The Hong Kong Island Coastal Trail: Community, Ecology and Performative Landscape Visions

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01. Sandy Bay 02. Cyberport Waterfront Park 03. Waterfall Bay 04. Deep Water Bay 05. Repulse Bay 06. Stanley 07. Tai Tam 08. Dragon’s Back 09. Cape D’Aguilar 10. Shek O 11. Big Wave Bay 12. Chai Wan 13. Heng Fa Chuen 14. Sai Wan Ho

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Sites & Projects The exhibition responded to momentum within the city to realize a recreational circulation network around Hong Kong Island – The Hong Kong Coastal Trail— with a showcase of three years of work by master’s students in the Division of Landscape Architecture’s first year core design studio. The proposed pedestrian trail became a catalyst to imagine a more connected, more accessible, more equitable, more ecological, and healthier city. The studio focused on the relatively overlooked areas along the island’s lessdeveloped southern and eastern coastlines, engaging in a diverse range of urban and natural landscapes. These coastal edge landscapes, densely layered with their own unique histories and human experiences, are here reconfigured around pedestrianoriented, nature-centered, climate-adaptive planning and design initiatives. The exhibited works explore new ways to see, draw, access and model the landscapes of Hong Kong and propose a radical variety of imagined conditions around the city’s edge.

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Analysis Sandy Bay: Geological and Environmental Stories of Contemporary Medical Landscapes Students:

Instructor:

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QIN Qianqian Rita XIAO Xiangmei May BIN Jiang

Tribute to Nature: A Sacred Approach Student: LAM Esther Yuen Ching Project site: Sandy Bay Instructor: JIANG Bin Sandy Bay is surrounded by medical and religious facilities. Highlighting ‘nature’ as a healing force in mental therapy, the strategy of sacred landscape architecture was applied. This design approach manifested in two directions: a main ceremonial shrine designed as a tribute to nature and individual temples for meditation. The goal of each designed area was to maximize and highlight one element from nature.

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Coming from the Mountain Student: WANG Xiaoqi Project site: Sandy Bay Instructor: JIANG Bin This project is a journey designed to integrate into the existing environment and reach from the mountains to the sea.

Mirroring this physical journey, in the next ten or twenty years, tree branches will grow and wrap around the designed bubbles and people will be able to enjoy the distant mountain and sea views.

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Hazy Forest: Centrifugal Growth of Landscape Student: MA Duo Project site: Cyberport Waterfront Park Instructor: JIANG Bin The future city may be a hazy forest, where the buildings are as open as forests, blurring the boundaries between architecture and landscape. The proposed buildings are connected by air corridors and MIC cubes each with composite functions, which “explode” the typical building skin. The structure grows and extends to the wharf, increasing the vertical space of the landscape, and enriching the outdoor experience.

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Seagull‘s Home

Student: YU Fengzhu Project site: Cyberport Waterfront Park Instructor: JIANG Bin Gulls hover over the sea near Cyberport, but rarely move in the waters near the shore. For the gulls, the shore is entirely human, leaving them without a home. This design presents an opportunity for both people and gulls to have a home close to the shore and allow the gulls a space for themselves.

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Analysis Waterfall Bay: The Shifting Role of Water Assets in Waterfall Bay Student:

CHEANG Brian GU Xiang Lindsay HUANG Sizheng Estelle LIU Jialu Anne

Instructor:

TRUMPF Susanne

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Relationships Inherited: Remnants Of Activities Along Ma Liu Hoy Student: CHEANG Brian Project site: Waterfall Bay Instructor: TRUMPF Susanne Historical activities and their remnants unfold along the Ma Liu Hoy watercourse that empties into Waterfall Bay. There is great reliance on external inputs, resulting in the loss of the unique, dynamic character offered by the landscape. The interventions challenge the coexistence of practices and site limitations, introduce specificity, and build relationships within the area and surrounding city.

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Extracted Cultures

Student: PAN Yichang Project site: Waterfall Bay Instructor: TRUMPF Susanne Based around the redevelopment of Wah Fu Estate and the existing accessibility barriers around Waterfall Bay Park, this project aims to create a new, highly accessible community and cultural landscape by transforming the iconic structures of the Wah Fu Estate. The transformation of the waterfront landscape ultimately brings a new and continuous landscape experience to the community and Coastal Trail.

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Renaturalizing Boundary

Student: WANG Chunyi Project site: Deep Water Bay Instructor: TRUMPF Susanne At a popular beach in southern Hong Kong, once a dynamic intertidal delta, valley waters are now channelized and diverted underground to release directly into the ocean. This project uses granite slabs to modify the shore and blur the artificial and the natural. The new coastline slowly creates an opportunity for flora and fauna to settle and root helping to protect the coast from storm surge.

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Symbiotic Landscape

Student: TANG Chun Wah Richard Project site: Deep Water Bay Instructor: TRUMPF Susanne This project develops a number of coastal stabilization techniques in Deep Water Bay to reduce the damage caused by storm erosion and floods. These techniques avoid the use of concrete to create more resilient coastlines. Through this design we can imagine a future of inclusivity and synergy between people and the environment that can be inspired by designs ingrained in biophilic technologies.

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Analysis Repulse Bay: Slope Management as Key Factor: Land Degradation

by Soil Erosion Student:

LUO Yujun Julia WONG Wae Ki Sammi YAU Hoi Ying Ariel

Instructor:

VALIN Ivan

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Bridging the Repulse Bay

Student: YAU Hoi Ying Ariel Project site: Waterfall Bay Instructor: VALIN Ivan This proposal explores the potential of LiDAR and visual access analysis to investigate and bridge a gap in public access to the waterfront, through the positioning of a lightweight deck structure. The pilings of the 3m wide path are designed to enhance shallow water coastal habitat while the canopy and screens are designed with reference to historic beach pavilions and assembled to resist wind and wave action during storm events.

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Elevated Habitat

Student: LEUNG Hoi Kiu Kathy Project site: Stanley Instructor: KOKORA Michael Stanley has a long and tortuous coastline, rich natural woodland habitats, and densely populated residential buildings. In recent years, rapid urban development, marine pollution, and extreme weather conditions have threatened this place. This project proposes addressing these threats through the connection and integration of habitats along existing water courses in Stanley.

These new ecological corridors will connect a variety of habitats from upland hills to the coast.

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Glitching Landscapes

Student: TSUI Ho Yin Tony Project site: Stanley Instructor: KOKORA Michael Existing fragments of the coastal trail offer walking connections but few places to stop and see beyond the dense coastal vegetation and celebrate views of the South China Sea. The goal of this project is to enhance, celebrate and complement the existing qualities of the trail rather than introduce completely new, unreal programmes. The project would continue to investigate ways to reconnect these ‘divisions’.

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Tai Tam: A Summary of Environmental Factors Affecting Mangrove Stand Health Student:

JING Chen LIU Xin WONG Ka Ki Anais

Instructor:

TRUMPF Susanne

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Traversing Habitats

Student: LIU Xin Project site: Tai Tam Instructor: TRUMPF Susanne There are rich habitats within the area surrounding the Tai Tam Tuk Reservoir.

The existing trail ignores this staying far away from the natural resources. This project instead takes advantage of the site’s existing structure and invites tourists to experience various diverse habitats without excessive interventions.

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Transforming the Old Coast Student: LIANG Wanying Project site: Tai Tam Instructor: VALIN Ivan This project proposes the simultaneous restoration of mangrove habitat and reorganization of tourism development in the area surrounding Tai Tam Tuk Village.

Light structures serving as jetties are added along village shores to increase sedimentation in the shallow intertidal zones while maintaining villager access to navigation channels. A marine plaza and enlarged coastal path are moved southward towards open-water edge conditions, reducing the human pressure on ecologically sensitive bay areas.

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The Moving Shore

Student: CHUNG Pui Yu Ada Project site: Tai Tam Instructor: TRUMPF Susanne Tai Tam Tuk Reservoir is a place where villagers and nature coexist, however recently more conflict has arisen between them. In order to develop a more sustainable landscape for better ecological infrastructure and social interaction, the interventions reuse abandoned structures letting the mudflats invade the artificial shore reshaping the edge.

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Pumping Station Museum and Park Student: SHIU Shuk Man Katie Project site: Tai Tam Instructor: VALIN Ivan One of the historic structures in Tai Tam, the ‘Pumping Station’, is repurposed and reimagined as a ‘museum of water infrastructure’ related and connected to the Tai Tam Reservoir System. Bringing the public to the water involves the conversion of the parking lot into a larger and more accessible public plaza. New coastal access points and facilities along Tai Tam Tuk Road will foster opportunities for more public recreation and small-scale commercial opportunities in the village.

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Analysis Shek O: Habitat Connectivity and Visual Impact Analysis Student:

LAI Tsz Kwan Zero LIU Jiani Vicki SHAO Yuqin YANG Zihan

Instructor:

KOKORA Michael

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The Path of Light: How to Create Contrast Student: SHAO Yuqin Project site: Dragon’s Back Instructor: KOKORA Michael Shek O is a popular hiking site with many trails in the area, however some sections of the trail do not have adequate facilities.

During the daytime, there is no shaded respite from the scorching sun, whereas at night the entire trail is barely lit. There is a strong contrast between underexposure and overexposure. The question is asked: ‘How can we balance this phenomenon and at the same time create a new contrast?’

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Revealing Multiple Grounds: Addition & Subtraction Student: LUN Zhentong Ellen Project site: Cape D’aguilar Instructor: KOKORA Michael Through weathering, erosion, and sedimentation the granite of Shek O is shaped by its surrounding complex geographic environment. Sea breeze, water flow, and microorganisms influence the ground and over time, the surface erodes to different degrees. The movement of water and soil reveals and exposes sublayer structures and under the action of sedimentation, new soil and plants grow.

Some elements of the site are dying and fading, and some other new structures are growing.

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Dynamic Linkage: Stream Restoration in Shek O Student: CHAN Tsz Yan Natalie Project site: Shek O Instructor: TRUMPF Susanne Water sustains life and civilization. This project regards water as a resource and driver to design sustainable landscapes for humans, wildlife, and the environment.

It focuses on negotiating the management of natural water resources and artificial catchments through analyzing and reconsidering creative water management strategies within the village communities through a series of interconnected projects that use design strategies to improve the water quality and reveal the characteristic landscapes of Shek O.

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Analysis Big Wave Bay: Tracking the Path of a Typhoon Student:

LEUNG Tsz Long QI Yuan XIANG Linyu ZHU Junyan

Instructor:

KOKORA Michael

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Through Coast and Cliffs: Carving for Wanderers Student: XIANG Linyu Project site: Big Wave Bay Instructor: KOKORA Michael Against the background of the South China sea along the eastern cliff, rock carvings left mystical messages of wandering. These ancient carvings inspire us to explore along this rocky coast, building off this legacy of curiosity we carved a horizontal trail. The horizontal carving out of rock and earth creates subtle pathways and routes for further exploration.

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Dual Water Corridor: A Strategic Hydrological Approach Student: YEUNG Hei Marco Project site: Big Wave Bay Instructor: KOKORA Michael Surrounded by Mount Collinson and Pottinger Peak, the unique geographic location of Big Wave Bay allows hikers journeying from Pottinger Peak Country Trail to enjoy an unparalleled scenic experience.

Two signature hiking trails are proposed for the 15-hectare site. These interventions can help to better manage the watershed, to enrich the local ecological value, and to improve the living conditions in the area.

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Project Haven

Student: TANG Chi Tat Project site: Chai Wan Instructor: REN Chao The core idea of this project is the reactivation and transformation of the Chai Wan Cargo Handling Area into a new waterfront promenade through the promotion of water-friendly culture, creation of public open spaces and implementation of ecological educational services. An ‘Aqua-market’ for nearby residents, ‘Aquametro’ for loading logistic, ‘Aqua-garden’ an aquatic care taking centre, ‘Aqua-transit’ a transition bridge as well as new public berths for dragon boating.

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The Equal Coast

Student: HO Po Yu Project site: Chai Wan Instructor: REN Chao The ‘Equal Coast’ is a waterfront park design that proposes a space centered on facilities that are considerate of people with visual impairments and empathy simulated design. Various types of materials were selected to create an immersive touch-based landscape. Landscape zones based on emotions were identified and manipulated, where each zone was differentiated through the use of material.

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Analysis Heng Fa Chuen: A Song of Typhoon and Sea

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Students:

LI Qinyu Rainie SONG Ziqi Sally YIM Wan Ting Hannah

Instructor:

REN Chao

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Metropolitan Reverberation Student: YIM Wan Ting Hannah Project site: Sai Wan Ho Instructor: REN Chao The sound environment has a typically unrecognized impact on our mental wellbeing, contributing significantly to our overall quality of life. Shau Kei Wan was used as a reference point to enhance soundscapes in outdoor places, particularly in and surrounding noise-sensitive zones, by introducing, amplifying, and projecting natural resources to alleviate noise pollution.

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Conversations The panel discussion discussed the goals, ambitions, and possibilities a Coastal Trail could enable around Hong Kong Island.

The panellists were asked to respond to the core topics introduced during the event: ‘Community & Equity,’ ‘Form & Materiality’, ‘Global Warming & Sea Level Rise’ and ‘Biodiversity & Ecology’.

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Introduction:

Landscape Peripheries Ivan Valin Associate Professor of Practice, Head Division of Landscape Architecture

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‘I will provide the necessary context for this studio and outline our objectives with the students but also the project.

This studio was initiated in the spring of 2021. The main challenge was the inability to travel, which is a fundamental aspect of our curriculum for this type of studio. Consequently, we had to explore intriguing and intricate sites within Hong Kong and assign our students a large-scale landscape planning project cantered around this location. This led to the conception of the Coastal Trail. One of our key objectives in these studios is to leverage small incremental changes to create more significant impacts on the landscape. This project seemed ideal for that purpose. The sites we encountered along the edge of Hong Kong were particularly interesting. Some of these natural areas have been claimed and utilized by individuals without adhering to any specific regulations, and in some cases, even against the law. Behind the fences, we discovered wild and untouched sites. The trail we designed serves as a unifying force, connecting these pockets of wilderness.

With that in mind, we deliberately chose to focus on the less developed sites in southern Hong Kong, rather than the urban Victoria Harbour waterfront. This intentional selection allowed us to view 105

these sites as our canvas for exploration.

As mentioned earlier, the primary aim of this studio is to capitalize on the momentum of the Coastal Trail Initiative and utilize it as a catalyst for change.

The team at Designing Hong Kong has been instrumental in this regard, as they have mapped and highlighting potential intervention sites. Their work showcased not only the trail itself but also the rich cultural and natural artifacts that can be found alongside it. This was an inspiration for us, as it prompted us to view this studio not solely as a trail project but as an opportunity to initiate a series of landscape-based interventions throughout the city. During our exploration, we delved into various aspects, including culture, nature, economy, and community.

While our primary focus was on Hong Kong Island, it is worth noting that many of the systems we mapped have relevance beyond and extend to the repository, effectively connecting with the diversity and richness that defines Hong Kong. As we progress, we will address a range of issues and delve deeper into these topics.’

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Community activities along Sandy Bay Waterfront image credit: LIU Xueming

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Conversation Part I:

Community & Equity Introduction by Bin Jiang Associate Professor Division of Landscape Architecture

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‘To discuss the community and the issues, I believe this is one of the most crucial aspects across our studio teaching.

Living in Hong Kong, you’ll notice that the ocean and waterfront aren’t just physical environments; they also symbolize social status and accessibility to ocean views, mountains, and various public and private spaces. In fact, these elements accurately indicate social status, living conditions, and other information.

When comparing Hong Kong’s housing conditions to those of other major cities worldwide, you’ll observe that Hong Kong faces a significant social and income segregation issue. While there’s a magnificent side to the city, which we can call Site A, there’s also a relatively unpleasant and depressing side. We can examine these contrasting aspects in detail. For instance, we have high-end residential and recreational areas, but we also have waterfront areas lacking infrastructure or facilities, preventing people from enjoying their surroundings.

Moreover, pollution is a problem in many locations. Accessibility also varies greatly across communities, and we’re missing numerous opportunities to connect people with the waterfront. However, institutional boundaries often hinder these connections. Some popular spots have been developed by the government 109

or professional designers, leading to beautiful ocean views. We encouraged our students to explore these areas and discover promising opportunities for improvement. Unfortunately, the treatment of the waterfront is often unequal, with many engineering solutions designed for function rather than for people’s enjoyment. Many areas in Hong Kong still lack the attention, resources, and financial support needed to implement these proposals. As a result, residents try to make the most of every opportunity to enjoy life, but there’s a pressing need to provide better spaces for them.’

Michael Kokora: After working with our students and their ideas, as critics we have been waiting to engage in a participatory dialogue and discuss the ideas with the public. For me, the question is how the coastal trail can be a catalyst for transformations in the community and addressing issues of inequality that are so severe in the city?

Chao Ren: Peter, I recall one of your research projects that explored hidden spaces, with the intention to renovate and repurpose them.

Peter Ferretto: I have a little provocation based on that: I always wonder why people don’t hang out in places that are designed. They pick these informal spots because they can fish there. It made me think of the coastal areas where I grew up in Italy, where design is different from, for example, Barcelona, where everything is designed. In my opinion, it’s the small, inconspicuous design aspect that I find intriguing and relatable in Hong Kong, as it is something people can connect with.

I’ve seen some beautiful projects in the exhibition that accompanies that talk, but I wonder if they are designed a little too much? I’m wondering how we can maintain that level of serendipity and

subtlety, not being in the foreground.

What is so beautiful about Hong Kong’s public spaces is that they are half infrastructure, half unintentional design, with a touch of design by accident.

When I was examining residual spaces in Hong Kong, I found that the interesting point was the temporality. Designing with time in mind, rather than patterning things, allows for temporary elements to be incorporated. My question revolves around this small touch and the question of temporality.

Michael Kokora: I think it is a relevant question to address use.

Debra Tan: I’d like to respond to two points mentioned earlier. I work in the water risk space, and water risk is increasing as climate change escalates. To give a quick overview, we are currently at 1.2 degrees of warming. Our target was 1.5 degrees by 2100, so technically, we are 80% of the way there. And there’s a 50% chance we’ll reach 2.5 degrees by 2026, which is just three years away. Due to climate change, some of the spaces you mention may not be available to us sooner than we think. Designing temporary and smallscale resilient spaces might enable us to make better use of certain areas that will not be accessible in the future due 110

to storms, sea-level rise, and so on. The poorer population is disproportionately affected by climate change, as they spend all their life savings on products that will become obsolete in the face of climate impacts. To address this, we would like to see designs that consider these issues. That’s where the big “D” type of design could come in handy.

From this perspective, we could address inequality while incorporating a temporal but long-term approach to design. This, of course, would vary depending on the specific site.

Paul Zimmermann: Within the 63 or more kilometers of coastline, Victoria Harbour is where the man-made extensions are, as most of it is reclaimed land. That part of the waterfront, I believe, is somewhat equalized, as it is public and accessible to people of all backgrounds. Unlike other places where waterfronts are highly privatized, most parts of the Hong Kong Island waterfront are entirely public, with some exceptions like in Tai Tam. We have public housing estates like Wah Fu, which I would love to have a flat in, right on the waterfront. In future, private property may not be as prevalent. Interventionwise, areas at the waterfront, particularly in Victoria Harbour, require a lot of attention, mainly aimed at removing 111

obstructions like car parks to create more space for people. On the south side, waterfronts can be footpaths or natural trails, as they currently are. The question is whether we should touch them at all.

But as more people start using these spaces, there may be capacity issues requiring intervention.

Michael Chan: Actually, I’m not a professional in this area; I’m just a user. I enjoy hiking on the trails in Hong Kong, and I live in Stanley. I’ve noticed that many people hike in the area, especially during holidays. I used to hike around the island, but some areas are not as convenient, like the route from Stanley to Tai Tam, towards the catchwater. I’ve seen some great ideas from your students, including pictures and trails in newly developed areas, which are excellent concepts.

My concern, however, is maintenance.

In Stanley, there’s a problem with wild boars. I’m not sure if you’re aware of this phenomenon, but many fallen trees occur because the boars eat the roots of the plants.

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Mills and Chung Path image credit: KOKORA Michael

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Conversation Part II:

Form & Materiality Introduction by Michael Kokora Adjunct Associate Professor Division of Landscape Architecture

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‘Let’s take Mills and Chung Path as an example: The structure was, I believe, built in the late ‘80s as an electrical conduit. Since it had to be constructed and maintained, they decided to make it a path for people to use as well, which is great. However, it’s quite utilitarian despite being located along one of the most spectacular waterfronts in the world. Perhaps there’s an opportunity for a blend of big “D” and little “D” design here. The trails along catchwaters are another interesting example of found spaces. These repurposed pieces of infrastructure have their value, and in some cases, I prefer these trails to those in Tai Tam Country Park, which are essentially paved roads. There are moments in Hong Kong’s landscape that could benefit from both big and small “D” design. For instance, a guard rail doesn’t have to look like the one on Mills and Chung Path; it could be a slender line with a light touch. These projects may include merging human-made materials with natural elements or creating simple benches or pavilions that contrast with the typical concrete pagodas found on Hong Kong trails. Our students have had some success in creating prototypes that give trails a sense of identity in a different way.’

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Peter Ferretto: I’ve been thinking about how we can take these fantastic, pure, and well-integrated ideas done in the university context and move them to the next stage, rather than letting them remain on paper or in exhibitions.

How can universities and governments work together to implement these projects? I recently watched a lecture by a philanthropist who has created a foundation that does precisely this.

They collaborate with universities and governments to implement such projects, often involving students in the process.

Even if it’s just a small part, it sets the ball rolling and inspires others. How can we bridge the gap between universities and governments to bring these creative and valuable projects to life?

Chao Ren: Let me provide some insight into our design studio, as this session focuses on forms and materials. In our studio, we allocate about one-third of the time for students to visit the site, understand its context, features, materials, and even identify their design “clients,” such as frogs, butterflies, birds, or wild boars.

We ask them to consider what an ideal landscape design would be for these creatures, rather than focusing solely on people. This approach allows students to appreciate the natural landscape and

develop an understanding of biodiversity and change, rather than merely creating artificial spaces. Our design studio is enriched by the students’ experiences onsite and we learn from their inspirational ideas about design and how to respond to the natural environment.

Paul Zimmermann: The Chief Executive has committed to the Coastal Trail Initiative, ensuring funding and organizational support. The Invigorating South Island Office and the Development Bureau are now responsible for implementing the Policy Address. The challenge lies in inspiring the office to go beyond merely fixing minor issues. They are focused on practical solutions and quickly implementing known strategies.

While these base-level improvements are necessary, we must also aim for more significant changes. The goal should be to create accessible, understandable presentations that anyone, not just architects or academics, can comprehend. To achieve this, we must become activists and advocates for our ideas, finding ways to sell them to a broader audience. Experimentation is essential, but we must also acknowledge and work within limitations to create inspiring yet practical designs. A relevant example is the Tai Tam Dam project, 116

where an architect’s proposal for a new bridge gained widespread support and prompted the government to implement a traffic light solution they had previously refused. This showcases the power of academic institutions and the importance of practicality and promoting student ideas. We must act with urgency to seize this opportunity and bring about meaningful change.

Michael Kokora: Regarding the students’ work, the goal isn’t necessarily to implement a specific design, but rather to initiate a discussion and collaboration. We’ve made some progress in this area, as HKU has been invited to be a stakeholder in the project, allowing us to have a voice and review consultants’ proposals and ideas. This enables us to critique and provide input on the project’s direction.

However, there are alternative design approaches beyond the traditional clientarchitect relationship. For instance, we can create a process that welcomes and invites the community, other designers, and educational institutions into the conversation. We have spent three years working on this project and believe that a more collaborative and inclusive design process is essential. Ultimately, it’s about finding a different mode of working, especially for a project like this.

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Peter Ferretto: I believe the government is open to more collaborative approaches, as evidenced by the Countryside Conservation Office’s willingness to work with universities on projects. These projects, often funded substantially with budgets ranging from three to ten million, allow student-led research initiatives to be implemented. Although the Countryside Conservation Office is a separate government body, we are speaking a similar language in terms of collaboration and creative ambition.

Why can’t we apply this approach to other projects as well? Even if it’s not the implementation of the entire project, contributing a significant component can help create a broader vision and inspire more innovative solutions.

Ivan Valin: I believe it’s time to consider a more ethical approach to design and implementation. Instead of focusing solely on implementing a specific design, we could establish standards for material usage, such as avoiding concrete or materials that release toxins into the environment. Additionally, we could incorporate elements that provide or connect habitats, ensuring a more sustainable and eco-friendly design.

Beyond the design itself, we can integrate these ideas and challenges into the

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project briefs, if they haven’t already been included.

Debra Tan: When discussing climate change, I think we often forget that Hong Kong is comprised of over 200 islands. Yet, we don’t seem to be raising awareness about the potential loss of these islands, similar to the situation in Fiji and the Maldives. I would love to see the coastal trail become an educational exercise that highlights the imminent threat of climate change and its impact on our relationship with the sea. Considering the current trajectory, we could experience a sea level rise of two meters or more by 2100, or even as early as 2060 if the West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapses. While this would undoubtedly be devastating, it also presents an opportunity to rethink urban design in a more challenging environment and explore new materials and technologies. For instance, we now have pavements that can generate power, and certain types of concrete can absorb carbon. The government could promote the use of these innovations as part of their efforts to create a greener Hong Kong and better prepare the city for the future challenges presented by climate change.

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Paul Zimmermann: There are several challenge areas, such as Heng Fa Chuen, Kennedy Town, and Deepwater Bay. For instance, Deepwater Bay’s golf club was inundated during typhoon Mangkhut, and the road was affected as well. Since there is no footpath in that area, any redesign would need to involve the golf club, road, and beach. The golf club’s lease will be up for renewal in two years, making this an opportune time to implement a new plan that includes potential setbacks and temporary use of the car park area.

This would require an integrated design approach. In Kennedy Town, people are taking pictures on the road, which presents a safety hazard. There’s a need for improvements along the waterfront, as well as a seawall. By considering sea level rise and identifying locations that require interventions, we can create more resilient designs that address current issues while keeping future challenges in mind.

Debra Tan: I would like to emphasize that this issue is not limited to Heng Fa Chuen. It will likely impact other areas, including Central. While we can manage storm surges to some extent, permanent inundation presents a whole new set of challenges that we need to prepare for.

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Shek O Road after typhoon Mangkhut, 2018 image credit: KOKORA Michael

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Conversation Part III:

Global Warming & Sea Level Rise Introduction by Chao Ren Associate Professor Division of Landscape Architecture

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‘I joined the studio in 2021, primarily due to my expertise in climate change and climate resilience design. I thought it would be appropriate to integrate global warming and sea level rise issues into our design studio’s work. And as Debra mentioned, sea level rise poses a significant threat in the near future, in addition to global warming. Many areas across Hong Kong will be submerged due to sea level rise, revealing the vulnerability of our coastal areas. If we consider a two to three-meter increase in sea level, the issue becomes even more pressing. During the typhoon season, strong typhoons and storm surges exacerbate the problem in these coastal areas, including Central, Causeway Bay, and Wan Chai. In 2018, Typhoon Mangkhut wreaked havoc in Hong Kong, causing severe damage in Heng Fa Chuen, an incident which was both shocking and unexpected. Following the typhoon, extensive damage, debris, and issues were apparent in the coastal areas.

The government has primarily taken an engineering approach to strengthen the coastline and infrastructure. However, we need to explore new ideas and ways to address climate change and sea level rise issues. For example, the Dutch have developed innovative solutions, such as the Katwijk Park, which uses parking and 123

sand dunes as a coastal defense. This project, referenced by Paul, demonstrates how redesigning waterfront areas can create interesting spaces for recreation while addressing sea level rise. It also serves as a buffer zone between the coastline and residential areas. In our studio, students conduct site analyses to understand the situation in places like Deepwater Bay. They identify problematic areas, potential risks, and factors such as tidal and wind directions. One design proposal involves transforming Deepwater Bay by placing roads in tunnels, reducing the impact on groundlevel spaces while addressing traffic issues. Another project by our studio team involves creating interactive models that reflect a more creative approach to addressing sea level rise. This particular project focused on designing spaces for visually impaired individuals, promoting social equity and considering the needs of people with disabilities. Ultimately, our goal is to encourage innovative and thoughtful design solutions that address the challenges of climate change and sea level rise while also fostering a greener and more inclusive Hong Kong.’

Underground Parking Katwijk aan Zee / Royal Haskoning DHV Image credit: Luuk Kramer / Archdaily

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Chi Tat Tang (MLA1 Student in 2022, outlining his project from the audience): In studio, we started with small design interventions. The first one was aimed at helping fishermen send their fish to the fish market more efficiently. After that, we went back to the site and thought about its potential and how we could benefit the surrounding residents. In our final design, we came up with several clusters. Some of these clusters function as aqua-nurseries, where fishermen can bring in their catch and take care of small fish. This also provides an educational aspect for learning about marine life.

Chao Ren: The project also demonstrates the adoption of the sponge city concept to improve local urban infrastructure and address inland flooding issues, as my studio primarily focuses on climateresilient design. In Heng Fa Chuen for example, we consider how rainwater collection can be integrated into existing infrastructure to enhance our ability to mitigate flooding.

Paul Zimmermann: Katwijk aan Zee (in the Netherlands) for example is a waterfront that used to have extensive car parking.

Now, the car parking is located beneath the dunes, effectively concealing it from the view. This arrangement has several 125

benefits, including increased parking capacity, removal of cars from the road, and the added protection against sea level rise offered by the dunes. I would like to see this approach applied to Deepwater Bay, integrating the golf course, road, parking, beach facilities, and other elements into a comprehensive solution for the area. Similarly, this concept could also be applied to the Shek O car park, as well as other waterfront areas. By integrating our thinking and devising innovative solutions, we can effectively address the challenges posed by sea level rise and other climate change-related issues.

Susanne Trumpf: This project has been a topic of several discussions, and I believe it is an innovative solution.

However, I wonder if our students can think beyond that. How can we move past strictly engineering solutions? I am not suggesting that this is merely an engineering solution, but can we reconsider cars and the space they occupy? We want our students to contemplate how to elevate from solutions that merely provide answers to those that create opportunities transcending the initial problem. And of course, this is challenging. But the question here is: where do we begin

when making a substantial gesture, such as designing a large-scale revitalization or reshaping an entire area? Beyond economic concerns, we must also consider the costs in terms of natural resources and material footprint. How do we determine which solutions are radical?

Perhaps a small, radical solution might not rely on engineering opportunities but instead require us to draw a line between what must be done and where we can step back as users and designers.

Jiang Bin: I believe this is quite an inspiring introduction to the issue at hand. Upon reflection, it makes me consider the role of the landscape architect in this system.

To be honest, if we conduct such an analysis from the beginning, we might realize that our planning has sometimes been too aggressive. Building in the wrong places, such as the Heng Fa Chuen area, is an example of being overly aggressive with nature. As landscape architects, rather than merely fixing problems, we should be involved in the early stages of planning. Unfortunately, our profession’s importance is sometimes overlooked.

unique approach to teaching. Alongside teaching my students the theories and methods of my field, I assigned them a final project that required them to engage with the community through presentations or dialogues with various groups. I propose that you consider implementing a similar assignment or even a mid-term project in your curriculum. This could involve engaging with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that aid the underprivileged, disabled individuals, or those involved in environmental conservation. By doing so, you can effectively explore the role of architecture and design in these areas without overstepping boundaries or claiming that they provide the sole solution.

Jiang Bin: I am not suggesting that we necessarily take charge of the project.

However, I believe it’s important for us to have a say from the very beginning, before the buildings are constructed and the transportation system is finalized. It’s not ideal to invite landscape architects only after everything is in place and expect them to fix any issues that arise.

In this regard, I think Ivan is doing an excellent job leading our division and Michael Rivera (comment from the audience): I am an working on making changes to the archaeologist and heritage expert. In one stages and positioning of Landscape of my courses at HKU, I incorporated a Architecture. By being involved earlier 126

in the process, we can ensure a more harmonious integration of our expertise and avoid potential problems down the line.

Debra Tan: I find it truly inspiring to see students taking climate change and drainage into consideration, rather than treating the landscape as an afterthought in the design process.

As we all know, planning is essential for successful adaptation, and nature-based solutions will play an increasingly significant role in coastal defences. It’s commendable that we’ve been able to help several corporations achieve water neutrality, which is becoming increasingly important in the field of water management.

Many of these corporations have assets in Hong Kong, and they must now focus on replenishing local watersheds. From the exhibits I saw [in the exhibition], it’s evident that you’re also exploring ways to rechannel water and rehabilitate small watersheds along coastal trails.

Perhaps this approach could be expanded into larger projects, creating water infrastructure inland through drainage footpaths, for example. We must acknowledge that our natural water habitats are dwindling, and 127

much of our interaction with streams now occurs through drainage systems.

Integrating these concepts into coastal trail designs could provide a valuable opportunity for further innovation and preservation.

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View across Waterfall Bay and East Lamma Channel image credit: TRUMPF Susanne

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Conversation Part IV:

Biodiversity & Ecology Introduction by Susanne Trumpf Senior Lecturer Division of Landscape Architecture

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‘I wanted to discuss biodiversity and ecology, particularly from the perspective that many of our designs primarily serve human needs and often neglect support for nature. To begin, I’d like to reference a map, which highlights Hong Kong’s green spaces. Interestingly, most of these spaces are human-made rather than naturally occurring. Despite this, Hong Kong is frequently referred to as the most biodiverse city globally. This raises a question on how our built environments negatively impact and influence biodiversity.

Together with our students, we have been studying the city’s rich habitats, such as Tai Tam which is home to the last remnants of natural mangroves on Hong Kong Island. We’ve also examined areas where human-made structures and native species coexist and codevelop. Our aim is to encourage students to prioritize ecology and biodiversity in their designs, considering the existing environment and addressing climate change. For instance, we’ve explored alternative approaches to waterfront edges in anticipation of rising sea levels. We have explored how these spaces can serve purposes beyond pedestrian connections, but function as infrastructure for habitats.

By examining inland watersheds, such as the now diminished steam leading to 131

Waterfall Bay, we gain insight into the aggressive changes that have occurred due to human intervention. Our students examined the entire stream, focusing on the coastal edge and the interaction between freshwater and saltwater.

To better understand these complex environments, we’ve sent students to collect detailed LiDAR scans of specific sites. These scans were later used to build models with digital fabrication tools such as 3D printing and CNC modelling, creating precise representations of each site and create focused interventions.

As these environments are constantly changing due to natural forces, erosion, and climate change, we must ask ourselves: who is our true client in these scenarios? How can we design with biodiversity in mind, advocate for its preservation, and incorporate these considerations from the project’s earliest stages?’

habitat map from: Kwong et al. (2022). A MultiStage Approach Combining Very High-Resolution Satellite Image, GIS Database and Post-Classification Modification Rules for Habitat Mapping in Hong Kong. Remote Sensing, 14(1), 67.

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Paul Zimmermann: Do you have any detailed information on biodiversity hotspots?

Michael Kokora: As the map illustrates, there is a straightforward differentiation between urban and green areas. I would agree that within those green areas, we are likely to discover key biodiversity hotspots.

Susanne Trumpf: During our studio sessions, we looked into the various concepts that may define biodiversity hotspots.

For example, one could consider the observation of a certain occurrence of butterflies in a specific area as a hotspot.

But we also observed how nature adapts and flourishes in seemingly inhospitable environments, such as the concrete coastline of Tai Tam, where mangroves have begun to grow. Thus, there are areas certainly worth protecting, but we should also draw inspiration from nature’s resilience and ability to overcome aggressive infrastructure, creating hybrid environments that incorporate both natural and human-made elements.

Michael Kokora: Although these areas might not be considered hotspots at present, we have discovered potential hotspots where all necessary conditions exist, with the exception of one key aspect. By 133

modifying this single element, we can create a significant opportunity. Even on a micro-scale, we’ve observed that in some catchwater channels, portions of the concrete at the bottom have been removed, leaving rocky areas where water tends to accumulate and form small oases. Surprisingly, fish and other organisms can be found in these tiny water pockets that persist for several weeks after a rainstorm. This immediately suggests the possibility of micro-scale porosity along the catchwater channels.

Not only do these features provide crucial protection for the city and the road below against flooding, but they also create unique microhabitats that can support various species.

Peter Ferretto: While we have been discussing the trail and its various possibilities, I have been pondering whether incorporating events and programs into the design might be a valuable addition.

For example, with biodiversity, we could consider organizing events such as farming activities in which people can participate. Designing the space is only half the task; we must also consider the activities that will take place there.

It is not just about the views, but also about how people interact with and become connected to the space. When

people visit these locations and discover incredible restaurants or meet others who share their interests, they develop a sense of belonging to the place. How can we design events for this trail that encourage such connections and foster meaningful experiences? Was this something that you have discussed or considered?

Susanne Trumpf: We have indeed discussed that idea. Currently, we are working in small subgroups, engaging with the community, for example with an environmental education centre.

This collaboration has grown out of conversations with them about our student’s work. We have become involved in their educational activities and gardening projects, which represents a small-scale approach. Some of our students have also begun to explore how we can introduce such ideas more broadly. The initial focus may not be on something extraordinary, but rather on raising awareness within the community and showcasing the largely unknown biodiversity hotspots at the microscale.

The challenge lies in finding effective ways to communicate these valuable aspects of the environment.

Jiang Bin: Our discussions on the ecological aspects have been quite enlightening, and they have inspired my students in various ways. For instance, one student challenged the landscape design of Cyberport, a residential area featuring a clean, open, American-style lawn.

However, this area could instead promote high biodiversity by incorporating native plant and tree species from Hong Kong.

Another student suggested that we should not solely focus on the marine ecosystem but consider it as part of a larger, interconnected system stretching from the mountains to the oceanfront.

In this context, we need to examine the connections, structure, and framework of this ecosystem, going beyond simple linear spaces to explore matrices, patches, and corridors. I believe that expanding the scope of our investigations in this manner has been quite beneficial to both the project and the studio overall.

Debra Tan: Indeed, by nurturing opportunities for creation, allowing people to partake, learn - even delve into farming activities - we inherently promote and encourage biodiversity.

Chao Ren: We had for example students who suggested to introduce bee farming. They

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explored how to incorporate this concept into country parks, with an educational component being an integral part of the program.

Susanne Trumpf: Indeed, there are numerous examples of such informal and grassroots approaches scattered throughout the island. When we visited these sites with our students, we observed people constructing informal terraces with stone walls and planting papaya trees, tending to them and eventually harvesting the fruit. This brings us back to the fundamental question raised by Peter at the beginning: What is our role in all of this? As educators, we teach our students to conduct site visits and gather in-detail information. However, I believe that there is a level of detail and dedication that cannot be fully captured in this manner, such as the personal investment in creating a small, informal garden with papaya trees. As a result, we must also consider our role in the design and implementation process, and how we can best contribute to these endeavours.

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Concluding Comments – Coastal Trail Futures Paul Zimmermann: With Designing Hong Kong and Trail Watch, both are organizations I’m personally involved in, and as a District Councillor, I have three main objectives. With Trail Watch, we encourage people to run and hike on the trails, promoting their use while also taking photographs and organizing events to generate interest and create visuals. From Designing Hong Kong’s perspective, we monitor improvement projects and hold the government accountable to ensure progress is made.

Today’s discussion has elevated these ideas to a new level, making me realize there’s much more we can do. Our goal is to move beyond the basics and push these initiatives to the next level, implementing all these fantastic ideas.

Comment from the audience: Reflecting on the history of this project, the idea of a trail goes back around 30 years to an organization called the Harbour Business Forum. It was initiated by HSBC and focused on the Victoria Harbour waterfront. Surveys conducted at that time revealed that Hong Kong

residents wanted to walk and cycle all the way around the island’s waterfronts, including in Kowloon. What we learned from inviting international experts to Hong Kong was the importance of persistence. I remember someone from Vancouver spoke at a presentation attended by Carrie Lam, who was then in the development sector. He mentioned that their project was almost finished, and when asked how long it had been ongoing, he replied that they had started in 1935. They had been working on it for 80 years, thanks to a dedicated mayor and continuous government support. Our challenge is going to be maintaining that level of commitment. The current person in charge is trying to accomplish the project in just four years, but there will undoubtedly be changes in leadership, and we should be looking 25 years ahead instead of just four. We need to promote this as a long-term project and encourage the individual leading it for the government to learn from the wealth of knowledge and ideas shared today.

Debra Tan: Indeed we must adopt a longterm perspective on the issue of climate change, as it will not disappear and will 136

likely worsen over time. However, this also presents numerous opportunities for maximizing and optimizing our current efforts. Perhaps initiating discussions on the topic is a good starting point, as it may lead to tangible developments in the future.

Peter Ferretto: Since you have the backing of an institution and momentum behind this project, I wonder if the next stage could be counterintuitive. Instead of doing what’s expected, like refining and producing more drawings, perhaps you could build a single, tangible example.

By constructing one pilot project that incorporates the community and other essential elements, people can see the results and be impressed by something different and outside the box.

Ivan Valin: I believe we have a duty to remain engaged with these issues, and there are several excellent ideas on how to accomplish that. It’s crucial to stay nimble and adaptable, and sometimes even stay ahead of the government in order to provide feedback and alternative solutions. We can achieve this through various methods, such as engaging with different sites, employing focused engagement groups, and collaborating with local communities outside the studio 137

setting. There are numerous opportunities to explore. It’s not solely the responsibility of universities, but also small and large firms to contribute to funding these projects and engagement exercises. This collective effort can help apply pressure on the government to approach these matters correctly in the future.

Paul Zimmermann: Thanks to the university for organizing this event. It’s truly inspirational.

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A glimpse of the future of the Landscape Peripheries Studio In the fall semester 2023 - 2024, the Coastal Trail Studio moved on to a new site, exploring the proposed Tuen Mun to Tsuen Kwan O Coastal Trail that connects Butterfly Beach in the West and the reclaimed developments along Junk Bay in the East. In this iteration, student did in-depth filed work on the trail between Tuen Mun and Tsuen Wan West.

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Landscape Peripheries Studios 2020 - 2022 We thank the Master of Landscape Architecture student cohorts of 2020, 2021 and 2022 for their ideas and contributions to this project.

Spring Semester 2020-21 Studio Coordinator: VALIN Ivan Instructors: TRUMPF Susanne KOKORA Michael Teaching Assistant: WANG Yadian Stundets: CHAN Tsz Yan Natalie CHENG Lai Wa Natalie FU Qiying FUNG Ngo Ching Louisa GU Jiangnan Silvia HUI Chun Sing JIA Yixin Becky LAI Chuxuan Cindy LAU Cheuk Ying Cherry LAW Pak Lun Parco LAW Tsz Ho Ivan

LEE Chi Hang Haven LI Xiangyi LIANG Wanying Wren LIU Zihan Shiny LO Sheung Miu Micky LU Minhui Chrystal LUO Yujun Julia MA On Ki Rachel NG Tsz Yan Tiffany NG Tsz Ying SHIU Shuk Man Katie SUN Shuyang TAN Zhiyu Anna TAO Ruimin Rae TSANG Ka Lai Lilian WANG Zhi WONG CARACCIOLI Brandon WONG Wae Ki Sammi WU Yan XIE Xiaoyu Moon YAU Hoi Ying Ariel YEUNG Hei Marco YU Xinke YUEN Lau Kwan Angel ZHANG Ziyi ZHAO Danlei ZHOU Hongqiao

Fall Semester 2021-22 Studio Coordinator: TRUMPF Susanne

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Instructors: JIANG Bin REN Chao KOKORA Michael Teaching Assistants: WANG Yadian LIU Xueming MA On Ki Rachel SUN Shuyang Students: CHAN Yee Kwan Yvonne CHEANG Brian CHEN Jingyi Jeccy CHONG Fu Chuen Ken CHUNG How Yu Jonathan FU Shiyi Andrianna GU Xiang Lindsay GUO Lifan Leah HAN Jinrui Jerry HU Xinyu HUANG Sizheng Estelle HUANG Xinjie Hedy JING Chen LAM Pui Kwan Candace LAU Fong Yui Yvonne LI Qinyu Rainie LIN Heimen Vanessa LIN Yunpei Constance LIN Zhuo Ran Lynn LIU Jialu Anne LIU Xin 143

LIU Yiding Valerie LOU Tongyao Vivienne LUN Zhentong Ellen MA Yuchen Kevin MAN Pak Him Jay MAN Ting Yan Natalie QIN Qianqian Rita SONG Ziqi Sally TANG Chun Wah Richard TSIM Yuenting Jessica TSUI Ho Yin Tony WANG Chunyi WONG Ka Ki Anais WU Ruoyu XIAO Xiangmei May YIM Wan Ting Hannah YU Qiuwan Estelle YUYU Deng Summer ZHAI Qifei Frances ZHOU Jingwen ZHOU Zhepeng ZHU Qianhong Ciara

Fall Semester 2022-23 Studio Coordinator: TRUMPF Susanne Instructors: JIANG Bin REN Chao KOKORA Michael

Teaching Assistants: FAN Man Si Phoebe LIU Xin TANG Chun Wah Richard TSUI Ho Yin Tony Students: CHAN Shu Fai Eddie CHAN King Yeung Mite CHEN Xiny CHU Kunyuan Rose CHUNG Pui Yu Ada DUO Ma HE Chengrong HO Dai Rong Heather HO Po Yu HU Hao Ran HUI Ka Wun Memphis HUI Sin Yee KONG Ho Hin Howie LAI Tsz Kwan Zero LAM Yuen Ching LEUNG Hoi Kiu Kathy LEUNG Tsz Long Anna LI William LIU Jiani Vicki LO Suet Wing Silvia LU Tong O’DELL Bradley David PAN Yichang Qi Yuan QIU Xinyun SHAO Yuqin

SHI Siyuan TANG Chi Tat TANG Haoran TANG Shiyi WANG Guoyi Gary WANG Pengtao WANG Xiaoqi WANG Xioayu WU Wen Yi XIANG Linyu XU Maoyang XU Shuying YANG Zi Han YU Fengzhu ZHOU Jian ZHOU Jiaxuan Crystal ZHU Junyan

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© 2023 Division of Landscape Architecture, The University of Hong Kong All Rights Reserved.

Cover and Section Graphics: LAM Anthony Design and Setting: TRUMPF Susanne Transcript and Proofreading: CHAN Shu Fai Eddie TRUMPF Susanne VALIN Ivan Exhibition Photos: APPLEBY Madison FAN Man Si Phoebe TRUMPF Susanne Photo Editing: TSUI Ho Yin Tony The Division of Landscape Architecture Faculty of Architecture 6/F, Knowles Building The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong www.arch.hku/programmes/dla hkulandscape hkulandscape