europe Is Treating Refugees like Convicted Criminals.” The Independent, Independent Digital News and Media, 16 Sept. 2015, www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/refugee-crisis-four-ways-european-countries-treat-asylumseekers-like-convicted-criminals-10483185.html.

18

17

Kakissis, Joanna. “‘Europe Does Not See Us As Human': Stranded Refugees Struggle In Greece” https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2018/03/09/589973165/europe-does-not-see-us-as-humanstranded-refugees-struggle-in-greece 18

“Migrant Crisis: Libya Opposes EU Plan for Centres, Says Minister.” BBC News, BBC, 19 Oct. 2018, www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45914534.

19

Ibid.

20

“New Low for Italian Migration Policies.” Human Rights Watch, 27 Sept. 2018, www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/26/new-low-italian-migration-policies#.

21

Ibid.

22

“Children.” United Nations, United Nations, www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/children/.de Bocanegra, Heike Thiel. “Addressing Refugee Health through Evidence-Based Policies: a Case Study.” PMC US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, 12 May 2017, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5682239 23

“Children.” United Nations, United Nations, www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/children/.

24

“Children in the World.” Humanium • We Make Children's Rights Happen, Humanium, www.humanium.org/en/jordan/.

25

Ibid.

26

“FAQ.” UNICEF, 3 Oct. 2017, www.unicef.org/about/who/index_faq.html.

27

UNICEF “About UNICEF.” https://www.unicef.org/about/who/index_introduction.html

28

UNICEF “A World of Difference: 25 CRC achievements” https://www.unicef.org/crc/index_73549.html 29

UNICEF, www.unicef.org/protection/files/CP_Case_Studies_Final.pdf.

30

Ibid.

31

Ibid.

32

“World Report 2018: Rights Trends in Democratic Republic of Congo.” Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch, 18 Jan. 2018, www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/democratic-republiccongo#.

33

UNICEF, www.unicef.org/protection/files/CP_Case_Studies_Final.pdf.

34

Ibid.

35

Ibid.

36

“Democratic Republic of Congo Profile - Timeline.” BBC News, BBC, 2 Nov. 2018, www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13286306.

19

37

“World Report 2018: Rights Trends in Democratic Republic of Congo.” Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch, 18 Jan. 2018, www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/democratic-republiccongo#.

38

Ibid.

39

Ibid.

40

Ibid.

41

United Nations. “Figures at a Glance.” UNHCR, www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html.

42

“Syrian Refugee Crisis: Facts, FAQs, and How to Help.” World Vision, 21 Nov. 2018, www.worldvision.org/refugees-news-stories/syrian-refugee-crisis-facts.

43

“Refugees.” United Nations, United Nations, www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/refugees/.

44

Ibid.

45

Ibid.

46

“The World Factbook: Uganda.” Central Intelligence Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, 1 Feb. 2018, www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html.

47

United Nations. “Over 3.5 Million Refugee Children Miss out on School, Report Finds.” UNHCR, www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2017/9/59b65d3b4/35-million-refugee-children-miss-school-reportfinds.html.

48

United Nations. “Refugee Education in Urban Settings: Case Studies from Nairobi, Kampala, Amman, Damascus.” UNHCR, www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/hcdialogue%20/4b278e4f9/refugee-educationurban-settings-case-studies-nairobi-kampala-amman-damascus.html.

49

Ibid.

50

Ibid.

51

Ibid.

52

Ibid.

53

Ibid.

54

UNHCR. “Figures at a Glance.” Accessed December 30, 2018. https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/figures-at-aglance.html 55

de Bocanegra, Heike Thiel. “Addressing Refugee Health through Evidence-Based Policies: a Case Study.” PMC US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, 12 May 2017, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5682239 56

Ibid.

20

57

Forum Réfugiés - Cosi.”Health Care: France.” http://www.asylumineurope.org/reports/country/france/reception-conditions/health-care 58

Ibid.

59

Ibid.

60

“Forms and Levels of Material Reception Conditions.” Asylum Information Database | European Council on Refugees and Exiles, 2019, http://www.asylumineurope.org/reports/country/united-kingdom/reception-

conditions/access-and-forms-reception-conditions/forms-and 61

“Health Care.” Asylum Information Database | European Council on Refugees and Exiles, 2019, www.asylumineurope.org/reports/country/united-kingdom/reception-conditions/health-care.

62

Ibid.

63

Ibid.

64

Bozorgmehr, Kayvan, and Oliver Razum. “Refugees in Germany—Untenable Restrictions to Health Care.” The Lancet, 12 Nov. 2016, www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)321316/fulltext.

65

Ibid.

66

Ibid.

67

Ibid,

68

Ibid.

69

Ibid.

70

Ibid.