FayeTang
UD715:TheoriesandMethodsofUrbanDesign
CLAIM
Withrapidglobalurbanization,socialinequitiescausedbythegapbetweenrichandpoorandunevendevelopmentarebecoming moreandmoreserious,withinformalissuessuchasslumscomingtotheforefront.Slumsarecontiguoussettlementswherethe inhabitantsarecharacterizedashavinginadequatehousingandbasicservices.Slumsareoftennotrecognizedandaddressedbythe publicauthoritiesasintegralorequalpartsofthecity.[1]Theseresidentialareasareoftenfarfromtheformalstructuresinthecity,and differgreatlyinBuildingtypesandurbanfabric.
Slumshavebecomeanecessaryconsiderationinurbandevelopmentanddesignbecauseoftheireconomicandsocialimpactonthe city,andbecausepollution,diseaseandinsecurityareamongthemorevolatileelementsofthecity.Itisimportanttonotethatweare notonlyconcernedwithhousingandlivingenvironmentsforlow-incomepeople,butalsowithsocialissuessuchasinformalityinland, economyandcitizenship.
First,slum-dwellershavenolegalstatus.Theydonothavetherighttovoteormakedecisions,norcantheylegallyoccupyland,andare vulnerabletoeviction.Thismakesslumsoftenlocatedonhillsides,nearwaterwaysandtransportationinfrastructures,whicharevery dangerousandoftenaffectedbynaturaldisasterssuchasfloodsandlandslides[2] .
Slumsalsohaveaneconomicandsocialimpactonoverallurbandevelopment.Theresidentsdonothavelegalstatusandthe governmentcannotcollecttaxes;thepoorlivingconditionsintheslumsleadtofrequentdisastersandthegovernmenthastospenda largesumofmoneytoprovidemedicalattention[3].Atthesametime,thespreadofdiseaseandpollutionhasanimpactonotherparts ofthecity.
Therefore,there-planningofslumshasbecomeimportant.Becauseofthevastdifferencesbetweenslumsandurbanformalstructures, manypeopleseethemasislandsofpovertyisolatedfromthecity.Thefirststepinhelpingslumsintegrateintomoderncitiesistosee themasdeprivedneighborhoodsthatareanintegralpartoftheoverallcitysystem,butspatiallysegregatedanddisconnecteddue toanabsenceofstreetsandopenspaces[4].Withthisknowledge,thestreetbecomesespeciallyimportant.Newroadsystemscan connectcitiestoslums,facilitatetheformationofnewlegalboundariesandthetransformationofcitizenship,provideasenseof belongingandsecurityforslums-dwellers,andbecomespacesforpublicactivitiesandsocialization.Thisstreets-ledapproachisbased onthetheoryofsocialurbanism,urbandesigners'wayofthinkingtotransformandrenewslums.Itpromotestheregenerationofslumsby changingthepublicfacilitiesandpublicspacesinthelivesofresidents,andalsocontributestotheformationoflocaleconomic activities,regulationsandthelegalidentityofresidents.
Fromanurbandesigner'sperspective,weneedtodevelopplansthatexploretherealneedsofslumdwellers,conductextensive fieldworkanddataanalysisupfront,withaviewtominimizingtheimpactonresidents'livesandaimingtominimizeeconomiccosts duringtheplanningandconstructionprocess.Avoidtop-downandone-size-fits-alldesignapproaches.Indonesia'scitieshavealarge numberofslums,andthedistinctionbetweenformalcitiesandinformalsettlementsisveryclearandfragmentedandvery representative.TheIndonesiangovernmentistryingtosolvethisproblemandhastriedmanyregenerationprograms.Suryatmajan,an urbanvillageintheYogyakartaarea,isoneoftheslumsinthecountrythatisbeingupgraded,andtheyareplanningtotransformitin termsofstreetplanningandpublicfacilities,andarediscussingandexperimentingwithmethodsofmassparticipationandprogram
implementation.SoIusedthisurbanvillageasaspecificcasestudytofindabottom-upslumregenerationsolutionwithahighlevelof participationfromtheresidents.
Designingaprocess
Backgroundresearchanddataanalysis
Intheearlystagesofdevelopingtheplan,theurbandesignerfirstneededtounderstandthetraditionalIndonesiancultureandtheway oflifeofthepeopleinSuryatmajan.Forexample,mostofthelocalresidentsarefishermen,andmengoouttofishduringthedaywhile womenhardlygooutatall.Thiswayoflifeandproductionwillhaveanimpactonthewaymessagesareconveyedandresidents participate,andtheurbandesignerneedstothinkandadaptonthebasisofthesecharacteristics.Ontheotherhand,itisnecessaryto studythemapdataoftheSuryatmajanarea,suchasthesurroundingpublictransportation,servicesandfacilities.Thisdataisnotthe basisforroadplanning,butisusedtotalktotheresidents.Duringtheinteractionwiththeresidents,theurbandesignerguidesthemto combinethisobjectivedatawiththeirownlifeexperiencetocreateanddiscusstheirpreferredregenerationplan.
Fieldresearchandunderstandingofresidents'wishes AftergainingageneralunderstandingofSuryatmajanculturallyandstatistically,theurbandesignerneededtovisittheurbanvillage. Suryatmajanhasalesscohesivepopulationthanatraditionalvillage.Duetothefastpaceofurbanlife,Suryatmajanseldomhosts discussionsorsocialeventsforallresidents,whotendtofocusontheirownhomes.Theurbandesignercandiscusswiththepeoplein chargeofSuryatmajantoorganizerecreationalactivitiessuchasteapartiesonweekendsfortheresidentstobringthemclosertoeach otherandtodiscusswiththemaboutthelivingenvironmentoftheplaceandwhethertheyhaveanyideasforrenovation.Thiscanalso beinterspersedwithdoor-to-doorvisits,whichbringsinformationtothewomeninthehomeasquicklyaspossibleandallowsformore opportunitiesandtimeforcommunication.
Oncethemajorityofresidentsareawareoftheirwillingnesstooptimizetheirneighborhoodsandlivingenvironmentsandtheirinitial ideas,theurbandesignercanbegintothinkaboutthepossibilityofseekingsponsorshipfromotherorganizationsandgovernmental changestothelaw.
Findfundingandpartnerorganizations
Thedesignandimplementationofanupgradingplanrequirescollaborationbetweenmultipleparties.Urbandesignerscanworkwith localcharitablefoundationsornon-profitorganizationstoseekfunding,suchastheNationalAffordableHousingProgram,whichis beingpromotedthroughoutIndonesia,andHabitatforHumanity,anon-profitorganizationdedicatedtoprovidingbetterhousingfor residents.Designerscancommunicatewiththeseorganizationsandadvocateforsponsorshipandmanpower.
PlanningandDesigning
Thenextstepistheformalplanningprocess.UrbanBlocksisaboardgameinwhichresidentsdesigntheirfavoritehomes,thinkabout howtomaketheirlivesmoreconvenientandhowtohelpthemgainaformalidentitysothattheycanmoveintothecenterofthecity.
Theywillthinkabouthowtomaketheirlivesmoreconvenient,howtohelpthemselvesgainaformalidentitysothattheycangradually moveintothecenterofthecity,andhowtomaintaininformaleconomicsinordertomaximizetheirbenefits.Theresultofthisgamewill notbethemostscientificallysoundsolution,butitrepresentstoalargeextentthewilloftheresidents.
Thenextstepfortheurbandesigneristorefinetheresultsofthegame,theroughscheme,inamoreprofessionalway,andtothinkof
morecomprehensiveandclosermeasuresfortheresidentstoconnectwiththecity.
Follow-upmaintenanceandlong-termobservation
Duringtheconstructionandsubsequentmaintenanceprocess,urbandesignerscancommunicatewithvillageleaderstoencourage residentstoparticipateinmaintenance.Atthesametime,non-profitorganizationscanprovidefundingformaintenance.Thenewly constructedstreetswillbecomeplacesforresidentstomovearoundandsocialize,helpingtoincreasecohesionandasenseof belonging.Asaresult,residentswilltakeituponthemselvestomaintaintheseplacesandstreets.
LEXICON
Site|Weoftenusethiswordtorefertothelocationwhereahouseorstructureislocated.Forinformalsettlements,thechoiceoflocationiseitheron ahilloronthewater'sedge,whicharedifferentsites
Justice|Referstotherationalallocationofresources.Intheprocessofurbandevelopment,wealth,powerandotherresourceswillbeunevenly distributedduetovarious,whichexacerbatestheinequalitybetweentherichandthepoorandclasssolidificationTherefore,therationaldistribution ofresourceshasbecomeanurgentprobleminthedevelopmentnow.
Lifestyle|Thehabitsandbehaviorsofpeople'sdailylifearecalledlifestyle,whichisrelatedtothegeographical,culturalandeconomicfactorsof people'slife,aswellastourbanplanning.Thechangeofpeople'slifestylealsoaffectsthedevelopmentdirectionofthecity.
Disaster|Naturalorman-madedamagetopeople'slivingenvironment.Becauseofthelocationofslums,disasterssuchasfloodsandlandslides oftenoccur.Disastersbringmisfortunetopeople,buttheyalsobringopportunitiesforurbandevelopment.
Streets-LedApproach|Theplanningofstreetsleadstochangesinthelivingenvironment,furtherinfluencingthelocaleconomy,policiesand socialstatusofresidents.Streetsarepartofthecityitselfandarealsoplaceswherepeoplemoveandhaveasignificantimpactontheurbanfabric, theStreets-ledapproachisheavilyinfluencedbysocialurbanismandisoneofthewaysurbandesignersthinkabouturbanrenewal.
ResidentsEngagement|ResidentsareinvolvedintheplansandstepsofurbandesignThistypeofdesignthinkingismorehuman-centeredandis oneoftherepresentativefeaturesofthebottom-upapproachtourbanplanninganddesign.
Process|Aslumsupgradingprogramisthetimeandseriesofactivitiesthatprecedethecompletionofsomethingortheachievementofagoal. slumsupgradingprogramsoftentakealongtimetodevelopandsuccessfullyimplement,andmultipleplayersareinvolved.
Type|Differentscenariosconceivedintheplanninganddesignprocessbasedondifferentrealisticfactors.
Co-production|Intheslumsupgradingprogram,multipleplayerssuchasurbandesigners,residents,government,nonprofits,andfor-profitsoffer theirstrengthsandparticipateintheoutcome.
Capital|Fundsneededintheurbanplanninganddesignprocess.Capitalisoftenprovidedbydevelopersandinvestorsinfor-profitprojects,andby non-profitorganizationsinnon-profitprojects.
CHRONOGRAM
CARTOGRAPHY
ThedistributionofurbanvillagesinIndonesiaistypicalofclusters.Itsslumsupgradingprogramswithstreets-ledcharacteristicsstartfrom Jakarta,themosteconomicallyandpoliticallyactivearea,tothesurroundingareas,andtheurbanvillagesgraduallydisappear.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1]UN-Habitat,2003,p.8.
[2]UN-Habitat,2018,p.11
[3]M'Hango,Z.(2021,November19).Theeconomicimpactofslumsincities-RTF:Rethinkingthefuture.RTF|RethinkingTheFuture.Retrieved March26,2023,fromhttps://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/city-and-architecture/a4146-the-economic-impact-of-slums-in-cities/ [4]Streetsastoolsforurbantransformationinslums.UN.(n.d.).RetrievedMarch26,2023,from https://unhabitat.org/streets-as-tools-for-urban-transformation-in-slums
[5]Boanada-Fuchs,A.(2022,December7).Thechallengeofslums-anoverviewofpastapproachestotackleit.CitiesAlliance.Retrieved March26,2023,from https://www.citiesalliance.org/resources/publications/publications/challenge-slums%E2%80%94-overview-past-approaches-tackle-it [6]Jones,B.G.(2012).‘bankableslums’:Theglobalpoliticsofslumupgrading.ThirdWorldQuarterly,33(5),769–789. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2012.679027
[7]AsianDevelopmentBank.(2012,June1).TheneighborhoodupgradingandShelterSectorProjectinIndonesia.AsianDevelopmentBank. RetrievedApril9,2023,fromhttps://www.adb.org/publications/neighborhood-upgrading-and-shelter-sector-project-indonesia [8]https://smartdensity.com/4-examples-of-the-most-creative-community-engagement-ideas-for-city-planners/