Hofstra University Model United Nations Conference: Guide to MUN 2024

Hofstra University Model United Nations Conference ======== Guide to MUN ========

2

Table of Contents Table of Contents ..................................................................................................2 Welcome Address and Secretariat Introduction .................................................4 What is MUN?.......................................................................................................5 Conference Preparation........................................................................................6 Committees............................................................................................................7 Security Council ................................................................................................7 UNEP (The United Nations Environment Programme)......................................7 ECOSOC (The Economic and Social Council) ..................................................7 General Assembly..............................................................................................7 1. Disarmament and International Security (DISEC).....................................8 2. Economic and Financial (ECOFIN) ..........................................................8 3. Social, Cultural, and Humanitarian (SOCHUM) .......................................8 4. Special Political and Decolonization (SPECPOL).....................................8 5. Administrative and Budgetary...................................................................8 6. Legal.........................................................................................................8 Delegate Etiquette .................................................................................................9 Position Papers....................................................................................................10 How to Write a Position Paper .........................................................................10 Requirements for Position Papers ....................................................................10 Content of Position Papers ...............................................................................10 Position Paper Tips ..........................................................................................11 Flow of Debate.....................................................................................................12 Roll Call ..........................................................................................................12 Setting the Agenda...........................................................................................12 Speakers List....................................................................................................12 Moderated Caucus ...........................................................................................12 Unmoderated Caucus .......................................................................................13 Rules of Parliamentary Procedure.....................................................................14 General Layout of Committee..........................................................................14 Precedence of Motions (Most Destructive to Least Destructive) ......................14 Parliamentary Rules of Debate (Required Vote) ..............................................14 Voting Procedure .............................................................................................15 Crisis Committees ...............................................................................................17 Crisis Terminology ..........................................................................................17

3 Differences in Debate Flow..............................................................................19 Overview of Resolutions .....................................................................................21 Draft Resolutions/Working Papers...................................................................21 Bringing a Resolution to the Floor for Debate..................................................21 Sections of a Resolution & Amendments .........................................................22 Working Paper and Resolution Requirements..................................................23 Sample Phrases ...................................................................................................24 Example Preambulatory List:...........................................................................24 Example Operative List: ..................................................................................24 Sample Resolution...............................................................................................25

4

Welcome Address and Secretariat Introduction Welcome to Hofstra University’s Model United Nations Conference, 2024!

The Hofstra Model United Nations Club is excited to be putting this conference on for local high schools and looks forward to three fun and informative days of debate. This guide is designed to help you prepare for the conference and become familiar with the procedures that will be utilized throughout the weekend. In addition to this guide, be sure to read the background guide for your committee, which will be available on our website by early January. Please contact members of our Secretariat at hofstramodelun@gmail.com if you have any questions or concerns.

Matthew Friedman Secretary-General Anoop Krishnadas Undersecretary-General

Robert Cesareo Historical Crisis Chair

Melanie Quackenbush and Anna Waitword UNEP Chairs

Petar Gery Historical Crisis Director

Mariama Kabbah and Sydra Daniyal SOCHUM Chairs

Thomas Eldho Contemporary Crisis Chair

Nicholas Isaacs UNSC Chairs

Nish Arumugam Contemporary Crisis Director

5

What is MUN? To understand Model United Nations (MUN), you have to know a little about the history of the United Nations (UN). At the conclusion of World War I, the Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended the war, established a new organization called the League of Nations, intended to bring countries together to prevent wars and any repeat of the destruction of the recent war. The structure of the League, however, made it unable to prevent World War II. At the conclusion of that conflict, the victorious Allies determined that the best way to prevent the League’s failure was to create a newly empowered organization. The League was dissolved and the UN, with its headquarters in New York, was created in its place.

In1922s, Harvard University Students carried a simulation of the League of Nations pioneered at Oxford University. After the League dissolved and the UN was established, the simulation was replaced by MUN. Soon after, MUN became popular around the United States, and then eventually the world. Today, big conferences include The Hague International Model UN (THIMUN), Southeast Asia Student Activities Conference (SEASAC) Model UN, and WorldMUN.1 The aim of such conferences is simple; to garner a greater appreciation for diplomacy and the role it plays in solving many of the world’s most pressing issues.

MUN is important because it gives students an understanding of the current global and political issues that all responsible citizens should be aware of. In addition, researching the history behind some of the most contested issues of the day helps give students some grasp of how the international community ended up facing such seemingly intractable problems. Finally, participating in MUN can help students develop many useful skills such as teamwork, debating, building consensus, and the art of compromise, all of which are vital life skills that most people do not get a chance to practice very often. MUN is not for everyone, and many students may be intimidated by the fact that it includes public speaking. However, it’s advisable for all students to try it at least once in their student career, even if it is just to join the club and go to the meetings, as smaller “conferences” are often held each term.

6

Conference Preparation In order for delegates to get the most out of their MUN experience, preparation for conferences is essential. Our amazing chairs have provided a guide for each topic with an overview of key facts, case studies, general background, subtopics to focus on, and bloc positions. These documents should be the first source delegates turn to for research. However, it is important to note that the guides are just an overview. It would be impossible to fit even a quarter of the information on the complex issues facing the international community that you will be debating into a ten page paper.

When conducting research, delegates should remember to use reliable sources and maintain a list of citations paired with the information they discover. Websites like Wikipedia can be a great place to find general information or new sources, but all facts should be corroborated with an official source. As most delegates will be representing nations in the United Nations, the UN’s own website is a great source for information. Delegates can find voting records, past actions, background statistics, and more on this site. As most issues are contemporary, reliable news outlets including the Associated Press (AP) may have published information pertinent to the topics delegates will be discussing. Government publications and press releases may be especially useful in determining a nation’s policy.

Delegates are not expected to arrive as experts on the topics they will be debating, but they are expected to do their own research beyond the background guide. This will help delegates develop a more nuanced understanding of the topics at hand and their nation’s stance. Outside information and statistics will help your position paper (confused on what those are? We’ll touch upon those later in this guide!) to shine, and can also help you develop plans for unique, important subtopics.

7

Committees HUMUNC’s committees are based on actual United Nations committees. Here is a quick summation of how the United Nations functions, including a description of both committees that are, and are not, being simulated in HUMUNC 2024.

Security Council The Security Council is one of the UN’s most powerful bodies and is one of the few committees that produce binding resolutions, which means that resolutions passed by it must be followed, and therefore all states are responsible for upholding them.2 The Security Council has fifteen members with five permanent members (P5), and ten members that serve for two years at a time.3 All permanent members have veto power, which means that if they veto a resolution or a clause, it is struck out immediately. To pass a resolution in the Security Council, there must be nine affirmative votes, of all those who vote for or against, and do not abstain. All the P5 must also vote for your resolution or abstain. When the council debates issues that affect delegates that are not represented in the Security Council, the ambassador of the nations involved may be called in as a guest, which means that they can participate in the debate about the relevant issue, but not vote.4

UNEP (The United Nations Environment Programme) Established in 1972, this council focuses on environmental issues. Debate in the committee seeks to monitor pollution, design science-based policy recommendations, and coordinate responses to the world’s environmental challenges. Past topics of debate range from climate change to pesticide use.5

ECOSOC (The Economic and Social Council) In 1945, the UN created ECOSOC, which consists of fifty-four member states each serving for three years. 6 The committee debates sustainable development issues that often intertwine social and economic aspects and its mandate allows it to “make or initiate studies and reports with respect to international economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related matters and may make recommendations with respect to any such matters to the General Assembly… and to the specialized agencies concerned.”7

General Assembly The General Assembly (GA) includes the largest committees in the UN including all Member States8. It consists of six different bodies, each dealing with specialized issues. The strength of the GA is that all countries are represented, each has one vote, and all nations have the same powers of decision-making.9

8 However, it can be difficult for all to be debated thoroughly in one large GA plenary, therefore MUN traditionally uses these more specialized committees within the GA.

1.

Disarmament and International Security (DISEC)

The debate in DISEC is focused primarily on preventing conflict, stopping weapons trading and in particular, regulating weapons of mass destruction.

This committee works to protect the international community against threats to peace.10

2.

Economic and Financial (ECOFIN)

This council works to advance the global economy and facilitate modernization. The issues discussed are typically broader than the economic discussions within ECOSOC, and they focus on sustainable development, economic development, and the eradication of poverty.11 3.

Social, Cultural, and Humanitarian (SOCHUM) This committee is the most related to ECOSOC and the Human Rights Council. It deals with human rights issues such as the “advancement of women, the protection of children, indigenous issues, the treatment of refugees, the promotion of fundamental freedoms through the elimination of racism and racial discrimination, and the right to self- determination.” It also addresses humanitarian issues such as “questions such as issues related to youth, family, ageing, persons with disabilities, crime prevention, criminal justice, and international drug control.”12

4.

Special Political and Decolonization (SPECPOL)

SPECPOL deals with issues relating to political stability, occupied territories, and decolonization. While debate in this committee is part of the process of deciding if a dependency should be allowed to become a sovereign state, SPECPOL does not have the power to take away the sovereignty of any nation.13

5.

Administrative and Budgetary

This committee’s primary job is to issue budgets for the various undertakings of the United Nations. It also facilitates the administrative backbone of UN organs, and may be called upon to fund Security Council-approved peacekeeping endeavors.14

6.

Legal

The Legal Committee promotes the development of international law, and assists the development of the UN’s legal framework. It deals with the creation of stronger legal systems and creates draft laws for the UN.15

9

Delegate Etiquette 1. Maintain professional demeanor at all times. Treat other delegates, members of the Secretariat and UN staff with the highest level of courtesy and respect.

Please notify any member of the Secretariat if a dispute arises at any time during the Conference.

2. Western Business Attire is recommended throughout the conference, as we expect the same degree of professionality.

3. Observe the guidelines outlined by Parliamentary Procedure. Contact the Conference Secretariat should any questions about the Rules of Procedure arise.

4. Arrive at meetings, on time, as scheduled. The presence of all delegates at all committee meetings is essential for ensuring productive debate during the Conference and a successful outcome.

5. Remain in character and represent the interests and policies of the countries to which you are assigned.

6. Refrain from eating, smoking, or drinking anything but water in formal meetings.

7. Give your full attention to the proceedings in all meetings. Engage other delegations in discussions during breaks, informal consultations or after sessions have concluded for the day.

8. Working papers and draft resolutions may be written in a shared Google document with chairs.

9. Refrain from using cell phones during committee sessions unless they are for formal communication with staff, delegates, or advisors. Committees will move to paper writing instead of typing if there is misuse of technology in any way, shape, or form.

10. Have fun!

10

Position Papers A position paper is an essay detailing your country’s policies on the topics being discussed in your committee. Hofstra’s Model UN conference does not require that each delegation write and submit a position paper, but it is highly recommended.

Writing a position paper will help you organize your ideas so that you can share your country’s position with the rest of the committee. If you conduct extensive research, a position paper should be easy to write.

How to Write a Position Paper Writing a position paper might appear to be a daunting task, especially for new delegates. But with enough research, you will find that writing a position paper will be easy and useful.

Position papers should be brief. Your position paper should include an introduction followed by a comprehensive breakdown of your country's position on the topics that are being discussed by the committee. A good position paper will not only provide facts but also make proposals for resolutions based on your country’s policy preferences.

Requirements for Position Papers ➢ Two pages (12 font, 1.5 spacing) per topic; ➢ Full references must be provided (may go on to third page); ➢ Must outline the issues related to the assigned topic; ➢ Must be written from the perspective of the assigned position (no first person pronouns with the exception of character positions in crisis committee).

Content of Position Papers ➢ Background and statistics beyond those in the background guide; ➢ UN actions relevant to the topic; ➢ Brief introduction to your country and its history concerning the topic; ➢ Actions taken by your government with regard to the issue;

11 ➢ What your country believes should be done to address the issue; ➢ What your country intends to do to help resolve the issue or address the topic.

Position Paper Tips ➢ Keep it simple and make your point clear; ➢ Cite your sources properly - look up the Modern Language Association (MLA) guidelines at your school’s library, or use an online citation generator; ➢ Use your position paper as a self-introduction and a guide to your country’s policies during debate.

Email your chairs or the secretariat with any questions. Position papers can be submitted via email. We look forward to reading your work!

12

Flow of Debate Below is a general description of how debate will flow at the Hofstra Model United Nations Conference. Be advised, however, that there are other, more specific rules and motions that determine the flow of debate during committee.

Roll Call The Chair announces each delegation, and delegates should answer with “present” or “present and voting”. Present indicates that the delegate is present in committee. Present and voting does the same, but prevents delegates from abstaining when voting on resolutions.

Setting the Agenda In a committee with multiple topics, delegates will be able to set an agenda with a motion to set the topic. This can be accomplished by saying, for example, “the delegation of Canada motions to set the topic to regulation of WMDs.” Once set, the topic will continue until resolutions for that topic have been passed. Setting the agenda requires a simple majority vote.

Speakers List During formal debate, the staff maintains a Speaker’s List which delegates may join at any time. The delegate who motions to open the Speaker’s List has the right to determine speaking time (usually around 45 seconds to one minute 30 seconds). An example motion is: “the delegate of Argentina motions to open the Speaker’s List with a speaking time of one minute.”

These speeches offer delegates the opportunity to share their views on broad, overarching topics with the entire committee. This part of formal debate is always held open, and the committee reverts back to the Speaker’s List whenever a motion cannot be passed.

Moderated Caucus A moderated caucus is a structured form of debate where delegates have a fixed speaking time on a specific topic. Moderated caucuses are proposed in a motion with a total duration, speaking time, and subtopic. For example,

13 “the delegation of Germany motions for a six-minute moderated caucus on the topic of nuclear energy with a forty-five second speaking time.” The delegate who proposed the selected motion has the option to speak first or last.

Unmoderated Caucus An unmoderated caucus is an informal form of debate where delegates can interact with one another to discuss policy, draft resolutions, amendments, and others. The groups, or “blocs,” formed during these caucuses will be the foundation of your working paper writing.

14

Rules of Parliamentary Procedure General Layout of Committee 1. Roll Call 2. Set the topic 3. Speaker’s List (note - can return to this at any point) 4. Moderated/Unmoderated Caucuses 5. Introduce Resolutions 6. Formal Caucus a. Two for Two against speeches b. Moderated caucuses on draft resolutions 7. Introduce Friendly/Unfriendly Amendments 8. Voting 9. Reset the Topic 10. Repeat Procedure from First Topic 11. End Debate Precedence of Motions (Most Destructive to Least Destructive) 1. Point of Personal Privilege 2. Point of Order 3. Point of Parliamentary Inquiry 4. Unmoderated Caucus 5. Moderated Caucus 6. Motion to Change Speaking Time 7. Introduction of a Draft Resolution 8. Introduction of an Amendment 9. Suspension Debate 10. Resumption of Debate 11. Closure of Debate Parliamentary Rules of Debate (Required Vote) ➢ Motion to Open the Speakers List (Simple Majority) ➢ Motion to Set the Topic to (A/B) (Simple Majority)

15 May have two speakers for and two against setting to topic A/B before voting to set the topic, if there are no speakers against, motion automatically passes. ➢ Motion for a Moderated Caucus (Simple Majority) Format: “Motion for a 5-minute moderated caucus with a 30-second speaking time on ICBMs” Alternate Format: “Motion for a 5/30 on ICBMs” Longer length proposals will be voted on before shorter length proposals. ➢ Motion for an Unmoderated Caucus (Simple Majority) Format: “Motion for a 10-minute unmoderated caucus” Do not exceed 15 minutes. Extensions may not exceed half the original length.

Longer length proposals will be voted on before shorter length proposals. ➢ Motion to Begin/Resume/Table/End Debate (Simple Majority) ➢ Motion to Suspend the Rules of Debate (2/3 Majority) Allows delegates to make a modification to standards of parliamentary procedure. ➢ Motion to Change Speaking Time (Simple Majority) ➢ Motion to Introduce a Draft Resolution (Simple Majority) Division of the question takes precedence over the introduction of an amendment, requiring a simple majority to pass. ➢ Motion to Introduce an Amendment (Simple Majority) Friendly amendments shall be introduced first. Confirmation must be provided from all sponsors that the amendment is in fact friendly before it is added to resolution. Unfriendly amendments will be introduced second. Each unfriendly amendment requires a 3/4 majority to pass to be added to a resolution.

Voting Procedure ➢ Motion to enter into Voting Procedure (Simple Majority)

16 ➢ There will generally be two speakers for and against before the vote is taken. ➢ After entering into voting procedure, each resolution and any unfriendly amendments are voted on in the order that they were presented; a simple majority is needed for each resolution to pass. ➢ Motion to Table Resolution (2/3 Majority) ➢ Motion to Divide the Question (2/3 Majority) ○ Must indicate where to divide the question. ○ Example: “Motion to vote on Resolution 1.2, operative clauses 1-6 and 7-12 separately.” ➢ Note: All motions are subject to the chair’s discretion, meaning that the chair may rule a motion dilatory in which case it will not be voted on by committee. Chairs may also look favorably upon certain motions that they feel would be beneficial to the whole committee.

17

Crisis Committees Crisis style committees are a unique and invigorating spin on traditional General Assembly MUN committees. Due to the fast pace of these committees, chairs and delegates have significantly more discretion over the flow of committee.

Parliamentary Procedure will be used, but in an amended and abridged fashion.

The standard rules for motions such as tabling debate, closure of debate, and signaling for moderated caucuses will still apply. Typically, the chair will go through the rules and procedures as well as the layout of the committee prior to beginning debate and answer any questions regarding the format. Delegates in this type of committee are recommended to read the following crisis overview.

Crisis Terminology ➢ Crisis Director Each crisis committee has one Crisis Director (CD) who is on an equal level to the committee chair. The CD designs crisis updates (see below) and controls the direction the committee takes through these actions. ➢ Crisis Staff Each CD works with a team of crisis staff members to navigate the high pace nature of crisis committees. This team helps respond to crisis notes (see below) and works with the CD to write crisis updates. They may even help act out major crisis updates. ➢ Crisis Update Crisis updates are tools used by the CD and staff to control the flow of committee. These updates detail new events and allow the committee’s situation to evolve. They may be revealed as intelligence briefings, news reports, or even acted out live for delegates. Depending on the nature of the update, delegates may be able to ask questions to crisis staff regarding the information. ➢ Front Room This term is used to refer to the main, public committee. Everything that happens publicly—including speeches and public directives (see below) — are said to occur in the front room.

18 ➢ Backroom This term is used to refer to the private, crisis-oriented parts of the committee. The CD and staff are said to “belong to the backroom”.

Furthermore, “backroom actions” refer to the private moves (see crisis notes below) delegates take behind the eyes of the committee at large. ➢ Portfolio Powers Actions that are within the jurisdiction of a delegate’s character based on their position are referred to as portfolio powers. These powers can be used for private actions by delegates through crisis notes at any time, and they can also be contributed to public directives. An example portfolio power is control over military movements for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. ➢ Crisis Note / Private Directive Crisis notes (also referred to as private directives) are the cornerstone of a crisis committee. These notes are written by delegates to take direct, unilateral action outside the jurisdiction of their committee as a whole.

Notes may be written in resolution format or styled as a letter to a secretary/aide. The crisis team reviews notes and responds with a degree of success or failure based upon portfolio powers, powers gained through prior notes, level of detail, and other factors. Crisis notes may lead to dramatic changes in the trajectory of the committee and be incorporated in crisis updates, depending on their outcome. ➢ Joint Private Directive Delegates wishing to collaborate with one or two partners, rather than the committee at large, may submit a joint private directive (JPD). This is essentially the same as a crisis note, but it has multiple participants involved. All parties must agree on all the clauses before a JPD is submitted. ➢ Public Directives Crisis committees pass public directives instead of resolution papers to enact action. These are typically much shorter and passed much more often to support the high pace, evolving nature of crisis committees.

19 Public directives are written in the same style as resolution papers, but they can use action operatives (like sends, delivers, etc.). ➢ Press Release Delegates may write and deliver press releases to the crisis staff to sway public opinion or reveal new information to the committee. Public opinion may be incredibly important depending on the committee, so press releases can be a valuable tool. These documents can be submitted by the committee as a whole or individual delegates. ➢ Communique Crisis committees have a small size to foster rapid debate and progress, but this also means many positions may not be represented on committee.

Communiques provide delegates an opportunity to reach out to figures not present in the committee to make deals. Potential recipients include family members, government officials, and corporate representatives.

These letters are sent as notes to crisis staff, who respond in character. ➢ Crisis Arc Just as characters in a story evolve and change in an arc, so too should the characters in a crisis committee. The crisis arc that delegates follow describes the overarching plan they have for their character to accomplish personal goals over the course of the committee. Goals should be based on the actual character's motivations, and delegates should try to incorporate both public and private actions to achieve it.

Differences in Debate Flow Crisis committees only have one topic, so there is no need to motion to set the topic. Instead, delegates immediately begin discussing the single topic at hand once debate opens. While the Speakers' List plays an important role in GA committees, it will rarely (if ever) be utilized in crisis committees.

Delegates will spend much of their time in moderated caucuses discussing plans for action and in unmoderated caucuses writing public directives.

20 Another key difference lies in the continuity of debate. General Assembly committees are always in some form of active debate (moderated or unmoderated caucuses, Speakers' List, or voting) from the start to end of each session. However, debate in crisis committees will be periodically interrupted by the crisis staff for updates. This creates a constantly evolving committee environment, so delegates in crisis committees are recommended to continually pass short, detailed public directives to keep the crisis under control.

21

Overview of Resolutions Resolution papers, or more accurately draft resolutions/working papers prior to approval by the committee, are the culmination of delegates’ work to develop solutions to the topics at hand. Delegates draft these documents during unmoderated caucuses as they discuss policy and negotiate terms. Importantly, only the United Nations Security Council may take legally binding action that all nations must comply with. This means that all other committees may only make recommendations. Funding and national sovereignty will be key points to keep in mind as delegates attempt to navigate the complex issues of their committee. If a delegate is unsure of the powers and jurisdiction of their committee, it is suggested that they ask their chair to ensure that the resolution does not overstep the authority of their committee.

Draft Resolutions/Working Papers Draft resolutions are all resolutions that have not yet been voted on. A draft resolution starts out as a working paper, which is then presented to the dais in order to be turned into a draft resolution and disseminated to the whole committee. There are three main parts to a draft resolution: the heading, the preamble and the operative section. The heading shows the committee and topic along with the resolution number. The chair determines the resolution number by order of submission. The heading also lists the draft resolution’s sponsors and signatories (see the example draft resolution below). Each draft resolution is written as one long sentence with preambles separated by commas, and operative clauses separated by semicolons. The subject of the sentence is the body making the statement (e.g., the General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, or Security Council). The preamble and operative sections then describe the current situation and actions that the committee will take.

Bringing a Resolution to the Floor for Debate A draft resolution must always gain the support of a certain number of member states in the committee before the sponsors (the delegates who created the resolution) may submit it to the committee staff. A staff member will read the draft resolution to ensure that it is relevant and in proper format. Only when a staff member formally accepts the document and assigns it a number can it be referred to in formal debate. Chairs will provide

22 a maximum number of sponsors and minimum number of signatories based on committee size.

Sections of a Resolution & Amendments ➢ Preambulatory Clauses Addresses the topic and highlights past international action on the issue.

Includes: ● References to the UN Charter; ● Citations of past UN resolutions or treaties on the topic under discussion; ● Mentions of statements made by the Secretary-General or a relevant UN body or agency; ● Recognition of the efforts of regional or nongovernmental organizations in dealing with the issue; ● General statements on the topic, its significance and its impact. ➢ Operative Clauses Identifies and introduces actions made in a resolution. Each is numbered and organizes the paper in a logical sequence to solve the topic.

Format: “Implements the International Olympic Committee Health and Wellness Subcommittee”. ➢ Sponsors Sponsors are principal authors of a draft resolution and agree with the focus of the paper. ➢ Signatories Signatories are delegates that wish to see the draft resolution debated, regardless of whether they agree or disagree with the content. ➢ Friendly and Unfriendly Amendments Draft Resolutions are amended when delegates write down a change in an operative clause and present it to the committee during the “amendment period”. ● Friendly Amendments: If all sponsors agree, the amendment is friendly and is incorporated automatically to the resolution. ● Unfriendly Amendments: If not all the sponsors agree, the amendment is unfriendly and is voted on by the committee.

23

Working Paper and Resolution Requirements Committee Name Resolution Name Topic:

Sponsors: Signatories:

The (Committee Name), Preambulatory Phrase (clause), Preambulatory Phrase (clause),

1. Operative Phrase (operative clause); 2. Operative Phrase (operative clause): a. (Sub-clause), b. (Sub-clause), c. (Sub-clause): i.

(Sub-sub-clause),

ii.

(Sub-sub-clause),

iii.

(Sub-sub-clause);

3. Operative Phrase (operative clause).

24

Sample Phrases Preambulatory clauses are essential for organizing the main focus of a draft resolution. Look to the list below and the link provided for future reference.

Example Preambulatory List: ➢ Affirming ➢ Alarmed by ➢ Approving ➢ Aware of ➢ Bearing in mind ➢ Believing ➢ Convinced ➢ Declaring

➢ Deeply concerned ➢ Desiring ➢ Determined ➢ Emphasizing ➢ Fully alarmed ➢ Having considered ➢ Keeping in mind ➢ Mindful

➢ Noting ➢ Noting with zest ➢ Observing ➢ Reaffirming ➢ Recognizing ➢ Reiterating ➢ Taking into consideration

Operative clauses are necessary for transitioning and emphasizing each part of the draft resolution. Look to list below and links provided for future reference.

Example Operative List: ➢ Acknowledges ➢ Affirms ➢ Authorizes ➢ Calls for ➢ Considers ➢ Decides ➢ Declares

➢ Demands ➢ Emphasizes ➢ Encourages ➢ Introduces ➢ Invites ➢ Notes ➢ Reaffirms

➢ Recalls ➢ Recommends ➢ Stresses ➢ Strongly advises ➢ Suggests ➢ Urges ➢ Welcomes

Useful Resources: ➢ https://www.wisemee.com/preambulatory-and-operative-clauses/ ➢ https://www.allamericanmun.com/how-to-write-clauses-for-a-draftresolution-in-model-un/ ➢ https://bestdelegate.com/model-un-made-easy-how-to-write-a-resolution/

25

Sample Resolution General Assembly Third Committee Resolution 1.2 Topic: “Strengthening UN coordination of humanitarian assistance in complex emergencies” Sponsors: United States, Austria, and Italy Signatories: Greece, Tajikistan, Japan, Canada, Mali, the Netherlands, and Guatemala The General Assembly, Reminding all nations of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which recognizes the inherent dignity, equality and inalienable rights of all global citizens, [use commas to separate preambulatory clauses] Reaffirming its Resolution 33/1996 of 25 July 1996, which encourages Governments to work with UN bodies aimed at improving the coordination and effectiveness of humanitarian assistance, Noting with satisfaction the past efforts of various relevant UN bodies and nongovernmental organizations, Stressing the fact that the United Nations faces significant financial obstacles and is in need of reform, particularly in the humanitarian realm, 1. Encourages all relevant agencies of the United Nations to collaborate more closely with countries at the grassroots level to enhance the carrying out of relief efforts; [use semicolons to separate operative clauses] 2. Urges member states to comply with the goals of the UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs to streamline efforts of humanitarian aid; 3. Requests that all nations develop rapid deployment forces to better enhance the coordination of relief efforts of humanitarian assistance in complex emergencies; 4. Calls for the development of a United Nations Trust Fund that encourages voluntary donations from the private transnational sector to aid in funding the implementation of rapid deployment forces; 5. Stresses the continuing need for impartial and objective information on the political, economic and social situations and events of all countries; 6. Requests the expansion of preventive actions and assurance of post-conflict assistance through reconstruction and development. [end resolutions with a period]

26

Endnotes

1

https://www.oxfordglobal.org/blog/2020/10/6/a-brief-history-of-model-united-nations https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/what-security-council 3 https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/current-members 4 https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/voting-system 5 https://www.unep.org/environmental-moments-unep50-timeline 6 https://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/about/members.shtml 2

7 8

9

https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-10 https://www.un.org/en/ga/maincommittees/index.shtml

https://www.un.org/en/ga/ https://www.un.org/en/ga/first/index.shtml 11 https://www.un.org/en/ga/second/index.shtml 12 https://www.un.org/en/ga/third/index.shtml 13 https://www.un.org/en/ga/fourth/index.shtml 14 https://www.un.org/en/ga/fifth/index.shtml 15 https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/index.shtml 10