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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻋﻤﺮ اﻟﺘﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪adm@tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺋﺐ رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺼﺎم اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪info@tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺮﺗﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎن ﺧﻄﺎب‬ ‫‪edit@tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼن و اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻧﻮر اﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺣﻮا ص‬ ‫‪ads@tech,nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮ اﻹداري‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﺟﻤﺎل ﻋﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫‪con@tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫أﻋﻀﺎء هﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫•اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ وﻓﺎء ﻓﺘﺤﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫•اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﻬﻨﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫•اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس هﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﻼل‬ ‫•اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ آﺮم‬ ‫• اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﺳﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﺰهﺮاﻧﻲ‬ ‫•ﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد اﻟﻌﻤﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎرﻳﺔ‬ ‫رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس اﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺎدل اﻟﺪﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪corps@tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫•اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻬﺎﺷﻤﻲ‬ ‫•اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر رﻣﻀﺎن ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫•اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﺳﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد اﻟﺤﻠﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺪوﺑﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫إﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ رﻣﻀﺎن‬ ‫أﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﻮاد ﺣﺴﻨﻲ اﺷﺘﻴﻮي‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻤﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺷﻤﻼن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺼﺪي‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮآﺔ اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪www.altariq.ps‬‬ ‫أﺳﺎرﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ و اﻹﻋﻼن‬ ‫‪www.assaryprint.com‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪www.tech.nical.ly‬‬

‫هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬

‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺗﺼﺪر آﻞ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪2008‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬

‫ﺷﺎرك ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﺟﻤﺎل ﻋﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ آﺮﻳﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺼﺎم اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ إﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ رﻣﻀﺎن‬ ‫أﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﺴﻦ اﻟﺸﺘﻴﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺮﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر وﺟﺪي ﺑﺴﺒﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺒﺸﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﺳﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد اﻟﺤﻠﺒﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﺟﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﻬﻨﺪ إﺑﺮاهﻴﻢ اﻟﻜﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ إﻳﻤﺎن إﺑﺮاهﻴﻢ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر رﻣﻀﺎن ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫‪PONOMAREV N.K., PhD, Professor‬‬ ‫‪ABU-MAHADI MOHAMED. PhD assistant‬‬ ‫‪professor‬‬ ‫‪BONDARENKO V.M., DSc, Professor‬‬ ‫‪BASHKATOVA M.E., MSc‬‬ ‫‪K. S. Kurachka‬‬ ‫‪A.V. BENIN, PhD, Professor‬‬ ‫‪N.I. NEVZOROV, PhD, assistant professor‬‬ ‫‪Pronin V.I., PhD, Professor‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎد ﺣﻤﺪي إﺑﺮاهﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس هﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺘﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ اﻟﻌﻤﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎن ﺧﻄﺎب‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺣﻮﻣﻪ اﻟﺤﺴﻨﺎوي‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺣﻤﻮد ﻣﺤﻤﺪ أل زﻳﺎد‬

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‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻت و اﻟﻤﻮاﺿﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮرة ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ أراء أﺻﺤﺎﺑﻬﺎ و ﻻ ﺗﻌ ﺒ ﺮ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻀ ﺮورة ﻋ ﻦ رأي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﺪد و ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﺗﻌﻮد ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺘ ﻬ ﺎ اﻟ ﻔ ﻜ ﺮﻳ ﺔ ﻷﺻ ﺤ ﺎﺑ ﻬ ﺎ و ﺣ ﻘ ﻮق‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺮهﺎ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻌﺪد ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫آﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ و ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﻗ ﺘ ﺒ ﺎس ﻣ ﻤ ﺎ ﻳ ﺮد ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﺠ ﻠ ﺔ ﺑﺸ ﺮط‬ ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻣﺮﻓﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪد و اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻻﺗﺼﺎل‬

‫هﺎﺗﻒ ‪00218925681415 :‬‬

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‫أو زﻳﺎرة ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ‪www.tech.nical.ly :‬‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫إﺣﺪى أآﺒﺮ اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺸﺎءات‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ و ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﺪن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫‪www.tech.nical.ly‬‬

‫اﻻﻓﺘﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ آـﺮم اﻻﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ص‪7‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫• اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ص ‪10‬‬ ‫• اﻟﻔـــﺠﻮة اﻟــــﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻬﻮة اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺪول ص ‪12‬‬ ‫• اﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ رؤیﺔ ﺕﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ و ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ص ‪13‬‬ ‫• ﺕﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻻﺕﺼﺎل ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ و ﻣﺤﺎﺳﻨﻬﺎ ص ‪16‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ و اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺕﺨﻴﻞ ﺑﻄﺎریﺔ ﺕﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻟ ﻤ ﺪﻩ ‪ 30‬ﺳ ﻨ ﻪ دون اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﺝ ﺔ ﻷﻋ ﺎدﻩ اﻟﺸ ﺤ ﻦ‬ ‫ص‪18‬‬ ‫• ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻮر ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻮن ‪37‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻬ ﻮاﺕ ﻒ ﻣ ﺰودة ﺑ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫"ﺑﻠﻮﺕﻮث" ص ‪18‬‬ ‫• آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺕﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ یﻘﻠﺪ ﺹﻮﺕﻚ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد ﺳﻤﺎﻋﻪ ص ‪19‬‬ ‫• ‪GOOGLE GEARS‬ﺵﺮآﺔ ﻗﻮﻗﻞ ﺕﻄﻠﻖ ﺥﺪﻣﺔ ص ‪19‬‬ ‫• ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ اﻗﻮي ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ص ‪20‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺎءات و ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻼت‬ ‫• اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس واﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﻘﺎ ﻧﻘﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻷردﻧﻴﻴﻦ و ﻣﺴﻴﺮة اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﻲ ص ‪21‬‬ ‫• ﺥﺼﻮﺹﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﻊ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺝﺮﺑﻮع‬ ‫ص ‪25‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺕﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺝﺪیﺪ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

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‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ واﺳﺘﻘﺮاء ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ص ‪72‬‬ ‫‪Mechanical Behaviors of Aluminum‬‬ ‫‪Matrix Composites Reinforced with‬‬ ‫‪Ceramic Particles in Extrusion Simulation‬‬ ‫‪Experiments page 80‬‬ ‫ﺣﻞ ﺝﺪیﺪ ﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻟﻴﻮﺳﻴﻨﺴﻜﻲ ‪page 92‬‬ ‫‪Evaluation and Designing an ATM Host‬‬ ‫‪Network Interface for high speed lines‬‬ ‫)‪page100 (over Giga/bs‬‬ ‫‪INFLUENCE OF DESCENDING‬‬ ‫‪BRANCH OF REGIME FORCED‬‬ ‫‪RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE ON‬‬ ‫‪THE BEARING CAPACITY OF‬‬ ‫‪REINFORCED‬‬ ‫‪CONCRETE‬‬ ‫‪STRUCTURES page 109‬‬ ‫‪ASSESSMENT OF PRINCIPAL REBAR‬‬ ‫‪FRETTING IN REINFORCED‬‬ ‫‪CONCRETE BARS BY VALUE OF‬‬ ‫‪CRACK OPENING IN PROTECTIVE‬‬ ‫‪CONCRETE LAYER page 113‬‬ ‫‪Modeling of stress-strained state of a thin‬‬ ‫‪plate on the heterogeneous viscoelastic‬‬ ‫‪basis page117‬‬ ‫‪Retaining structure and soil interaction‬‬ ‫‪during a pit excavation page 125‬‬

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‫‪Design of a pipe-line for backfilling in case‬‬ ‫‪of underground mining page131‬‬

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‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎت ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﻳﻢ اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺮﺗﻴ ﻤ ﻲ ﻟ ﺘ ﺄﺳ ﻴ ﺴ ﻪ أول ﺟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻴ ﺔ ﻋ ﺮﺑ ﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﺬآ ﺎء‬ ‫اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ص ‪27‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺝﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ص ‪28‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﺬهﺐ اﻷﺥﻀﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ص ‪30‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ آﺮة اﻟﺜﻠﺞ و ﻣﺴﻴﺮة اﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻴﻞ ‪134‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﺕﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺕﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻤﺲ وﺕﻬﺪد ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺎوس ص ‪70‬‬ ‫أﺣﺪث ﺕﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ) ﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮیﻨﻮ( ص ‪70‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳﻮب اﻟﻄﺎوﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺵﺮآﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ ص ‪71‬‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

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‫ﻧﻈﺮة ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫أﺝﻬﺰة اﻟﺘﺸﻮیﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻬﺎﺕﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ص ‪43‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ و ﺕﺄﺛﻴﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺕﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮار ص ‪51‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮیﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ص ‪55‬‬ ‫ﺝﻮدة ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣ ﻘ ﺪﻣ ﻪ ﻓ ﻲ أﺳ ﺒ ﺎب ﻇ ﻬ ﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ص ‪59‬‬ ‫ﺕﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺕﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ص ‪62‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺎهﻴﻢ و اﻷﺳﺲ ص ‪67‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫اﻓﺘﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺪد‬

‫آــــــــــــــﺮم‬ ‫آﺜﻴﺮًا‬

‫اﻻﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮددت ﻓﻲ آﺘﺎﺑﺔ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب ﺗﺨﺘﻠﺞ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ أﻧﻲ ﻻ أﺧﻔﻴﻜﻢ ﺳﺮا‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ آﻨﺖ أﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺎرآﻨﻲ ﺷﺠﻮﻧﻲ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄآﻴﺪ ﻟﻦ أﺟﺪ ﺧﻴﺮا ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮاء ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻓﻜﻮﻧﻬﺎ اﻓﺘﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ اﻟﺬي ﺟﺎء ﺑﻌﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫آﺎن ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﺎ آﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻧﺠﺎﺣﺎت ﺣﻘﻘﻨﺎهﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ هﻮ اﻟﻔﺘﻴﻞ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي أﺷﻌﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ‪ ،‬آﺬا ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻮس ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤﻻت! ﻟﻌﻞ ﻗﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺴﻌﻔﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ إﺣﺪاهﺎ إﻟﻴﻜﻢ‪ ،‬أﺛﺎر ذآﺮﻳﺎت ﻧﺸﺎط ﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ آﺒﺮﻳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺷﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ هﻮ آﻴﻒ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻓﺘﺘﺎﺣﻴﺘﻨﺎ‪ ،‬أﺟﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ أﻗﻒ ﻷﻳﺎم و ﻗﺪ ﻃﺎﻟﺖ ﻷﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ‪ ،‬اﺣﺘﺮت ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫أآﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ أن اﻟﺤﺪث اﻟﺠﻠﻞ أﻣﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ أﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ هﻮ ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﻲ و أﻧﺎ أﺣﺪ أﻃﺮاﻓﻪ‪ .‬و ﻷن ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻓﺘﺘﺎﺣﻴﺘﻨﺎ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫و أﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺷﺎﻋﺮ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻷﻣﻮي‪ ،‬ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺑﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺜﻘﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﻗﺼﻴﺪﺗﻪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻮاﺳﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻼ‪:‬‬ ‫دُم ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴ ِﻞ ﺑﻮدﱢﻩ ِ‬ ‫ك ﺣﻘّ ُﻪ‬ ‫وأًﻋﺮف ﻟِﺠﺎر َ‬ ‫ﻒ ﻳﻮﻣًﺎ‬ ‫ن اﻟﻀﻴ َ‬ ‫و أًﻋﻠ َﻢ ﺑﺄ ﱠ‬

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‫ﻗﻴﻼ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺎ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺧﻼق اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬و آﺮم اﻟﻀﻴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺼﻮص‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺿﻴﺎﻓﺘﻨﺎ اﻟﻌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺪي ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‪ ،‬و ﻳﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺠﺒﻚ أﻟﻮاﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﺪ ﺑﺮﻳﻘﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺎن ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻒ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ أﻣﺎم هﺬا اﻟﻤﺸﻬﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﺘﺠﺴﺪ ﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺄﺳﺎة اﻟﻀﻴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﺎوس‪ ،‬ﻣﺪراء ﺷﺮآﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬أو ﻣﻦ ﻳﻤﻠﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺧﻮادم )‪ ( servers‬و ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﻇﺎهﺮﻳﺎ آﺸﺮآﺎت ﺑﻼ ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ‬ ‫أﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ أو ﻣﻬﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪث ﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺘﻌﺪاﻩ إﻟﻲ ﻧﻘﺎش ﻗﻀﻴﺔ أراهﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷهﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻜﺎن‪ ،‬إﻧﻪ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﺮﺑﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺮش‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺴﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﺷﺮآﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻜﺮﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻜﺎﺳﺐ آﺜﻴﺮة‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ذات اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺪ إﻟﻲ اﺑﺴﻂ اﻟﺸﻌﻮر ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﺗﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫زﺑﺎﺋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬أو ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺿﻴﻮﻓﻬﺎ آﻲ ﻧﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺧﻄﻨﺎ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﻜﺮم اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻈﻬﺮﻩ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬؛ دﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﻨﺘﻘﻞ إﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﻌﺮض ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮح و اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﻠﻴﻦ أن ﻧﻀﻊ ﺣﺠﺮ‬ ‫وﻋﻲ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﻀﻴﻒ وﺿﻴﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻴﺪا ﻋﻦ ذآﺮ أﺳﻤﺎء أو اﻟﺘﻄﺮق‬ ‫ﻟﺬوات‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﺎول ﻗﺪر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﺎع‪ ،‬و إن اﺟﺘﺎﺣﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ و أﻧﺎ اآﺘﺐ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺳﻄﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﻌﺬرﻧﻲ اﻟﻘﺎرئ‪ ،‬أن‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺤﺖ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﺬات‪ ،‬و ﻋﺬري ﻓﻴﻪ أﻧﻲ ﺿﻤﻦ آﻴﺎن ﺗﺬوق‬ ‫ذات اﻟﻤﺮارة‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﻨﻘﻞ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬و ﻧﺨﻂ وﻋﻲ‪ ،‬و ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﺻﻮرة‪،‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﻓﺴﻴﻔﺴﺎء اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺗﺪاﻋﻴﺎﺗﻪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﺎ ﺧﻴ ٌﺮ و ٍد ﻻ ﻳﺪُوم‬ ‫ﻖ ﻳﻌﺮﻓ ُﻪ اﻟﻜﺮا ُم‬ ‫و اﻟﺤ ُ‬ ‫ف ﻳﺤ َﻤ ُﺪ أو ﻳَﻠ ُﻮ ُم‬ ‫ﺳﻮ َ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺮاﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ و دراﺳﺎت‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻔﻒ ﻣﻦ دﺳﺎﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﻳﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺼﺪي ﻣﻦ هﺬا هﻮ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺎري و‬ ‫ﻣﺪى اﻟﺨﺴﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ و اﻟﻀﺮر اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬و ﻻ ﻳﺠﺪ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺬي اﻋﺘﺎد ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬إن آﺎن اﻷﻣﺮ آﻬﺬا ‪،‬‬ ‫و ﻣﺎ أﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫و هﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷول ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﻠﺴﻞ اﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ‪ ،‬و هﻨﺎ أﻗﺼﺪ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫اﻵﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺁو اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺪى‪ ،‬أو اﻟﻜﻴﺎن اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ إن آﺎن هﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻄﻮﻋﻲ‪ ،‬و ﺑﻼ ﻋﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻓﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺴﺐ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ هﻮ أﻗﻮى ﺻﻠﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺷﻄﻴﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﺎن اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫إن اﻧﺘﻘﻠﻨﺎ إﻟﻲ ﺷﻖ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﺘﻌﺪى اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ وﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄآﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ أهﻤﻴﺔ اﻷول‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﻤﺎد هﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎن وﺟﻮد اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ذاﺗﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮاﺟﺪ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ذروة اﻟﻌﻄﺎء و اﻟﻤﻜﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﺎدي اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻴﻒ إذ ﺑﻚ ﺗﺠﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﻠﺔ و ﺿﺤﺎهﺎ أن ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬و‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ﺑﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺻﻮرهﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺘﺪﻳﺎت أو ﺑﻮاﺑﺎت‪ ،‬ﺑﺸﺘﻰ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى‪ ،‬ﺣﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﻬﺪ‪ ،‬ﺛﻤﺮة ﻋﻤﻞ دءوب‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺮاآﻢ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ‪ ،‬و ﻣﻌﻪ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺰود ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻔﺤﻮ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ رواد هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ و ﻣﺮﻳﺪﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺻﻠﺔ اآﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮد اﻟﺪﺧﻮل و اﻟﺨﺮوج‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺒﻊ و اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻘﺪم ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ أو ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻚ إن‬ ‫آﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺨﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ و أﺻﺤﺎب‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄآﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب‪ ،‬ﻣﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺎ‪ ،‬دﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﻘﻮل أن‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬هﻲ إﺣﺪى هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪورﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻗﺪر اﻹﻣﻜﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ آﺎن هﻤﻨﺎ اﻷآﺒﺮ‬ ‫هﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻀﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻚ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺿﻞ‬ ‫آﻞ هﺬا ﻓﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺪﻓﻊ أﺟﻮر اﻻﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬و إن ﺣﺪث‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺼﻴﺮ أو ﻟﻨﻘﻞ آﺎرﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﻴﻒ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻦ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻚ أي ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ وﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ وﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺷﺮآﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬إن اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ إن آﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻼ آﺬﻟﻚ) اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﻮي ﻟﻠﺸﺮآﺔ هﻲ اﻟﺸﺮاآﺔ و اﻟﺘﺂزر!!(‬ ‫اﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ أي ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺧﻮادﻣﻪ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ اﻧﻪ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ أي أﻋﺒﺎء ﻣﺎدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬و ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ اﻟﻤﺘﻀﺮر !‬ ‫هﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻚ ﺗﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﻣﺸﻬﺪا و آﺄﻧﻚ رﻣﻴﺖ ﺑﻤﺠﻬﻮدك‬ ‫إﻟﻲ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاء‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ أﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻀﻌﻮن هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻬﺎت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﻠﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻲء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻴﺎء‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي اﺧﺘﻔﻰ ﻣﻦ وﺟﻮهﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﺮاﻩ إﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ رآﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎت آﺜﻴﺮة ﻣﻌﻚ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ اﺧﺘﻔﻰ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻟﻪ وﺟﻮد‪،‬‬ ‫هﻨﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﻴﻒ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺜﺮ أﻃﺒﺎق آﺮﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺘﻨﺎول زﺑﺎﺋﻨﻪ آﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪر ﻧﺼﻴﺒﻪ‪ ،‬و‬ ‫أﻋﺎﻧﻨﺎ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮارﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻨﺘﻘﻞ إﻟﻲ ﺻﻮرة ﻻ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ آﺜﻴﺮا‪ ،‬إﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻀﺎف‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﻴﻒ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻴﻚ إن ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺎدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬أﺿﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ إن‬ ‫آﺎن ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﺸﺎط اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﻦ إﻋﻼﻧﺎت أو ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺮ إذا ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺘﻌﺪاﻩ إﻟﻲ اﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬هﻨﺎ ﻧﻠﻤﺲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﺗﻌﺎﻇﻢ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ و ﺛﻘﻠﻪ‪ ،‬و ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻘﺎة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷدﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ اﻷﻣﺮ أآﺜﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‪ ،‬اﻧﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﺄﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻬﻮد ﻋﺸﺮات اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎت‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ و ﻋﻠﻰ أرزاﻗﻬﻢ أﻳﻀﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺪﻳﺎت ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ و‬ ‫هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺒﻀﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﺠﺄ ﻟﻪ و ؛‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﺒﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎن أﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮآﺎت و ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎت‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺣﺪهﺎ اﺧﻔﺘﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﺑﻤﺎدﺗﻪ و ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﻩ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮ وﺟﺪ أن ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﻗﺪ دارت ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﺎرب اﻟﺰﻣﻦ إﻟﻲ اﻟﺨﻠﻒ‪،‬‬ ‫اﷲ وﺣﺪﻩ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ أي ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺣﻂ ﺑﻪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﻴﻒ‪ ،‬و‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻳﺘﻤﻨﻰ أن ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ آﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻼ اﻧﻘﻄﺎع ‪،‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻋﺘﺒﺮ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ وﻗﻔﻪ ﺟﺎدة‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﻀﻊ وﻟﻮ ﺗﺼﻮر ﻧﻈﺮي‪،‬‬ ‫ووﻋﻲ ﻟﺪى ﻣﻦ آﻞ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ أن ﻳﻀﻊ ﻣﺠﻬﻮدﻩ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ أو ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‪،‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻻﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﻈﻮر‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻧﻚ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺠﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮات اﻟﻤﺮات‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﻈﻮﻇﺎ و ﺗﺠﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮد ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫هﺎﺗﻔﻚ‪ ،‬رﺑﻤﺎ ﻻن ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻧﻲ ﻳﺪون‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺼﺎراﺗﻬﻢ و أﻣﺠﺎدهﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻃﻼل اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻧﺪﺛﺮت‪ ،‬أو‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﻣﻨﺸﻐﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻟﻎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﻨﻮهﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺎم‪،‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﻋﻴﺪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻠﺘﺰﻣﻮن ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﺤﺪث و ﻻ ﺣﺮج‪ ،‬أن ﻗﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺳﻮف ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻚ أن ﺗﻌﻠﻢ أﻧﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺛﻮن ﻋﻦ ﻳﻮم آﺎﻣﻼ‪ ،‬و إﻳﺎك إن ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﺤﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺳﻮف ﻳﻌﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻻن اﷲ ﻋﺰ و ﺟﻞ ﻳﻘﻮل‪ " :‬و ﻻن ﺷﻜﺮﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺰﻳﻨﻜﻢ" ﻻ ﺗﺒﺘﻌﺪ ﻋﺰﻳﺰي اﻟﻘﺎري ﺑﺬهﻨﻚ ﺑﻌﻴﺪا‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ وراء‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻵﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻤﺔ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ أن ﻗﻴﻞ ﻟﻚ إن ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺘﻚ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ و‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﺘﻖ أﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺛﻮن ﻋﻦ أﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮف اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ إﺣﺪى ﺷﺮآﺎت اﻟﻜﺮم اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﺮهﺎ‪ "،‬ﻗﺪ أﺧﻄﺄت ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻗﻠﺖ ﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻴﻦ "‬ ‫ﻓﺼﺪﻳﻘﻨﺎ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ أن ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﻻ اﻋﺘﺮاض‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺛﻨﺎﻳﺎ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺣﺪاث ﻣﺮت ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺮﻳﺮة‪ ،‬ﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﻣﺴﺢ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ اﻧﻪ ﺧﻄﺎ ﻓﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎول‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ أي ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺪر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﺎع‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮار‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺪﻟﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻮﻋﻲ‪ ،‬و اﻹﺣﺴﺎس‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﺤﺪث وﻗﻔﻨﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻷزﻣﺎت! ﻧﺤﻦ آﻐﻴﺮﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮم ﻓﻲ ﺳﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻀﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﺮف ﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﺿﻴﻒ‪ ،‬و ﺗﻘﻞ أﻣﺎﻧﺘﻪ‪،‬؛ ﻓﻤﻌﺬرة ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺨﺘﺎم ﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮﻧﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ اﺑﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺜﻘﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻨﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ أﺑﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮادﻩ‪ ،‬و ﻣﺮﺣﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن وﺳﻠﻮآﻪ وﺷﻌﻮرﻩ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪرﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗ ﺤ ﻘ ﻴ ﻖ أه ﺪاﻓ ﻪ‪ ،‬آ ﻞ‬ ‫ذﻟ ﻚ وﻓ ﻖ ﻗ ﻮاﻧ ﻴ ﻦ ﺗ ﺠ ﺮﻳ ﺒ ﻴ ﺔ ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ أن‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﺒﺮ وﺗﻘﺎس‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﺮي‬

‫أﺻﺒﺤﺖ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒ ﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻟ ﻢ ﻓ ﻲ آ ﻞ ﺷ ﺄن‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ آﺎﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻌ ﻠ ﻴ ﻢ واﻟﺼ ﺤ ﺔ اﻟ ﻨ ﻔ ﺴ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ واﻟﺘﺠﺎرة واﻷﻋﻤﺎل واﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ واﻹﻋ ﻼن واﻟ ﺘ ﺴ ﻮﻳ ﻖ‬ ‫واﻟ ﻤ ﻬ ﺎرات واﻟ ﺘ ﺪرﻳ ﺐ واﻟ ﺠ ﻮاﻧ ﺐ اﻟﺸ ﺨ ﺼ ﻴ ﺔ واﻷﺳ ﺮﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻴﺔ وﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ واﻷﻟﻌﺎب واﻟﻔﻨﻮن واﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ وﺣ ﺘ ﻰ‬ ‫أﻣﻮر اﻟﺪﻋﻮة وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻲ ﻧ ﻔ ﺼ ﻞ ﻟ ﻜ ﻢ أآ ﺜ ﺮ وﺑﺸ ﻜ ﻞ أدق‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻌﺮف ﻟﻜﻢ هﺬا اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ وﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ أآﺜﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺼ ﺒ ﻴ ﺔ ‪ NLP‬؟ ه ﻞ ه ﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم؟ هﻞ ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻠ ﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ؟ﻣﺘﻰ ﻇﻬﺮ هﺬا اﻟﻌﻠﻢ؟ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﺆﺳ ﺲ ه ﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻢ؟أﻳﻦ ﻧﺸﺄ هﺬا اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ؟‬

‫ﻣﺎ هﻲ‬

‫آﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ وﺟﻬﻬﺎ إﻟﻲ زﻣ ﻼﺋ ﻲ وزﻣ ﻴ ﻼﺗ ﻲ وﻗ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻬﺎ إﻟﻲ أﻧﺖ ﻋﺰﻳﺰي اﻟﻘﺎرئ ورﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن أﺳﺌﻠﺘﻚ أآﺜﺮ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ وﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة وﻟﻜﻦ دﻋﻮﻧ ﺎ اﻵن ﻧ ﺘ ﻌ ﺮف ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫هﺬا اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﺟﺎﺑﺘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺴ ﺎﺑ ﻘ ﺔ وﻧ ﻔ ﻜ ﺮ ﻣ ﻌ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ واﻷﺟﻮﺑﺔ وأرﻳﺪآﻢ اﻧ ﺘ ﻢ أﻳﻀ ﺎ أن ﺗ ﻔ ﻜ ﺮوا ﺑ ﺎﻷﺳ ﺌ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻷﺟﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ وﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣ ﻮﺿ ﻮع واﺳ ﻊ وﻳ ﺆﻟ ﻒ ﺑ ﻪ‬ ‫آﺘﺐ وﻧﺤﻦ ﺑﻤﻘﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎ هﺬﻩ ﺳﻨﺤﺎول أن ﻧ ﻮﺻ ﻞ أه ﻢ ه ﺪف واه ﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮة وهﻮ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻌﻠﻢ وهﺪﻓﻪ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ هﻲ ﺗ ﺮﺟ ﻤ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﻌ ﺒ ﺎرة اﻹﻧ ﺠ ﻠ ﻴ ﺰﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫‪Neuro Linguistic Programming‬أو ‪ ، NLP‬اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺪأ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﻴ ﻼدﻳ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻦ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ‪ :‬اﻟ ﺪآ ﺘ ﻮر ﺟ ﻮن ﻏ ﺮﻧ ﺪر ) ﻋ ﺎﻟ ﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻐـﻮﻳﺎت ( ‪ ،‬و رﻳﺘﺸﺎرد ﺑﺎﻧﺪﻟﺮ )ﻋﺎﻟﻢ رﻳﺎﺿﻴ ﺎت وﻣ ﻦ دارﺳ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺴﻠﻮآﻲ وآﺎن ﻣﺒﺮﻣﺞ آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ أﻳﻀﺎ(‪.‬‬ ‫إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﻨ ﺎءا‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﺎت ﻋﻠﻤﺎؤﻩ وﻣ ﺆﺳ ﺴ ﻴ ﻪ ﻓ ﺎﺣ ﺪه ﻢ ﻋ ﺎﻟ ﻢ ﻟ ﻐ ﻮﻳ ﺎت‬ ‫)ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ(واﻵﺧﺮ رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت وﻣﺒ ﺮﻣ ﺞ )ﺑ ﺮﻣ ﺠ ﺔ( واﻻﺛ ﻨ ﺎن ﻣ ﻌ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺘﻤﺎن ﺑﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ )اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ( ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻳ ﻘ ﻮم ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اآﺘﺸﺎف آﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺘ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻼت و اﻟ ﻤ ﺤ ﻔ ﺰات اﻟ ﻔ ﻜ ﺮﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺸﻌﻮرﻳﺔ واﻟﺴﻠﻮآﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎت و اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻨ ﺎس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﺧﺘﻼف أﻧﻤﺎﻃﻬﻢ اﻟﺸ ﺨ ﺼ ﻴ ﺔ‪ .‬وﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ اﻟ ﻘ ﻮل إﻧ ﻪ ﻋ ﻠ ﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن اﻟﺪاﺧ ﻠ ﻲ و ﻃ ﺎﻗ ﺎﺗ ﻪ اﻟ ﻜ ﺎﻣ ﻨ ﺔ وﻳ ﻤ ﺪﻧ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ ﺄدوات وﻣ ﻬ ﺎرات ﻧﺴ ﺘ ﻄ ﻴ ﻊ ﺑ ﻬ ﺎ اﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﺮف‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‪ ،‬وﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﺮﻩ وﺳﻠﻮآﻪ وأداﺋﻪ وﻗﻴﻤ ﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟ ﻌ ﻮاﺋ ﻖ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﻘ ﻒ ﻓ ﻲ ﻃ ﺮﻳ ﻖ‬ ‫إﺑﺪاﻋﻪ وﺗﻔﻮﻗﻪ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﺪﻧﺎ ﺑﺄدوات وﻃﺮاﺋﻖ ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ ﺑ ﻬ ﺎ إﺣ ﺪاث‬ ‫اﻟ ﺘ ﻐ ﻴ ﻴ ﺮ اﻹﻳ ﺠ ﺎﺑ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﻄ ﻠ ﻮب ﻓ ﻲ ﺗ ﻔ ﻜ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﺒـــــﺮﻣـــﺠـــﺔ‬ ‫هﻲ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اآﺘﺸﺎف واﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋ ﻘ ﻮﻟ ﻨ ﺎ واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﻧﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪﻣ ﻬ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻲ ﻣﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻵن أن‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ أو ﺑﺎﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺪون وﻋ ٍ‬ ‫ﻧﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪم ﻟ ﻐ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﻘ ﻞ ﻟ ﻠ ﻮﺻ ﻮل إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ أﻓﻀﻞ وأﻗﻮى‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟـﻠـﻐـﻮﻳــﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺪراﺗﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﻮﻇﺔ وﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻔ ﻮﻇ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻠ ﻜ ﺸ ﻒ ﻋ ﻦ أﺳ ﻠ ﻮب ﺗ ﻔ ﻜ ﻴ ﺮﻧ ﺎ‬ ‫واﻋﺘﻘﺎدﻧﺎ‪ ،‬وأﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻠ ﻐ ﻮﻳ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل ﺗ ﻘ ﺪﻳ ﺮاﺗ ﻨ ﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬﺎ وإﻋﻄﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫وﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼ ﻮر)‪ ، (Pictures‬اﻷﺻ ﻮات )‪ ،(Sounds‬اﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﺎﻋ ﺮ )‬ ‫‪ ، (Feelings‬اﻟﺘﺬّوق )‪ ، (Tastes‬اﻟﺸﻢ )‪ ، (Smells‬اﻟﻤﻠﻤﺲ‬ ‫)‪ ، (Touch‬اﻟ ﻜ ﻠ ﻤ ﺎت )ﺣ ﺪﻳ ﺚ اﻟ ﻨ ﻔ ﺲ واﻟ ﺬات( ) ‪Words‬‬ ‫‪.(““Self Talk‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻬﺎزﻧﺎ اﻟ ﻌ ﺼ ﺒ ﻲ )اﻟ ﻌ ﻘ ﻞ( واﻟ ﺬي ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼﻟ ﻪ ﺗ ﺘ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺮﺟ ﻤ ﺔ ﺗ ﺠ ﺎرﺑ ﻨ ﺎ ﺣ ﻮل اﻟ ﻤ ﺮاآ ﺰ اﻟ ﺤ ﺴ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫)اﻟﺤﻮاس اﻟﺨﻤﺲ( وهﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ)‪(Visual‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﻊ )‪(Auditory‬‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺴﺎس )‪(Kinesthetic‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻢ )‪(Olfactory‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺬوّق )‪. (Gustatory‬‬

‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ اﻟﻠﻐ ﻮﻳ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﺼ ﺒ ﻴ ﺔ )‪ (NLP‬ه ﻲ آ ﻴ ﻔ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام ﻟ ﻐ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﻘ ﻞ ﻟ ﺘ ﺤ ﻘ ﻴ ﻖ اﻟ ﺤ ﺼ ﻴ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﺮﻏ ﻮﺑ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺗﺒﺮﻣﺞ ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻳ ﺘ ﺼ ﺮﻓ ﻮا ﺑ ﻄ ﺮﻳ ﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻌ ﻴ ﻨ ﺔ وﻳ ﻌ ﺘ ﻘ ﺪوا اﻋ ﺘ ﻘ ﺎدات ﻣ ﻌ ﻴ ﻨ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫وأﺻﺒﺤﻮا ﺳﺠﻨﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺘﻬﻢ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻋ ﺘ ﻘ ﺎداﺗ ﻬ ﻢ اﻟﺴ ﻠ ﺒ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺼﻮﻟﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻘﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‪.‬‬ ‫إن اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ أﻣ ﺮ ﺣ ﺘ ﻤ ﻲ وﻻ ﺑ ﺪ ﻣ ﻨ ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺎﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﺎة آ ﻠ ﻬ ﺎ ﺗ ﺘ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫واﻟ ﻈ ﺮوف واﻷﺣ ﻮال ﺗ ﺘ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮ ﺣ ﺘ ﻰ ﻧ ﺤ ﻦ ﻧ ﺘ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻊ إﺷﺮاﻗﻪ ﺷﻤﺲ ﻳﻮم ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺰداد ﻋ ﻤ ﺮك ﻳ ﻮ ًﻣ ﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫وﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺘ ﺎﻟ ﻲ ﺗ ﺰداد ﺧ ﺒ ﺮاﺗ ﻚ وﺛ ﻘ ﺎﻓ ﺎﺗ ﻚ‬ ‫وﻳﺰداد ﻋﻘﻠﻚ ﻧﻀﺠًﺎ وﻓﻬ ًﻤ ﺎ‪ ،‬وﻟ ﻜ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻬ ﻢ أن ﺗ ﻮﺟ ﻪ ﻋ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺘ ﻐ ﻴ ﻴ ﺮ آ ﻲ ﺗ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ أﺟ ﻞ ﻣﺼ ﻠ ﺤ ﺘ ﻚ‬ ‫أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ أن ﺗﻨﺸﻂ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺿﺪك‪.‬‬

‫وﻳﺸﻌﺮوا ﺑﺄﺣﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﻤﺮوا ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬ ﻢ ﺑ ﻨ ﻔ ﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎت ﺗﻤﺎﻣًﺎ ﻓﺄﺻﺒﺤﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺦ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻣ ﺠ ﻮﻧ ﺎ وه ﻢ‬ ‫اﻗﺮب اﻟﻨﺎس إﻟﻴﻨﺎ أهﻠﻨﺎ وأﺻﺪﻗﺎؤﻧﺎ وﻣﺪرﺳﺘﻨﺎ ‪،.‬اﻟﺦ ﻓﻬﻞ ﺳﻨ ﺒ ﻘ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺴﻜﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﻌﺘﻘﺪاﺗﻬﻢ وﺑﺮﻣﺠﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻨﺎ دون اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺑﻮاﻗ ﻌ ﻨ ﺎ وﻣ ﺎذا‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﺮﻳﺪ وﻣﺎذا ﻧﺤﺘﺎج هﻞ ﺳﺄآﻮن ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻋﻦ أﻣﻲ هﻞ ﺳ ﺄآ ﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻋﻦ أﺑﻲ أﻧﺎ أﺣﺒﻬﻢ واﺣﺘﺮﻣﻬﻢ وﻟﻜﻨ ﻲ اﺻ ﺮخ وأﻗ ﻮل أﻧ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺖ أﻣﻲ وﻟﺴﺖ أﺑﻲ ﻟﻲ ﺷ ﺨ ﺼ ﻴ ﺘ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﻘ ﻠ ﺔ وﻣ ﻌ ﺘ ﻘ ﺪاﺗ ﻲ‬ ‫وﺗﻔﻜﻴﺮي اﻟﺬي أﻋﺪت ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺘﻪ وﺑ ﻤ ﺮوﻧ ﺔ ﻋ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﻪ ﺟ ﺪا أﻋ ﺎﻟ ﺠ ﻪ‬ ‫وأﺣﺴﻨﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻴﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻲ وﺑ ﻴ ﺌ ﺘ ﻲ واﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻟ ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻄﻮر آﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ وﻟﻨﻘﺮأ ﻗﻮل اﻹﻣﺎم ﻋ ﻠ ﻲ آ ﺮم‬ ‫اﷲ وﺟﻬﻪ‪ " :‬ﻻ ﺗﺮﺑﻮا أوﻻدآﻢ ﻟﺰﻣﺎﻧﻜﻢ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺧﻠﻘﻮا ﻟ ﺰﻣ ﺎن ﻏ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫زﻣﺎﻧﻜﻢ" ﻓﻠﻨﺤﺮر ﻋﻘﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻣ ﺠ ﺔ اﻟﺴ ﻠ ﺒ ﻴ ﺔ واﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺘ ﻘ ﺪات‬ ‫واﻟﻌﺎدات اﻟﺨﺎﻃﺌﺔ وﻧﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘ ﺪات اﻟ ﺤ ﺴ ﻨ ﻪ واﻟﺼ ﺤ ﻴ ﺤ ﺔ‬ ‫وﻧﻨﻤﻴﻬﺎ وﻟﻨﺒﺪأ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬أﺿﻴﻒ ﻟﻜﻢ ﻗﺼﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻔ ﺔ ﻟ ﺘ ﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺮﺟ ﻮا‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺒﺮة واﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ وﺗﻔﻜﺮوا ﺟﻴﺪا وﺗﺴﺘ ﻨ ﺘ ﺠ ﻮا اﻟ ﺤ ﻜ ﻤ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻴ‪‬ﺤﻜﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺭﹰﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎل ﻭﻴﻀـﻊ ﻋﺸـﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﺸﺠﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺵ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺭ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪4‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻀﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺯﻟﺯﺍل ﻋﻨﻴﻑ ﻫﺯ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﺴﻘـﻁـﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻀﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺵ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺭ ﻭﺘﺩﺤﺭﺠﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻗـﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﺠﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻅﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺠﺎﺠﺎﺕ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻤﻲ ﻭﺘﻌـﺘـﻨـﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺒﻴﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻋﺕ ﺩﺠﺎﺠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﻀﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻔﻘﺱ ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ ﻓﻘﺴﺕ ﺍﻟﺒـﻴـﻀـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﺴﺭ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺠﻤﻴل‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺭ ﺒﺩﺃ ﻴﺘﺭﺒـﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺩﺠﺎﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺇﻻ ﺩﺠﺎﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻠﻌﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻗﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺠﺎﺝ ﺸـﺎﻫـﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻭﺭ ﺘﺤﻠﻕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺘﻤﻨﻰ ﻫـﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺭ ﻟﻭ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻭﺭ ﻟﻜـﻨـﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺒل ﺒﻀﺤﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﺯﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺠﺎﺝ ﻗﺎﺌﻠﻴﻥ ﻟﻪ‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﺃﻨـﺕ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻯ ﺩﺠﺎﺠﺔ ﻭﻟـﻥ ﺘﺴـﺘـﻁـﻴـﻊ ﺍﻟـﺘـﺤـﻠـﻴـﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺤﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺎﻟـﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﻟـﻤـﻪ ﺍﻟـﻴـﺄﺱ ﻭﻟـﻡ ﻴـﻠـﺒـﺙ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺎﺵ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺩﺠﺎﺝ‪.‬‬

‫إن اﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ـ ﻗﺪ دﻟﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﻄ ﺮﻳ ﻖ إﻟ ﻰ اﻻرﺗ ﻘ ﺎء ﺑ ﺄﻧ ﻔ ﺴ ﻨ ﺎ‬ ‫ن اﻟ ﱠﻠ َﻪ ﻻ ُﻳ َﻐ ﱢﻴ ُﺮ َﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫وﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻓﻘﺎل ﺗﻌﺎﻟ ﻰ }ِإ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺴ ِﻬ ْﻢ{ ]اﻟ ﺮﻋ ﺪ‪ .[11 :‬ورﺳ ﻮل اﷲ ـ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﱠﻰ ُﻳ َﻐﻴﱢﺮُوا ﻣَﺎ ِﺑ َﺄ ْﻧ ُﻔ ِ‬ ‫ِﺑ َﻘ ْﻮ ٍم َ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ـ ﻗﺪ دﻟﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﻧ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮ ﺑ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫أﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎل ـ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ـ‪' :‬وﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﻦ ﻳﻐﻨ ﻪ اﷲ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻔﻒ ﻳﻌﻔﻪ اﷲ وﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﺒﺮ ﻳﺼﺒﺮﻩ اﷲ'‪ .‬وﻗﺎل ﺻ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ‪' :‬إﻧﻤﺎ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ واﻟﺤﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻢ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﺤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﺮ ﻳﻌﻄﻪ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻮق اﻟﺸ ﺮ ﻳ ﻮﻗ ﻪ'‪ .‬ﻓ ﻜ ﻞ واﺣ ﺪ ﻓ ﻴ ﻨ ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻬﻞ أن ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻸﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎ ازداد ﻓ ﻬ ﻤ ﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻚ وﻋﻘﻠﻚ أآﺜﺮ آﻠﻤﺎ ﺳﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ اﻟ ﺘ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮ أآ ﺜ ﺮ وه ﺬا ﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮص ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﺼ ﺒ ﻴ ﺔ أن ﺗ ﻤ ﻨ ﺤ ﻚ أدوات‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻚ وﻟﻌﻘﻠﻚ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ أن ﺗ ﺘ ﺬآ ﺮ داﺋ ًﻤ ﺎ أن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺤﺪث ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة‪ ،‬وأﻧﻚ إن ﻟﻢ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ دﻓ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺷ ﺎ َء ِﻣ ْﻨ ُﻜ ْﻢ‬ ‫ﻦ َ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻸﻓﻀﻞ ﻓﺴﺘﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻸﺳﻮأ ﻗﺎل ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪ِ } :‬ﻟ َﻤ ْ‬ ‫ﺧ َﺮ{ ]اﻟﻤﺪﺛﺮ‪.[37:‬ﻓﻬﻮ إﻣﺎ ﺻ ﻌ ﻮد أو ه ﺒ ﻮط؛‬ ‫ن َﻳ َﺘ َﻘ ﱠﺪ َم َأ ْو َﻳ َﺘ َﺄ ﱠ‬ ‫َأ ْ‬ ‫إﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪم أو ﺗﺄﺧﺮ‪ ،‬إﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻮ أو ﻧﺰول‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﻗﺒﻮا‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺻﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﺪاد‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺗﺒﺮﻣﺞ ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻳ ﺘ ﺼ ﺮﻓ ﻮا ﺑ ﻄ ﺮﻳ ﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻌ ﻴ ﻨ ﺔ وﻳ ﻌ ﺘ ﻘ ﺪوا اﻋ ﺘ ﻘ ﺎدات ﻣ ﻌ ﻴ ﻨ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻳﺸﻌﺮوا ﺑﺄﺣﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﻤﺮوا ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬ ﻢ ﺑ ﻨ ﻔ ﺲ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺘ ﺼ ﺮﻓ ﺎت ﺗ ﻤ ﺎ ًﻣ ﺎ ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ اﻟ ﻨ ﺴ ﺮ‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻬﻮة اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺪول‬

‫إﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ رﻣﻀﺎن‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎهﻲ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ‪ ,‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ أﻣﺎآﻦ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺼﻮر إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺴﻊ ﻟﻤﻘﻬﻰ ﻋﺎدي وﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ آﺎﻓﻴﻪ ' ‪ .‬وازدﻳﺎد اﻟﻌﺮوض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﻴﺴﻴﺮ ﺳﺒﻞ ﺷﺮاء أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ورﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎـ ﻟﻤﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺪري أن اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺰأ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﻨﺎس وان اﻟﻨﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺑﻠﻎ‬ ‫ﻣﺪاﻩ ﻓﻲ دول اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪم ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻋﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد واﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺮﻧﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ‪ ،‬وﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﺮك ﻣﺠﺎ ً‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ إﻻ‬ ‫دﺧﻠﺘﻪ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﺳﻒ اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﺎل اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﻟﻠﺤﺴﺮة‬ ‫وﺧﻴﺒﺔ أﻣﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫إن اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬

‫ﻓﻮﻓﻘّﺎ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺎت واﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫واﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ واﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ‪,‬‬ ‫هﻨﺎك ﻓﺠﻮة رﻗﻤﻴﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺪول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ واﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪ .‬إِن اﻟﺜﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻞ ﺗﺘﺨﻴﻞ اﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز‬ ‫ﻋﺪدهﻢ اﻟﻤﺎﺗﻴﻦ واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن أﻻ‬ ‫أن اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻧﺤﻮ‪ 11‬ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﺸﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬وإذا آﺎن ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ أن ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ‪ ,‬وهﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻷوﺳﻊ اﻧﺘﺸﺎرا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ‪ ,‬ﺳﺒﻌﺔ وأرﺑﻌﻴﻦ وﻧﺼﻔﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺮﻩ ﻓﻬﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ أن ﺗﺤﺘﻞ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺒﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺳﻮي ﺳﻜﺎن إﺳﺮاﺋﻴﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ 40‬أﻟﻒ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ أي ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻮق ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻت ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫وﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ واﻗﻌًﺎ ﻣﺆﻟﻤًﺎ ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺠﻮة اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻳﻮﻣّﺎ ﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺎ و ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮة و ﻣﺎ زﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻔﻮذ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت و اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ‪ .‬اﻟﻔﺠﻮة اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻣﻠﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫و ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻧﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ و ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻗﺮأت آﺘﺎب اﻟﻔﺠﻮة اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪآﺘﻮر ﻧﺒﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ و اﻟﺪآﺘﻮرة ﻧﺎدﻳﺔ ﺣﺠﺎزي و اﻟﺬي أﺧﺬت ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﻳﻀﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺠﻮة اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻔﺠﻮة اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻬﻮة اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ واﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺪول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ و اﻟﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻔﺎذ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ و اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻧﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻲ إن ﻋﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻻﻳﻤﺜﻞ إﻻ ‪ 11‬ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟﻒ أي ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻮازي أﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ! وﺗﺼﺪرت ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺣﺴﺐ إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪،2007‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎرة أﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫‪459.476‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم وﺟﺎءت أوروﺑﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒًﺎ ‪337.878‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫وأﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪234.788‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﻜﺎرﻳﺒﻲ‬ ‫‪115.759‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم‪ ،‬وﺟﺎءت أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺧﺎﻣﺴًﺎ ب ‪43.700‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم‪ .‬وإذا ﺑﺤﺜﻨﺎ ﻋﻦ أﺳﺒﺎب هﺬا اﻟﺘﺮاﺟﻊ ﻓﺴﻨﺠﺪ أن‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮي اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻳﺘﺼﺪر اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻓﻤﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺎزاﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪم اﻹﻟﻤﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻬﻞ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﻴﺖ اﻹﻃﻼع‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﺎهﺒﻚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﺮاءة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻼد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻨﺎك آﺘﺎب واﺣﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ‪ 80‬ﻗﺎرﺋﺎ‪ .‬وإذا ﻗﺪرﻧﺎ ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎت اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﺑﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ 300‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ أن آﻞ ﻣﻮاﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﻳﻘﺮأ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ أرﺑﻊ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ أآﺜﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎد إﻟﻰ إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت اﻟﻴﻮﻧﺴﻜﻮ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ أن اﻟﻔﺮد‬ ‫اﻷوروﺑﻲ ﻳﻘﺮأ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎم اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻗﺮاءﺗﻪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺮون‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ أن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻬﺎ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﻧﻔﺎق ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺮﻗﻲ ﺑﺄي ﺣﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻮال‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻬﺎ أﻗﻞ دوﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪم ‪ .‬ﻳﺄﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﺎ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮي اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ وهﻨﺎك أﻳﻀﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي واﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻼت وﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ أوﺟﻪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻘﺪ أﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬ ‫أن ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 60‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻳﻘﻀﻮن اﻏﻠﺐ‬ ‫أوﻗﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﺮات اﻟﺪردﺷﺔ و ‪ 12‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ واﻷدﺑﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ و‪ 8‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ أﻣﺎم اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫و‪ 20‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻳﺰورون اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻹﺑﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻧﺠﺪ أن ‪ 80‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻞ وأﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻀﺮ ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ أن اﻏﻠﺐ هﺆﻻء‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻟﻮن إﻟﻲ ﻣﺪﻣﻨﻲ اﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ .‬وارﺟﻊ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺒﺎط واﻟﻌﺰﻟﺔ واﻻآﺘﺌﺎب وﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮﻳﻦ إﻟﻲ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ اﻟﻬﺮوب ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ إﻟﻲ ﺣﻴﺎة أﺧﺮي اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺪف ﻷي ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ هﻮ اﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﺳ ﺘﺜﻤﺎرهﺎ ﻟﻠﺮﻓ ﻊ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴ ﻢ وﺗ ﺸﺠﻴﻊ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎهﻤﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮار ﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﺒ ﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﺒ ﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠ ﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳ ﻄﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ وﺳ ﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﻨ ﺸﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣ ﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺗﺘﻌ ﺎﻇﻢ أهﻤﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨ ﺸﺮ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﻲ آﻠﻤ ﺎ اﺗ ﺴﻌﺖ اﻟ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴ ﺔ) اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧ ﺖ( ‪ ، internet‬ﻓﺤﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓ ﺮ ﺑﻬ ﺎ ﻣﺬه ﻞ‬ ‫وﻳﺰداد ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮهﺎ ﺑﺎﻵﻻف آﻞ ﻳﻮم‪ .‬آﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ إﺣﺪاث ﺗﺤﻮﻻت ﺟﻮهﺮﻳﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﺮ و ﺗﻮزﻳ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وهﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺎول هﺬﻩ اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ دراﺳﺔ ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻨ ﺸﺮ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﻲ واﻟ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻮرﻗﻲ واﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت واﻟﺪورﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺮﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫رؤﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ و ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻣ ﺰﻳﺞ ﺑﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻤ ﻞ واﻟﻤﺘﺤ ﻒ ﻓﻘ ﺪ ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻣﻜﺘﺒ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬

‫ﺗﻌ ﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت اﻷداة اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳ ﺔ اﻷﻗ ﻮى ﻹﺣ ﺪاث‬

‫)اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻒ( ‪ .‬إن ه ﺬا اﻟﺘﺤ ﻮل ﻣﻔ ﺮح ﻷﻧ ﻪ ﻳﺤﻤ ﻞ اﻷﻣ ﻞ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴ ﻴﺮ ﻓ ﻲ اﻹﻧ ﺴﺎن واﻟﺒﻴﺌ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟ ﺬا ﻓ ﺈن اﻻﺳ ﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻓ ﻲ ﺻ ﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اآﺒﺮ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻮﺻ ﻮل إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺔ وه ﺬا ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻨ ﺎ اذآ ﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت ﺑﻐ ﺮض إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬ ﺎ وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬ ﺎ وﺑﺜﻬ ﺎ ه ﻮ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ أو‬

‫واﻓ ﺮ ﻋﻠﻤ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﻼ ﻳﻤﻜﻨ ﻚ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ﻧ ﺴﺨﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺠ ﻢ‬

‫اﻟﻘ ﻮة اﻟﺪاﻓﻌ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت‪ .‬وﻧﻈ ﺮا ﻻزدﻳ ﺎد ﺣﺠ ﻢ‬

‫ﻟﺴﺎن اﻟﻌ ﺮب )ﺳ ﻮاء آ ﺎن ﻣﺘﺎﺣ ﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺷ ﺒﻜﻪ أو ﻣﺘﻮﻓ ﺮا ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬

‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ )اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧ ﺖ( ﻓﻘ ﺪ اﺻ ﺒﺢ اﻟﻨ ﺸﺮ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﻲ‬

‫ﺣﺎﺳﻮﺑﻚ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ( ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺮع وأﺳﻬﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻟﻮرﻗﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻬﻤ ﺎ وﺻ ﺎر ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣ ﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴ ﺎ ﻣﺬه ﻼ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪد آﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪات‪.‬‬

‫وﻳﺰداد ﻋﺪد روادهﺎ ﺑﺎﻵﻻف ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻧﻤﺎذج ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‪:‬‬

‫وﺗﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻴﻮم أﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ اﺑﺘﺪاء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ‬

‫‪ 2.1‬اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌ ﺪ اﻟﻜﺘ ﺎب وﺛﻴﻘ ﺔ ﺷ ﺎﺋﻌﺔ اﻻﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴ ﺔ ﺣﺎﺟ ﺎت‬

‫واﻟﺠﺮاﺋ ﺪ واﻟﻤﺠ ﻼت واﻟﻤﻘ ﺎﻻت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ واﻟﺒﺤ ﻮث اﻷآﺎدﻳﻤﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﺘﻰ أدﻟﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام واﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺎت‪ ،‬وﻣﻊ ازدﻳﺎد ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟ ﻮرق‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻳﺘﺠﻪ اﻟﻨﺎﺷ ﺮون واﻷآ ﺎدﻳﻤﻴﻮن إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﻨ ﺸﺮ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﻲ‬ ‫آﺄﺳ ﻠﻮب ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴ ﺾ اﻟﻜﻠﻔ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻨ ﺸﺮ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﻲ اﻗ ﻞ آﻠﻔ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨ ﺸﺮ اﻟﻮرﻗ ﻲ إذ اﻧ ﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠ ﺐ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺷ ﺮ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام اﻟ ﻮرق‬ ‫واﻟﺤ ﺒﺮ واﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋ ﺔ واﻟﺘ ﺼﻮﻳﺮ واﻟﺘﺠﻠﻴ ﺪ واﻟﺘﻮزﻳ ﻊ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴ ﺪي‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﻮاء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ أو اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻌﺎﻣ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﺘﻤ ﻴﺰ اﻟﻜﺘ ﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋ ﺔ ﺑﻄ ﻮل ﻋﻤﺮه ﺎ وه ﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘ ﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﻘﻄ ﺎع اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ وه ﻲ ﻣﻘﻮﻣ ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺼﺪﻣﺎت‪ ،‬وﻧ ﺸﺮ اﻟﻜﺘ ﺎب اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻘ ﻖ اﻻﻧﺘ ﺸﺎر اﻟ ﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت ﺳ ﻮاء آ ﺎن ﺑﻮاﺳ ﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺎت ﻟﻴﺰر أو ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫واﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أرﺷ ﻴﻒ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﻲ ﺗ ﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻶﺧﺮﻳﻦ آﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬وهﻜﺬا ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت ﻣ ﻦ ﺻ ﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ أﺛﺮ اﺧﺘﺮاع اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﺳ ﻢ واﻟﻤﺤﺎآ ﺎة‬

‫اﻟﻮرﻗﻴ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﺑﻴﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺷ ﻜﻞ أرﺷ ﻴﻒ ﺣﺎﺳ ﻮﺑﻲ‬

‫واﻟﻨﺤﺖ ‪ ،‬وأﺛﺮ اﺧﺘﺮاع اﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺮﺣﻲ‪،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟ ﻢ‬

‫وﺷﺎﺷ ﺎت ﻋ ﺮض واﺳ ﻄﻮاﻧﺎت رﻗﻤﻴ ﻪ‪ ،‬وﺗﺘﺒ ﺪل اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒ ﺎت ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻠﻐﻬ ﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻓ ﺎﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠ ﺔ ﺑ ﺄن اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜ ﺔ ﺗﻠﻐ ﻲ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﺎء ذو أرﻓﻒ ﻣﻤﻠﺆة ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘ ﺐ إﻟ ﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻬ ﺎم وادوار ﺳ ﺎﺑﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻣ ﺎ ه ﻮ إﻓ ﺮاط ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﺒ ﺴﻴﻂ اﻷﻣ ﻮر‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻮاﺑ ﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷ ﺮة ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت وﺗﺤ ﻮي اﻟﻌﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫ﻓﺤﻴﻦ ﻳﺒﺪو إن آﺜﻴﺮا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘ ﺐ ﺗﺘﺤ ﻮل إﻟ ﻰ ﺻ ﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴ ﺔ‬

‫اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ إﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺗﻬ ﺎ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳ ﺔ ﻟﺘ ﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫آﻤ ﺎ ه ﻮ اﻟﺤ ﺎل ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﺳ ﻮﻋﺎت ‪ encyclopedias‬وأدﻟ ﺔ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪ manuals‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ وﻣﻌ ﺪل اﻟﺘﻐ ﻴﺮ اﻟ ﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬

‫وﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ‪ 4000‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺷﺮآﺔ ‪ sony‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻟﺘﺤ ﺪﻳﺚ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗ ﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن اﻟﻜﺘ ﺎب ﻻ ﻏ ﻨﻰ ﻋﻨ ﻪ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫إﻧﺘ ﺎج ﻗ ﺎرئ اﻟﻜﺘ ﺎب اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﻲ ‪ LIBRIe‬وه ﻮ ذو دﻗ ﺔ‬

‫ﻇ ﺮوف ﻋﺪﻳ ﺪة ﻳﺤﺘ ﺎج اﻟﻤ ﺮء ﻓﻴﻬ ﺎ ﻟﻠﻘ ﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺘﺄﻧﻴ ﺔ واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴ ﻞ‬

‫ﻋﺮض ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﻪ )‪ (170 pixel/inch‬وﺗﺘ ﺴﻊ ذاآﺮﺗ ﻪ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳ ﻦ‬

‫واﻟﻨﻘﺪ‬

‫ﺑ ﻀﻊ ﻣﺌ ﺎت ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻜﺘ ﺐ وﻟ ﻪ ﺑﻄﺎرﻳ ﺔ ﺗ ﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘ ﺼﻔﺢ ‪7500‬‬

‫‪ 2.2‬ﻗﺎرئ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻜﺘ ﺎب اﻟﺮﻗﻤ ﻲ ه ﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴ ﺎت‬

‫‪ 2.3‬ﻣ ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻜﺘ ﺎب اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﻲ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒ ﺎت اﻷآﺎدیﻤﻴ ﺔ‬

‫‪ bits‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻘﻠﻬ ﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳ ﻄﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻄﻮاﻧﺔ اﻟﻠ ﻴﺰر أو وﺳ ﺎﺋﻂ‬

‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﺟﺰءا هﺎﻣﺎ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺎت‬

‫ﺗﺨ ﺰﻳﻦ أﺧ ﺮى أو إرﺳ ﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻋ ﺒﺮ ﺷ ﺒﻜﺔ اﺗ ﺼﺎل وه ﻮ ﻣ ﺼﻤﻢ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒ ﺔ اﻷآﺎدﻳﻤﻴ ﺔ؟ وﻣ ﺎ ه ﻲ ﻣﻌ ﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت واﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧ ﺎت‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗ ﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧ ﺎت اﻟﻤﺎدﻳ ﺔ واﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت‬

‫اﻟﻤﺎدﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣ ﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴ ﻖ أه ﺪاف اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒ ﺔ اﻷآﺎدﻳﻤﻴ ﺔ؟ ه ﺬﻩ‬

‫ﺗﺒ ﺪأ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﺴﺮﺟﺎت اﻟ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ‪ Web browsers‬وﺗﻨﺘﻬ ﻲ‬

‫اﻷﺳ ﺌﻠﺔ وﻏﻴﺮه ﺎ ﻃﺮﺣﻬ ﺎ اﻟﻌﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺒ ﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻟﺪراﺳ ﺔ ﺳ ﻮق‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌ ﺪات اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺮﺳ ﺔ ﻟﻘ ﺮاءة اﻟﻜﺘ ﺎب اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﻲ ﻣﺜ ﻞ‬

‫اﻟﻜﺘ ﺎب اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﻲ واﻟﻤﺒ ﺎدئ واﻻﺳ ﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻌ ﻞ‬

‫‪ ، Rocket- eBook‬وﻳﻀﻢ ﻣﻔﻬ ﻮم اﻟﻜﺘ ﺎب اﻟﺮﻗﻤ ﻲ ﻃﺎﺋﻔ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺰءا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒ ﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻜﺘ ﺐ اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋ ﺔ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺎﺳ ﺤﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن إن اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻴﺔ ﻟ ﻢ ﺗﺘﺤﻘ ﻖ‬

‫‪scanners‬أو إﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻠﻒ ‪.PDf‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ وهﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻗ ﺮاءة اﻟﻜﺘ ﺎب اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﻲ ﺑﻮاﺳ ﻄﺔ آﺎﻓ ﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻻﺳ ﺘﻌﺮاض اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓ ﺮة‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻌ ﺾ اﻟﻜﺘ ﺐ ﻣ ﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺎت‬ ‫اﺳ ﺘﻌﺮاض ﻣﻌﻴﻨ ﻪ وﺑﻌ ﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣ ﻪ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬ ﺎ إﻟ ﻰ ﺑﻴﺌ ﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻌﺮاض ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ورﻏﻢ اﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘ ﺎب ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ ﻳ ﺴﻬﻞ اﺳﺘﻌﺮاﺿ ﻪ ﺑﻮاﺳ ﻄﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺑﻴﺌ ﺎت‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﺗﻮآﻮﻻت وﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت واﻟﻤﻌﺪات‬ ‫إدارة اﻟﺤﻘﻮق اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل واﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻷرﺷﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻮق واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﺮة‬

‫اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮاض إﻻ إن اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺨﺘﺎر ﻋ ﻦ ﻋﻤ ﺪ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺌ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﻳﺠ ﺐ إن ﻳﺘﻮﻓ ﺮ ﺑﺘ ﺎ اﻟﻜﺘ ﺎب اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﻲ‪ .‬وﻃﺒﻌ ﺎ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮاض وﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳ ﺪ اﻟ ﺴﻮق‪ ،‬ﻓﻘ ﺪ ﻳﺨﺘ ﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟ ﻒ اﻟ ﺴﻮق اﻟ ﺬي ﻳﻌﺘﻘ ﺪ اﻧ ﻪ ﻣ ﺮﺑﺢ أو ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ اﻗﺘﺤﺎﻣ ﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺝﻬ ﺎز ﻗ ﺮاءة اﻟﻜﺘ ﺎب اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﻲ ﻣﺜ ﻞ ‪Rocket-eBook‬‬ ‫ه ﻮ إﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﻃﻴ ﻒ ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﺟﻬ ﺰة اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻘ ﺮاءة اﻟﻜﺘ ﺐ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وه ﻮ ﺟﻬ ﺎز ﻣﺤﻤ ﻮل ﻳ ﺰن ‪300‬‬ ‫ﺟ ﺮام وﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺗﺤ ﺪﻳﺚ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﻮاﻗ ﻊ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬وﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ إﻟ ﻰ ﻏﺎﻳ ﺔ ‪ 20‬ﺳ ﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫‪ .3‬اﻟﺪوریﺎت اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ إن ﺗﻘ ﺪم اﻟ ﺪورﻳﺎت اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻓﻮاﺋ ﺪ ﻋﺪﻳ ﺪة ﻟﻠﺒﺤ ﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻬﻲ ذات آﻠﻔﻪ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﻪ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﺗﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﺑ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻌ ﺪد آﺒﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ واﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ دول ﻋﺪﻳ ﺪة‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬ ﺎ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎهﻤﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺠﻮة اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴ ﺔ ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ﻳﻤﻠ ﻚ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺔ وﻣ ﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻠ ﻚ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻳﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺻ ﻴﻐﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻳ ﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻨ ﺸﺮ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﻲ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﻟ ﻮان‬ ‫ﻹﺑ ﺮاز ﻣﻔ ﺎهﻴﻢ ﻣﺤ ﺪدﻩ ﻟﻠﺒﻨ ﺎء اﻟﺘﺮآﻴ ﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠ ﺴﻤﺎت ﻣﺜ ﻼ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤ ﺎوي ‪ ،‬آﻤ ﺎ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻟ ﻒ ﺗ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاﻣ ﺞ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳ ﻮﺑﻴﻪ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻟﻠﻘ ﺎرئ ﺗﻨﻔﻴ ﺬهﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧ ﺎت ﻟﺪﻳ ﻪ‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺗﺮاآﻴﺐ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ اﻹﺑﻌﺎد ﺗﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت ﻣﻔﻴ ﺪة‪ ،‬آﻤ ﺎ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ إﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ ﺼﻮت ﻟﺠ ﺰء ﻣﺘﻌﻠ ﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻓﻴﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﻣ ﻦ ﺳ ﻤﺎع ورؤﻳ ﺔ ﻣ ﺎ ﻳﺤ ﺪث‪ .‬إن‬ ‫ه ﺬا ﻳﺠﻌ ﻞ اﻟﻨ ﺸﺮ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﻲ ﻳﻨﺒ ﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻴ ﺎة واﻟﺤﺮآ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻜ ﺲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋ ﺔ ذات اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣ ﺪة‪ .‬وﺗﻮﺟ ﺪ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻴ ﻮم اﻟﻤﺌ ﺎت ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺪورﻳﺎت واﻟﺠﺮاﺋ ﺪ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴ ﺔ ﺑﻌ ﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻧﻲ واﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﻔﺮض رﺳﻮم اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫أدى ﻇﻬﻮر اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﻴﺐ وﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت إﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻗﻮاﻋ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗ ﺸﻜﻞ أﺳ ﺎس ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻧ ﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺠﻼب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ‪ ،IR‬واﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘ ﺮارات‪ ،‬وأﻣﻜ ﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻳ ﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘ ﺐ واﻟ ﺪورﻳﺎت واﻟﺘﻘ ﺎرﻳﺮ واﻹﺣ ﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت إﻟ ﻰ ﺷ ﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋ ﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ ﺎت ‪ERIC‬‬

‫‪(Educational Resource‬‬

‫)‪Information Code‬وه ﻲ ﺗﺤﺘ ﻮي ﻋﻠ ﻰ أآ ﺜﺮ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫‪ 800000‬ﺳﺠﻞ وﻣﺘﺎﺣ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺷ ﻜﻞ اﺳ ﻄﻮاﻧﺎت ﻟ ﻴﺰر وآﺬﻟ ﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻧﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .6‬اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻻ ﺷ ﻚ إن اﻟﻨ ﺸﺮ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﻲ ﻳ ﺰداد ﺑ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ آﺒ ﻴﺮﻩ إذ ﻳ ﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮزﻳ ﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت وﻧ ﺸﺮهﺎ ﺑﻜﻠﻔ ﺔ ﺑ ﺴﻴﻄﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻳﺠ ﺴﺪ وﺳ ﻂ‬ ‫اﺗ ﺼﺎل ﻓﻌ ﺎل ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺗﻮﻓ ﻴﺮﻩ ﺑ ﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻇ ﻞ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮرق‪ .‬ورﻏﻢ إن اﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻠﻐ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮرق وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﺸﻜﻞ راﻓ ﺪا ﻣﻬﻤ ﺎ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬا ﻓ ﺈن اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﻴ ﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﻢ ﺗﻘﺒ ﻞ اﻟﺘﻐﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻜﻴّﻒ ﻣ ﻊ اﻷوﺿ ﺎع اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ ﻟﻔﺎﺋ ﺪة اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ وان ﻣﻬ ﺎم‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪة ﺳ ﺘﻨﺎط ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒ ﺔ آﺘﺤﻮﻳ ﻞ اﻟﻮﺛ ﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓ ﺮة إﻟ ﻰ ﺷ ﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ووﺿ ﻊ ﺁﻟﻴ ﺔ ﻻﺳ ﺘﻌﺎرة وإﻋ ﺎرة اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳ ﺎت اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫‪interloan Library‬واﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋ ﺔ ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﻟﻄﻠ ﺐ ‪print on‬‬ ‫‪ demand‬وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪http://www.accesseric.org:81‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪو إن اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ هﺠﻴ ﻨ ﻪ ﺗ ﺤ ﺘ ﻮي‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟ ﻜ ﺘ ﺐ اﻟ ﻮرﻗ ﻴ ﺔ واﻟ ﻤ ﺠ ﻤ ﻮﻋ ﺎت اﻟ ﺮﻗ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫وﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﻜ ﺘ ﺒ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل‬ ‫وﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ واﺳﺘﺠﻼب اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﻮﻓ ﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ وﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪم اﻟ ﺬي ﺑ ﺪورﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺳﺲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬

‫وﻧﻈﺮا ﻷهﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺘﺸﺎرك ﻓﻴﻬ ﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ ﻟﻜﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﺒ ﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ واﻷآ ﺎدﻳﻤﻴﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘ ﺘﺮح ﺗﺄﺳ ﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ اﻷهﺪاف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫رﺑﻂ ﻣﻮارد اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﺎﺣ ﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﻜ ﺘ ﺒ ﺎت واﻟ ﻤ ﺮاآ ﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ وإﺗﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠ ﺒ ﺎﺣ ﺜ ﻴ ﻦ واﻟ ﻤ ﻬ ﺘ ﻤ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاث اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ‬

‫وﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮاﺟﻬﻨﺎ اﻟﻴﻮم وﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﻘ ﺪﻣ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎ اﻟ ﻌ ﻮﻟ ﻤ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻮم ﺗﺤﺮآﻪ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄ ﻠ ﺐ اﻟ ﻮﺻ ﻮل إﻟ ﻰ ﻣ ﻮارد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ وﻳ ﺘ ﺤ ﺘ ﻢ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﻤ ﻜ ﺘ ﺒ ﻴ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪة أﻣﻮر ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫▪ اﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺑﺬاﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫▪ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت‬ ‫▪ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺷﺒﻜﺎت ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ آﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪VOIP‬‬

‫ﺕﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺕﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ Voice Over IP‬واﻟﺘﻲ یﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﺥﺘ ﺼﺎرا ‪ VoIP‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺎت اﻟﺮاﺋﻌ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﻟ ﻢ یﺘ ﻢ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ واﺳ ﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎ وﻗﺪ یﻜﻮن اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ أﻧﻬ ﺎ ﺕﺘﻌ ﺎرض ﻣ ﻊ ﻣ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺵ ﺮآﺎت اﻻﺕ ﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗ ﺔ‪ .‬یﺘ ﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌ ﻞ اﻵن اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ إﺝﺮاء اﻻﺕﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺼﻮﺕﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺳﺐ ﺵﺨﺼﻲ وﺣﺎﺳﺐ ﺁﺥﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺥﻄﻮط اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ أي ﻣﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ آﻤﺎ یﺘﻢ‬ ‫أیﻀﺎ إﺝﺮاء ﻣﻜﺎﻟﻤﺎت هﺎﺕﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺳﺐ ﺵﺨﺼﻲ وﺝﻬﺎز ﺕﻠﻴﻔﻮن ﻋﺎدي ﻣﻦ ﺥﻼل ﺕﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ VoIP‬ﻧﻈﻴﺮ دﻓﻊ ﻣﺒﻠ ﻎ زهﻴ ﺪ ﻟﻠ ﺸﺮآﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺕﻘﺪم هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻠﺪ اﻟﺬي یﻮﺝﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻠﻘﻲ اﻻﺕﺼﺎل ﻣﻦ ﺥﻼل ﺝﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻠﻴﻔﻮن‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮي اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺸﺮات اﻟﻤﻼﻳﻴ ﻦ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﺬﻳ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮن ﻣﻊ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺑﻘﻠﻢ أﺳﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺸﺘﻴﻮي‬

‫ﺕﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻻﺕﺼﺎل ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ و ﻣﺤﺎﺳﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫‪VOIP‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤ ﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﻮاﺟﻬ ﻪ إﺟ ﺮاء اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت ﻋﺒ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧ ﺖ ﺗﻈﻬ ﺮ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ واﺿ ﺢ ﻓ ﻲ ﻗﻨ ﻮات اﻟ ﺼﻮت أﺛﻨ ﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴ ﺎن ﻳ ﻀﻄﺮ اﻟﻄ ﺮف اﻟﺜﺎﻧ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ أن ﻳﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺣ ﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﻬ ﻲ اﻟﻄ ﺮف اﻷول ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻜ ﻼم‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣ ﺎ ﺛ ﻢ ﻳﻘ ﻮم ﺑ ﺎﻟﺮد ﺑﻌﻜ ﺲ ﻣ ﺎ ﻳﺘ ﻢ ﻋ ﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤ ﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻔﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﻳ ﺔ ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻟﻠﻄ ﺮﻓﻴﻦ أن ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻤ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﻧﻔ ﺲ اﻟﻠﺤﻈ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ أن اﻟﺼﻮت ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻨ ﺎة واﺣ ﺪة وﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠ ﺐ‬ ‫أن ﻳﺘﺤ ﺮك اﻟ ﺼﻮت ﻣ ﻦ ﻃ ﺮف إﻟ ﻲ اﻟﻄ ﺮف اﻵﺧ ﺮ أﻣ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻨﺎة ﺻ ﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻜ ﻞ ﻃ ﺮف ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫درﺟ ﺔ آﻔ ﺎءة اﻟ ﺼﻮت ﺗﻌﺘ ﺒﺮ أﻳ ﻀﺎ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻌﻴ ﻮب اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺎت اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻔ ﻲ ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻷﺣﻴ ﺎن ﺗ ﺸﻌﺮ‬ ‫وآ ﺄن اﻟﻄ ﺮف اﻟﺜ ﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺘﻜﻠ ﻢ ﻣ ﻦ داﺧ ﻞ آﻬ ﻒ أو أن اﻟ ﺼﻮت‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻞ إﻟﻴﻚ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺎ ﻳﺼﻮت ﻷﻣﻮاج اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪ .‬اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﺎآﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮت ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ آﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘ ﺎم اﻷول إﻟ ﻲ ﺑ ﻂء‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮط اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻵن ﻗ ﺪ ﺗﻐﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫وﻳﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻋ ﺸﺮات اﻵﻻف ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧ ﺖ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌ ﺎﻣﻠﻮن ﻣ ﻊ ﺧﻄ ﻮط اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧ ﺖ اﻟ ﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ‪ ADSL‬وﻋﻠ ﻲ‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺕﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻻﺕﺼﺎل ﻋﺒﺮ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ‪:VOIP‬‬ ‫إﺟﺮاء اﺗﺼﺎل هﺎﺗﻔﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﻴﻦ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ أن ﻳﺘ ﻢ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺠﺎﻧ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻷن اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ ﺗﺠﺮي ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻋ ﺒﺮ ﺧﻄ ﻮط اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧ ﺖ أﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫إذا أردﻧﺎ إﺟﺮاء ﻣﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ هﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻠﻴﻔﻮن أرﺿﻲ ﻓﻔﻲ هﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻳﺠ ﺐ اﻟ ﺪﺧﻮل ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﺷ ﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت اﻷرﺿ ﻴﺔ وﻳﺘ ﻢ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺷﺮآﺎت ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺗﺤ ﺼﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑ ﻞ ﺑ ﺴﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘ ﻮم ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ ‪ VoIP‬ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳ ﻞ اﻟ ﺼﻮت إﻟ ﻲ ﻣﻠ ﻒ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻤ ﻲ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﻤﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ ‪ Digitized‬ﺛ ﻢ ﺗﻘ ﻮم ﺑﺘﻘ ﺴﻴﻢ ه ﺬا اﻟﻤﻠ ﻒ‬ ‫إﻟﻲ أﺟ ﺰاء ﺻ ﻐﻴﺮة وﻳ ﺴﻤﻲ آ ﻞ ﺟ ﺰء ‪ Packet‬ﺛ ﻢ ﺗﺒ ﺪأ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫إرﺳﺎل هﺬﻩ اﻷﺟﺰاء واﺣﺪا ﻳﻠﻲ اﻵﺧﺮ وﻳﻘﻮم اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻔﻲ ﺑﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺟﺰاء ﻣ ﺮة ﺛﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﺤ ﻮل إﻟ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻒ ﺻﻮﺗﻲ وﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﺎع اﻟﺼﻮت ‪.‬هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫هﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓ ﻲ إرﺳ ﺎل أي ﻣﻠ ﻒ ﺁﺧ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ رﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺒﺮﻳ ﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﻲ أو ﺻ ﻔﺤﺎت ﻣﻮاﻗ ﻊ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧ ﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄ ﻮات اﻟ ﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﺘ ﻢ ﻓ ﻲ ﺛﻮاﻧ ﻲ ﻗﻠﻴﻠ ﺔ وإذا آ ﺎن ﻟ ﺪﻳﻚ ﺧ ﻂ‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺮﻧ ﺖ ﺳ ﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻠ ﻦ ﺗ ﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﻮﺟ ﻮد ﻓ ﺎرق ﺑﻴ ﻦ اﻟ ﺼﻮت اﻟ ﺬي‬ ‫ﺗ ﺴﻤﻌﻪ ﻋ ﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤ ﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻔﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳ ﺔ واﻟ ﺼﻮت اﻟ ﺬي ﻳﺘ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ VoIP‬اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﺬي ﺳﻴﺘﻠﻘﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤ ﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻔﻴ ﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻬ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺳ ﻮاء آ ﺎن داﺧ ﻞ اﻟﺪوﻟ ﺔ أو ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻄ ﺮف اﻵﺧ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻜ ﺮة‬ ‫اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ وذﻟﻚ آﻤﺎ هﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘ ﺼﻔﺢ ﻣﻮاﻗ ﻊ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧ ﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ ﻳﻬﻢ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ أو دوﻟﺔ أﺧﺮي‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺠﺮي ﻣﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ ﺗﻠﻴﻔﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﻴﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﺄن ﺗﺤﺘ ﺎج‬ ‫أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ وﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎل ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ VoIP‬وﻳﻜﻮن ﺑﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﺳ ﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻓﻮن وﺳﻤﺎﻋﺎت ﻟﻠﺮأس ‪K‬وﺑﺮأي أﻧﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﻲ أﺗﻮﻗﻊ اﻧﺘ ﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ ‪ VoIP‬أن ﺗﻨﺨﻔ ﺾ ﺗﻜﻠﻔ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤ ﺎت اﻟﺘﻠﻴﻔﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟ ﺪﺧﻮل ﻣﻨ ﺎﻓﺲ ﻗ ﻮي ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺎل اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻔﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﺮ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤ ﺴﻦ ﻓ ﻲ آﻔ ﺎءة اﻟ ﺼﻮت ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺧ ﻼل اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳ ﺪة ‪.‬ﻇﻬ ﺮت ﻓ ﻲ اﻷﺳ ﻮاق أﺟﻬ ﺰة ﺗﻠﻴﻔ ﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤ ﻞ ﺑﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ ‪ VoIP‬وﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻣ ﻊ ﺧﻄ ﻮط اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧ ﺖ اﻟ ﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫وﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ آﺒ ﻴﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ ﻋﻤ ﻞ اﻟﺘﻠﻴﻔ ﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﻴ ﺢ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ ‪ VoIP‬ﻹﺟ ﺮاء ﻣﻜﺎﻟﻤ ﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻴﻔﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻘﻨ ﻮن اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﺤﺎﺳ ﺒﺎت وﺷ ﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺨﻴﻞ ﺑﻄﺎرﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻤﺪﻩ ‪ 30‬ﺳﻨﻪ دون اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻷﻋﺎدﻩ اﻟﺸﺤﻦ‬ ‫أوﺷﻚ أن ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻋﻠﻲ ارض اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‪ ,‬ﻓﻘ ﺪ ﻧ ﺸﺮ ﻣﻮﻗ ﻊ ‪ Next Energy News‬أن‬ ‫ﺑ ﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ ﺳ ﻼح اﻟﺠ ﻮ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜ ﻲ ﻳﻌﻤﻠ ﻮن ﺣﺎﻟﻴ ﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳ ﺮ ﻧﻮﻋﻴ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺎت اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪة ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻬ ﺎ اﻻﺳ ﺘﻤﺮار ﻓ ﻲ أﻧﺘ ﺎج اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ ﻟﻤ ﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻲ ‪ 30‬ﻋﺎم‪ .‬وﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺳﻮف ﻳﺸﻬﺪ ﻋﻤ ﺎ ﻗﺮﻳ ﺐ ﺛ ﻮرة ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳ ﺎت اﻟﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ أﺟﻬ ﺰﻩ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗ ﻒ واﻟﺤﻮاﺳ ﺐ اﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟ ﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﺘﻠﺨ ﺺ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳ ﺪة اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻋﺘﻤﺎده ﺎ ﻣ ﺎدﻩ ﻣ ﺸﻌﻪ ‪ radioisotopes‬واﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘ ﺒﺮ ﻣ ﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﻠﻠﻬﺎ أﺛﻨﺎء أﺷﻌﺎهﺎ ﺗﺼﺪر ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﺑﻴﺘﺎ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﻤ ﺎدﻩ ﺷ ﺒﻪ ﻣﻮﺻ ﻠﻪ‬ ‫‪ Semiconductor‬ﻟﺘﺨﺮج اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮرﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﻴﺎل‬

‫وﻗﺪ أﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻲ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳ ﺪة ﻣ ﺴﻤﻲ ‪ Betavoltaic‬وه ﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﻪ ﻧﻈﻴﻔ ﺔ ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ‬ ‫أﻧﺘ ﺎج اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﺗﻔ ﺎﻋﻼت ﻧﻮوﻳ ﻪ أو آﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴ ﻪ ﺑ ﺄي ﺷ ﻜﻞ ﻣ ﻦ اﻹﺷ ﻜﺎل‪ .‬وإﻧﺘ ﺎج اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺎت ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﺗﺤﻠ ﻞ اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﻧ ﺎت إﻟ ﻲ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻧ ﺎت واﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﺎت ﻧﺘﻴﺠ ﺔ اﺻ ﻄﺪام‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﺑﻴﺘﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﻮل اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﺔ إﻟﻲ ﻣﺎدة ذات اﻧﺤﻴﺎز أﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻮﺻ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪- Diode‬واﻷﻣﺮ هﻨﺎ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ إﻟﻲ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ ‪photovoltaic‬‬ ‫ وﺗﺨﺮج اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﺗﻴﺎر آﻬﺮﺑﻲ‪.‬‬‫وﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﺗﻜﻮن هﺬﻩ اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺎت ﺻﻐﻴﺮﻩ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ورﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻣﻤ ﺎ ﻳﺆهﻠﻬ ﺎ أن ﺗ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓ ﻲ اﻷﺟﻬ ﺰة اﻟ ﺼﻐﻴﺮة ﻣﺜ ﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗ ﻒ واﻟﺤﻮاﺳ ﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺎت اﻳﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻠﻴﺜﻴﻮم اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ,‬وهﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﺎدﻩ اﻟ ﺴﻠﻴﻜﻮن اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻜ ﻲ ﺗﻤﺘ ﺺ ﻧﻈ ﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ‪ .tritium‬وﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻢ داﺧﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺎت ﻟﻴ ﺲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ ﻃ ﺎرد‬ ‫أو ﻣﺎص ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة‪ ,‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻄﺎرﻳﺎت ﻻ ﻳﺼﺪر ﻋﻨﻬﺎ أي ﺣﺮارة ﺗﺬآﺮ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺬي ﺗﻤﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ ﺑﺸﺄن هﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺎت أﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻪ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﻋﻤﺮهﺎ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ –ﺣﻮاﻟ ﻲ ‪ 30‬ﺳ ﻨﻪ‪ -‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺗ ﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺧﺎﻣﻠﺔ وﻏﻴﺮ ﺿﺎرﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ‪ .‬وﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد ﻇﻬ ﻮر ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق أن ﺗﺤﻞ ﻣﺤ ﻞ اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳ ﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻗ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ﺛ ﻼث ﺳ ﻨﻮات‪ .‬و ﻟﻤﺰﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت ﻳﻤﻜﻨ ﻚ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﻮان اﻵﺗﻲ ‪http://nextenergynews.com/news1/next-energy-news-betavoltaic-10.1.html :‬‬

‫ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻮر ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻮن ‪37‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ ﻣﺰودة ﺑﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ "ﺑﻠﻮﺗﻮث"‬ ‫ﺷﺮآﻪ "إﺑﺴﻮن" ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮازﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺎﺗﻬ ﺎ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳ ﺪﻳﻦ "ﺑﻜﺘ ﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻴ ﺖ ﺑ ﻲ‪ .‬أم ‪" (PictureMate PM 260) 260‬و"ﺑﻜﺘ ﺸﺮ ﻣﻴ ﺖ ﺑ ﻲ‪ .‬أم‬ ‫‪" (PictureMate PM 290) 290‬ﻓ ﻲ أﺳ ﻮاق ﻣﻨﻄﻘ ﻪ اﻟ ﺸﺮق اﻷوﺳ ﻂ‪،‬‬ ‫وﺗﻄﺒﻊ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮازات اﻟﺼﻮر ﺑﻘﻴﺎس ‪15 \10‬ﺳﻢ دون ﺣﻮاف وﺑﺠﻮدة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻮن ‪37‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﺻﻤﻤﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﻴﻦ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ وﻳ ﺴﺮ اﻻﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام وه ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﻤ ﻨﺰﻟﻴﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺮاﻏﺒﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺤ ﺼﻮل ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻃﺎﺑﻌ ﺔ ﺻ ﻮر ﺳ ﺮﻳﻌﺔ وﻣﺮﻳﺤ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ وﺗﺤﺮﻳ ﺮ اﻟ ﺼﻮر ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌ ﺎت دون اﻟﺤﺎﺟ ﺔ ﻻﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗ ﺮ ﺑﻔ ﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻮاﺋﻬ ﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺷﺎﺷ ﺔ آﺒ ﻴﺮة ﻣﻠﻮﻧ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻜﺮﻳ ﺴﺘﺎل اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻘﻴ ﺎس ‪ 9.1‬ﺑﻮﺻ ﺔ وزر ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺒﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺼﻐﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﺧﺘﻴ ﺎر وﻃﺒﺎﻋ ﺔ اﻟﻠﻘﻄ ﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺮﺑ ﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻃﺒﺎﻋ ﺔ اﻟ ﺼﻮر ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻬﺰة ﺑﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ "ﺑﻠﻮﺗﻮث" أو أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄ ﺮاز "ﺑﻜﺘ ﺸﺮ ﻣﻴ ﺖ ﺑ ﻲ‪ .‬أم ‪ "260‬ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل إﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ وﺻ ﻠﺔ اﺧﺘﻴﺎرﻳ ﺔ‪ ،‬آﻤ ﺎ ورد ﺑﺠﺮﻳ ﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻳﺎض اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫آﺸﻔﺖ‬

‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﻄﺮاز "ﺑﻜﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻴﺖ ﺑﻲ‪ .‬أم ‪ "290‬ﻓﻴﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﺰات إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ "ﺑﻠﻮﺗﻮث" وﻣﺤ ﺮك ﻣﺪﻣ ﺞ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻷﻗﺮاص اﻟﻠﻴﺰرﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻟﻠﺼﻮر ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮص اﻟﻠﻴﺰري أو ﺗﺨ ﺰﻳﻦ اﻟ ﺼﻮر ﻣ ﻦ ﺑﻄﺎﻗ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺬاآﺮة اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻄ ﺮازات اﻟﺠﺪﻳ ﺪة ﺗﺤ ﺴﻴﻦ ﻃﺒﺎﻋ ﺔ اﻟ ﺼﻮر ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل ﻣ ﻴﺰات اﻟﺘﻜﺒ ﻴﺮ واﻟﺘ ﺼﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﻘﺺ وإزاﻟﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬ ﻢ ﺑ ﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ إﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮات ﻣﺜ ﻞ اﻟ ﺼﻮر اﻟﻜﺮﺗﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ أو اﺧﺘﻴ ﺎر اﻟ ﺼﻮر اﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧ ﺔ أو‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺑﻴﺾ واﻷﺳﻮد أو ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن اﻟﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﺪاآﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻲ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ ﻣﺜ ﻞ اﻟ ﺼﻮر اﻟﻜﺮﺗﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ واﻟﻨ ﺼﻮص‪ ،‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻓﺮ هﺬان اﻟﻄﺮازان ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي أﻳﻀّﺎ اﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺘﺎن ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ" ﻓﻮﺗ ﻮ إﻧﻬ ﺎﻧﺲ"‪ ،‬اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻴ ﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺻﻮر ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة دون اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺪوﻳﺎً‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﻮم هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻀﺒﻂ ﻟﻮن اﻟﺠﻠ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺼﻮر اﻟﺸﺨ ﺼﻴﺔ أو‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻮان واﻟﻈﻼل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أوﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻹﻋﺪادات اﻟﻠﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺼﻮر ﺑﺠﻮدة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬

‫م ﻟﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ آﺮﻳﻢ‬

‫م هﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﻼل‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻬﻴﻦ‪ ،‬أﺣﺪهﻤﺎ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻳﻌﻠﻮ ﺑﺸﺄن ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ وﻳﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ إﻟﻰ أرﻗﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت‪ ،‬واﻷﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺒﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ وراﺋﻪ ﺳﻮي اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺋﺐ واﻟﻜﻮارث‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫هﺬا وذاك هﻮ ﺣﺴﻦ وﺳﻮء اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‪.‬وﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﻮء اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻨﻔﻮس اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫آﺄداة ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬آﺸﻔﺖ دراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ أﺧﻴﺮا إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﺮﺟﺎن اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ أن آﻮﻣﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮات‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﺑﻤﻘﺪورهﺎ ﻣﺤﺎآﺎة أﺻﻮات اﻹﻧﺴﺎن واﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﻠﺴﺎﻧﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﻮد إﻟﻰ ﻇﻬﻮر ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮف ﺑــ "اﻹرهﺎب اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻲ"‪.‬‬

‫آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺕﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ یﻘﻠﺪ ﺹﻮﺕﻚ ﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺝﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮد ﺳﻤﺎﻋﻪ‬

‫إن ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ هﻮ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ﻟ ﺘ ﻨ ﻔ ﻴ ﺬ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﺪاﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺰاﺋ ﺮﻳ ﻦ ﻟ ﻬ ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮاﻗ ﻊ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺒﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ إرﺳﺎل هﺬﻩ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻻﻟ ﻜ ﺘ ﺮوﻧ ﻲ واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ أن ﻳﻘﻮم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟ ﺒ ﺮاﻣ ﺞ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺟ ﻬ ﺎزﻩ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬهﺎ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ رﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ وﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻓﻘﻂ وﺑﻤﺠﺮد‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺗﻨ ﺘ ﻘ ﻞ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﻗ ﻊ اﻟ ﺬي‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺒﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﺧ ﻄ ﻮرة ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ أن ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻀﺎد اﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬ ﺎز اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﺳ ﺐ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ Yahoo‬و ‪.Hotmail‬‬

‫وإذا ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪث هﺬا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻮف ﻳﻘﺪم هﺬا اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮي‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻟﺪﻋﺎة اﻟﺘﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬آﺎﻟﻘﺮاﺻﻨﺔ واﻹرهﺎﺑﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ وﻏﻴﺮهﻢ‪ .‬وأوﺿﺢ اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر دﻳﻔﻴﺪ هﻮارد اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻳﻮرك ان آﻮﻣﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻼل ‪-10‬‬ ‫‪ 15‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﺤﺎآﺎة وﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ اﻷﺻﻮات اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﺳﺘﻤﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺑﻀﻊ آﻠﻤﺎت ﻳﺘﻔﻮﻩ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‪ ،‬وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺮا إرهﺎﺑﻴﺎ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺎ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﺼﻮت إﻧﺴﺎن‪ ،‬وﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ آﻼﻣﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ آﻼم إرهﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺜﻼ‪.‬وأورد هﻮارد ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﺳﺘﻴﻼء ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت إرهﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت وﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎب ﻣﺰﻳﻒ ﻣﻦ رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺒﻼد اﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر‪ ،‬او وﺻﻮل ﻣﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ‬ ‫هﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﺮف ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺑﻮن ﺗﺄآﻴﺪ اﺳﻤﻪ ورﻗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﻲ‪ ...‬وﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ اﻻﻣﺮ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ هﻮ اﻟﺬي آﺎن ﻳﺤﺎآﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮت اﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮ‪ ،‬آﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ إﺟﺮاﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻳﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻟﻎ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺰﺑﻮن‪.‬‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻲ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ‪ ،‬أﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل إﻟﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮة ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﻮاﻗﺐ ﻓﻤﻊ ازدﻳﺎد ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻮل اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ إﻟﻰ ﺳﻮق آﺒﻴﺮ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻃًﺎ ﺗﺠﺎرﻳًﺎ واﺳﻊ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ورد ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ أﺻﺪرﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮآﺔ ﺳﻴﻤﺎﻧﺘﻚ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﻴﺐ‪ .‬وأﺷﺎر اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ أن ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﺰادات ﻟﺒﻴﻊ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻜﻴﺔ وﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﺨﺺ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎن وﺗﻌﺮض أﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬وهﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺰءا ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﺎط ﺗﺠﺎري إﺟﺮاﻣﻲ ﻳﻘﺪر ﺣﺠﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻠﻴﺎرات اﻟﺪوﻻرات‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ أﺝﻞ ﺕﻌﺰیﺰ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺵﺮآﺔ ﻗﻮﻗﻞ ﺕﻄﻠﻖ ﺥﺪﻣﺔ ‪GOOGLE GEARS‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮآﺔ )‪ (GOOGLE‬راﺋﺪة اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ‪,‬ﺧﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬ ‫)‪(GOOGLE GEARS‬وهﻮا ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎل ودون‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ‪,‬ﻟﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ أﻣﺎآﻦ ﺑﻌﻴﺪة ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات واﻟﻘﻄﺎرات وﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺎآﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ أو‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ أآﺜﺮ اﻷﻣﺎآﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ‪.‬‬

‫أﻃﻠﻘﺖ‬

‫وﺗﻘﻮم هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎت ﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ‪AJAX‬ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻮﻳﺐ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺪون اﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ؛‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗُﺤﻤﱢﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ )‪ (Google gears‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺎزك ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑـ ‪Add-ons‬ﻟﻤﺘﺼﻔﺤﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﻮم هﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ آﺨﺎدم ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺨﺰن ﻣﻮارد اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﺑﺪون اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺎدم اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬

‫وﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ)‪ (Google gears‬ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ)‪ ، (Microsoft windows xp)، (lunx‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﻓﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻮآﺲ أو ﻣﺘﺼﻔﺢ إﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ إآﺴﺒﻠﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻮﻳﻨﺪوز ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ إﺗﺎﺣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﺳﻔﺎري ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﺎك‪.‬‬ ‫وﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﻔﺢ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ أو إرﺳﺎل اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺪون اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻀﺮب ﻟﻜﻢ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ)‪ (Microsoft out look‬ﻓﺈذا ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺎدم وﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪ ،‬وﻓﺼﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ اﺗﺼﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺘﺠﺪ أﻧﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺘﺼﻔﺢ آﻞ ﻣﺎ وﺻﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ رﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ دون إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﻌﺮاض اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ‪.‬وإذا ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ رﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﺴﻴﻘﻮم اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺘﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺪوق اﻟﺼﺎدر ﻟﻴﺮﺳﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ أول‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺳﺘﺴﻤﺢ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ واﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ وأﺟﻬﺰة أﺧﺮي‪ ,‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ وﻗﻮاﺋﻢ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ أو ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ اﻷﺧﺒﺎر ﺳﻮاء آﺎﻧﻮا ﻋﻠﻲ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺟﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ أم ﻋﻠﻲ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ أو دون‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﺎﻣﻞ ‪ .‬وﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ)‪ (Google gears‬ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ؛ ﻓﻤﻊ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮهﺎ ﺳﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻔﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪك اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺎزك وﻓﺼﻞ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬وآﺬﻟﻚ اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻔﺢ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ واﻷﺧﺒﺎر؛ ﻓﺄﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﻼص اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ أو ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ‪ RSS‬ﻓﻲ أﺣﺪ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ أو ﺗﺼﻔﺤﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﻗﺮاءة ﺧﻼﺻﺎت اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ‪My yahoo‬أو ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ‪ ,Google home page‬وﺗﻌﺘﺰم )‪ (Google‬إﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫)‪ (gears‬ﻣﺠﺎﻧﺎ آﺒﺮاﻣﺞ )ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ( وهﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن ﺷﺮآﺎت أﺧﺮي ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﺑﻤﻘﺪورهﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮهﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮات ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻴﺸﻴﺠﺎن ﻣﺎدة ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺼﻠﺐ وﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﺰﺟﺎج وﺧﻔﻴﻪ اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬

‫ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ اﻗﻮي ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬ ‫أﻃﻠ ﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ ﻣ ﺴﻤﻲ "ﺑﻼﺳ ﺘﻴﻚ اﻟ ﺼﻠﺐ" ﺣﻴ ﺚ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ إن ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ أﻧﺘﺎج دروع ﻟﻠﺠﻨﻮد وأﻓﺮاد اﻷﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﻣﺮآﺒﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﺧﻒ واﻗﻮي ﺗﻠﻚ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ اﻵن‪.‬‬ ‫وﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﻗ ﻒ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘ ﺎت اﻟﻌ ﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﺑ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﺪاهﺎ إﻟ ﻲ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘ ﺎت ﻣﺘﻨﺎهﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺼﻐﺮ ﻣﺜ ﻞ اﻷﺟﻬ ﺰة‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﻘ ﺔ اﻟﺪﻗ ﺔ ‪Microelectromechanical‬‬ ‫‪ Devices‬واﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳ ﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﻴ ﺔ واﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ه ﻲ ﺧ ﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤ ﺎدة اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻴﺸﻴﺠﺎن‪,‬‬ ‫هﻲ ﻧ ﻮع ﻣ ﻦ أﻧ ﻮاع اﻟﺒﻼﺳ ﺘﻴﻚ اﻟﻤﺮآ ﺐ وﻟﻜﻨ ﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻘﻮﺗﻪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺎﻓﺴﺖ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻼﺑﺘﻪ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻔﺎﻇﻬﺎ ﺑﺨﻔ ﺔ اﻟ ﻮزن واﻟ ﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻬ ﻮدة ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬

‫وﺗﺘﺮآﺐ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘ ﺎت وﺷ ﺮاﺋﺢ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳ ﻜﻮﺑﻴﻪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻄﻔ ﻞ‬ ‫)اﻟﻄﻴ ﻦ( ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤ ﺮات اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠ ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﻪ آﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴ ﻪ ﻳ ﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺮاء اﻷﺑﻴﺾ‪.‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫وﻗﺪ ﺳﺒﻖ وﻧﺸﺮ ﺑﺤ ﺚ ﺑﻌﻨ ﻮان ‪Ultrastrong and‬‬ ‫‪Stiff Layered Polymer‬‬ ‫‪ Nanocomposites‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺪ ﺷ ﻬﺮ أآﺘﻮﺑ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ‪ Science‬وهﻲ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ اﻟﻘﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟ ﺬآﺮ إن ﺧ ﺮوج ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺒﻼﺳ ﺘﻴﻚ إﻟ ﻲ اﻷﺳ ﻮاق ﻳﻌ ﻨﻲ أن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء واﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻮا أﺧﻴﺮا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺎﺋﻖ دام ﻟﻌﻘﻮد ﻳﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫إن اﻷﺟﺴﺎم ﻣﺘﻨﺎهﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻪ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﻴ ﻦ اﻷﺟ ﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎهﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﺗﻜﻮن هﺸﺔ وﻳﺴﻬﻞ آﺴﺮهﺎ‪ .‬وهﺬا ﻳﻌ ﻨﻲ اﻧ ﻪ ﻋﻨ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء أﺟﺴﺎم ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﻳ ﺪي ﻣﻌﺘﻤ ﺪا ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﺟﺰﺋﻴ ﺎت وأﺟ ﺴﺎم ﺻ ﻐﻴﺮﻩ ذات‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة إﻟﻲ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة اﻋﺘﻤ ﺎدا ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﺑﻨ ﺎء ﻣﺎآﻴﻨ ﺔ ﺗ ﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﺗ ﺮص‬ ‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺟ ﺪا ﺗ ﺼﻞ إﻟ ﻲ ﺣ ﺪود اﻟﻨ ﺎﻧﻮ ﻣ ﺘﺮ‪,‬‬ ‫وﻳﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﻐﺮاء اﻷﺑﻴﺾ آﻤﺎدﻩ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻟﻬ ﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺒﻘ ﺎت وﺳ ﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﻪ آﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴ ﻪ دﻗﻴﻘ ﻪ‬ ‫وﻣﻌﻘﺪة‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺎءات و ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس واﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﻘﺎ ﻧﻘﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻷردﻧﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﻘﻴﻨﺎ أهﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﻲ‬

‫آﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻮدﻧﺎآﻢ ﻓﻲ آﻞ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ أﻋﺪاد اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺨﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ وﻣﻤﻴﺰة‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻧﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ وﻧﻌﺮﻓﻜﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬أﻋﺰاﺋﻲ اﻟﻘﺮاء‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫هﺬا اﻟﻌﺪد اﺧﺘﺮﻧﺎ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس واﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻷردﻧﻴﻴﻦ؛ ذهﺒﺖ ﻷﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس‬ ‫واﺋﻞ‪ ،‬وآﻨﺖ أﻋﺘﻘﺪ أﻧﻪ ﻧﻘﻴﺐ وﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺨﺼﻪ وذاﺗﻪ ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺘﻪ وﺟﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﺟﻬﻪ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﻟﻨﺎ وﻣﺎ زودﻧﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫واﻧﻄﺒﺎع راﺋﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﻪ واﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺪﻳﺮهﺎ؛‬ ‫وﺟﺪت ﻧﻔﺴﻲ أﻗﺎﺑﻞ آﻞ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻷردﻧﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺰﻳﻦ واﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﻴﻦ ﻓﻜﺎن ﻣﻤﺜﻞ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫وآﺎن اﻟﻜﻞ وﻟﻴﺲ اﻟﻔﺮد ﺑﺬاﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻦ أﻃﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ‬ ‫وﺳﺄﺿﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ أﻳﺪﻳﻜﻢ هﺬا اﻟﺤﻮار اﻟﺮاﺋﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫َﻣّﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺮب واﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ أوﻻ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﺣﻪ‬ ‫وﻃﻤﻮﺣﻪ واﻧﺠﺎزاﺗﻪ وﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ َﻣّﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻷردﻧﻴﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬و ﻳﺤﻤﻞ رؤى و ﺁﻣﺎل اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ .‬ﺣﻮار ﺣﺮﺻﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﺷﺎﻣﻼ ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪور ﺣﻮل اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷردن ﻓﻘﻂ و ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﻇﺮهﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ و‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل و‬

‫ﺣﺎورﻩ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ – اﻷردن‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺘﻚ ﻟﻨﺎ‪ ،‬وﺑﻘﺒﻮﻟﻚ دﻋﻮﺗﻨﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻮن ﺿﻴﻒ ﻟﻤﺠﻠﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻬﻨﺪس واﺋﻞ‪ ،،‬ﻓﻬﻞ ﻟﻜﻢ أن ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻮﻧﺎ ﺑﺸﺨﺼﻜﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ‪ ،‬وﻣﺴﻴﺮﺗﻜﻢ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ‪ /‬واﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﻘﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮﺣﺐ ﺑﻤﺠﻠﺘﻜﻢ وﻧﺘﻤﻨﻰ ﻟﻬﺎ آﻞ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﻮل ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﺬا‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻟﻪ دور واﺳﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻜﻢ واﺋﻞ أآﺮم اﻟﺴﻘﺎ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﻳﺞ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻷردﻧﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪1980‬م ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺰوج وﻋﻨﺪي ‪ 6‬أﺑﻨﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻲ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ هﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎرات اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ آﻨﺖ ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺒﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻣﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ ﻷرﺑﻊ دورات ‪ ،‬وﻋﻀﻮ هﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻷردﻧﻴﺔ ﻷرﺑﻊ دورات أﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬وﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬رﺋﻴﺲ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ دورﺗﻴﻦ‪ ،‬وﻧﻘﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻷردﻧﻴﻴﻦ وهﺬﻩ اﻟﺪورة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫آﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ وﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺤﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﺬي اﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﺨﺼﻜﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ‪ /‬واﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﻘﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺻﻐﺮي أﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ واﻟﺘﻄﻮﻋﻲ ﻓﻤﻨﺬ اﻟﺼﻐﺮ‬ ‫آﻨﺖ أﺷﺎرك ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﻴﺔ واﻟﻄﻼﺑﻴﺔ وأﺳﺎﻋﺪهﻢ ‪،‬آﻤﺎ‬ ‫أن ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ دﺧﻠﺘﻪ ﻋﻦ رﻏﺒﺘﻲ ﻓﺎﻧﺎ أﺣﺐ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ واﻟﻔﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎري ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﺼﻐﺮ‪.‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎت دور آﺒﻴﺮ ﺳﻮاء آﺎﻧﺖ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ أو ﺻﺤﻔﻴﺔ أو ﻏﻴﺮهﺎ‬ ‫ودورهﺎ ﻓﻲ آﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت وآﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﻄﺮق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻬﻞ ﻟﻜﻢ أن ﺗﻮﺿﺤﻮا ﻟﻨﺎ دور ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺘﻜﻢ وﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎهﻢ ﺑﻪ ؟؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ‪ /‬واﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﻘﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻷردﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﺮهﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮر اﻷردﻧﻲ ﺗﺄﺳﺴﺖ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1958‬م وﺳﻨﺤﺘﻔﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺬهﺒﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻤﻮز )‪(7‬‬ ‫‪،‬وهﺬا اﻟﻌﺎم ﺳﻴﻜﻮن اﺣﺘﻔﺎﻻت ﺑﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎت وآﻞ ﻟﺠﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﻨﺎ ﺧﺎرج اﻷردن واﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﻌﻠﻦ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻧﺠﺎزات اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪى ‪50‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻨﺘﺴﺒﻴﻬﺎ ‪ 71‬أﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪس أردﻧﻴﻴﻦ وﻏﻴﺮ أردﻧﻴﻴﻦ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﺪد ﻏﻴﺮ اﻷردﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺮب وأﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز أﻟﻒ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪6‬‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎت ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-1‬ﺷﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪22‬أﻟﻒ‬ ‫‪-2‬ﺷﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪24‬أﻟﻒ‬ ‫‪-3‬ﺷﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ ‪ 6‬ﺁﻻف‬ ‫‪-4‬ﺷﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ 5‬ﺁﻻف‬ ‫‪-5‬ﺷﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ 13‬أﻟﻒ‬ ‫‪-6‬ﺷﻌﺒﺔ هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ أﻟﻒ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻼﻣﺮآﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﻓﺮوع‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎت ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ارﺑﺪ‬ ‫‪7500‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪس واﻟﺰرﻗﺎء ‪6000‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪس‪ ،‬وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎت‪ .‬وﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ هﻴﺌﺎت ﻋﺎﻣﺔ وﻟﻬﺎ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺎءات و ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻮازﻧﺎت ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻓﻮا ﺑﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻳﻮﺟﺪ هﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺮآﺰﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ واﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫وهﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺮر اﻟﻤﻮازﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪20‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ‬ ‫أهﻤﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎري ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫‪1200‬ﻣﻜﺘﺐ هﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺠﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ وﻟﻬﻢ هﻴﺌﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ هﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺗﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﺮي أﺛﻨﺎء إﺟﺮاء ﻟﻘﺎء ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس واﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﻘﺎ ﻧﻘﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻷردﻧﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎري ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻈﻠﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻤﺪرﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺮب ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎت وهﻲ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ اﻷردن ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻘﺮ ﻷرﺑﻊ‬ ‫أﻻ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ أن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎت اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺎن اﺗﺤﺎدﻳﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮر آﺎﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ وﻟﻴﺴﺖ آﺎﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ أو‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎري وﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ وﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﺎدﻓﻬﺎ ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻊ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪات وﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﺑﻪ ذﻟﻚ؟‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ دﻋﻢ اﻟﻌﺮاق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ‪ /‬واﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﻘﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ أرﺑﻊ ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ هﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ آﻴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮن دراﺳﺎت وأﺑﺤﺎث‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ وﺗﺄهﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺮب‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ أن اﻷردن ﺑﻠﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺸﺮات اﻵﻻف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎوﻳﻴﻦ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﻠﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻄﻲ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‪ ،‬اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻷردن ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس اﻷﺟﻨﺒﻲ ﻓﻤﺎ هﻮ رأﻳﻜﻢ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ أن ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ورﻏﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻨﺎ ﻳﻘﻮدوا‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺴﺒﻴﻦ أﺟﺎﻧﺐ؟‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت آﺒﺮى ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت ‪ ،‬آﺎﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎس واﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ‪ /‬واﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﻘﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫واﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ ‪ ،‬اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪،‬اﻟﻮرق‪،‬ﺷﺮآﺎت اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ‪ ،‬اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس اﻷردﻧﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰ وﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ دﻋﻢ ﻟﺤﺮآﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎرات‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪5000‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷردن وﺧﺎرج اﻷردن ‪ ،‬وﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪20‬‬ ‫‪7000،‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﺑﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‪5000 ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﻟﻒ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﺧﺎرج اﻷردن ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ دول اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ‪،‬وﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻷردن اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺪول اﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻠﻮ آﻨﺎ دون اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﻟﻤﺎ آﺎن ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻨﺎ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﻳﻮﺟﺪ إﻗﺒﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ ﻓﻴﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪13‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺎرج ‪ .‬وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻢ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻓﻲ أﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﺪن اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﺪرس هﻨﺪﺳﺔ وﻣﺴﺘﻮاهﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪة ‪،‬اﻟﺮﻳﺎض‪،‬اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬أﺑﻮ ﻇﺒﻲ ‪ ،‬دﺑﻲ ‪ ،‬اﻟﺸﺎرﻗﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﻬﻪ ﻟﻜﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﺮ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ دول أﺧﺮى أﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻜﻢ ﺗﻬﺘﻤﻮن ﺑﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻊ أﻧﻬﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬آﻨﺪا‪ ،‬اﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻤﻜﻢ؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ وﻟﻨﺮﻋﻰ ﺷﺆوﻧﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺎرج وﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﻣﺠﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ أﻳﻀﺎ ﺧﺎرج اﻷردن ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﺘﺴﺐ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ‪ /‬واﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﻘﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ‪4500‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪس وﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﺮص اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺳﻮاء ﻗﻄﺎع ﻋﺎم أو ﺧﺎص ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺎص ﻧﺤﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﺤﺪودة ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺤﺎول أن ﻧﺠﺪ ﻓﺮص ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﺮاﺗﺐ وﻧﺤﺪد اﻷﺗﻌﺎب ‪،‬واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ ﻳﻘﺪم‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎن ﻣﻦ أآﺒﺮ اﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص وﻟﻬﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺂت ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ وﻣﺮآﺰ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ‬ ‫آﻞ ‪ 90‬ﻣﻮاﻃﻦ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس‪ ،‬آﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻳﻨﺘﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﺪرﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﻴﻦ واﻷﻏﻠﺐ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﻬﻨﺪس‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺪد آﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎص وهﻮ ﻣﺮآﺰ ﻏﻴﺮ رﺑﺤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄهﻴﻠﻬﻢ وﺗﺪرﻳﺒﻬﻢ وﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﻢ ‪.‬‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻼواﺗﻬﻢ وﺣﺪدﻧﺎ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ ‪400‬دﻳﻨﺎر وﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ رﻓﻌﻪ‬ ‫أﺳﺴﺖ اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 10‬ﺳﻨﻮات ﻣﺮآﺰ ﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ‪100‬دﻳﻨﺎر ‪،‬واﻟﻤﻔﺮوض ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت أن ﺗﻠﺘﺰم ﺑﻬﺬا‬ ‫درب ﻣﻨﺬ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ‪ 25‬أﻟﻒ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس و أهﻠﻬﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺗﺐ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻷﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻗﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻳﻄﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺳﻮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﻻ ﺗﺪرس ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎت ﻟﻨﺮاﻗﺐ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت وﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت وﻻ ﺗﻘﺮأ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺐ ‪،‬ﺗﻔﺘﺢ ﺁﻓﺎق ﻋﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة واﻟﺘﻲ رﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ‪ 3‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫أداﺋﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ أﻳﻀﺎ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﺠﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﺪد ﻟﻬﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻌﺐ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ آﺎﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﻳﺠﺮي اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت ﻣﻊ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت وﺟﻬﺎت ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺪرب أﻟﻒ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ‪400‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪس‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ وﻳﻌﻄﻰ راﺗﺐ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ ﻧﺼﻔﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻟﻘﺎءات و ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎت‬

‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻀﻤﺎن اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ وﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺰﻳﺎرات‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﻟﺴﻤﺎع ﺷﻜﻮاهﻢ وﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻬﻢ وآﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻟﻘﺎء ﻣﻌﻬﻢ وﻣﻊ رؤﺳﺎﺋﻬﻢ وﻧﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺤﻘﻮﻗﻬﻢ وﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪم اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﻌﻤﻞ إﺿﺮاﺑﺎت ﻹﻧﺼﺎﻓﻬﻢ‪ ،‬وﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻘﺎءات دورﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﻔﺮوع وأﻋﻀﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ آﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎت ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ آﻞ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎهﻢ وﻟﻴﻠﻘﻰ‬ ‫آﻞ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻧﻔﺲ اﻻهﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ هﻲ أهﻢ اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ‪ /‬واﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﻘﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أهﺪاف اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-1‬ﻗﺒﻮل ﻃﻠﺒﺎت اﻻﻧﺘﺴﺎب وﺗﺪﻗﻴﻖ اﻟﺸﻬﺎدات ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪،‬ووﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺰوﻳﺮ وﺷﻬﺎدات ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ وﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-3‬ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮات وﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎت ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 4‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 5‬ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮات ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﻋﺸﺮات اﻷﻳﺎم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ وﻣﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮات ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-4‬اﻟﺪﻓﺎع ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﻘﻮق وﻣﺴﺘﺤﻘﺎت اﻷﻓﺮاد وﻋﻼواﺗﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﻴﻦ ‪،‬ﺗﻈﻠﻤﺎﺗﻬﻢ إﺟﺎزاﺗﻬﻢ‪..‬‬ ‫‪-5‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﻢ وﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺗﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺻﻨﺪوق‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻘﺪراﺗﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ‪300‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن دﻳﻨﺎر أردﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل اﺷﺘﺮاآﺎت ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﺑﺜﻼث ﺧﻄﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫‪200‬دﻳﻨﺎر راﺗﺐ ﺷﻬﺮي‬ ‫‪280‬دﻳﻨﺎر ﺷﻬﺮي‬ ‫‪400‬دﻳﻨﺎر ﺷﻬﺮي‬ ‫‪600‬ﻧﺤﺎول أن ﻧﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﺼﺮف ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ‪800‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن دﻳﻨﺎر‬ ‫رواﺗﺐ ﺗﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ‪60‬ﺳﻨﻪ ﻓﻤﺎ ﻓﻮق وﻟﺰﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 55‬ﺳﻨﻪ ﻓﻤﺎ ﻓﻮق ‪ ،‬وأﺛﻨﺎء اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر هﺬﻩ اﻷﻣﻮال‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮهﺎ ﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس‪،‬وﻧﻮﻓﺮ ﻗﻄﻊ أراﺿﻲ ﻧﻮزﻋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ‪ ،‬وﻧﻌﻄﻴﻪ ﻗﺮوض ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ‪20‬أﻟﻒ دﻳﻨﺎر ﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎرة ‪ ،‬أﺛﺎث‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺰل أو ﺷﺮاء ﺷﻘﺔ ‪،‬ﺷﺮاء‬ ‫آﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺎت‪،‬آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮات‪.‬‬ ‫هﻨﺎك راﺗﺐ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ‪60‬دﻳﻨﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮاﺗﺐ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪي‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻮﻓﺎة ودﻓﻌﺔ ﻓﻮرﻳﺔ ‪2000‬دﻳﻨﺎر‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺪوق اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﻞ‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻳﻤﻨﺢ ‪250‬دﻳﻨﺎر ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺠﺰ واﻟﻮﻓﺎة ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل اﺷﺘﺮاك اﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﻟﻠﺰﻣﻴﻞ وهﺬا ﺷﻲء ﻧﻔﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ وﻋﺪد أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺼﻨﺪوق اﻵن ‪5000‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪس‬ ‫‪،‬اﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﻷﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻟﻬﻢ‬ ‫وﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺗﻬﻢ وﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺬي ﻳﺪﻓﻊ اﺷﺘﺮاآﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪي وﻋﺎدي ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﺮآﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻨﺪوق اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ وﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻟﻼن ‪16‬أﻟﻒ ﻣﺆﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺻﺤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫آﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺻﻨﺪوق اﻟﻘﺮض اﻟﺤﺴﻦ ﻟﻤﻨﺢ‬ ‫‪40‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن دﻳﻨﺎر وﻳﻤﻨﺢ ‪ 10‬ﺁﻻف دﻳﻨﺎر ﺑﺪون‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﺮض اﻟﺰواج ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺪس أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻲ اﻟﺘﺨﺮج ‪3000‬دﻳﻨﺎر ﻳﻘﺴﻄﻮﻧﻬﻢ‬ ‫‪75‬دﻳﻨﺎر ﺧﻼل ‪40‬ﺷﻬﺮ ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﻟﻪ أﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻗﺮض ‪5000‬دﻳﻨﺎر ‪1000‬دﻳﻨﺎر‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ دون ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ أو ﻣﺮاﺑﺤﺎت ‪،‬وﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﺮار أن‬ ‫آﻞ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎراﺗﻨﺎ ﻻ رﺑﻮﺑﻴﺔ وﻣﻠﺰم ﺑﻬﺎ آﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﺮآﺎﺋﻨﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ إن ﺷﺎء اﷲ ﺳﻨﺆﺳﺲ ﺻﻨﺎدﻳﻖ ﺿﺪ أﺧﻄﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﻠﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ وﺻﻨﺪوق اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس راﺗﺐ إﻟﻰ أن ﻳﻌﻤﻞ وﺻﻨﺪوق ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺸﺮوع‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻜﻢ وﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ‪ /‬واﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﻘﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄآﻴﺪ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮاﺻﻞ ﻓﺎﻧﺎ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻲ اﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮب ‪ ،‬رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺮب‬ ‫)ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ‪،‬ﻣﻤﺎرس‪،‬ﺧﺒﻴﺮ(‪ ،‬وﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻟﻘﺎءات ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻮﻃﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ورﺋﻴﺲ هﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎرﻳﺔ اﻷردﻧﻴﺔ هﻮ أﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫رﺋﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮات وﻗﺮارات وﻧﻮﺣﺪ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ واﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ واﻟﻘﺮارات‬ ‫واﻟﻜﻮدات ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻮﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ وﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺗﺐ‬ ‫وﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻷﺳﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة اﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻼد اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻟﻘﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪس أو ﻣﻤﺎرس أو ﺧﺒﻴﺮ وﻳﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﻜﻞ‬ ‫أرﻳﺤﻴﺔ دون أن ﻳﺘﻌﺮض ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات وﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت ﻓﻲ آﻞ دوﻟﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﻐﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ‪.‬‬ ‫آﺎن ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺮب اﻟﻌﺎم اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺎﻷردن ﺷﺎرك‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪500‬اﻟﻰ ‪600‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻋﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ اﺗﺤﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎت اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪول اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻷردن ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻲ هﺬا‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺤﺎد آﻤﺎ أﻧﻨﻲ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺪول‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ‪،‬اﻧﺪوﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎآﺴﺘﺎن ‪،‬آﺎزاﺧﺴﺘﺎن ‪ ،‬ﻃﺠﻜﺴﺘﺎن‬ ‫‪،‬ﺑﻨﻐﻼدﻳﺶ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮآﻴﺎ‪ ،‬إﻳﺮان ‪،‬دول اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ آﻤﺎ اﻧﻪ‬ ‫هﻨﺎك ‪ 7‬دول ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺎرآﺔ أﻳﻀﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-1‬اﻷردن‬ ‫‪-2‬ﺳﻮرﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪-3‬اﻟﻌﺮاق‬ ‫‪-4‬اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪-5‬اﻟﺴﻮدان‬ ‫‪-6‬ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺎءات و ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎت‬ ‫‪-7‬ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ‬ ‫وﻟﻬﺬا اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎت دورﻳﺔ وﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎع ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻮرﻳﺎ‪..‬‬

‫‪،‬ﻣﻤﺮﺿﻴﻦ وﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺳﻨﻘﻮم ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻀﻢ آﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﻊ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺎدي ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎﺑﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﺎرع اﻷردن ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﺎء ‪55‬دوﻧﻢ وآﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎت ﺳﺘﺴﺎهﻢ ﻓﻲ هﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫أﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن اﻷﻋﻼم اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ واﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻪ دور آﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ وﻳﺴﻬﻞ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻮر وﻣﺎ هﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺗﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﻋﻼم؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ‪ /‬واﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﻘﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪور اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ دور ﻣﻬﻢ وهﻨﺎك ﻣﻨﺸﻮرات ﺗﺼﺪرهﺎ اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫آﻤﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس اﻷردﻧﻲ ﺗﺼﺪر ‪ 4‬ﻣﺮات ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎط أﺳﺒﻮﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ إذاﻋﺔ ﺣﻴﺎة اف ام ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﻠﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ وأﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ إذاﻋﺔ وﻃﻦ وﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺳﻨﻔﺘﺘﺢ ﻗﻨﺎة‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ أن ﺷﺎء اﷲ وﺑﺮأﻳﻲ أن اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻪ اآﺒﺮ‬ ‫وﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻟﻪ اﺛﺮ اﺑﺮز ﻷﻧﻪ أآﺜﺮ اﻧﺘﺸﺎرا ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫هﻞ ﺗﺘﻮاﺻﻠﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ‪ /‬واﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﻘﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ﻟﻨﻔﻴﺪهﻢ وﻧﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻴﻦ‪،‬اﻟﺼﻴﺎدﻟﺔ‪،‬اﻷﻃﺒﺎء‪،‬ﺻﺤﻔﻴﻴﻦ‪،‬اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﻴﻦ‪،‬ﺑﻴﻄﺮﻳﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫وﻣﺎ هﻮ دورآﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ‪ /‬واﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﻘﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫دﻋﻢ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ أﺳﺴﺖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺮآﺰ ﻟﻺﺑﺪاع‬ ‫وهﻨﺎك ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮا اﺧﺘﺮاﻋﺎت وﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮاآﺰ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺮآﺰ إﺑﺪاع آﻤﺎ أﻧﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت وأول ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ هﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻴﺮﻣﻮك آﻤﺎ أﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﺪم‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮات اﻵﻻف ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ‪ .‬ﺣﺮاك وﻃﻨﻲ‬ ‫آﺒﻴﺮ وﻟﺠﻨﻲ وﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺴﺎهﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ آﻞ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ آﻤﺎ أﻧﻨﺎ ﺗﺒﺮﻋﻨﺎ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ‪22‬اﻟﻒ ﺣﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﺣﺪاﺋﻖ وﻏﺎﺑﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﻟﻘﺮاء ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ‪ /‬واﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﻘﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫أﺷﻜﺮآﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺰة وأﺗﻤﻨﻰ ﻟﻬﺎ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺳﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫أﺗﻤﻨﻰ اﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ واﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻟﻜﻞ اﻟﻘﺮاء واﻟﻨﺠﺎح ﺑﺤﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺟﺮﺑﻮع‬

‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻋﺪﻳﺪة ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺣﺎورﻩ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺘﻮﻣﻲ‬

‫ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻻ یﺨﻔﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻺﻋﻼم ﻣﻦ دور آﺒﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻷﺥﺺ إن‬ ‫آﺎن هﺬا اﻹﻋﻼم ﻣﻮﺝﻪ إﻟﻲ ﻓﺌﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﺎب‪ ،‬یﺰیﺪ اﻷﻣﺮ أهﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫إن آﺎﻧﻮا ﻃﻼب ﺝﺎﻣﻌﻴﻴﻦ؛ أردﻧﺎ أن ﻧﺠﺮي ﺣﻮارا ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎ اﻋﺘﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻠﻘﺎءات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫آﻞ ﻋﺪد ‪ ،‬أو ﺕﻨﺸﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺹﻔﺤﺎت ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬا‬ ‫آﺎن ﻟﻨﺎ هﺬا اﻟﻠﻘﺎء ﻣﻊ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺝﺮﺑﻮع اﻟﺬي ﻧﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻢ ﺕﻔﺎﺹﻴﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ هﻞ ﻟﻜﻢ أن ﺕﻌﺮﻓﻮا ﻗﺮاء‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺵﺨﺼﻜﻢ اﻟﻜﺮم؟‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺟﺮﺑﻮع ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼم ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ اﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺸﺮف اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻀﻮ هﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬هﻞ ﻟﻜﻢ أن ﺕﺤﺪﺛﻮﻧﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺕﺠﺮﺑﺘﻜﻢ اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ‪ :‬هﺬا اﻟﺴﺆال ﻳﺤﺮك ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ و اﻟﺬآﺮﻳﺎت‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻨﺬ ﻧﻌﻮﻣﺔ أﻇﺎﻓﺮي‪ ،‬آﻨﺖ أهﻮى‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻘﺎء‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﺈﻋﻼن اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪهﺎ إن ﺟﺎز‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻨﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺤﺮﺻﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ إﻟﻘﺎء آﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺑﻮر اﻟﺼﺒﺎح ﻓﻲ اﻹذاﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬و ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﻘﻮل أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ هﻨﺎ ﺑﺪا اﻻهﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻴﺪان‪ ،‬ﺷﻲء ﻓﺸﻲء ﺗﺪرﺟﺖ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫هﺬا اﻟﺤﻘﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻨﺖ ﻣﺮاﺳﻞ ﻹذاﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‪ ،‬و‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻠﺖ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮاﺳﻼت‪ ،‬أذآﺮ أﻧﻲ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ أول‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‪ ،‬آﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة آﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮأﺳﺖ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﺖ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ إذاﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬و أﺣﺪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ اﻻﻧﻄﻼﻗﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻟﺖ اﻷﺣﺪاث إﻟﻲ أن ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺖ إدارة ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻹﻋﻼن ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ اﺑﺮﻳﻞ و إﺻﺪار ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ أن ﻧﺪرك اﻟﻤﺴﻴﺮة اﻟﺤﺎﻓﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻤﻴﺪان‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ هﻲ ﺕﺠﺮﺑﺔ و ﺥﺼﻮﺹﻴﺔ اﻹﻋﻼم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ؟‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄآﻴﺪ ﻟﻺﻋﻼم اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ أي ﺑﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﺑﻌﺔ أوﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪،‬و ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ و اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬هﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة ﺗﻌﻜﺲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫و ﺗﺒﺮزهﺎ‪ ،‬أﻋﺘﺒﺮ أن اﻹﻋﻼم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ اﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎص و اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬و ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻤﻘﺮوء ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮع أو اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬أﻧﺘﻢ ﺕﺼﺪرون ﺹﺤﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ ،‬هﻞ ﻟﻜﻢ أن‬ ‫ﺕﺤﺪﺛﻮﻧﺎ ﻋﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ‪ :‬أوﻻ اﻏﺘﻨﻢ اﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻚ أﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ إﻟﻲ أﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ اﺑﺮﻳﻞ‬ ‫) ﻋﻤﻴﺪ ﺝﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ اﺑﺮیﻞ( ﻓﻘﺪ آﺎن ﺣﺮﻳﺼﺎ ﺟﺪا ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﻮر هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ إﻟﻲ اﻟﻮﺟﻮد‪ ،‬ﻗﺎل ﻟﻲ أﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻌﺪاد‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ آﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻳﻜﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎﺣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬و ﻇﻬﻮرهﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻻﺋﻖ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ أن أردﻧﺎ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ أوﻻ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻃﻼب اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻰ و ﻓﺌﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﺎب ﺑﺎﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬إﻟﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ اﻟﻘﺮاء‪ ،‬هﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺣﺎوﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ أن ﻧﻀﻤﻦ أآﺒﺮ ﻗﺪر ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻼﺋﻢ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﺢ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬا ﺗﺠﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫أدﺑﻴﺔ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎدة ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ أﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻲ أﺧﺒﺎر و‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮات و ﻧﺪوات ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬و ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺴﻴﺮ أن ﺗﻼﺣﻆ هﺬا ﺑﻤﺠﺮد إﻟﻘﺎﺋﻚ ﻧﻈﺮة ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ أﻧﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺎول ﻣﺎ اﺳﺘﻄﻌﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻄﻮر اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺎءات و ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺤﺪیﺚ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺹﺤﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫یﻘﻮدﻧﺎ إﻟﻲ ﺝﺰﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺕﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮار‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻮﺽﻮع‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺜﻴﺮا ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺎب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﺤﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪیﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ ،‬إﻟﻲ أي ﺣﺪ ﺕﺠﺪ‬ ‫أن هﺬا اﻹﺵﻜﺎل یﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺹﺤﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺤﺪد ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫أوﻻ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ رأي ﻟﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻮل أن هﺬا ﻧﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫أم ﻻ؟ و ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ هﻞ ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫أن هﺬا ﻋﻴﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻒ‪ ،‬أرى أن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﻣﻊ رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﻤﺮ اﻟﺘﻮﻣﻲ أﺛﻨﺎء إﺟﺮاء اﻟﻠﻘﺎء‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﺘﺰﻣﺔ و ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻠﻚ ﻏﻴﺮ ذات‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرآﻢ ﻣﺪیﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻹﻋﻼن ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ أﻧﻨﺎ آﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ هﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﺑﺮیﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻟﻜﻢ أن ﺕﺤﺪﺛﻮن ﺣﻮل هﺬﻩ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺒﺎدئ و ﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ و ﺗﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ‪ :‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ أﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬إﺣﺪى ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎم اﻷول‪ ،‬و أن ﺗﻼﻣﺲ هﻤﻮم و ﺗﻄﻠﻌﺎت اﻟﻘﺮاء و‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺳﺴﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1991‬و‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎآﻠﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎم اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ أﻋﺘﻘﺪ أن هﺬﻩ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫آﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻬﺎ آﻠﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ هﻤﺎ آﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم و آﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺑﺪا و ﻻ أرى أن هﺬا ﻳﻤﺜﻞ إﻻ ﻧﻤﻄﺎ ﻣﻠﺘﺰﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﻠﻘﻰ‬ ‫اﻵداب‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻵن أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻦ آﺒﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﺤﻒ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ أو ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‪ ،‬و ﺗﻀﻢ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻗﺴﺎم‪ ،‬آﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﻒ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺻﻮرهﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗﻬﺎ و ﻣﺤﺘﻮاهﺎ‪ ،‬إﻧﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‪ ،‬آﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺐ‪ ،‬آﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ‪ ،‬آﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب ‪ ،‬وآﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﺳﺘﻬﻼآﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ إﻻ!‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ‪ ،‬وآﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن و ﻏﻴﺮهﺎ‪ ،‬و اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬآﺮ اﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺮآّﺐ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ آﺒﻴﺮ ﺟﺪا‪ ،‬ﺳﻮف ﻳﻀّﻢ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻜﻴﺎت و‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬إن ﻋﺪﻧﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺕﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻹذاﻋﻴﺔ و أﺣﺐ أن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎر اﻹدارﻳﺔ و ﻏﻴﺮهﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻔﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﻔﺰة‬ ‫ﺕﺤﺪﺛﻨﺎ ﺣﻮل ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻹذاﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﻋﺔ و ﺕﺠﺮﺑﺘﻚ‬ ‫آﺒﻴﺮة ﺟﺪا‪ ،‬و ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ اﻧﺠﺎز اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ و ﻧﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﻳﺘﻢ اﻓﺘﺘﺎﺣﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ؟‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺟﺪا‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻄﻼب و اﻟﻜﺎدر اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ‪ :‬هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺮاﺋﺪة ﺗﻬﺪف إﻟﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫و اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﺄآﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ أن اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄآﻴﺪ ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻹذاﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻄﻠﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺷﻂ آﺒﻴﺮة ﺟﺪا‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺆﺧﺮا ﻋﻘﺪت اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺎت) اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎت( و ﺗﻜﻮن ﻟﺴﺎن‬ ‫اﻹﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ و ﻗﺪ آﺎن ﺣﺪﺛﺎ ﺑﺎرزا ﺟﺪا‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻘﻰ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻬﻢ‪ ،‬آﺎﻧﺖ اﻻﻧﻄﻼﻗﺔ ﻹذاﻋﺔ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ اﻧﻄﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت اﻹﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘﺎء ﻗﻞ ﻧﻈﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺻﻼت‬ ‫هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ أرﺟﺎء اﻟﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‪ ،‬و ﻗﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺎرب اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ و اﻟﺘﺒﺎدل ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫آﻠﻔﺖ ﺑﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ إذاﻋﺔ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺨﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺪأﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ وﺿﻊ اﻷﺳﺲ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ووﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻹذاﻋﻴﺔ و اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﻠﻲ أذآﺮ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﺞ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺘﺮات‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪا‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻸهﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺎد‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﺤﺒﺔ ﻟﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ أآﻦ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ آﻞ اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ و اﻻﺣﺘﺮام‪ .‬و‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻟﺖ اﻷﺣﺪاث ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻹذاﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ أﻧﻪ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻵن وإن آﻨﺖ ﻻ أﺷﻐﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ إذاﻋﺔ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ إﻻ أﻧﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻻزﻟﺖ أﻗﺪم ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ إذاﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﺥﺘﺎم هﺬا اﻟﻠﻘﺎء هﻞ ﻟﻜﻢ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ أﺥﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺮاء ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ‪ :‬أوﻻ أود أن أﺷﻜﺮآﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‪ ،‬و اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺮاﺋﻊ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬و ﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺬﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎع و ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻘﺘﻤﻮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﻖ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ أوﺳﻊ‬ ‫أﺑﻮاﺑﻪ‪ ،‬و ﻧﺤﻦ أن ﻧﺮى اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻗﻔﺰت إﻟﻲ درﺟﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻻزدهﺎر و اﻟﺘﻔﻮق و ﺷﻜﺮا ﺟﺰﻳﻼ ﻟﻜﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺴﻪ أول ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﺘﻤﺔ ﺑﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﺬآﺎء اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﻳﻢ اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺮﺗﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺣﻘﻞ اﻟﺬآﺎء اﻻﺻ ﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣ ﻦ أﺣ ﺪ أه ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘ ﻮل اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺎل اﻟﺤﺎﺳ ﺐ‪ ،‬و ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬ ﻢ وﺟ ﻮد ﺟﻬ ﺎت أهﻠﻴ ﺔ ﺗﻌ ﻨﻲ ﺑﺄﺑﺤ ﺎث و‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﺬآﺎء اﻻﺻ ﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻬ ﺬا اﻟﻐ ﺮض‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺳ ﺴﺖ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺬآﺎء اﻻﺻ ﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 23‬ﻣﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ اﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1370‬ﻣﻦ وﻓﺎة‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳ ﻮل اﻟﻤﻮاﻓ ﻖ ‪ 2002‬ﻣ ﺴﻴﺤﻲ ﺑﻌ ﺪ أن‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎدى ﻋﺪد ﻣ ﻦ اﻹﺧ ﻮة اﻟﻤﻬﺘﻤﻴ ﻦ ﺑﻌﻠ ﻢ اﻟ ﺬآﺎء‬ ‫اﻻﺻ ﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ واﺳ ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻟﺘﻮﻓ ﻴﺮ ﺣﻠ ﻮل‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة وﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﻋﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﺜ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ ﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻟﻄﺒﻲ‪،‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴ ﻞ اﻟ ﺼﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴ ﺔ‪،‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺻ ﻮر اﻷﻗﻤ ﺎر اﻹﺻ ﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬ ﻢ اﻟﻠﻐ ﺎت اﻹﻧ ﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬إﺛﺒ ﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ ﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻢ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧ ﻲ ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﺠ ﺎرة‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﻘﻦ اﻵﻟﻲ )اﻟﺮوﺑ ﻮت(‬ ‫‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴ ﻂ‪ ،‬اﺗﺨ ﺎذ اﻟﻘ ﺮارات‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻠ ﻢ اﻵﻟ ﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺮﺗﻴﻤﻲ ﻳﺘﺴﻠﻢ ﺷﻬﺎدة اﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻴ ﺎت اﻟﺒﺤ ﺚ اﻟﺬآﻴ ﺔ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴ ﺔ ﺣﻘﻘ ﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻣﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺮب و ﺿﻴﻒ اﻟﺸﺮف ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺴﺒﻖ ﻓ ﻲ آﻮﻧﻬ ﺎ أول ﺟﻤﻌﻴ ﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﺗﻬﺘ ﻢ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘ ﺎت وﺣﻘ ﻮل‬ ‫و اﻟ ﺬي ﺣ ﻀﺮ ﻣ ﻦ دوﻟ ﺔ اﻹﻣ ﺎرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤ ﺪة ‪ .‬ﺷ ﻬﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﺬآﺎء اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺘﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺷ ﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬و درع اﻟﺴﺒﻖ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻪ اﻟﻤﺠﻠ ﺔ ه ﺬا اﻟﻌ ﺎم ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ دورات ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺬآﺎء اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ و ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗ ﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫وﺳ ﻂ ﺣ ﻀﻮر إﻋﻼﻣ ﻲ ﺑ ﺎرز‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﺻ ﺖ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗﻐﻄﻴ ﺔ ه ﺬا‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺴﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴ ﺔ ﺑ ﺈﺟﺮاء اﻟﻌﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪث‪ ،‬و ﻋﻠ ﻰ ه ﺎﻣﺶ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴ ﺎت اﻟﺤﻔ ﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗ ﺎم اﻟ ﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪراﺳ ﺎت و اﻷﺑﺤ ﺎث اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬و ﻗ ﺪ ﻗﺎﻣ ﺖ اﻟﻤﺠﻠ ﺔ ﺑﻨ ﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤ ﺮ ﻣﺤﻤ ﺪ اﻟﺘﻮﻣ ﻲ ﺑﺈﻟﻘ ﺎء ﻋ ﺮض ﺗﻘ ﺪﻳﻤﻲ آﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ ﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬ ﺎ ﺟﻤﻠ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻴ ﺎت‬ ‫ﺷﺮح ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺠﻠ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺤ ﻀﻮر و اﻟﻨ ﺸﺎﻃﺎت و ﻣ ﺎ ﺣﻘﻘﺘ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ ﺣ ﻮل ذات اﻻهﺘﻤ ﺎم ‪ ،‬اﻟ ﺬآﺎء اﻻﺻ ﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ وﺣﻘﻮﻟ ﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل اﻧﻄﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2005‬إﻟﻲ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬آﻤ ﺎ أﻟﻘﻴ ﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﻟﻌ ﺪد ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺸﺨ ﺼﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺎﺿ ﺮة‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ اﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬و اﻟ ﺴﻴﺪ ﻓ ﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺧ ﺮا ﺗ ﻢ ﺗﻜ ﺮﻳﻢ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻗﺒ ﻞ ﻣﺠﻠ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘ ﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﺪي ﻧﺎﺋﺐ رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻣﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺷ ﻂ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا اﻟ ﺼﺪد‪ ،‬و ﻗ ﺪ ﻗﺎﻣ ﺖ اﻟﻤﺠﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫و ﻗﺎم اﻟﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻋﺎدل اﻟ ﺪﻗﻲ رﺋﻴ ﺲ اﻟﻬﻴﺌ ﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻜﺮﻳﻢ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ آﺄول ﺟﻤﻌﻴ ﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼ ﺼﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻟﻘ ﺎء آﻠﻤ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻬ ﻮاء ﻣﺒﺎﺷ ﺮة ﻣ ﻦ ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳ ﺔ ﻣ ﺼﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺬآﺎء اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻔﻞ أﻗﻴﻢ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠ ﻮم ﺑﻤﺪﻳﻨ ﺔ اﻟﺰاوﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﻀﻮر اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ و أﺷﺎد ﺑﻤ ﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﺘ ﻪ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣ ﻀﺮﻩ أﻋ ﻀﺎء اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴ ﺔ ‪ ،‬اﺳ ﺘﻠﻢ ﺧﻼﻟﻬ ﺎ اﻟ ﺪآﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺗﻴﻤ ﻲ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺴﻴﺪ ﻓ ﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳ ﺮ اﻟﺠﻨ ﺪي ﻧﺎﺋ ﺐ رﺋﻴ ﺲ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ‬ ‫و اﻟﺪور اﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫و ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻟﻪ ﻗ ﺎل اﻟ ﺪآﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤ ﺪ اﻟﺮﺗﻴﻤ ﻲ ‪ “ :‬إﻧ ﻪ ﻟ ﺸﺮف‬ ‫ﻋﻈﻴ ﻢ ﻟﻨ ﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻌ ﺎ أن ﻧﻠﺘﻘ ﻲ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا اﻟﻴ ﻮم ﻟﻨ ﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻌ ﺎ ﺻ ﻮرة‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻗﺔ ﺗ ﺘﺮﺟﻢ اﻟ ﺘﺮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ ﺑﻴ ﻦ أﻓ ﺮاد ه ﺬﻩ اﻷﻣ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺰﻳ ﺰة‬ ‫وﺗﺒﺮز وﺣﺪة اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ واﻟﻤﺼﻴﺮ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆآ ﺪهﺎ آ ﻞ ﻳ ﻮم اﻷﺣ ﺪاث‬ ‫واﻟﻈﺮوف ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ أﺣﺐ أن أﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻋﺘﺰازﻧﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻌ ﺎ ﺑﻘﺮاره ﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺠﺎع ﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﻢ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺬآﺎء اﻻﺻ ﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎره ﺎ‬ ‫راﺋ ﺪة ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا اﻟﻤﺠ ﺎل ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺻ ﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ‪ ،‬وإذ ﻧﺜﻤ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺎ هﺬا اﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﻢ وﻧﻘﻒ اﺣﺘﺮاﻣﺎ ﻟ ﻪ ﻓﺈﻧﻨ ﺎ ﻧﻌ ﺪ إﺧﻮاﻧﻨ ﺎ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﻮاﺻﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﻘﻮة وﻧﻤ ﺪ أﻳ ﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻟﺘﻠﺘﺤ ﻢ ﺑﺄﺷ ﻘﺎﺋﻨﺎ اﻟﻌ ﺮب‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻌﻮد ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﺎف اﻟﺪول اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪم‪”.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر وﺟﺪي ﺑﺴﺒﺎس ﻋﻀﻮ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ و اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺮﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮة ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎد ﺣﻤﺪي إﺑﺮاهﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪iengineering20@hotmail.com‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ!‬ ‫ه ﻲ ﻣ ﺠ ﺘ ﻤ ﻌ ﺎﺗ ﻨ ﺎ اﻟ ﻌ ﺮﺑ ﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻤ ﺎ أروع‬ ‫ﺣﻀ ﺎراﺗ ﻬ ﺎ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ داﺋ ﻤ ﺎ ﺗ ﺮﻓ ﻊ راﻳ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ واﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘ ﺞ‬ ‫إﻻ وﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ وﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ إﻻ وﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﻮهﺎ ﻣﺪاﺧﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ وﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻬ ﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻓﺼ ﻨ ﺎﻋ ﺘ ﻨ ﺎ ﺗ ﻐ ﺰوا اﻷﺳ ﻮاق‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ وﺗﺤﻘﻖ اﻻآﺘﻔﺎء اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ ﻟﺸﻌﻮﺑﻨﺎ ‪ ,‬ﻧ ﻌ ﻢ ﺷ ﻲء ﻳ ﺪﻋ ﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺨﺮ وﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﻻن ﻳﺮﻓﻊ آﻞ ﻣﻨﺎ رأﺳﻪ ﻣ ﺘ ﻔ ﺎﺧ ﺮا وﺗ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮ وﺟ ﻪ‬ ‫اﺑﺘﺴﺎﻣﺔ أﻣﺎن وﻋﺪم ﺧﻮف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬وﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ اﺳﺘﻴﻘ ﻈ ﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻣﻲ وأدرآﺖ أﻧﻲ آﻨﺖ اﺣ ﻠ ﻢ ‪ ,‬وﻣﺴ ﺤ ﺖ ﻋ ﻴ ﻨ ﻲ ﺑ ﻴ ﺪي‬ ‫ﻻﺻﻄﺪم ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻢ !‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻢ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﻳﺘﻤﻨﺎﻩ آ ﻞ ﻋ ﺮﺑ ﻲ ﻣ ﻨ ﺎ ﺑ ﺄن ﻧ ﻠ ﺤ ﻖ ﺑ ﺮآ ﺎب اﻷﻣ ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ وﻧﻌﻤﺮ أرﺿﻨﺎ وﻧﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻷوﻃﺎﻧﻨﺎ ‪,‬‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﺤﻠﻢ ﻳﺠﺐ إن ﻧﺨ ﻄ ﻮ ﺧ ﻄ ﻮات ﺟ ﺎدة ﻣ ﺪروﺳ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺗﻨﺎ وأهﺪاﻓﻨﺎ ﻓﻮراء آﻞ ﺷﻲء ﺳ ﺒ ﺐ وﺣ ﻘ ﻴ ﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﻴﺲ هﻨﺎك ﺷﻲء ﺑﺪون ﺳﺒﺐ أو هﺪف وﻻن اﻟﺸﺒﺎب ه ﻢ أﻣ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ و ﻣﺼﺪر ﺗﻘﺪم وﻗﻮة اﻷﻣﻢ وﻟﻦ ﺗﺘﻘﺪم اﻣ ﺔ إﻻ ﺑ ﻄ ﺎﻗ ﺔ‬ ‫وﻋﺰﻳﻤﺔ ﺷﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ‬

‫آ ﺎﻧ ﺖ اﻟ ﺒ ﺪای ﺔ ﻋ ﻨ ﺪﻣ ﺎ ﺵ ﻤ ﺮ ﻣ ﺠ ﻤ ﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺸ ﺒ ﺎب ﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﻋﺪهﻢ وﻋﺰﻣﻮا ﺑﺼﺪق ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ أن یﻀ ﻌ ﻮا أول ﻟ ﺒ ﻨ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎت اﻟﻨﺠﺎح ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﺝﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﻄ ﻠ ﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ارض ﻣﺼﺮ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ أﺣﻀﺎن ﺣﺮم ﺝﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﻮم ‪,‬‬ ‫آﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺑﻴﺖ اﻟﺨﺒﺮة واﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟ ﻬ ﻨ ﺪﺳ ﺔ اﻟﺼ ﻨ ﺎﻋ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮر اﻹدارة واﻟﻔﻜﺮ ‪ ,‬ﻓﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ هﻲ ﺝﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺕﺘ ﺒ ﻨ ﻰ ﻧ ﻮع ﺁﺥ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻻﺳ ﺘ ﺜ ﻤ ﺎر ﻏ ﻴ ﺮ اﺳ ﺘ ﺜ ﻤ ﺎر اﻷﻣ ﻮال‬ ‫واﻟﺜﺮوات ﻓﻬﻲ ﺕﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻋﻘ ﻮل اﻟﺸ ﺒ ﺎب اﻟ ﺮاﻏ ﺐ ﻓ ﻲ ﺥ ﺪﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫وﻃﻨﻪ وﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺕﻬﺪف إﻟﻰ أهﺪاف ﺳﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺕﺤﺮص ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺕﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬أوﻟﻰ ه ﺬﻩ اﻷه ﺪاف ﺕ ﻨ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺼ ﻨ ﺎﻋ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﺼ ﺮی ﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮیﻖ ﺕﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﺎب اﻟﻄﻤﻮح وادﺥﺎر ﻗ ﺪراﺕ ﻬ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ هﻮ ﺑﻨﺎء وإﻣﺪادهﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ واﻟﻔ ﻜ ﺮ وﺕ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺕ ﺮﺳ ﻴ ﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻹدارة واﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ واﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻋ ﻘ ﻮﻟ ﻬ ﻢ ﻟ ﺬا‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺹﺖ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺕﺰویﺪهﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮاﺝﻊ واﻟ ﻜ ﺘ ﺐ اﻟ ﻌ ﻠ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﺕﻀﻢ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ وﺝﻠﺐ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻘ ﺪﻣ ﺔ و أیﻀ ﺎ ﺕ ﺘ ﺒ ﻨ ﻰ اﻟ ﺠ ﻤ ﻌ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎریﻊ اﻟﺘﺨﺮج اﻟﺨﺎﺹﺔ ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ آﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺣﺮﺹﺎ ﻣ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺕﺸﺠﻴﻊ اﻹﺑﺪاع واﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎر‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﺸﺒﺎب وﺗﺰوﻳﺪهﻢ ﺑﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﺳﻮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ أﺛ ﻨ ﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﺨﺮج ﺷ ﺒ ﺎب ﻣﺴ ﻠ ﺢ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻌ ﻠ ﻢ ﻗ ﺎدر ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاآﺒﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﺳﻮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺘ ﻜ ﻨ ﻮﻟ ﻮﺟ ﻴ ﺎ‬ ‫وﻻن ﺑﻨﺎء ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺎب اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ وﺗﺜﻘﻴﻔﻪ هﻮ اﺣﺪ ﻣ ﻘ ﻮﻣ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎب اﻟﻨﺎﺟﺢ آﺎن هﺬا هﻮ هﺪﻓﻬﺎ اﻟﺜﺎﻟ ﺚ‪ ،‬وﻣ ﺠ ﻤ ﻮﻋ ﺔ أﺧ ﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻷهﺪاف واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺎل اﻟ ﺒ ﻴ ﺌ ﺔ وﺧ ﺪﻣ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﺠ ﺘ ﻤ ﻊ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ روح اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ واﻟﺘﻄﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﺬا آﺎن ﻟﺰاﻣ ﺎ ﻋ ﻠ ﻴ ﻨ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ هﺬﻩ اﻷهﺪاف أن ﻧﺤﺪد اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﻜ ﻠ ﻒ ﺑ ﻬ ﺎ آ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻦ أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ هﻴﻜﻞ ﺗ ﻨ ﻈ ﻴ ﻤ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺴﻢ إﻟﻰ هﻴﻜﻞ إداري وﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠ ﺠ ﺎن وه ﻲ اﻟ ﻠ ﺠ ﻨ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ واﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤ ﺎﻋ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ واﻹﻋﻼن وآﻞ ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻠﺠﺎن ﻟﻪ دورﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎرز ﻓﻲ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ أهﺪاف اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ أﻧﻨﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺣﻴﻨﺎ أﺣﻼﻣﻨﺎ وﺗﺤﻠﻖ ﺑﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ دﻧ ﻴ ﺎ ﻣ ﻠ ﻴ ﺌ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺣﻼم واﻷﻣﺎﻧﻲ وﺷﺒﺎب هﺬﻩ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻳﺪرآﻮن إن اﻟ ﺤ ﻠ ﻢ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺄﺗﻲ إﻻ ﻟﻨﺎﺋﻢ وان اﻟﻨﺎﺋﻢ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺣﻠﻤﺔ إﻻ إذا اﺳ ﺘ ﻴ ﻘ ﻆ‪ ،‬وﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫هﻨﺎ ﻧﻮﺟﻪ دﻋﻮة ﻟﻜﻞ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻘﻠﻮب اﻟﻌﻄﺮة اﻟﻄﺎه ﺮة اﻟ ﻨ ﻘ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺤﻠﻢ ﺑﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ أن ﻳﺒﻨﻲ وﻳﺰرع ﺛ ﻤ ﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﺒﻪ ﻟﻜﻞ أزهﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ وأﻣﻠ ﻪ اﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﺮق ﺑ ﺎن ﺗ ﻨ ﻀ ﻤ ﻮا و‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮاﺻﻠﻮا ﻣﻌﻨﺎ وان ﻻ ﺗﺒﺨﻠﻮا ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ أو ﻧﺼﻴﺤ ﺔ ﺑ ﻨ ﺎءة‬ ‫وﻧﺪﻋﻮ أﻳﻀﺎ آﻞ اﻟﺮاﻏﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻷﻋ ﻤ ﺎل واﻟﺸ ﺮآ ﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﺬي ﺳ ﻴ ﺠ ﻨ ﻲ‬ ‫رﺑﺤﻪ وﻋﺎﺋﺪﻩ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻞ وان ﻳﺸﺎرآﻮا ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ دﻋ ﻢ ه ﺆﻻء‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎب وهﺬﻩ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ إن ﺗﺤﻘﻖ أهﺪاﻓﻬﺎ اﻟ ﻨ ﺒ ﻴ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻄﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻟﻬﺆﻻء اﻟﺸﺒﺎب اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻄﺶ ﻟﻸﻣﻞ ﻓﻤ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺪري ﻓﻠﻌﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮم ﻣﻦ اﻷﻳﺎم ﻳﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﺤﻠﻢ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ وﻧﺠﻨﻲ ﺛﻤﺮة‬ ‫هﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺸﺒﺎب هﻢ ﻋﺎزﻓﻮ أﺟﻤﻞ أﻟ ﺤ ﺎن اﻷﻣ ﻞ واﻟ ﺨ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻨﻤﺪ ﻟﻪ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ أﻳﺪﻳﻨﺎ وﻧﻌﻄﻪ اﻟﻌﻮد وﻻ ﻧﺤﺮﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ أن ﻳ ﻌ ﺰف‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ أوﺗﺎر ﻗﻠﺒﻪ ﻗ ﺒ ﻞ أوﺗ ﺎر ﻋ ﻮدﻩ ﻓ ﺄرﺟ ﻮآ ﻢ أﻋ ﻄ ﻮﻩ اﻟ ﻌ ﻮد‬ ‫ودﻋﻮﻩ ﻳﻌﺰف‪.‬‬

‫أﻣﺎ هﺪﻓﻬﺎ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻬﻮ اﻹﺳﻬﺎم ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﻞ ﻣﺸ ﻜ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺒ ﻄ ﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻣﺠﺎﻧﺎ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﺪد‬

‫اﻟﺬهﺐ اﻷﺧﻀﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺪیﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ) اﻟﻤﻠﻒ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ (‬

‫اﻟﺪیﺰل‬

‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮي هﻮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﺤ ﻴ ﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﺬي ﻳﺼﻨﻒ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﺎب اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﻤ ﺘ ﺠ ﺪدة ‪،‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﻬﻨﺪ إﺑﺮاهﻴﻢ اﻟﻜﺎﻃﻊ‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺒ ﻴ ﻌ ﺔ ‪ ،‬اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮي‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻪ اﻟﺨﺼﻮص ﻳﺴﺘﺨ ﺮج ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺰﻳ ﻮت اﻟ ﻨ ﺒ ﺎﺗ ﻴ ﺔ وه ﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋ ﻦ أﺳ ﺘ ﺮ ﻣ ﻴ ﺜ ﻴ ﻠ ﻲ ﻣ ﻌ ﻘ ﺪ ‪ ،methyl ester‬ﻟ ﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص أﻗﺮب ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﻤ ﻰ اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ‪.‬‬ ‫إن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺪد وإﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﺨ ﺪاﻣ ﻬ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﺤ ﻄ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺰﻳﺔ و آﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺤﻴﺎة آﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ أﺻ ﺒ ﺤ ﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أهﻢ اﻟﻤﻮاﺿﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻗ ﺘ ﻨ ﺎ اﻟ ﺮاه ﻦ ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻳﻌﻮد هﺬا ﻟﻌﺪة أﺳﺒﺎب ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺬآﺮهﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﻘ ﺎل ﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻖ ﺗ ﺤ ﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان ) ﺛﻮرة اﻟﺬهﺐ اﻷﺧﻀﺮ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﺬه ﺐ اﻷﺳ ﻮد( ﺣ ﻴ ﺚ‬ ‫أﺷﺮﻧﺎ إﻟﻰ أن أهﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﺳﺒ ﺎب وه ﻮ ارﺗ ﻔ ﺎع أﺳ ﻌ ﺎر اﻟ ﻨ ﻔ ﻂ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻜﻬﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻳﺪة ﺑﻨﻀﻮﺑﻪ أﺿﻒ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻪ اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎآﻞ ﺑ ﻴ ﺌ ﻴ ﺔ آ ﺮاﺛ ﻴ ﺔ آ ﺎرﺗ ﻔ ﺎع درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة‬ ‫اﻷرض أو ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎت ﻳﻌﺮف ﺑـ ))اﻷﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري (( ﻧ ﺘ ﻴ ﺠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻤﻮم اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻄﻠﻘﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬أﺿﻒ إﻟﻰ آﻞ ذﻟﻚ اﻷﺿﺮار اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﻴﺎء اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣ ﺪ ﺳ ﻮاء‬

‫اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻤ ﺴ ﻴ ﺮة اﻟ ﺘ ﻄ ﻮر اﻟ ﺒ ﺸ ﺮي و‬

‫ﺟﺮاء اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ وﻧﻘﻠﻪ ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ ﻗ ﺪ ﻳ ﻠ ﺤ ﻖ ﺑ ﺎﻹﻧﺴ ﺎن أﻳﻀ ًﺎ ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺨﻔﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺣﺪ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﻄ ﺎﻗ ﺔ واﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﻤ ﺜ ﻠ ﺔ‬

‫أﻣﺮاض وأوﺑﺌﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﺰاﻳ ﺪة ﻻﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪاﻣ ﻪ ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ اﻟﺒﺎهﻈﺔ اﻟﺜﻤ ﻦ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻨ ﺴ ﺒ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﻔ ﻘ ﺮاء‬

‫ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﺎة وﺧﺼ ﻮﺻ ًﺎ ﻣ ﺠ ﺎل اﻟﺼ ﻨ ﺎﻋ ﺎت‬

‫إذن أﺻﺒ ﺤ ﺖ ﻣﺴ ﺄﻟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺒ ﺤ ﺚ ﻋ ﻦ ﻃ ﺎﻗ ﺔ ﺑ ﺪﻳ ﻠ ﺔ وﻣ ﺘ ﺠ ﺪدة‬

‫اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﺒﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬آﻞ هﺬا دﻓﻊ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺎل إﻟ ﻰ اﻟ ﺒ ﺤ ﺚ‬

‫ﺿﺮورة ﻗﺼﻮى و ُﻣﻠِﺤﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺪدت وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌ ﻠ ﻤ ﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺠﺎد ﻋﻦ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻠﺤ ﺼ ﻮل ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﻄ ﺎﻗ ﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺘ ﻘ ﺮﻳ ﺮ‬

‫‪ ،‬وﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻪ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﺼﺪد ‪ ،‬وﺗﻢ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻔ ﻌ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﺖ اﻟ ﺮاه ﻦ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬي ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ أن هﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ‪ 1.6‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر‬

‫ﻃﺮح ﺑﺪاﺋﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ وﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارﻳ ﺔ‬

‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮن ﺑﻼ آﻬﺮﺑﺎء‪ ،‬و‪ 2.4‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣ ﻮن‬

‫واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ آﺎﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻴﻮي و اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي وﺗ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫اﺷﻜﺎﻻ ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺦ واﻟﺘﺪﻓﺌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ اﻷﻋﺪاد اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜ ﺎن‬

‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ وﻃﺎﻗ ﺔ اﻟ ﺮﻳ ﺎح واﻟ ﻄ ﺎﻗ ﺔ اﻟ ﺒ ﺤ ﺮﻳ ﺔ وإﺣ ﻼل‬

‫اﻷرض ﻣﺤﺮوﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴ ﺔ وﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺘ ﺎﻟ ﻲ ﻣ ﻦ ﺟ ﻤ ﻴ ﻊ‬

‫اﻟﻬﺪروﺟﻴﻦ وأﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ آﻄﺎﻗﺔ و‪....‬اﻟﺦ ‪.‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫وﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺎ ذآﺮﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺑ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫ﻼ ﻟﻠﺘ ﺠ ﺪﻳ ﺪ ﺣ ﻴ ﺚ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ أﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ آﻮﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﺑ ً‬

‫وﺟﻮد ﺟﺪوى اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻷﻧﺴﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤ ﺎ ﻳ ﺤ ﻘ ﻖ‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ زراﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻴ ﺔ‬

‫‪ ،‬اﻷﻣ ﺮ اﻟ ﺬي ﺟ ﻌﻠ ﻪ‬

‫أﻗﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﺿ ﺮار اﻟ ﺒ ﻴ ﺌ ﻴ ﺔ واﻟ ﻤ ﺎدﻳ ﺔ وﺑ ﻤ ﺎ ﻳ ﺆدي‬

‫ﻳﺤﺘﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺮﺗ ﺒ ﺔ اﻷوﻟ ﻰ ﻓ ﻲ أﺳ ﻮاق اﻟ ﻄ ﺎﻗ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﺠ ﺪدة ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬

‫اﻟﻐﺮض ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ أآﺒﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﻄ ﺎﻗ ﺔ وأن ﺗ ﻜ ﻮن‬

‫اﻹﻃﻼق ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺪد ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ اﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﻴﻦ اﻷﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﺑﺎﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟ ﺒ ﻴ ﺌ ﺔ‬

‫إذًا آﻴﻒ یﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪیﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي؟‬

‫واﻷﺣﻴﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻪ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻮرة ‪.‬‬

‫وﻣﺎ هﻲ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕﻪ ؟؟‬ ‫وﻣﺎهﻲ اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ یﻤﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ وﺹ ﻮ ﻟ ﻪ ﻟﺸ ﻜﻠ ﻪ اﻷﺥ ﻴ ﺮ‬

‫اﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓ ﺮ ﺣ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ًﺎ ﺿ ﻤ ﻦ ﻣ ﺎ ذآ ﺮﻧ ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ ﺷ ﺮوط‬

‫)اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻸﺣﺘﺮاق( ؟‬

‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨ ﺪاﻣ ﻪ ﻓ ﻲ ﺟ ﻤ ﻴ ﻊ أرﺟ ﺎء اﻷرض ه ﻮ اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل‬

‫ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﻧﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ أﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل‬

‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮي اﻟﺬي أﺷﺮﻧﺎ إﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻔﺼ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﻘ ﺎﻟ ﻨ ﺎ اﻟﺴ ﺎﺑ ﻖ ‪،‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫وذآﺮﻧﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺬور اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺰﻳ ﺘ ﻴ ﺔ وﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ‬

‫أﺧﺬ ‪ 100‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ زﻳﺖ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻲ ‪ 10 +‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏ ﻮل ﻣ ﻴ ﺜ ﻴ ﻠ ﻲ‬

‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮاﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ أي زﻳﺖ ﻧﺒ ﺎﺗ ﻲ ﻣ ﺘ ﻮﻓ ﺮ آ ﺰﻳ ﺖ ﺑ ﺬور اﻟ ﻠ ﻔ ﺖ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﺣﻔﺎز ﻗﻠﻮي ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪ 100‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮي‬

‫واﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ واﻟﻘﻄﻦ واﻟﺬرة واﻟﺼ ﻮﻳ ﺎ واﻟ ﻔ ﻮل اﻟﺴ ﻮداﻧ ﻲ وزﻳ ﺖ‬

‫‪ 10 +‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻏﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﻦ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن وﻋﺒﺎد اﻟﺸ ﻤ ﺲ وﻏ ﻴ ﺮه ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺰﻳ ﻮت اﻟ ﻨ ﺒ ﺎﺗ ﻴ ﺔ أو‬

‫وﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ آﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴًﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ اﻷﺳ ﺘ ﺮة‬

‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺰﻳﺖ وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﺗ ﻮاﻓ ﺮﻩ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺒ ﻠ ﺪ‬

‫اﻷﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ( transesterification‬وﺳ ﻨ ﺮى ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺠ ﺰء‬

‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وآﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺮج ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻜ ﻞ ﺑ ﻠ ﺪ‬

‫ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤ ﻌ ﺎدﻻت‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ زﻳﻮت ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذآﺮ اﻟ ﻤ ﺨ ﻄ ﻂ اﻟ ﺘ ﻜ ﻨ ﻮﻟ ﻮﺟ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ أﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺪیﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴ ًﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫وﻣﺎ ﻳﻬﻤﻨﺎ اﻵن هﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﺘﺎج هﺬا اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﻮد‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ وﺻﻠﺖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ أﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي إﻟ ﻰ ﻣﺴ ﺘ ﻮى‬

‫وﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜ ﺴ ﻴ ﺮ‬

‫آﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﺎح ﻓﻲ دول آﺜﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ آﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﺤ ﺪة‬

‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﺰﻳﺖ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ )أو اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧ ﻲ ( ﺑ ﺎﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام ﻧ ﻮع ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫وآﻨﺪا واﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ وﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ وأوآﺮاﻧﻴﺎ وروﺳﻴﺎ وأﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ واﻟﺘ ﺸ ﻴ ﻚ‬

‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻜﺤﻮل )اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل أو اﻷﻳ ﺜ ﺎﻧ ﻮل أو اﻷﻳ ﺰوﺑ ﺮوﺑ ﺎﻧ ﻮل(‬

‫واﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ وﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮا ‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﺪﻣﺖ أوروﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻪ اﻟﺨﺼﻮص‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 60‬درﺟﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﺎدة ﺣﻔﺎزة ﻟ ﻨ ﺤ ﺼ ﻞ‬

‫ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺤﺘﻞ أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ اﻟ ﻤ ﺮآ ﺰ اﻷول ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا‬

‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮي )أﺳ ﺘ ﺮ ﻣ ﻌ ﻘ ﺪ(‬

‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺗﺸ ﻐ ﻴ ﻞ أآ ﺜ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ‪ 1200‬ﻣ ﺤ ﻄ ﺔ‬

‫وﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺛﺎﻧﻮي )ﻏﻠﻴﺴﺮﻳﻦ( ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴ ﺔ ه ﻲ ﺳ ﻬ ﻠ ﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﺰود ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎم اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ ﺗﺠﺮي اﻵن‬

‫وﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ آﻤﺎ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ وهﻲ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ زﻳﺖ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻲ وﻏﻮل وﻣ ﺎدة‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺮآﺎت اﻟﺪﻳﺰل )اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ( ﻟﻠﺘﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣ ﻊ‬

‫ﺣﻔﺎزة ووﺟﻮد ﻣﺼﺪر ﺣﺮاري ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬وﻻﻗﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎ اﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺎ واﺳﻌًﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ أﻓﺮاد اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ واهﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ آ ﺒ ﻴ ﺮًا ﻓ ﻲ اﻷوﺳ ﺎط اﻟ ﻌ ﻠ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺠﺪر اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﻐﻮل اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧ ﻄ ﺎق واﺳ ﻊ ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫رﻏﻢ ﺣﺪاﺛﺔ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﺣﺪاﺛﺔ ﺗ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ أﻧ ﺘ ﺎﺟ ﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺎﻟ ﺨ ﺎﺻ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺮاهﻦ هﻮ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل وذﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﻪ أرﺧﺺ ﺛﻤﻨًﺎ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰة ﻟﻠﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي هﻮ أﻧﻪ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ أآ ﺜ ﺮ أﻧ ﻮاع اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﻮد‬

‫وﻳﻨﺘﺞ أﻗﻞ ﻓﻀﻼت ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﺎء أﺛ ﻨ ﺎء اﻟ ﺘ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ ‪ ،‬أﻣ ﺎ اﻟ ﺤ ﻔ ﺎز‬

‫اﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ آﻤﺎ ذآﺮﻧﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ ‪ ،‬واﻗﻠﻬﺎ ﺿ ﺮرًا ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬

‫ﻼ ﻗﻠﻮﻳًﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ه ﻴ ﺪروآﺴ ﻴ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺷﻜ ً‬

‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻷﺣﻴﺎء ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺤﻮي ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺎﻣﺔ آﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘ ﻮاﺟ ﺪ‬

‫اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮم‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻷﺣﻔﻮري وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟ ﻲ ﺗ ﺄﺛ ﻴ ﺮﻩ أﻗ ﻞ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺒﺌﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪاﻣ ﻪ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﺤ ﺮآ ﺎت ﺗﺸ ﺎﺑ ﻪ ﻟ ﺤ ﺪ آ ﺒ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫‪KOH‬أو هﻴﺪروآﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم ‪NaOH‬‬

‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ أﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳ ﺰل اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮي ﺗ ﻤ ﺮ ﺑ ﺄرﺑ ﻌ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫أﻃﻮار أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ وهﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺔ‪ :‬وﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻘ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺰﻳ ﺖ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪم ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻔ ﻀ ﻼت‬

‫ﻋﺪم أﺟﺮاء ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻷﺣﻔﻮري ‪.‬‬ ‫أهﻢ ﻣﻮاﺹﻔﺎت اﻟﺪیﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ‪:‬‬

‫واﻟﺸﻮاﺋﺐ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗ ﻲ او اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮاﻧ ﻲ اﻟ ﺨ ﺎم ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ‬

‫اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﺎل هﻮ آﺄي ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳ ﻤ ﻴ ﺰﻩ ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫أﺳﺘﺨﺮاﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدرﻩ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴ ﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﺎل آ ﺎن اﻟ ﺰﻳ ﺖ‬

‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ أذا ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎرﻧﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻧﺠﺪ أﻧﻪ اﻗ ﺮب‬

‫ﻼ )آﺎﻟﺰﻳﻮت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ ( ﻓ ﺈﻧ ﻪ ﻻﺑ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤ ً‬

‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل ﻣﻨﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻨﺬآ ﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘ ﻬ ﺎ واﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻠ ﻴ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ﻧﺴ ﺒ ﺔ اﻷﺣ ﻤ ﺎض اﻟ ﺪه ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺤ ﺮة‬

‫ﺻﻔﺎت هﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي‬

‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة داﺧﻠﻬﺎ واﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻳﺪة اﺛﺮ اﻹﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮر ﻟﻠ ﺰﻳ ﺖ ‪،‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﺎم وﺳﻬﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫وﻷن ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻔ ﺎز اﻟ ﻘ ﻠ ﻮي ﻣﺸ ﻜ ﻠ ﺔ ﺑ ﺬﻟ ﻚ‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ أﻗﻞ ﺿﺮرًا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺌﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﻴ ﺚ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺼ ﺒ ﻨ ﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺑ ﺬﻟ ﻚ ﻧ ﺘ ﺤ ﻤ ﻞ أﻋ ﺒ ﺎء أﺿ ﺎﻓ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫ﻳﻘﻠﻞ إﻧﺒﻌﺎث أول وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أآﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜ ﺮﺑ ﻮن ﺑ ﻨ ﺴ ﺒ ﺔ ‪ 50‬ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﺌ ﺔ‬

‫ﻹزاﻟﺘﻬﺎ أﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺤﻔﺎزة ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒًﺎ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻷﺣﻔﻮري ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ أن اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴ ﻮي ﻻ‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎب آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺤﻔﺎز ‪ :‬وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن اﻟ ﺤ ﺼ ﻮل ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬

‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ أي أﻧﺒﻌﺎث ﻟﻐﺎز ﺛ ﺎﻧ ﻲ أآﺴ ﻴ ﺪ اﻟ ﻜ ﺮﺑ ﻮن ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﻋ ﻜ ﺲ‬

‫أآﺒﺮ آﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄي زﻳﺎدة او ﻧ ﻘ ﺼ ﺎن‬

‫اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻷﺣﻔﻮري ‪ .‬اﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔ ﻌ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮي‬

‫ﻓﻲ آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﺎز ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻇﻬﻮر ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻜ ﻤ ﻴ ﺎت‬

‫أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻷﺣﻔﻮري ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻷﻃﺎﻟﺔ ﺑ ﻌ ﻤ ﺮ‬

‫آﺒﻴﺮة ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟ ﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺤﺮك أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ أﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﻴﺮﻩ اﻷﺣﻔﻮري ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮدود أﻗ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ اﻷﺳ ﺎﺳ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﻤ ﺜ ﻞ‬

‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺴﻴﺘﺎن اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ أﺣﺘﺮاق اﻟﻮﻗﻮد ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺮﺗ ﻔ ﻌ ًﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺤﺪ اﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒًﺎ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻷﺣﻔ ﻮري ﻣ ﻤ ﺎ ﻳ ﻘ ﻠ ﻞ‬

‫اﻟﺨﻠﻂ ‪ :‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺴﺎب آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﺎز ﺑﺸﻜﻞ دﻗﻴﻖ ﺗﺘﻢ أﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺿﺠﻴﺞ اﻟﻤﺤﺮك وﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﻔ ﺎظ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﻤ ﺤ ﺮك ﻣ ﻊ‬

‫اﻟﺤﻔﺎزة إﻟﻰ وﺳﻂ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳ ﻚ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﻤ ﺮ وﺑ ﻮﺟ ﻮد‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻷﺣﺘﺮاق ﻣﺮﺗﻔ ﻌ ﺔ‬

‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة آﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﺠﺎز اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ اﻟ ﺬي ﻳﺴ ﺘ ﻤ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ‪8-1‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ أآﺜﺮ أﻣﺎﻧًﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎت اﻋﺘﻤﺎدًا ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﺘﺮك اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮط ﻟﻤﺪة ﺗ ﺘ ﺮاوح ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ ‪ 24‬إﻟ ﻰ‬

‫ﻼ ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﺮﺳ ﺒ ﺎت ﻓ ﻲ ﺧ ﺰان اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﻮد‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻣ ﺤ ً‬

‫‪ 48‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺳﺐ اﻟﻐﻠﻴ ﺴ ﺮﻳ ﻦ اﻷآ ﺜ ﺮ آ ﺜ ﺎﻓ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪم ﺣﺪوث أي ﺻﺪأ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺰان اﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬

‫اﻟﺪﻳﺰل ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻓﻴﻔﺼﻞ إﻟ ﻰ ﺧ ﺰان ﺧ ﺎص ﺑ ﻴ ﻨ ﻤ ﺎ ﻳ ﻄ ﻔ ﻮ‬

‫او ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ‪ .‬راﺋ ﺤ ﺔ اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮي ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ‬

‫اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻷﻗﻞ آﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ‪ ،‬وﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ ﻣ ﻼﺣ ﻈ ﺔ أﻧ ﻘ ﺴ ﺎم‬

‫ﻻ ﻣﻦ راﺋﺤﺔ اﻟﺴﻤﻮم اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋ ﻦ أﺣ ﺘ ﺮاق‬ ‫اﻷﺣﺘﺮاق اآﺜﺮ ﻗﺒﻮ ً‬

‫اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮط إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل واﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳ ﻖ ﻓ ﺮق اﻟ ﻜ ﺜ ﺎﻓ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻷﺣﻔﻮري‪ .‬ﻳﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﺑﺼﻮرة أآﺜﺮ ﺳ ﻬ ﻮﻟ ﺔ‬

‫واﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ ﻣﻀ ﻲ ‪24‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻷﺣ ﻔ ﻮري ﺣ ﻴ ﺚ ﻻ ﻳ ﺤ ﺘ ﺎج ﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺪات ﺿ ﺨ ﻤ ﺔ‬

‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ وﻳﺘﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻲ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﺎل ‪.‬‬

‫وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﻌﻘﺪة آﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ واﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﻋ ﺒ ﺮ ﺳ ﻠ ﺴ ﻠ ﺔ ﻋ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎت‬

‫هﺬﻩ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر أهﻢ اﻟ ﻤ ﺮاﺣ ﻞ اﻟ ﺮﺋ ﻴ ﺴ ﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ أﻧ ﺘ ﺎج اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل‬

‫ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ هﻨﺎﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪﻣ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﻮد‬

‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،‬ﺑ ﻴ ﺪ أن اﻟ ﺪراﺳ ﺎت ﻣ ﺎ زاﻟ ﺖ ﻣﺴ ﺘ ﻤ ﺮة‬

‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮي آﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ آ ﻴ ﻤ ﻴ ﺎﺋ ﻲ ﻻ ﻳ ﺤ ﺘ ﻮي‬

‫ﻷﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﺑﻄﺮق وﻇﺮوف أﺧﺮى ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺗﻜﻠﻔ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺘ ﻮي‬

‫أﻗﻞ وﺟﻮدة أﻋﻠﻰ وﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺛﺎﻧ ﻮي أﻗ ﻞ ‪ ،‬وﺑ ﻌ ﺪ أﺟ ﺮاء ﺑ ﻌ ﺾ‬

‫اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أرﺑﻊ اﺷﻜﺎل ﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ اﻟﻤ ﺴ ﺒ ﺒ ﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﺸﻮاﺋﺐ و اﻟﻤ ﺎء أو اﻟ ﻤ ﻴ ﺜ ﺎﻧ ﻮل اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﺒ ﻘ ﻲ ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﺂآﻞ ﻓﻲ اﺟﺰاء اﻟﻤﺤﺮك واﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺪﻳﺰل ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺧﻠﻂ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻊ آﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل‬

‫اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ) اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت واﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ(‬

‫اﻷﺣﻔﻮري واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺮآﺎت اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ أن‬

‫ﺗﺤﺪﺛﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻄﺮ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮي‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴ ﻮي اﻟ ﻤ ﺨ ﻠ ﻮط ‪ % 50‬ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﺎل‬

‫وﻋﻦ أهﻤﻴﺘﻪ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟ ﺮﺋ ﻴ ﺴ ﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ وﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﺎزات اﻷآﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎ ﻓ ﻲ أﻧ ﺘ ﺎج ه ﺬا‬

‫ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻤﻴﺘﻴﻚ ) ‪ ( 16:0 ) : ( Palmitic Acid‬ﺣ ﻴ ﺚ‬

‫اﻟﻮﻗﻮد واﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻔ ﺎزات اﻟ ﻘ ﻠ ﻮﻳ ﺔ ‪ ،‬وذآ ﺮﻧ ﺎ ﺑ ﺄﻧ ﻪ اﻟ ﻐ ﻮل‬

‫ﻳﻌﺒﺮ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ ‪ 16‬ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪد ذرات اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻀﻤ ﻨ ﺔ‬

‫اﻷآﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎ هﻮ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋ ﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ذآﺮة اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺬر‬

‫‪R‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺻﻔﺮ‬

‫ﺧﻮاص اﻟﺰﻳﻮت اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻨﺘﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﺠﺰء ﺑﺸﻜ ﻞ‬

‫ﻓﻬﻮ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد رواﺑﻂ ﻣﺰدوﺟﺔ‬

‫ﻼ ﻋ ﻦ ﻣ ﻜ ﻮﻧ ﺎت اﻟ ﺰﻳ ﻮت اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪﻣ ﺔ وﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫أآ ﺜ ﺮ ﺗ ﻔ ﺼ ﻴ ً‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻴﺰاﻟﺰﻳﻮت اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟ ﺒ ﻌ ﺾ اﻵﺧ ﺮ‪ .‬ﺳ ﻨ ﺒ ﺪأ أو ً‬

‫ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻳﻚ ) ‪ 18 (18:0) ( Stearic Acid‬ذرة‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﺮاض اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻜﻴ ﻤ ﻴ ﺎﺋ ﻲ اﻟ ﺬي ﻳ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ ﻣ ﻨ ﻪ‬

‫آﺮﺑﻮن ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد رواﺑﻂ ﻣﺰدوﺟﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(1‬‬ ‫ﺣ ﻤ ﺾ اﻷوﻟ ﻴ ﻴ ﻚ ) ‪ (18:1) ( Oleic Acid‬راﺑ ﻄ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺰدوﺟﺔ واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟ ﻠ ﻴ ﻨ ﻮﻟ ﻴ ﻚ )‪ ( 18:2 ) (:Linoleic acid‬ﻧ ﻼﺣ ﻆ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ )‪(1‬‬

‫وﺟﻮد راﺑﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺰدوﺟﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻠﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﻨﻴﻚ)‪(:Alpha-linolenic acid‬‬ ‫)‪ ( 18:3‬وهﻨﺎ ﻧ ﻼﺣ ﻆ وﺟ ﻮد ‪ 18‬ذرة آ ﺮﺑ ﻮن ﻣ ﻊ وﺟ ﻮد‬ ‫ﺛﻼث رواﺑﻂ ﻣﺰدوﺟﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺮآﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (1‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷول اﻟ ﺪاﺧ ﻞ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺘ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺜﻼﺛﻲ اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﺪ )اﻟﺰﻳﺖ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم( ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن ﺛﻼﺛﻲ اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﺪ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺄﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﺴﻼ ﺳ ﻞ ‪،R1‬‬ ‫‪ R3 ، R2‬وه ﻲ ﻋ ﺒ ﺎرة ﻋ ﻦ ﺳ ﻼ ﺳ ﻞ ﻃ ﻮﻳ ﻠ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ذرات‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺪوﺟﻴﻦ واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺮآﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (1‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷول اﻟﺪاﺧ ﻞ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺘ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺜﻼﺛﻲ اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﺪ )اﻟﺰﻳﺖ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم( ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧ ﻼﺣ ﻆ أن ﺛ ﻼﺛ ﻲ اﻟ ﻐ ﻠ ﻴ ﺴ ﻴ ﺮﻳ ﺪ ﻳ ﺨ ﺘ ﻠ ﻒ ﺑ ﺄﺧ ﺘ ﻼف‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ‪ R3 ، R2 ،R1‬وهﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﻃ ﻮﻳ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ذرات اﻟﻬﻴﺪوﺟﻴﻦ واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺴ ﻼ ﺳ ﻞ اﻷﺣ ﻤ ﺎض‬ ‫اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺳﻨﺴﺘﻌﺮض اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ واﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟ ﻬ ﺬﻩ اﻷﺣ ﻤ ﺎض ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻳﻮت اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ او اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ اهﻤﺎل اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻧﺤﻦ ﺑﺼﺪدﻩ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﻬ ﻮرة واﻟﺸ ﺎﺋ ﻌ ﺔ ه ﻲ ﺧ ﻤ ﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻼﺳﻞ هﻲ )ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻤﻴﺘﻴﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﺘﻴ ﺮﻳ ﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺣ ﻤ ﺾ‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻴﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻠﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻠﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﻨﻴﻚ ( ‪.‬‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪد ﻋﺪد ذرات اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠ ﺴ ﺔ‬ ‫أن اﻟﻌﺪد ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ذرة اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷوآﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟ ﺪه ﻨ ﻲ ﻟ ﺬﻟ ﻚ ﺗ ﻜ ﻮن‬ ‫آﺮﺑﻮآﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺑﺄﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﻴﻞ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺮ ‪ ،‬واﻟﺠﺪول رﻗﻢ )‪ (1‬ﻳﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺰﻳﻮت اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ واﻟﺪهﻮن اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰیﻮت واﻟﺨﺎﻣﺎت اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺕﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﺕ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪیﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻷﺧﺒﺎر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ وﻣﺎ ﻳﺮاﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﺸ ﺎآ ﻞ ﺑ ﻴ ﺌ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪات آﺎرﺛﻴﺔ ﻳﺠﺪ أن اﻟﺪول اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ وﻋﻠﻰ رأﺳﻬﺎ أﻟﻤ ﺎﻧ ﻴ ﺎ‬ ‫وآﻨﺪا وﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ وأﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ أﺑﺪت اهﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ آﺒﻴﺮًُا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟ ﺒ ﺪﻳ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬وﺗﺰاﻳﺪات اﻟﺼﻴﺤﺎت اﻟ ﺪاﻋ ﻴ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ وﺳﻂ ﻣﺨﺎوف ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﺎآﻞ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ آﺒ ﻴ ﺮة‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻌﺮض ﻟ ﻬ ﺎ آ ﻮآ ﺐ اﻷرض إذا ﺑ ﻘ ﻲ اﻧ ﺒ ﻌ ﺎث اﻟ ﻐ ﺎزات‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺎهﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري آﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻋﻠ ﻴ ﻪ اﻵن ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫وﻣﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ أن أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻟﻮاء ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﺖ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺖ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ هﻮ أن اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴ ﻮي رﻏ ﻢ‬

‫اﻟﺮاهﻦ وﺗﺸﺠﻊ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﺠ ﺎل اﻟ ﻄ ﺎﻗ ﺔ‬

‫ﺣﺪاﺛﺘﻬﺎ ورﻏﻢ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺎزاﻟﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺐ ‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧ ﻪ ﺗ ﻢ‬

‫اﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺨﻄﻮات ﺟﺪًا ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا اﻟ ﻤ ﻀ ﻤ ﺎر‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ أﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻣﻦ أآﺜﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﻋﺸ ﺮﻳ ﻦ ﻧ ﻮع ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت ﺗﺰوﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ‪ ،‬وﻳﻮﻣ ًﺎ‬

‫اﻟﺰﻳﻮت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎزال اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻣﻔ ﺘ ﻮﺣ ًﺎ ﻟ ﻠ ﺤ ﺼ ﻮل ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻳﻮم ﺗﺘﺰاﻳﺪ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟ ﺒ ﺪﻳ ﻠ ﺔ ﺧﺼ ﻮﺻ ًﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﺼﺪد وﻣﺎزاﻟﺖ اﻷﺑ ﺤ ﺎث ﻣﺴ ﺘ ﻤ ﺮة‬

‫ﻣﻊ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻤﺨﻴﻒ اﻟﺬي وﺻﻠﺖ إﻟﻴﻪ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺎﻗﺘ ﺮاﺑ ﻬ ﺎ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ أﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺳﻘﻒ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ دوﻻر ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﻴﻞ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ ( 14:0‬ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻤﻴﺮﺳﺘﻴﻚ‪Myristic Acid‬‬ ‫)‪ (16:0‬ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻤﻴﺘﻴــــﻚ ‪Palmitic Acid‬‬ ‫)‪ (18:0‬ﺣـــــﻤﺾ اﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻳﻚ ‪Stearic Acid‬‬ ‫)‪ (18:1‬ﺣـــــﻤﺾ اﻷوﻟﻴــــﻚ ‪Oleic Acid‬‬ ‫)‪ (18:2‬ﺣــﻤﺾ اﻟﻠﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﻚ ‪Linolenik Acid‬‬ ‫)‪ (18:3‬ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻠﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﻨﻴﻚ ‪:Alpha-linolenic‬‬ ‫)‪ (20:0‬ﺣﻤﺾ أراﺷﻴﺪﻳﻚ ‪Arachidic Acid‬‬ ‫)‪ (22:1‬ﺣﻤﺾ اﻷﻳﺮوﺳﻴﻚ ‪Erucic Acid‬‬ ‫وﻓﻲ أﻃﺎر ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﺎرب ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺰﻳﻮت اﻵﺗﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻌًﺎ وﺑ ﻨ ﺴ ﺐ‬ ‫وﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻓﻌ ً‬ ‫دﻳﺰل ﺣﻴﻮي ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺒﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺘﻜﻦ‬ ‫)‪(14:0‬‬

‫اﻟﺰﻳﺖ او اﻟﺪهﻦ‬

‫)‪(16:0‬‬

‫)‪(18:0‬‬

‫)‪(18:1‬‬

‫)‪(18:2‬‬

‫)‪(18:3‬‬

‫اﻟﺼﻮﻳﺎ‬

‫‪10-6‬‬

‫‪5-2‬‬

‫‪30-20‬‬

‫‪60-50‬‬

‫‪11-5‬‬

‫‪12-8‬‬

‫‪5-2‬‬

‫‪49-19‬‬

‫‪62-34‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﻤﻠﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻘﻮل اﻟﺴﻮداﻧﻲ‬

‫‪9-8‬‬

‫‪3-2‬‬

‫‪65-50‬‬

‫‪30-20‬‬

‫اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن‬

‫‪10-9‬‬

‫‪3-2‬‬

‫‪84-73‬‬

‫‪12-10‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﻤﻠﺔ‬

‫‪25-20‬‬

‫‪2-1‬‬

‫‪35-23‬‬

‫‪50-40‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﻤﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﻚ اﻟﻌﺼﻔﺮ‬

‫‪5.9‬‬

‫‪1.5‬‬

‫‪8.8‬‬

‫‪83.8‬‬

‫أوﻟﻴﻚ اﻟﻌﺼﻔﺮ‬

‫‪4.8‬‬

‫‪1.4‬‬

‫‪74.1‬‬

‫‪19.7‬‬

‫اوﻟﻴﻚ اﻟﻠﻔﺖ‬

‫‪4.3‬‬

‫‪1.3‬‬

‫‪59.9‬‬

‫‪21.1‬‬

‫اروﺳﻴﻚ اﻟﻠﻔﺖ‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪0.8‬‬

‫‪13.1‬‬

‫‪14.1‬‬

‫‪9.7‬‬

‫اﻟﺰﺑﺪة‬ ‫دهﻦ اﻟﺨﻨﺰﻳﺮ‬

‫‪10-7‬‬ ‫‪2-1‬‬

‫‪26-24‬‬ ‫‪30-28‬‬

‫‪13-10‬‬ ‫‪18-12‬‬

‫‪31-28‬‬ ‫‪50-40‬‬

‫‪2.5-1‬‬ ‫‪13-7‬‬

‫‪5-2‬‬ ‫‪1-0‬‬

‫دهﻦ اﻟﺒﻘﺮ‬

‫‪6-3‬‬

‫‪32-24‬‬

‫‪25-20‬‬

‫‪34-37‬‬

‫‪2.3‬‬

‫‪7-4‬‬

‫‪4-2‬‬

‫‪40-25‬‬

‫‪40-35‬‬

‫‪12.96‬‬

‫‪44.32‬‬

‫‪44.32‬‬

‫‪6.97‬‬

‫اﻟﺬرة‬

‫ﺑﺬور اﻟﻘﻄﻦ‬

‫‪2-1‬‬

‫‪2 -0‬‬

‫ﺑﺬور اﻟﻜﺘﺎن‬ ‫زﻳﻮت ﺻﻔﺮاء‬ ‫زﻳﻮت ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪2.43‬‬

‫‪23.24‬‬

‫‪12.96‬‬

‫)‪(20:0‬‬

‫‪7.4‬‬

‫‪60-25‬‬ ‫‪0.67‬‬

‫اﻟﺠﺪول رﻗﻢ )‪ (1‬ﻧﺴﺐ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﻮت ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ذرات اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫)‪(22:1‬‬

‫‪50.7‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﺔ ﻧﻈﺮًا ﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﺗﺮآﻴﺒ ﺔ آ ﻞ ﻣ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎ ‪ ،‬وإﻟ ﻴ ﻜ ﻢ ﻗ ﺎﺋ ﻤ ﺔ‬

‫‪ .13‬زﻳﺖ اﻟﻘﻨﺐ )‪ ( Hemp-oil‬وهﻮ ﺣﺸﻴﺶ ﺑﺮي ﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫ﺑﺄﺳﻤﺎء ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺰﻳﻮت ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬زﻳﺖ اﻟﻌﺼﻔﺮ )‪ (Safflower‬وﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﺼﻔﺮ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻬ ﻨ ﺪ‬ ‫وأﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺻﺤﺮاء ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ واﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ وﻣﺼﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬زﻳﺖ اﻟﺠﻮز )‪ ( nut-oil‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﺗ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺎﻃ ﻖ اﻟ ﺒ ﺎردة‬

‫‪ .15‬زﻳ ﺖ اﻟﻔﺠ ﻞ )‪ ( radish-oil‬ﻣﻮﻃﻨ ﻪ اﻷﺻ ﻠﻲ‬

‫وﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﻐ ﺮب وﺳ ﻮرﻳ ﺔ وﺷ ﻤ ﺎل اﻟ ﻌ ﺮاق و‬

‫اﻟﺼﻴﻦ واﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن وﺷﺮق أﺳﻴﺎ وﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ﺟﻤﻴ ﻊ دول‬

‫إﻳﺮان و إﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ و ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻮض اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ واوروﺑﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺴ ﻤ ﺴ ﻢ ﻳ ﺰرع‬ ‫‪ .3‬زﻳ ﺖ اﻟﺴ ﻤ ﺴ ﻢ )‪ (sesame-oil‬اﻟ ّ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪ واﻟﺼّﻴﻦ و إﻓﺮﻳﻘ ﻴ ﺎ و أﻣ ﺮﻳ ﻜ ﺎ اﻟ ّﻠ ﺎﺗ ﻴ ﻨ ّﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫أﺻ ً‬ ‫وﺟﻨﻮب اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ واﻟﻴﻤﻦ واﻟﺴﻮدان‪.‬‬

‫‪ .16‬زﻳﺖ اﻟﺨﺮدل )‪ (mustard oil‬ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ اﻟﺨ ﺮدل ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺮب ﺁﺳﻴﺎ واﻟﻬﻨﺪ وﺟﻨﻮب أوروﺑﺎ‬ ‫‪ .17‬زﻳ ﺖ اﻟﻜﺘ ﺎن ) ‪ (linseed Oil‬اﻟﻤ ﻮﻃﻦ اﻷﺻ ﻠﻲ‬

‫‪ .4‬زﻳﺖ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن) ‪ (olive-oil‬وﻳﺘﺮآﺰ إﻧﺘ ﺎج اﻟ ﺰﻳ ﺘ ﻮن ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اوروﺑﺎ وﺁﺳﻴﺎ وﻳﺰرع ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﻮض اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺑﻴﺾ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘ ﻊ أآ ﺒ ﺮ ﻋﺸ ﺮ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

‫ﺑﻠﺪان ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺘﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮاﺣﻞ اﻟﺒﺤ ﺮ اﻷﺑ ﻴ ﺾ اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﻮﺳ ﻂ‬ ‫وﻳﺸﻜﻞ أﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ(‬

‫‪ .18‬زﻳﺖ اﻟ ﻜ ﺎﻧ ﻮﻻ)‪ (oil -canola‬ﻳ ﺰرع ﻓ ﻲ أوروﺑ ﺎ‬ ‫وآﻨﺪا وأﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ وﻣﺼﺮ واﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن ‪.‬‬

‫‪.5‬زﻳﺖ اﻟﻘﻄﻦ) ‪ ( cotton -oil‬ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ زراﻋ ﺔ اﻟ ﻘ ﻄ ﻦ ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫‪ .19‬زﻳﺖ اﻟﺠﺎﺗﺮوﻓﺎ )‪ (Jatropha-oil‬ﺷﺠ ﺮة ﺗ ﺘ ﺤ ﻤ ﻞ‬

‫اﻟﺴﻮدان وﻣﺼﺮ وﺳﻮرﻳﺎ واﻟﺼﻴﻦ واﻟﻤﻜﺴ ﻴ ﻚ وﺑ ﻠ ﺪان أﺧ ﺮى‬

‫اﻟﺤ ﺮ اﻟﺸ ﺪﻳ ﺪ وﺗ ﻨ ﻤ ﻮ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺒ ﻮادي واﻟﺼ ﺤ ﺎري ‪،‬‬

‫زﻳ ﺖ ﺑ ﺬور اﻟ ﻠ ﻔ ﺖ) ( ‪ rapeseed-oil‬وﻳ ﻌ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ أآ ﺜ ﺮ‬

‫وﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﺼﺮ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺰﻳﻮت اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎ ﻧﻈﺮًا ﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﺳﻌﺮﻩ وﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ‬

‫‪ .20‬دهﻦ اﻟﺒﻘﺮ‬

‫وهﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﻮف اﻟﺒﺮي و ﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺒﺎردة‪.‬‬

‫‪ .21‬دهﻦ اﻟﺪﺟﺎج‬

‫‪ .6‬زﻳ ﺖ ﻋ ﺒ ﺎد اﻟﺸ ﻤ ﺲ )‪ (sun flower-oil‬ﻳ ﺰرع ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫‪ .22‬دهﻦ اﻟﺨﻨﺰﻳﺮ‬

‫أﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﺸﻤﺴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ ) ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺤ ﺎﻟ ﺐ‬

‫‪ .7‬زﻳﺖ اﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ ) ‪ (palm oil‬ﻳﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬

‫ﻷﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي( ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻼﺣ ﻆ ﺑ ﺄن اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮي‬

‫‪ 62‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤ ﻴ ﻊ أﻧ ﻮاع اﻟ ﺰﻳ ﻮت ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺎﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻟ ﻢ ﺑ ﺄﺳ ﺮﻩ‬

‫‪ .8‬زﻳﺖ اﻟﺬرة )‪ (corn-oil‬اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﻃ ﻦ اﻷﺻ ﻠ ﻲ أﻣ ﺮﻳ ﻜ ﻲ‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ هﺬا اﻟﻮﻗﻮد ‪ ،‬وآﻞ دوﻟﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴ ﻊ دراﺳ ﺔ‬

‫وﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ آﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪان اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻟ ﻢ اﻟ ﻌ ﺮﺑ ﻲ وﺧ ﺎﺻ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫ﺟﺪوى أﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﺗﺒﻌًﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﺘ ﻬ ﺮ ﺑ ﻪ‬

‫ﺳﻮرﻳﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻼ ﻳﺴﺘ ﻄ ﻴ ﻌ ﻮن أﻧ ﺘ ﺎج اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ زراﻋﺎت ‪ ،‬ﻓﺪول اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﻣﺜ ً‬

‫‪ .9‬زﻳﺖ ﻓ ﻮل اﻟﺼ ﻮﻳ ﺎ ) ‪(Soya-oil‬ﻳ ﻨ ﺘ ﺸ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺼ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫وأﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ وﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .10‬زﻳﺖ اﻟﻔﻮل اﻟﺴﻮداﻧﻲ )‪ (peanut-oil‬ﻳﺰرع ﻓﻲ أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴ ﺎ‬

‫ﻼ ‪ ،‬وﺳﻮرﻳﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أﻧ ﺘ ﺎﺟ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻣﻦ زﻳﺖ اﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ ﻣﺜ ً‬ ‫زﻳﻮت اﻟﻘﻄﻦ واﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮة ﺑﻜﺜﺮة ‪ ،‬واﻟﺴﻮادن ﻣ ﻦ زﻳ ﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮل وهﻜﺬا ‪.‬‬

‫وﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﺴﻮدان ‪ ،‬وﻳ ﺰرع أﻳﻀ ًﺎ ﺑ ﻨ ﺴ ﺐ ﺿ ﺨ ﻤ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫ﻵن ﺳ ﻨﻨﺘﻘﻞ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﺠ ﺰء اﻟﺜﺎﻟ ﺚ وﺳ ﻨﺪرس ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺼﻮل‬

‫أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي و ﺳﻨﻮﺿ ﺢ ﺳ ﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ ﻹﻧﺘ ﺎج اﻟ ﺪﻳﺰل‬

‫‪ .11‬زﻳﺖ اﻟﺘﻮﻧﻎ ) ‪( tung-oil‬ﻳﻜﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﻴ ﻮي ﻋ ﺒﺮ ﻣﺨﻄﻄ ﺎت ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺔ ﻣﻬﻤ ﺔ ﻟﻮﺣ ﺪة أﻧﺘ ﺎج‬

‫‪ .12‬زﻳﺖ اﻟﺨﺮوع ) ‪ ( Castor-oil‬ﻳ ﻜ ﺜ ﺮ ﻧ ﻤ ﻮﻩ ﻓ ﻲ أﺳ ﻴ ﺎ‬

‫اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ‪ .‬وﺳﻨﺬآﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت أآ ﺜﺮ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻷآﺜ ﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ‪.‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋًﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻓﻲ وﻗﺘﻨﺎ اﻟﺮاهﻦ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫‪ .14‬زﻳﺖ اﻟﺒﺎﺗﺮوﻓﺎ )‪ ( patrpha-oil‬ﺗﻨﺘ ﺸﺮ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﺒﺘ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﺪد‬

‫أﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪیﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي‬

‫)اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪیﺔ اﻷآﺜﺮ ﺵﻴﻮﻋ ًﺎ(‬

‫آﻨﺎ ﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﻌﺮﺿﻨﺎ وإﻳﺎآﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم اﻟ ﻌ ﺎم ﻟ ﻠ ﺪﻳ ﺰل‬

‫أﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﻲ أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ‪ ،‬وذآﺮﻧﺎ اهﻢ ﻣﺼﺎدرﻩ اﻟﻄﺒﻴ ﻌ ﻴ ﺔ ‪ ،‬آ ﻤ ﺎ أﻧ ﻨ ﺎ ذآ ﺮﻧ ﺎ‬

‫)‪ ، (1‬ﻟﻨﺘﻌﺮف ﺑﺬﻟﻚ أآﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻷﻧﺘﺎج وﻣﺮاﺣﻠﻬ ﺎ‬

‫أهﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺤ ﻔ ﺎظ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﺒ ﻴ ﺌ ﺔ وذﻟ ﻚ ﻋ ﺒ ﺮ‬

‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫أﺳﻬﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ أﻧﺒﻌﺎث اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﻻﺣ ﺘ ﺮاق‬

‫ﻻ أدﺧ ﺎل اﻟ ﺰﻳ ﺖ )‪ (1‬إﻟ ﻰ اﻟ ﻤ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ )‪ (4‬ﺑ ﻤ ﺴ ﺎﻋ ﺪة‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ أو ً‬

‫وﻋﺪم اﺣﺘﻮاءﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺎﻣ ﺔ وﺿ ﺎرة ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺒ ﻴ ﺌ ﺔ آ ﻤ ﺮآ ﺒ ﺎت‬

‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ )‪ (10‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮورﻩ ﺑﻔﻠﺘﺮ ﺧﺎص ﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ اﻟ ﺰﻳ ﺖ‬

‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ واﻟﺮﺻ ﺎص ‪،‬آ ﻤ ﺎ أﻧ ﻨ ﺎ ﺑ ﻴ ﻨ ﺎ اﻟ ﻤ ﺮاﺣ ﻞ اﻷﺳ ﺎﺳ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺨﺎم )‪ (11‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﻀﺎف اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﺰان اﻟ ﻜ ﺤ ﻮل )‪(2‬‬

‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ‪.‬وﺳﻨﺤﺎول ان ﻧﺮآﺰ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا‬

‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﻞ وﻳﻀﺎف اﻟﺤﻔﺎز ﻣﻦ ﺧﺰان اﻟﻤ ﺎدة اﻟ ﺤ ﻔ ﺎزة ) ‪(3‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ واﻷآﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋًﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻟ ﻢ‬

‫وﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﻣﺰج ﺧﻠ ﻴ ﻂ اﻟ ﺰﻳ ﺖ واﻟ ﻤ ﻴ ﺜ ﺎﻧ ﻮل واﻟ ﻤ ﺎدة اﻟ ﺤ ﻔ ﺎزة‬

‫ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻷﺳﺘﺮة اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺎن ﺑﺨﻼط ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻧﻨﺴﻰ اﻳﻀًﺎ ﻧﺰع اﻟ ﺨ ﻼط ﻗ ﺒ ﻞ أن ﻳ ﺘ ﻢ‬ ‫‪Transesterification‬‬

‫)‪ (Transesterification‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل وذﻟ ﻚ ﺑ ﺎﻷﻋ ﺘ ﻤ ﺎد‬

‫أﻧﺠﺎز ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻷﺳﺘﺮة اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻔﺎز اﻟﻘﻠﻮي ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻀﻤﺎن اﻧﻔﺼﺎل ﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﻠﻐﻠﻴﺴﺮﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﺮﻳﻦ ﺧ ﻼل‬ ‫ﺻﻤﺎم ﺧﺎص ‪ ،‬أو ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺦ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ آﻠﻪ إﻟﻰ ﺧﺰان اﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺟ ﺮاء ﻣ ﺰج آ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫)‪ (6‬ﻟﻴﺘﻢ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ أﺗﻤﺎم اﻧﺠﺎز اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﻴﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺞ إﻟ ﻰ‬

‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي وﻓﻖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫آﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻳﺖ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ ) أو اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻲ ( ﻣﻊ ﻏﻮل ‪ ،‬وﻋ ﺎدة‬

‫ﻃﻮرﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻮي ﻣﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﻴﻠﻲ ) اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮي (‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻐ ﻮل اﻟ ﻤ ﻴ ﺘ ﻴ ﻠ ﻲ )‪ (CH3OH‬ﻟ ﺮﺧ ﺺ ﺗ ﻠ ﻜ ﻔ ﺘ ﻪ‬

‫وﻃﻮر ﺳﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ )اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﻦ ( ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﻳﺘ ﻢ اﻟ ﻔ ﺼ ﻞ‬

‫واﺣﺘﻮاءﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻗﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺎء ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﺣﻔ ﺎز ﻗ ﻠ ﻮي‬

‫أﺣﻴﺎﻧًﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺟﻬﺰة ﻃﺮد ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻞ‬

‫ﻹﻧﺠﺎز اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻏﻠﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام هﻴ ﺪروآﺴ ﻴ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮم ‪ KOH‬أو هﻴﺪروآﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم ‪NaOH‬ﺣ ﻴ ﺚ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺤﻔﺎز ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﻣﻦ )‪ % (1.5 – 0.3‬ﻣﻦ آﺘﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻳﺖ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻢ أﺟﺮاء‬

‫اﻟ ﺘ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ ﻋ ﺎدة ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺔ‬

‫ﺣﺮارة ‪ 60‬درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل وﺟﻮد اﻟﺤﻔﺎز ‪ ،‬وﻧﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺎدﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺨﻀﻊ اﻷﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺣ ﻴ ﺚ ﻳ ﺘ ﻢ ﻏﺴ ﻠ ﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺪاﻓﺊ وﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻟﺤﺬف ﻣﺘ ﺒ ﻘ ﻴ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﻴ ﺜ ﺎﻧ ﻮل‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﺒﻨﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ اﻷﺣ ﻤ ﺎض‬ ‫اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮة ﻣﻊ اﻟ ﻤ ﺎدة اﻟ ﺤ ﻔ ﺎزة وﺑ ﻌ ﺪه ﺎ ﻳ ﺘ ﻢ اﻟ ﺘ ﻨ ﺸ ﻴ ﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻪ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳ ﺘ ﻢ أرﺳ ﺎﻟ ﻪ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﺧﺰاﻧﺎت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ )‪ (7‬ﻟﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺑﺸ ﻜ ﻞ أآ ﺜ ﺮ أﻣ ﺎﻧ ًﺎ ‪ .‬آ ﺬﻟ ﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎدل وﻳﺘ ﻢ ﻏﺴ ﻠ ﻪ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﺎء وﺑ ﻌ ﺪه ﺎ ﻳ ﺘ ﻢ أرﺳ ﺎل‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ان ‪ R3 ، R2 ، R1‬ﺳﻼﺳﻞ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ آ ﻤ ﺎ‬

‫اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺮﻃﺐ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺧﺎص ﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺘﻪ ﺛ ﻢ أرﺳ ﺎﻟ ﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ ‪ .‬دﻋﻮﻧﺎ اﻵن ﻧﻠﻘﻲ ﻧﻈﺮة أآﺜﺮ ﻗﺮﺑ ًﺎ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ وﺣ ﺪة‬

‫إﻟﻰ ﺧﺰاﻧﺎت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﺤﻔﻈﻪ )‪ . (8‬ﺗﺠﺪر اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ أﻧ ﻪ ﻳ ﺘ ﻢ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫أﻳﻀًﺎ أزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻷﺛ ﻴ ﺮ واﻟ ﻐ ﻠ ﻴ ﺴ ﺮﻳ ﻦ ﻋ ﺒ ﺮ أﺟ ﻬ ﺰة‬

‫اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﺪ )اﻟﺰﻳﻮت( ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤ ﻴ ﺜ ﺎﻧ ﻮل ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﻌﺎد ﺑﻌﺪهﺎ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل ﻟﻴﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺘ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ‬

‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 60‬درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﺑﻌﺪهﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﺮص اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺰع اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﺑﺸ ﻜ ﻞ ﺟ ﻴ ﺪ ﻣ ﻨ ﻪ ﻗ ﺒ ﻞ‬

‫دﻳﺰل ﺣﻴﻮي آﻤﻨﺘﺞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ‪ ،‬وﻏﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﻦ آﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺛﺎﻧﻮي‪.‬‬

‫دﺧﻮﻟﻪ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻼ آﺘﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ ﺛ ﺎﺑ ﺘ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬآﺮ أن هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻃﻮﻳ ً‬ ‫ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗ ﻮاﺟ ﻬ ﻪ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺑﻌﺪ أول ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﺑﻴﻦ ‪-85‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺎت ﺟﺮاء اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ‬

‫‪ % 94‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﺑ ﺸﻜﻠﻪ اﻟﻨﻘ ﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ آﻤﻴﺎت آﺒﻴﺮة إذا وﺟﺪت اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟ ﺪه ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺤ ﺮة‬

‫آﻮﻗﻮد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻸﺣﺘﺮاق ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺧﻠﻄ ﻪ ﻣ ﻊ اﻟ ﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﻨﻔﻄ ﻲ‬

‫ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وأﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﺑﺄﻣﺎن ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﻔﺎده ﺎ ﺑ ﺄن اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻷآ ﺜﺮ ﺷ ﻴﻮﻋًﺎ‬

‫وﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺴﺘﻮﺽﺢ اﻟﺼﻮرة أآﺜﺮ دﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﺮض ﻣﺎذا ی ﺤ ﺪث‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ ﺣ ﺪوث اﻟ ﺘ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ ﺛ ﻼﺛ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮیﺪ واﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل ﺑﻮﺝﻮد اﻟ ﺤ ﻔ ﺎز اﻟ ﻘ ﻠ ﻮي ﻧ ﻼﺣ ﻆ ﺑ ﺄن‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮة واﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺝﺪة ﻓﻲ ﺝﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺰیﻮت ﺕﺘ ﺄﺛ ﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻔﺎز اﻟﻘﻠﻮي وﺕﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻣﺘ ﺼ ﺒ ﻨ ﺔ وﻓ ﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻮرة أدﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ ﻠﺒﻴﺎت ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ واﻟﻤ ﺸﺎآﻞ اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﻮاﺟﻬﻬ ﺎ وﺳ ﺒﻞ ﻋﻼﺟﻬ ﺎ‬

‫اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ إزاﻟﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘ ﺠ ﺎت‬

‫‪،‬وﺳﻨﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺎت اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫ﻧﻘﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺤﺪي ﻳﻜﻮن أآﺒﺮ ﺑ ﻜ ﺜ ﻴ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﺎل‬

‫أﻧﺘﺎج هﺬا اﻟﻮﻗ ﻮد اﻟﺠﺪﻳ ﺪ واﻟ ﺼﺤﻲ واﻟ ﺬي ﻳﻌ ﺪ أآ ﺒﺮ ﺻ ﺪﻳﻖ‬

‫ﻗﺮرﻧﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام زﻳﻮت ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ )آﺰﻳﻮت اﻟ ﻤ ﻄ ﺎﻋ ﻢ ( ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻬ ﺬﻩ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺮاهﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻃﻼق ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺰﻳﻮت وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺗ ﺰداد ﻧﺴ ﺒ ﺔ اﻷﺣ ﻤ ﺎض اﻟ ﺪه ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﺑﻜﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺛﻼﺛ ﻲ اﻟﻐﻠﻴ ﺴﻴﺮﻳﺪ ﻣ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﺎدة ﺣﻔﺎزة ﻗﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ °60‬ﻣﺌﻮﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴ ﻮي ﻳ ﺼﻞ إﻟ ﻰ ‪ 95‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺌ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ًﺎ ﻣ ﻦ آﺘﻠ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣ ﺔ ‪ .‬وﺳ ﻨﺘﻄﺮق ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺠ ﺰء اﻟﻘ ﺎدم إﻟ ﻰ‬

‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻼزم ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل‬

‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻷﺣﺪث‬

‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟ ﺜ ﺎﻧ ﻮﻳ ﺔ ‪ ،‬اﻷﻣ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ زﻳﺎدة اﻷﻋﺒﺎء اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ إزاﻟ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎ ‪ ،‬وﺑ ﺬﻟ ﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ أﻧﺘﺎج ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﺗﻌﺎدل ﺿﻌﻒ ﺳ ﻌ ﺮ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺪﺛﻨﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻷآﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋًﺎ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮي ‪،‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ اﻟﻤﺒﺎع ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد ! وﻋﻨﺪهﺎ ﻟ ﻦ‬

‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﻔﺎز اﻟﻘﻠﻮي ﻓﻲ ﺗ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ اﻷﺳ ﺘ ﺮة‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮن هﻨﺎﻟﻚ أي ﺟﺪوى اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻧ ﺘ ﺎج اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮي‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ )‪(2‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻳﻮت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺗﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ ﺟ ﺪﻳ ﺪة ورﺧ ﻴ ﺼ ﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻷﺳﺘﺮة اﻷﻧﺘﻘ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺔ ﺑ ﺄﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام اﻟ ﻤ ﻴ ﺜ ﺎﻧ ﻮل ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓ ﺄﻧ ﻪ ﻣ ﺎزاﻟ ﺖ ه ﻨ ﺎك‬

‫اﻟ ﺤ ﺮﺟ ﺔ ‪ supercritical) (methanol‬وذﻟ ﻚ دون‬

‫ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﺔ ﻹﻋﺎدة اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ وﺗﻜﺜﻴﻒ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘ ﺔ‬

‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام أي ﺣﻔﺎز ‪ ،‬و ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮف اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ‪6‬‬

‫ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻧﻘﻲ و ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫– ‪ 50‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ !‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺕﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﻔﺎز اﻟﺤﻤﻀﻲ‬

‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎهﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺝﺔ ؟ وﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﻬﺎ ؟‬

‫هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺨﻠﺘﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺘﻬﺎ آﺜﻴﺮًا ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘ ﻢ اﻟ ﺘ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﺑﺄن اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث ﺣ ﺎﻻت ه ﻲ‬

‫أﻳﻀًﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل وﺛﻼﺛﻲ اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻐ ﻴ ﺮ ه ﻮ ﻓ ﻘ ﻂ‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ واﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ أﺗﻀﺢ أن اﻷﻣ ﺮ‬

‫اﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻟ ﺤ ﻔ ﺎز اﻟ ﻘ ﻠ ﻮي ﺑ ﺤ ﻔ ﺎز ﺣ ﻤ ﻀ ﻲ ‪ ،‬واﻟ ﻤ ﻼﺣ ﻆ أن‬

‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﻤﺎﻣًﺎ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺪو ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑ ﻴ ﻨ ﺖ اﻟ ﺪراﺳ ﺎت‬

‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮة ﻻ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻪ ‪ ،‬وﻋﺪا ذﻟﻚ ﻓ ﻠ ﻘ ﺪ آ ﺎﻧ ﺖ‬

‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ إذا ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺛﻢ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺘ ﺴ ﺨ ﻴ ﻨ ﻪ‬

‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﻟﻠﺘﻔ ﺎؤل ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻔ ﻲ اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﺖ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬

‫ﻓﺄن آﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺰداد ﻋﺸﺮات اﻷﺿﻌﺎف ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣ ﻦ آ ﺜ ﺎﻓ ﺔ‬

‫آﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺠﺮي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻷﺳﺘﺮة اﻷﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (Transesterification‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮي‬ ‫واﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﺮﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻧﻪ آﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺤﺪث أﻳﻀًﺎ وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣ ﻮازي ﻋ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺘﺮة ) ‪ ( esterification‬ﻟﻸﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ اﻟ ﺤ ﺮة ﻣ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل ﻟﻴﻨﺘﺞ أﻳﻀًﺎ دﻳﺰل ﺣﻴ ﻮي وﻣ ﺎء ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺎﻟ ﻨ ﺘ ﻴ ﺠ ﺔ آ ﺎﻧ ﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮل اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ آﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺸ ﻜ ﻞ ﻣ ﺮآ ﺒ ﺎت ﺛ ﺎﻧ ﻮﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﺒﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﻔﺎز اﻟﻘﻠﻮي إﻟﻰ دﻳﺰل ﺣﻴﻮي ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺎن ﻣﺎ ﻗﻞ اﻻهﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻄ ﺮﻳ ﻘ ﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣ ﻴ ﺚ أﻇ ﻬ ﺮت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(3‬‬

‫اﻷﺑﺤﺎث ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺑﺄن آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟ ﻨ ﺎﺗ ﺠ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺮة اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل‬ ‫)‪ (esterification‬ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ واﺿﺢ ‪،‬‬

‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒًﺎ آﻤﺎ هﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻐ ﺎزات‬

‫وأﻳﻀًﺎ زﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ ﻳﺼ ﻞ إﻟ ﻰ ‪ 45‬ﺳ ﺎﻋ ﺔ‬

‫‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻷﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻓﻴﺘﺨﺬ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺳﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﺴ ﺎﺋ ﻞ ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ب ‪ 8‬ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ أﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﻔﺎز اﻟ ﻘ ﻠ ﻮي ! ﻣ ﻤ ﺎ‬

‫هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ أو اﻟﻔﻠﻮﻳﺪ اﻟﺤﺮج اﻟ ﻤ ﺄﺧ ﻮذة‬

‫ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺻﺮف ﻃﺎﻗﺔ أآﺒﺮ وﺗﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﺠﺪوى اﻟ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ ﻏ ﻴ ﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻷﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰي ‪fluid‬أي اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻺﻧﺴ ﻴ ﺎب ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﺪﻳﺔ ‪ .‬اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻴﻮﺑ ﻬ ﺎ اﻟ ﺨ ﺎﺻ ﺔ ﺑ ﻬ ﺎ‬

‫وهﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة وﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﺎدة‬

‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺼﺐ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﺒﻴﺮ وأﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ أﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل‬

‫أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(3‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺮاه ﻦ ‪ .‬وﻗ ﺪ أﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪم أﻳﻀ ًﺎ ﻣ ﺰﻳ ﺞ ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫ﻼ ﺻ ﻌﺒًﺎ وﻣﺬﺑ ﺬﺑًﺎ ﻳ ﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﺪﻩ ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺟ ﺔ ﺗﺘﺨ ﺬ ﺷ ﻜ ً‬

‫اﻟﺤﻔﺎزات اﻟﺤﻤﻀﻴﺔ واﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﺎوز ﺗﻠ ﻚ اﻟ ﻌ ﻴ ﻮب ﻟ ﻜ ﻦ ه ﺬﻩ‬

‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻧﻤﺜﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻤﺮﺑﻊ ‪ ،‬زاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ ﻓﻲ أﺳ ﻔﻞ‬

‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ أﻳﻀًﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ اﻟﺸﺊ اﻷﻣﺜﻞ وﺑﻘﻴ ﺖ اﻟ ﻌ ﻴ ﻮب ﻣﺴ ﺘ ﻤ ﺮة‬

‫اﻟﻴ ﺴﺎر ﺗ ﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻄ ﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺟ ﺔ ‪ ،‬وه ﻲ أﻗ ﻞ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ ﺿ ﺮورﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬

‫ﻟﻠ ﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤ ﺮارة ﺣ ﺘﻰ ﻳﻨﺘﻘ ﻞ اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﻞ أو اﻟﻐ ﺎز إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺑﺄن ﺑﻠﻮغ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻘ ﻖ إﻻ‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺯل ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻱ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل‬

‫ﺑﺒﻠﻮغ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻼزﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺂن واﺣﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺠﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮاﺟﺪ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼث ﺣﺎﻻت ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻓﺄن هﺬا ﻣ ﺎ‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﺖ أﺧﺮ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ أﻧﺘﺎج اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮي‬

‫ﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻄ ﺔ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴ ﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈ ﺔ اﻟﺜﻠ ﺞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺳ ﺒﻴﻞ‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎرب اﻟﻌﺎم ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮي‬

‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل آﻤﺎدة ﻟﻬﺎ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻋﺘﻤﺎدا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟ ﺔ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬اﻵن وﺑﻌﺪ أن ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺟ ﺔ وﻣ ﺎ ﻳﻘ ﺼﺪ ﺑﻬ ﺎ‬

‫ﻋﺪة ﺗﺠﺎرب ﺑﺄﺷﺮاف ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴﻮر اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻀ ﻮﻳ ﺔ ‪Poress‬‬

‫إذن ﺗﻌ ﺎﻟﻮا ﻟﻨﻮﺿ ﺢ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ أﻧﺘ ﺎج اﻟ ﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴ ﻮي ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام‬

‫)‪ (Paresavich‬ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟ ﺤ ﺼ ﻮل ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ وآﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﻢ !‬

‫اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮي دون أي ﻣ ﺎدة ﺣ ﻔ ﺎزة ‪،‬وﺗ ﻢ اﻟ ﺘ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ وﻓ ﻖ‬

‫أﺛﺒﺘﺖ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل ﻓﻲ ﺣ ﺎﻟ ﺘ ﻪ‬

‫درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ وهﺬﻩ هﻲ اﻟﻤﺮة اﻷوﻟ ﻰ‬

‫اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﻴ ﺮﻳ ﺪ ﻓ ﺄﻧ ﻪ ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ ذﻟ ﻚ ﻻ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﺸﺮ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣ ﺠ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬

‫ﻧﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ أي ﻣﺎدة ﺣﻔﺎزة ‪ ،‬وﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺘ ﺎﻟ ﻲ ﻓ ﺄن ﺗ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ اﻷﺳ ﺘ ﺮة‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻮﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻷﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﻣﻦ دون أي ﻣ ﺎدة ﺣ ﻔ ﺎزة ﻳ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮي‬

‫‪-1‬ﺕﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻄﻮر اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻷﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪیﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام‬

‫واﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬وأهﻢ ﺷﺊ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ ه ﻮ أن اﻷﺣ ﻤ ﺎض‬

‫اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺝﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ آﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت ﻻ ﻓﺎﺋﺪة ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺎت‬

‫أﺟﺮﻳﻨﺎ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ زﻳ ﺖ‬

‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ وﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻷﺳﺘﺮة ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﺛﻨ ﻮل أﻳﻀ ًﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺬور اﻟﻠﻔﺖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل اﻟﺤﺮج و ﺑﺪون ﻣﺎدة ﺣﻔ ﺎزة ‪ ،‬وﻓ ﻖ‬

‫وﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ آﻤﻴﺔ أﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ‪ ،‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻨ ﻨ ﺎ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ وهﻲ أﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻨﺤ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻨﺎ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ أﺑﺪًا ﻟﻌﻤﻴﻼت ﺗﻜﺮﻳﺮ أﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬أو إزاﻟ ﺔ ﻣ ﺮآ ﺒ ﺎت‬ ‫ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ آﻤ ﺎ أﻧ ﻨ ﺎ ﻟﺴ ﻨ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﺒﻨﺔ ﻟﻌﺪم وﺟﻮدهﺎ أﺻ ً‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ أي ﻣﺎدة ﺣﻔ ﺎزة اﻷﻣ ﺮ اﻟ ﺬي ﻣ ﻦ ﺷ ﺄﻧ ﻪ أن ﻳ ﺰﻳ ﻞ‬ ‫أﻋﺒﺎء اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ أآﺜﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻵن ﺳﻨﺨﺼﺺ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻟﻨﺴﺘﻌﺮض ﻣ ﻌ ﻜ ﻢ ﺗ ﻔ ﺎﺻ ﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ودرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻷﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ ‪،‬‬ ‫وﺳﺄﻋﺮض وﻷول ﻣﺮة اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﻟﻬ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ أﺑ ﺤ ﺎﺛ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺨ ﺒ ﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻳ ﺰل‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬وﺳﻨﺒﻴﻦ أهﻢ اﻟﻔﺮوق ﺑﻴﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺣﺪث ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ أﺳﺘﺮة أﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴ ﻴ ﺮﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻊ‬

‫وﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ ﺳﻨﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺎ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل اﻟﺤﺮج وﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ دﻳﺰل ﺣﻴ ﻮي وﺑ ﻨ ﻔ ﺲ اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﺖ‬

‫زاﻟﺖ ﺗﻮاﺟﻪ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ وآﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺪث ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ أﺳﺘﺮة ﻟﻸﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ وﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ أﻳﻀًﺎ دﻳ ﺰل‬

‫ﺕﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻄ ﻮر اﻟﻮاﺣ ﺪ ﻟﻺﻧﺘ ﺎج ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام‬

‫ﺣﻴﻮي ‪ ،‬أﻧ ﻈ ﺮ اﻟﺸ ﻜ ﻞ )‪ (4‬وﻻﺣ ﻆ ﺗ ﺄﺛ ﻴ ﺮ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺤ ﺮارة‬

‫اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل اﻟﺤﺮج‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫اﺳﺘﻌﺮﺿﻨﺎ وإﻳﺎآﻢ أهﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺘ ﺎج اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧ ﻮل ‪MeOH‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ )‪(supercritical methanol‬ﻹﻧ ﺘ ﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﺑﺪون اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام ﻣ ﺎدة ﺣ ﻔ ﺎزة ‪ ،‬واﻷﺻ ﺢ أن‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ )ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ( ﺣﻴﺚ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪم ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ ﻹﻧ ﺘ ﺎج اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﻌ ﻤ ﻠ ﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺣ ﻴ ﺚ أﻧ ﻬ ﺎ ﻻ زاﻟ ﺖ ﻗ ﻴ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﻗﻤﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮض أﺑﺤ ﺎث رﺳ ﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﺎﺟﺴ ﺘ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺘﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﻓ ﻲ أوآ ﺮاﻧ ﻴ ﺎ ﺑ ﺄﺟ ﺮاء‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫واﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (4‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺤ ﺮارة ‪ 350‬درﺟ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ وزﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺪر ب‪ 30‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ أﺳﺘﻄﻌﻨﺎ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴ ﻮي أﻗ ﺘ ﺮﺑ ﺖ ﻣ ﻦ ‪ % 95‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻜ ﺘ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬وهﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺟﺪًا ﻣﻤﺘﺎزة ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻮ ﻧﻈﺮﻧ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧ ﻮل ﺳ ﻨ ﺠ ﺪ أﻧ ﻬ ﺎ‬

‫دح =‬

‫‪° 239,4‬م واﻟﻀ ﻐ ﻂ اﻟ ﺤ ﺮج ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﻴ ﺜ ﺎﻧ ﻮل ضح = ‪8.02‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻐﺎل ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎل ‪ ،‬وﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑ ﺔ ﻧ ﺠ ﺪ أن‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪°350‬م أآ ﺒ ﺮ ﺑ ﻜ ﺜ ﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺪرﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺤ ﺮﺟ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ أن أﺟﺮاء اﻟ ﺘ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ ﺗ ﺤ ﺖ ﺿ ﻐ ﻂ ‪ 22‬ﻣ ﻴ ﻐ ﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎل أآﺒﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺤﺮج ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل ‪ ،‬اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ أن ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ وﻣﻌ ﺪات ﺧ ﺎﺻ ﺔ ﻷﺟ ﺮاء اﻟ ﺘ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎت آﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺼ ﻨ ﺎﻋ ﻴ ﺔ ‪ .‬إﺿ ﺎﻓ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟ ﻄ ﺎﻗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻷﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام ﻃ ﻮرﻳ ﻦ ﻹﻧ ﺘ ﺎج اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‬ ‫آﻨﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﺪﺛﻨﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﻮر اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤ ﻴ ﺜ ﺎﻧ ﻮل اﻟ ﺤ ﺮج ‪MeOH‬ورأﻳ ﻨ ﺎ آ ﻴ ﻒ ﺗ ﻤ ﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺣﺪوث ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺰاﻣﻨ ﻴ ﻦ ﻓ ﻲ ﻃ ﻮر واﺣ ﺪ ه ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻷﺳﺘﺮة اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳ ﺪ وﺗ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ اﻷﺳ ﺘ ﺮة‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وأﻧﺘﺞ آﻼ هﺬﻳﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﻦ دﻳﺰل ﺣﻴ ﻮي ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻢ آﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻇﺮوف ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة‬ ‫آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺟﺪًا واﻟﻀﻐﻂ آﺎن ﺿ ﻐ ﻄ ًﺎ ﻋ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ًﺎ ﻣ ﻤ ﺎ ﻳ ﺨ ﻠ ﻖ‬ ‫إﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪوى اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ وﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺪة دراﺳﺎت وﺟﺪﻧﺎ أﻧ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ ذور ﻃ ﻮرﻳ ﻦ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻄﻮر اﻷول ﻋ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ إﻣ ﺎه ﺔ ) )‪hydrolysis‬‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﻲ اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﺮﻳﺪ ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺣﻤﺎض دهﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺑ ﻌ ﺪ ﺗ ﺤ ﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻳﺖ آﻠﻪ إﻟﻰ ﺣﻤﺾ دهﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﻨﺘﻖ إﻟﻰ ﻃﻮر ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(4‬‬ ‫إذن ﻟﻘﺪ وﺻﻠﻨﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﻔﺎدهﺎ هﻮ أن اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫وهﻮ أﺳﺘﺮة اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل اﻟﺤﺮج ﻟﻴﻨ ﺘ ﺞ ﻟ ﺪﻳ ﻨ ﺎ‬ ‫دﻳﺰل ﺣﻴﻮي ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ وﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻷﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻃﻮر واﺣﺪ اﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻐﻨﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺤﻔﺎزة ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳ ﻮﺟ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ ‪ ،‬اﻷﻣ ﺮ اﻟ ﺬي ﻳ ﺮﻓ ﻊ ﻣ ﻦ ﺟ ﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ أﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﻴًﺎ ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﻨﺎﺣ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺴ ﻠ ﺒ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ أن اﺳﺘﺨﺪام هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻷﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﺑﻜﻤ ﻴ ﺎت‬ ‫آﺒﻴﺮة هﻮ أﻣﺮ ﺻﻌﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺮاهﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟ ﺤ ﺼ ﻮل ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪات ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻈﺮوف أﻣﺮ ﻣ ﻜ ﻠ ﻒ ‪ ،‬أﺿ ﻒ إﻟ ﻰ ذﻟ ﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻷﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺴﺎدس ﺳﻨﺴﺘﻌﺮض وأﻳﺎآﻢ اﻟﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻤ ﻨ ﺎ ﺑ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻹﺷ ﻜ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﻤ ﺜ ﻠ ﺔ ﺑ ﺄﻧ ﺘ ﺎج اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮي‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻴﺜ ﺎﻧ ﻮل ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﺎﻟ ﺘ ﻪ اﻟ ﺤ ﺮﺟ ﺔ وﻟ ﻜ ﻦ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﻤ ﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﻮرﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻃﻮرًا واﺣﺪًا آﻤﺎ أﻧ ﻨ ﺎ ﺳ ﻨ ﻘ ﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻄﻂ آﻨﻤﻮذج ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺄﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ ،‬وﺳﻨﺸﺮح آﻴﻒ أﻧﻪ أﻣﻜﻨﻨﺎ أﻧﺘ ﺎج اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﻮي ﻣ ﺨ ﺒ ﺮﻳ ًﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ذات ﻃ ﻮرﻳ ﻦ وﺑ ﻈ ﺮوف أﻓﻀ ﻞ ‪ ،‬وﺳ ﻨ ﺘ ﻌ ﺮف ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ آﻞ ﻃ ﻮر ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺣ ﺪى ‪ ،‬وﺳ ﻨ ﻘ ﺎرن‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫واﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ هﻲ أﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ أﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام ﺗ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺒﺜﺎﻧﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺤ ﺮﺟ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ذات ﻃﻮرﻳﻦ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﺳﻨﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ أﻗ ﻞ ﺑ ﻜ ﺜ ﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫هﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ذات ﻃﻮر واﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ أن اﻟ ﻄ ﻮر اﻷول‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﺎهﺔ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻗﺪرﻩ ‪ 8‬ﻣﻴﺠ ﺎ ﺑ ﺎﺳ ﻜ ﺎل ‪،‬‬ ‫آﻤﺎ أﻧﻨﺎ وﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ‪ ° 270‬ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ اﺳﺘﻄﻌﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺤﺼ ﻞ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺮدود ‪ 96‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ أﻧﻈﺮ )اﻟﺸﻜ ﻞ ‪، (1‬‬ ‫وﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻮر اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺘﺮة ﻓ ﻘ ﺪ أﺳ ﺘ ﻄ ﻌ ﻨ ﺎ ﺗ ﺤ ﻮﻳ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل اﻟﺤﺮج إﻟ ﻰ دﻳ ﺰل ﺣ ﻴ ﻮي‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ واﺣﺪة ﺑﻞ ﺑﺎب اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﺔ آ ﻴ ﻤ ﻴ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ ه ﻮ ﺑ ﺎب واﺳ ﻊ ذو‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻳﺘﺮاوح ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 10-7‬ﻣﻴﺠﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎل ‪ ،‬وﺣﺼﻠﻨ ﺎ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة آﺒﻴﺮة ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل زﻳﺎدة اﻷﺑﺤﺎث واﻟﺪراﺳﺎت ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺎق أن ﻧﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي وﻗﻮدًا ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﺘ ﻨ ﺎول‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ دول اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻵن دﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﺸﺎهﺪ وﺣﺪة أﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻣﺨﺒﺮﻳًﺎ ‪،‬و اﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(5‬‬

‫ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻷﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ ،‬أﻧﻈﺮ ) اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ (6‬اﻟ ﻮﺣ ﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺪث ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ اﻟ ﺬي‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎﻩ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ أﻧﺒﻮب ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠ ﻴ ﻂ ﻣ ﻌ ﺪﻧ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺼﺪأ ‪ 1Х18Н9Т‬ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ 300‬ﻣﻢ ‪ ،‬وﻗ ﻄ ﺮﻩ ‪8‬‬ ‫ﻣﻢ وﺳﻤﺎآﺔ ﺟﺪارﻩ ‪ 5‬ﻣﻢ ‪ ،‬وهﺬا اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻤ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ ه ﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻇﺮوف ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﻮر اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ‪،‬‬ ‫هﺬا اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﻞ )‪ (1‬ﻣﻮﺻﻮل ﺑﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ )‪( 2‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(6‬‬

‫أآﺒﺮ ﻣﺮدود ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪°250‬ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(5‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (6‬درﺟﺔ ﺗﺤﻮل ﺛﻼﺛﻲ اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﺪ إﻟﻰ ﺣﻤ ﺾ ده ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(7‬‬

‫وﻓﻖ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪ 8‬ﻣ ﻴ ﺠ ﺎ ﺑ ﺎﺳ ﻜ ﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (6‬درﺟﺔ ﺗﺤﻮل اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪهﻨﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ دﻳ ﺰل ﺣ ﻴ ﻮي‬ ‫وﻓﻖ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻣ ﺨ ﺘ ﻠ ﻔ ﺔ وﺿ ﻐ ﻂ ‪ 8‬ﻣ ﻴ ﺠ ﺎ ﺑ ﺎﺳ ﻜ ﺎل‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (7‬وﺣﺪة أﻧﺘﺎج دﻳﺰل ﺣﻴﻮي ﻣﺨﺒﺮﻳًﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨ ﺪام‬

‫واﻟﻤﻼﺣﻆ إذن أن ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻷﺳﺘﺮة اﻻﻧ ﺘ ﻘ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل اﻟﺤﺮج‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻼل ﻃﻮر واﺣﺪ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﻟﻄﻮر أﻣﺎهﺔ ﺛ ﻼﺛ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﺪ ‪ +‬ﻃ ﺎﻗ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻨ ﺸ ﻴ ﻂ ﻷﺳ ﺘ ﺮﻩ اﻷﺣ ﻤ ﺎض اﻟ ﺪه ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ دﻳﺰل ﺣﻴﻮي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺳ ﺘ ﻜ ﻮن أﻗ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار اﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل أﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﺑﻄﻮرﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺿًﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﻮر واﺣﺪ ‪ ،‬وﺳﺘﻜﻮن آ ﻠ ﻔ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺪات اﻟ ﻼزﻣ ﺔ ودرﺟ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮهﺎ أآﺒﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻄﻮر اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﻔﺎدهﺎ ه ﻮ أن ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺠ ﺪﻳ ﺪة‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻜﻮن أﺣﺪ أآﺒﺮ اﻟﺤﻠﻮل ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮاﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺗﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ أﻧ ﺘ ﺎج‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﺗﻢ ﻣﻠﺊ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺰﻳﺖ ﺑ ﺬور اﻟ ﻠ ﻔ ﺖ واﻟ ﻤ ﻴ ﺜ ﺎﻧ ﻮل ﻳ ﺘ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻄﻬﻤﺎ داﺧﻞ ﻓﺮن آﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺘﺴﺘﺨﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ ،‬وﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻠﻮﻏ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟ ﻤ ﻀ ﺨ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺑ ﺪوره ﺎ ﺗ ﻘ ﻮم ﺑﻀ ﺦ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﻞ ’إﻟﻰ ‪ 20‬ﻣ ﻴ ﺠ ﺎ ﺑ ﺎﺳ ﻜ ﺎل ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ذات ﻃﻮر واﺣﺪ ‪ ،‬أو ‪ 8‬ﻣﻴﺠﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻋ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ ذات‬ ‫ﻃﻮرﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮور ‪ 50 -30‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ )وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟ ﺤ ﺮارة (‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻗﺪ أﻧﺘﻬﻲ ووﺻ ﻞ ﻣ ﺮﺣ ﻠ ﺘ ﻪ اﻷﺧ ﻴ ﺮة ‪ ،‬ﻧ ﻘ ﻮم‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺒﺮﻳ ﺪ اﻟ ﻤ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻞ ‪ ،‬وﻧﺴ ﻜ ﺐ اﻟ ﻨ ﺎﺗ ﺞ ﻓ ﻲ وﻋ ﺎء ﻟ ﻴ ﺘ ﻢ ﻓﺼ ﻞ‬

‫اﻟﺪﻳﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺮاهﻦ ‪ .‬وﻻ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ إﻟﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺘﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟ ﻐ ﻠ ﻴ ﺴ ﻴ ﺮﻳ ﻦ وﻃ ﺒ ﻘ ﺔ اﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺕﻮﺹﻠﻨﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﻔﺎدهﺎ أن اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام اﻟ ﻤ ﻴ ﺜ ﺎﻧ ﻮل ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪهﺎ ﻧ ﻘ ﻮم ﺑ ﺘ ﻨ ﻘ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﻨ ﺎﺗ ﺞ ﻣ ﻦ ﺑ ﻘ ﺎﻳ ﺎ اﻟ ﻤ ﻴ ﺜ ﺎﻧ ﻮل‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺝﺔ یﻠﻐﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﺝﺔ إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﻔﺎز ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟ ﺘ ﺎﻟ ﻲ‬

‫واﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﻦ وﻧﻌﺰل اﻟﺪﻳﺰل ﻓﻲ ﺧﺰان ﺧﺎص ﻟﺤﻔﻈﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫یﻠﻐﻲ وﺝﻮد ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻮی ﺔ ﻣ ﺘ ﺼ ﺒ ﻨ ﺔ ﺕ ﻈ ﻬ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺪیﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪیﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪیﺰل اﻟﺤﻴﻮي وأهﻢ ﻣﻮاﺹﻔﺎﺕﻪ‬

‫‪ .5‬درﺳﻨﺎ اﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺕﻮاﺝﻬﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠ ﻴ ﺔ أﻧ ﺘ ﺎج اﻟ ﺪی ﺰل‬

‫‪.2‬اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻷﺳﺘﺮة اﻻﻧﺘ ﻘ ﺎﻟ ﻲ و ﻹﻧ ﺘ ﺎج اﻟ ﺪی ﺰل‬

‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﺑﻄﻮر واﺣ ﺪ ﻣ ﻊ اﻟ ﻤ ﻴ ﺜ ﺎﻧ ﻮل اﻟ ﺤ ﺮج ‪ ،‬ورأی ﻨ ﺎ أﻧ ﻪ‬

‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻷآﺜﺮ ﺵﻴﻮﻋ ًﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﻔﺎز اﻟ ﻘ ﻠ ﻮي‬

‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﻮریﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺵﺄﻧﻪ أن یﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ أﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﻤ ﺎ‬

‫‪ ،‬وﻋﺮض ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎت هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫هﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻄﻮر واﺣﺪ اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻣ ﻦ ﺵ ﺄﻧ ﻪ أن ی ﺠ ﻌ ﻞ ه ﺬﻩ‬

‫‪.3‬دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻷﺥﺮى آﺎﺳﺘ ﺨ ﺪام اﻟ ﺤ ﻔ ﺎز اﻟ ﺤ ﻤ ﻀ ﻲ ‪،‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻗﺮیﺐ ‪ ،‬ویﻜﻮن ﺑﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺪی ﺰل‬

‫وﺕﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺤ ﺮﺝ ﺔ ﻋ ﺒ ﺮ ﻃ ﻮر‬

‫ﻼ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدیﺎ ﻧﺎﺝﺤ ًﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ وﺹﺪیﻘ ًﺎ ﻟ ﻠ ﺒ ﻴ ﺌ ﺔ ﺑ ﻨ ﻔ ﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﺑﺪی ً‬

‫واﺣﺪ ‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ذاﺕﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﻮریﻦ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫‪Cell-phone Jammers‬‬ ‫م‪/‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ أﺣﻤﺪ ﺟﺒﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬

‫‪bka_hardware@yahoo.com‬‬

‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻬﻮاﺕﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺕﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻬﺎﺕﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫‪phone Jammers‬‬

‫‪Cell-‬‬

‫اﻧﺘﺸﺮت اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎرا ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﺎرت‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻇﺎهﺮة ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﻪ ﺗﺠﺮى ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻮم ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮف ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ‪ cell-phone‬وأﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ اﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎء ﻋﻨﻪ! أﺿﻴﻒ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ‪Mobile‬‬ ‫‪Phone‬إﻟﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺴﺮ اﺗﺼﺎﻻﺗﻨﺎ وﻗﺮب اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ‬ ‫وأﺻﺒﺢ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻨﻬﺎ وﻣﻦ أﺿﺮارهﻤﺎ‪ .‬وﻣﻨﺬ ﻇﻬﻮر اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ‪Phone Cellular‬وهﻮ ﻣﺜﺎر ﺟﺪال داﺋﻢ وأراء‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎرﺿﺔ ﺗﺮﻗﺺ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻮاﺋﺪﻩ وأﺿﺮارﻩ ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ اﷲ‬ ‫واﻟﺬي ﻻ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻲء ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ أﻻ وﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻊ و ﻣﻀﺎر ﻣﺎ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ وﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﻄﻦ إﻟﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ‪،‬‬ ‫وآﻞ ﻳﻮم ﻳﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﺗﺘﻜﺸﻒ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫وأﺿﺮارهﺎ ‪.‬و دوﻣﺎ ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺘﺮب ﺻﻨﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮر ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫دوﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻪ وزﻳﺎدة ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻌﻬﺎ واﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺿﺮارهﺎ؛ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﺟﻬﺎز رﻗﻤﻲ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻟﻪ أﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻊ واﻷﺿﺮار اﻟﻤﺜﺒﻮﺗﻪ واﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﺒﻮﺗﻪ‪ .‬و ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻴﻮم‬ ‫أﺿﺮارﻩ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎزاﻟﺖ ﻣﺤﻞ أﺧﺬ وﻋﻄﺎء وﻟﻢ ﺗﺠﺰم ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﺎ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ هﻨﺎك ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ اﺟﻞ ﺗﻼﻓﻴﻬﺎ و ﺗﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎدﻟﺔ وﻻ اﻟﻨﻘﺎش ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﻮﺗﻪ وﻣﻌﺮوﻓﻪ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ هﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻷﺿﺮار ﻟﻢ ﺗﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻃﻦ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮء‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻨﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ وﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻞ ﺗﻼﻓﻴﻬﺎ وﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻟﻨﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻜﺮﻩ ﻣﺒﺴﻄﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي وﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط ﻣﺒﺴﻄﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺵﺒﻜﻪ اﻟﺨﻠﻮیﺔ ‪Cellular Network‬‬ ‫أﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻘﺎع اﻷرض ﻣﻐﻄﺎة ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺑﺨﺪﻣﻪ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‪،‬‬ ‫وﻳﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ‪ cell phone‬ﺑﺄي ﺑﻘﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﻷرض‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻈﻠﻪ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪،‬وآﻞ دوﻟﻪ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮآﻪ ﻣﺰودﻩ ﻟﺨﺪﻣﻪ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫‪service / mobile phone operator‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ provider‬ﺗﻐﻄﻰ أراﺿﻴﻬﺎ وﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺪول ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وهﻜﺬا ﺗﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻘﺎع اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻮرة ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫وآﺄن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻗﺮﻳﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﻩ؛ ﻓﺄﻧﺖ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺗﻔﻪ ﻓﻮرﻳﺎ وﻓﻰ‬ ‫أي ﻟﺤﻈﻪ إﻟﻰ أي دوﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻦ هﺎﺗﻔﻚ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي وﻗﺪ‬ ‫وﻧﻈﻤﺖ اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ وآﺬا ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﺪول ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ وآﺬا ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﺮآﺎت اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ آﻞ هﺎﺗﻒ‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﺧﻠﻮي ﻳﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ ﺷﻔﺮﻩ ﻓﺮﻳﺪة ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﻲ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ) ‪ESN) Electronic‬‬ ‫‪Serial Number‬وهﻮ رﻗﻢ ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ‪unique‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ‪32‬‬ ‫ﺑﺖ (‪Bit‬هﺬا اﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﻪ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ أرﺑﻌﻪ ﻣﻠﻴﺎر‬ ‫)‪( 4294967296‬هﺎﺗﻒ ﺧﻠﻮي هﺬا اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﺒﺮﻣﺞ‬ ‫)ﻣﺨﺰن ( داﺧﻞ اﻟﺘﻠﻔﻮن اﻟﺨﻠﻮي أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ وهﻮ رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﻩ وﻻ دﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫و ﺣﺘﻰ إذا ﺗﻐﻴﺮ رﻗﻢ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ )أي ﺗﻐﻴﺮت ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ‪ (SIM card‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﻈﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬وﺷﻔﺮﻩ ‪ESN‬هﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻩ ﻋﻦ أي هﺎﺗﻒ ﺧﻠﻮي ﺁﺧﺮ وآﺬﻟﻚ آﻞ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫هﺎﺗﻒ ﺧﻠﻮي ‪ SIM card‬ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻬﺎ ﺷﻔﺮﻩ ﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺮﻗﻢ‬ ‫)‪(MIN‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل ‪Mobile‬‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫‪Identification Number‬وهﻰ ﺷﻔﺮﻩ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮﻩ‬ ‫أرﻗﺎم ‪ digit number‬ﻳﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ رﻗﻢ هﺎﺗﻔﻚ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫‪phone's number‬وهﻮ رﻗﻢ ﻳﺨﺰن ﺑﻜﻞ ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪ SIM‬ﺗﻠﻔﻮن ﺧﻠﻮي ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ اﻟﻤﺰودة ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺮآﻪ‬ ‫وﺷﻔﺮﻩ ‪MIN‬‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﻓﻮن ‪ Vodafone‬أو ﻣﻮﺑﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺑﻤﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻔﺮﻩ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﺮهﺎ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺒﺪال ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ‪ SIM card‬ﺑﺄﺧﺮى‪.‬‬ ‫إذا أي هﺎﺗﻒ ﺧﻠﻮي ﺑﺤﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺷﻔﺮﺗﺎن‬ ‫واﺣﺪﻩ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ وهﻰ ﺷﻔﺮﻩ ‪ESN‬وأﺧﺮى ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮهﺎ وهﻰ ‪MIN‬‬ ‫وآﻼ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻔﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻩ وآﺄﻧﻪ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻠﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫واﻟﺸﻔﺮﺗﺎن ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم أﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ هﻮاﺗﻒ ‪GSM‬وهﻰ اﻷآﺜﺮ أﺗﺸﺎرا‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮدد ‪ 900‬و ‪ 1800‬ﻣﻴﺠﺎهﺮﺗﺰ ‪MHz‬‬ ‫ﺑﺄورﺑﺎ واﺳﻴﺎ وإﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ وﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮدد ‪ 950‬و‪1900‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺠﺎهﺮﺗﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻪ ‪United States.‬‬ ‫وﺑﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺰود ﺧﺪﻣﻪ ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ‪ Cells‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ آﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ وآﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﻪ ذات ﻣﺴﺎﺣﻪ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﺘﺮاص اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺠﻮار ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺮاص‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻨﺤﻞ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻰ آﺎﻣﻞ أﻣﺎآﻦ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وآﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﻪ ‪ cell‬ﻳﺘﻮﺳﻄﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪base station‬‬ ‫وﺑﺮج ‪ tower‬ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮاء وﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ أﻋﻼﻩ ﺑﻬﻮاﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪cell‬ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺷﻔﺮﻩ‬ ‫‪ ،Aerial/ Antenna‬وآﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫)آﻮد( ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ‪(SID) System Identification‬‬ ‫‪ Code‬و هﻲ ﺷﻔﺮﻩ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺴﻪ أرﻗﺎم ‪digit‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻐﺮض اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺕﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺪی ﻨ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﺥ ﻼی ﺎ ه ﻮ ﺕ ﻐ ﻄ ﻴ ﻪ‬ ‫آﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺪیﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻮیﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻈ ﻢ ی ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ ﻣ ﺘ ﺎﺑ ﻌ ﺘ ﻪ‬ ‫وأیﻀﺎ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺕ ﺮدد واﺣ ﺪ ﺑ ﺨ ﻠ ﺘ ﻴ ﻦ أو أآ ﺜ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ آﺎﻧﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﻼیﺎ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪة وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻦ یﺤﺪث ﺕﺪاﺥﻞ ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺕﻠﻔﻮﻧﺎت هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﻼیﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺮاﻩ أﻳﻀﺎ أﻗﻮى أﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎر ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﻼ ﻃﺎﻗﻪ وأﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻼ‬ ‫إﺷﺎرة رادﻳﻮ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ هﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي وﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﺒﺪأ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮر ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ أي ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ‪control channel.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻳﺒﻪ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن وﺟﺪ واﺣﺪة ﺑﺪأ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎط ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺣﺜﺎ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺷﻔﺮﻩ )آﻮد( ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم) ‪SID) System‬‬ ‫‪Identification Code‬واﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﻠﻔﻮن اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﺷﻔﺮﻩ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم )‪ SID‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺒﺪأ ﺑﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻔﺮة ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫‪SIM‬ﻓﺈن ﺗﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺎ‬ ‫)‪ (SID‬اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ )ﻣﺒﺮﻣﺠﻪ( ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻓﺖ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ إن هﺬا اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪SIM‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﻬﺎ )ﺗﺨﺺ ﻣﺰود اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ( ﻓﺘﺮﺣﺐ ﺑﻪ وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻮر ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻖ وﺻﻠﻪ ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ وﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮج‬ ‫‪base station‬ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺑﻨﺎءا ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﺪب اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻓﻮر ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ و ﻳﺒﺪأ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﺑﺈﻇﻬﺎر إﺷﺎرة‬

‫‪number‬ﻓﺮﻳﺪة ﻟﻜﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻨﻘﺎل‬ ‫)‪(MTSO‬و ﺗﺨﺰن ﺷﻔﺮﻩ ‪ SID‬ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻮن ﺧﻠﻮي ‪ SIM card‬ﺗﺒﺎع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ اﻟﻤﺰودة‬ ‫ﻟﺨﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ ‪،‬هﺬﻩ اﻟﺸﻔﺮة هﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ SIM‬ﺗﺨﺺ ﻣﺰودﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ وﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ أي هﺎﺗﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪SIM‬ﻟﻤﺰود ﺧﺪﻣﻪ أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬ ‫آﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ‬ ‫‪ ،Radio wave‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ آﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ أي إرﺳﺎل واﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻟﻠﻬﺎﺗﻔﺎت واﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ ﻣﻦ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ‪ ،‬وآﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫وﺗﺪار ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻨﻘﺎل ) )‪MTSO‬‬ ‫‪ Mobile Telephone Switching Office‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫وآﻞ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻨﻘﺎل ‪MTSO‬ﺗﺪار‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ رﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺪورهﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮاآﺰ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪن اﻷﺧﺮى داﺧﻞ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ وهﻜﺬا ﺗﺘﺨﻠﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺰود اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﻄﻰ أﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ وﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪول ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ أﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫واﺣﺪﻩ ﻣﺘﺮاﻣﻴﺔ اﻷﻃﺮاف ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﻪ اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺗﻔﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫دوﻟﻪ أﻟﻲ أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬ ‫آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ أي ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﺎﺗﻔﻪ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ )أي‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺧﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ( ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ‪ ،‬وآﻞ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻨﻘﺎل ‪MTSO‬ﻳﺤﻮى ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ‪database‬ﺿﺨﻤﻪ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪،‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺧﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ ‪ MTSO‬ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺎ ﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﻌﺮض واﻟﻄﻮل ﻟﻠﻜﺮﻩ‬ ‫اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﻩ ﻣﺒﺴﻄﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮیﻘﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻬﺎﺕﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻠﻔﻮن اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﺑﻼ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ أو ﻣﻐﻠﻖ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺒﺎرد ﻓﻼ ﺗﺮاﻩ أي ﻣﺤﻄﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﻪ وﻻ‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﻗﻮﻩ إﺷﺎرة اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﻔﻮن اﻟﺨﻠﻮي واﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬هﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻠﻜﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻋﺎدﻩ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ آﻌﻤﻮد رأﺳﻲ ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ ‪side bar‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ ﺷﺎﺷﻪ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﺣﻴﺚ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﻩ‬ ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻮر ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺷﻔﺮﻩ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم )‪ (SID‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮي وﺑﺮج اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬أي اﻟﺘﻌﺎرف ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي وﺑﺮج اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﺘﻠﻔﻮن اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻳﺮﺳﺐ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ‪registration‬‬ ‫‪request,‬إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺪورهﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻞ هﺬا اﻟﻄﻠﺐ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻨﻘﺎل‬ ‫)‪(MTSO‬ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﺑﻘﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ ‪database‬ﻋﻦ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ‪ SIM‬ﻟﻤﺰود ﺧﺪﻣﻪ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺷﻔﺮﻩ أو رﻗﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل ) ‪(MIN‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪static‬أو أزﻳﺰ ﺻﺎدر ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻤﺎﻋﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻜﺮر هﺬا اﻟﺼﻮت‬ ‫ﻣﺮارا وﻳﺰداد ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ هﺎﺗﻔﻴﻪ ‪ ،‬هﺬا اﻟﺼﻮت‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث دورﻳﺎ آﻞ ﻓﺘﺮﻩ زﻣﻨﻴﻪ وهﻮ ﻧﺎﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ إﺷﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺤﺔ ‪handshake‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺳﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬إذا ﺗﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﻪ إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮى ﻓﺈن ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻨﻘﺎل ‪MTSO‬ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي اﻟﻠﺤﻈﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻗﺔ وﺑﺄي ﺧﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ أﻧﺖ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎن إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮ ﻓﺎن ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄ ﺎق ﺧ ﻠ ﻴ ﻪ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮى آ ﻤ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺸ ﻜ ﻞ أﻣ ﺎ ه ﺬﻩ اﻷﺑ ﺮاج ﻓ ﻬ ﻲ أﺑ ﺮاج‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪ ، Mobile Identification Number‬وآﺬا اﻟﺘﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺷﻔﺮة اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ‪(ESN) Electronic Serial Number‬‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬﻢ إن ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة أو ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻄﻬﺎ إن وﺟﺪت‪.‬‬ ‫وآﺬا ﻳﺴﺘﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ وﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺗﻔﻪ ﺑﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ اﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫آﻠﻔﻪ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪SIM‬واﻵن‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻟﺪى ﻣﺰود اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻔﺮﻩ ‪MIN‬وﺷﻔﺮﻩ ‪ESN‬ﻟﻠﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي و ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺧﻠﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻮر اﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻳﻘﻮم ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻨﻘﺎل ‪MTSO‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎر زوج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮددات ‪frequency‬‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ اﻟﺘﺮدد ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي واﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮم ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻨﻘﺎل ‪MTSO‬ﺑﺈﺧﺒﺎر آﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺠﻮال ﺑﻬﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮددﻳﻦ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ‪ ،control channel‬ﻓﻮر ﺗﺤﻮل‬ ‫آﻼ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ واﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺠﻮال ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮددات‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪأ ﻣﻦ هﻨﺎ رﺑﻂ اﻻﺳﻠﻜﻰ ﻟﻠﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ‬ ‫‪Cell‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﺮج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺨﺼﺺ ﺗﺮدد ﻟﻺرﺳﺎل ‪talking‬واﻵﺧﺮ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬ ‫‪listening‬وهﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻓﻲ اﺗﺠﺎهﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎآﺴﻴﻦ وهﺬا ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻻزدواﺟﻴﺔ – ‪full‬‬ ‫‪ ،duplex‬و ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ إﺷﺎرة ﻣﺼﺎﻓﺤﻪ ‪handshake‬ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻄﻬﺎ آﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺟﺪة ﺑﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ وﺗﺮد ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ دون ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪ ،‬هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺤﺔ هﻲ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮاﺻﻞ وﺗﺤﺴﺲ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺄآﻴﺪ ﺑﺘﻤﺎم اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻻﺳﻠﻜﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي وﺟﻬﻮزﻳﻪ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ اى‬ ‫ﺟﻬﻮزﻳﺘﻪ ﻟﻺرﺳﺎل و اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ إﺷﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺤﺔ إذا وﺿﻌﺖ هﺎﺗﻔﻚ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫)ﻣﻜﺒﺮات ﺻﻮﺗﻴﻪ ( ‪Speakers‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻤﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫أو ﺟﻬﺎز أﺳﺘﺮﻳﻮ أو ﺗﻠﻔﺎز أو ﻣﺬﻳﺎع أو ﻣﺸﻐﻞ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ أو‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺴﻤﻊ دوﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﺮﻩ ‪"did, did diode, did‬‬ ‫"‪diode, did diode‬وهﻰ ﺻﻮت ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ‪loud‬‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫أﺽﺮار اﻟﻬﺎﺕﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أدراج ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ أﺿﺮار اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ذآﺮهﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﺲ اﻟﺨﺎﺹﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻓﻲ أﻋﻤﺎل ﻧﻘﻞ وﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺼﻮت‬ ‫واﻟﺼﻮرة ﺳﺮا و ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫آﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷذى ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺟﻠﺴﺎت اﻟﻨﺴﺎء اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺌﺔ وﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ أﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﺸﻬﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﺮاض و ﻣﻦ ﻣﺂﺳﻲ ‪،‬‬ ‫أﻳﻀﺎ اﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ )ﺻﻮت & ﺻﻮرﻩ ( اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﻋﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﺲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﺮﻟﻤﺎﻧﺎت ‪parliament‬وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫دور اﻟﻌﺒﺎدة‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ رﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻓﻲ إﺣﺪاث‬ ‫إزﻋﺎج ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺎآﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻬﺪوء ﺳﻤﻪ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﻪ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ دور اﻟﻌﺒﺎدة ‪Worship‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺰارات‬ ‫ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ وآﻨﺎﺋﺲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪shrines‬واﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎت‬ ‫واﻷﺿﺮﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮات واﻟﻤﺴﺎرح ‪theaters‬واﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪movie‬واﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ‬ ‫‪theatres‬‬ ‫‪restaurants,‬واﻟﺤﻔﻼت اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪concert halls‬واﻟﺤﻔﻼت اﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪opera‬وﺑﺄﻣﺎآﻦ اﻟﺘﺴﻮق‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮات واﻷوﺑﺮا‬ ‫‪shopping malls‬وﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮات اﻟﺪراﺳﻴﺔ ‪Lecture‬‬ ‫‪rooms‬وﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﻒ ‪Museums‬واﻟﻤﻮﺻﻼت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Public Transport‬واﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت ‪Libraries‬واﻟﻤﺪارس‬ ‫واﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮن ﺟﺮس اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻳﺬهﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻬﺪوء وﻳﺜﻴﺮ أﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬وآﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻩ ﻧﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫أن ﻧﻐﻠﻖ هﻮاﺗﻔﻨﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل ﻟﻤﺜﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻷﻣﺎآﻦ وﻧﺘﻌﺮض‬ ‫ﻟﻺزﻋﺎج واﻹﺣﺮاج اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ وﻳﺘﻤﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﺮء ﻣﻨﺎ أن ﺗﺒﺘﻠﻌﻪ‬ ‫اﻷرض أو أن ﻳﻘﺬف ﺑﻬﺎﺗﻔﻪ ﻟﻴﻔﺎرﻗﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻷﺑﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎﺕﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي آﻤﺆﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي آﻤﺆﻗﺖ زﻣﻨﻲ ﺧﻄﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ آﻤﺆﻗﺖ زﻣﻨﻲ ﻟﺘﻔﺠﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﻨﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ،Remote‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺰود ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻔﺠﻴﺮ ﺑﺠﻬﺎز هﺎﺗﻒ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻮي وﻋﻨﺪ دق ﺟﺮس هﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫إﺷﺎرة رادﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﻪ آﻬﺮﺑﻴﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ واﺣﺪ وات ‪،Watt‬هﺬﻩ اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺠﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﻨﺒﻠﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻣﺎ ‪ ،‬وهﺬا ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻪ إﺳﺮاﺋﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﺠﺎهﺪي ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺬت هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ أﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺘﻔﺠﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﻄﺎرات ﺑﺈﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫‪Spain‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎرس ‪March‬ﻋﺎم ‪ ، 2004‬وأﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺠﺰﻳﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Mobile Identification Number‬وهﻮ أﻣ ﺮ ﺑﺴ ﻴ ﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻞ ﺷﺮآﻪ ﻣﺰودﻩ ﻟﺨﺪﻣﻪ اﻟﺸ ﺒ ﻜ ﺔ اﻟ ﺨ ﻠ ﻮﻳ ﺔ ‪service‬‬ ‫‪ provider‬ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣ ﻮﻗ ﻊ اﻟ ﻬ ﺎﺗ ﻒ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻬﺎ أﺟ ﻬ ﺰﻩ ﻣ ﺘ ﻘ ﺪﻣ ﻪ‬ ‫‪Detector‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ أﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎر أﺷ ﺎرة اﻟ ﺮادﻳ ﻮ‬ ‫‪Radio‬وأﺟ ﻬ ﺰﻩ ﺗ ﺤ ﺪﻳ ﺪ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺎﻓ ﺎت وأﻳﻀ ﺎ وﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل‬ ‫یﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺸﻮیﺶ اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮي واﻻﺳﺘﺨﺒﺎر وﺕﺮى إﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺵﺮآﻪ أﻣﻨﻴﻪ اﻣﺮیﻜﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﻪ هﺠﻮﻣﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮاق اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﻐﺎﻣﻀﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺷﻔﺮﻩ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﻲ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪(ESN) Electronic Serial Number‬ﻟ ﻠ ﻬ ﺎﺗ ﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﺴﻮداء اﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض هﻲ ﺟﻬﺎز ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ ﻋﺰﻟﺖ ﻋﻦ اﻷرض ﺑﻌﺎآﺲ ﻟﻌﻜﺲ إﺷﺎرات اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ أﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﺤﺔ ‪.handshake‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﺪرهﺎ ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ وهﻮ ﺟﻬﺎز أﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟ ﻬ ﺎﺗ ﻒ اﻟ ﺨ ﻠ ﻮي ﻓ ﻬ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮات ﺗﻨﺠﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل اﻟ ﺘ ﺼ ﻨ ﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﺐ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺪاﺋﺮة اﻟﺪوري ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﺎدﺛﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻟ ﺒ ﻌ ﺾ اﻟ ﻘ ﻴ ﺎدات‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻄﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 10‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 1000‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﺎرة وأﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺠ ﺴ ﺲ واﻟ ﻄ ﺎﺑ ﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬا ﻟﺠﺄت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘ ﻬ ﺪﻓ ﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺘ ﺘ ﺒ ﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻦ هﻮاﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎرهﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﺮ ﺣ ﺘ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻰ ‪Bali‬ﺑﺎﻧﺪوﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ أآﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪October‬ﻋﺎم ‪،2002‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺘﺒﻌﻬﻢ ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻓﻰ ﺟﺎآﺮﺗﺎ ‪Jakarta‬ﺑﺎﻧﺪوﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪August‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎم ‪ 2003‬آﻤﺎ أﺣﺒﻄﺖ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﻪ ﻟﻼﻏﺘﻴﺎل اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎآﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺸﺮف ‪Musharraf‬ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻲ دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‬ ‫أﺥﺮیﺎت ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﺨﻄﺮ اﻹﻧﻔﺠﺎرات ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ‬ ‫‪December‬ﻋﺎم ‪ ،2003‬وآﺬا اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ أﺟﻬﺰﻩ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮدﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺒﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ وﻣﺴﺘﻮدﻋﺎت اﻟﺤﺒ ﻮب‪.‬‬ ‫‪Cell-phone Jammers‬ﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻮآﺐ ﺳﻴﺎرات اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ اﻷﻣﺎآﻦ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟ ﻄ ﺎﺋ ﺮات واﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﺸ ﻔ ﻴ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻰ ﺑﻮش ‪Bush‬ﻣﻦ أي ﺗﻔﺠﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ زﻳﺎرﺗﻪ ﻟﻠﻨﺪن‬ ‫وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ وﺳ ﻴ ﺎرة وﻃ ﺎﺋ ﺮات اﻹﺳ ﻌ ﺎف واﻟ ﻌ ﺪﻳ ﺪ ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻓﻰ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪November‬ﻋﺎم ‪. 2004‬‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻄﺮ اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ وﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت ﻓ ﺈﺷ ﺎرة اﻟ ﺮادﻳ ﻮ إذا ﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺷﺖ ﺗﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﻣﻊ أﺷﺎرات أﺧﺮى ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻣ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت ﻓ ﺘ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﺮهﺎ أو ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻬﺎ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ آﻮارث ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻷﻣﺎآﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺕﺘﺒﻊ وﺕﺤﺪیﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻬﺎﺕﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻟﻠﺘﺘﺒﻊ وﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ ‪ ،‬وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي واﻟﺬي ﺑﺪورﻩ ﻳﺤﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ هﺬا اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‪ ،‬وهﻮ دور ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎدﻩ‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺒﺎرات واﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬و ﻓﻲ أﻏﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻮال ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮض اﻟﺤﻤﻴﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎدﻩ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻢ اﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻻﻏﺘﻴﺎل ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪Remote‬‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎت ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي اﻟﺠﺎري ﺗﺘﺒﻌﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺪث وﻳﺤﺪث ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻻﻏﺘﻴﺎﻻت ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻗﻴﺎدات اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫وﻣﺠﺎهﺪي ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﺬهﺎ دوﻣﺎ إﺳﺮاﺋﻴﻞ وأﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ‪ ،‬و‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ذاﺗﻪ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ Cell‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻜ ﺘ ﺐ ﺗ ﺤ ﻮﻳﻠ ﻪ اﻟ ﻬ ﺎﺗ ﻒ اﻟ ﻨ ﻘ ﺎل‬ ‫)‪ (MTSO‬وﺷ ﻔ ﺮﻩ ﺗ ﻌ ﺮﻳ ﻒ اﻟ ﻬ ﺎﺗ ﻒ اﻟ ﻤ ﺤ ﻤ ﻮل )‪(MIN‬‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﻐﺶ ﺑﻘﺎﻋﺎت اﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎت ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﺣﺘﺠﺎز اﻟﺮهﺎﺋﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫واﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺮق إﺳﻜﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﺕﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻻ ذﻧﺐ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮء اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎﺗﻪ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ذآﺮهﺎ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺨﻠﻖ ﻟﻺزﻋﺎج واﻷذى ﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬا ﺳﻌﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻟﻺﻳﺠﺎد وﺳﺎﺋﻞ وأﺟﻬﺰﻩ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮء اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻊ اﻷذى أو اﻹزﻋﺎج ‪ ،‬هﺬﻩ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة و اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺪف إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎ ﺑﻤﻜﺎن ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺮاد ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬وﻣﻨﻌﻪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ إﻳﻘﺎف ﺟﻤﻴﻊ وﻇﺎﺋﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ إرﺳﺎل أو اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل أي إﺳﻜﺎن وآﺄﻧﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎردة‬ ‫ﻻ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻨﻊ أو ﺣﺠﺐ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺠﺐ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ﻋﻦ آﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫هﻮاﺗﻒ ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ذآﺮهﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬

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‫ﻋﻨﺪ أﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺣﻮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻳﻪ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ و ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺔ دﺧﻮل إﺷﺎرات‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ إﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ أو ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﻼء اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻄﻼء ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻣﺘﺼﺎص أو ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ وﺗﺸﺘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ أو ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮهﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫إﻧﻬﺎآﻬﺎ وإﺿﻌﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﻌﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ورق ﺣﺎﺋﻂ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ اﻷﻣﺎآﻦ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﺟﻬﺰة ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ‪Cell-‬‬ ‫‪ phone Jammers‬ﻋﻠﻰ إﺷﺎرات اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ وأﺿﻌﺎﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ وﺗﺸﺘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﻌﺎ وﺗﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ﻓﺘﺼﻤﺖ وﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮاك داﺧﻞ هﺬا اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ‪.‬‬

‫أﺝﻬﺰﻩ ﺕﺸﻮیﺶ ‪Cell-phone Jammers‬‬ ‫وﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت‪:‬‬ ‫‪AMPS, CDMA, TDMA, GSM, PCS, DCS,‬‬ ‫‪iDEN and Nextel‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ إﺷﺎرﺗﻬﺎ وﺗﺤﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ أﺟﻬﺰ اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ‪jamming device‬؛ وﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﺰﻩ اﻷﻣﺎآﻦ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﺟﻬﺰة ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ‪Cell-phone‬‬ ‫‪Jammers‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي) أي ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫إﺷﺎرات اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ( ﺗﻌﻤﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻮﺷﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫إﺻﺪار أﺷﺎرة ﺿﻮﺿﺎء وإﺷﺎرة رادﻳﻮ ﻗﻮﻳﻪ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ و ﺑﻘﻮة ﻋﻠﻰ أي أﺷﺎرة رادﻳﻮ ﻣﺘﻮاﺟﺪة ﺑﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫هﺬا اﻟﻤﻜﺎن وﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﺒﻬﺎ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ آﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ واﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺈﺷﺎرة اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮووﻳﻒ ‪Microwave‬ﻣﺜﻞ أﺟﻬﺰﻩ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫‪GPS‬وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ واﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺟﺪة ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ﺳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫) ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎ( ﻓﻠﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ اﻹرﺳﺎل أو اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻟﻸي ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺳﻮاء أآﺎﻧﺖ هﺎﺗﻔﻪ أو ﻣﺮﺳﺎﻟﻪ وﻟﻦ ﻳﺪق ﺟﺮس‬

‫ﻣﻊ إﺷﺎرة ﻟﺮادﻳﻮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ آﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫وﺑﺮج اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ )أو اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ( ﻓﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ هﺬا اﻻﺻﻄﺪام ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫‪interference‬ﻗﻮى ﺑﻴﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻹﺷﺎرات ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫إﻟﻐﺎء ‪ cancel‬آﻞ إﺷﺎرة ﻟﻸﺧﺮى‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﺪد هﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻹﺷﺎرات ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻮاء ﺳﻮاء اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﺪرهﺎ ﺟﻬﺎز‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ أو اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي أو اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وهﻜﺬا‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ و ﺗﻌﻄﻞ ‪disrupting‬أي أﺷﺎرات رادﻳﻮ ﺗﺤﺎول‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺧﻮل أو اﻟﺨﺮوج ﻣﻦ هﺬا اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺎز‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ وهﺬا هﻮ ﺑﻴﺖ اﻟﻘﺼﻴﺪ "ﺣﺠﺐ أﺷﺎرة اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﻟﻤﺪى‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ داﺧﻞ ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﻣﺜﻼ " وﺑﺬا ﺗﺼﻤﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻜﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻩ إﺵﺎرة أﺝﻬﺰﻩ اﻟﺘﺸﻮیﺶ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﻪ ﺑﺬآﺎء ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫إﺷﺎراﺗﻬﺎ ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ أي ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﻪ ﻟﻺﺿﻌﺎف إﺷﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ﺑﺄي وﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻷﻋﺎﻗﻪ إﺷﺎرة‪ ،‬وﺑﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺠﺢ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ وﺻﻠﻪ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي وﺑﺮج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻮﻇﺎﺋﻔﻪ ﻣﻦ إرﺳﺎل واﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‪ ،‬وهﺬا‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻰ أن اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ وﺟﻮد إﺷﺎرات‬ ‫ﺻﺎدر ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ إﺿﻌﺎف إﺷﺎراﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎرع ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﻟﻴﻘﻮى ﻣﻦ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺮﺳﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﺼﺎدرة ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺎز‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﺬا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي إرﺳﺎل ﻣﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ ﺗﻠﻔﻮﻧﻴﺔ أو‬ ‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ وﺗﻔﺸﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ! ﻟﺬا ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺨﻴﺮ ﺟﻬﺎز‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ اﻷﻗﻮى ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺷﺎراﺗﻪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﺪرهﺎ‬ ‫ذات ﻃﺎﻗﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﺎدم ﺑﻘﻮﻩ ﻣﻊ أﺷﺎرة اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎز ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻣﺤﻤﻮل ‪C-)portable cell phone jammer‬‬ ‫‪ (Guard HPe‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮي واﻻﺳﺘﺨﺒﺎر‬

‫أي هﺎﺗﻒ ﺧﻠﻮي ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﺷﺮﻩ رادﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺎﻟﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﻩ‪ ،‬وﺳﺘﺼﻤﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻨﻪ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﺎرج ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ وﻳﻈﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺄن ﺷﺒﻜﻪ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎرة "ﺳﺎﻗﻄﺔ " " ‪no service‬‬ ‫"‪or no signal‬وهﻰ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ واﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ أن أﺷﺎرات‬ ‫أﻟﺸﺒﻜﻪ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻴﻪ ‪Cell‬ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺠﺒﺖ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫هﺬا اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ‪.‬ﻓﻠﻦ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ أي هﺎﺗﻒ ﺧﻠﻮي داﺧﻞ هﺬا اﻟﻤﻜﺎن أن‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺳﺲ وﺻﻠﻪ ‪link‬ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ أﻗﺮب ﺑﺮج ﻟﺨﻠﻴﻪ ‪phone‬‬ ‫‪tower.‬اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﺗﺒﺚ "ﺗﺮﺳﻞ " ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮاء إﺷﺎرات ﺿﻮﺿﺎء‬ ‫‪ Noise‬و ﺷﺎرة رادﻳﻮ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ذات ﻃﺎﻗﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ وﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺗﺮدد ﻣﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺼﻄﺪم ‪collide‬اﻹﺷﺎرات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﺪرهﺎ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﺟﻬﺎز ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﺠﻮاﻟﺔ ‪GSM‬وأﻳﻀﺎ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺰﻩ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﻗ ﻊ ‪GPS‬إﺷ ﺎرﺗ ﻪ ﺑ ﻘ ﻮﻩ واﺣ ﺪ ووات‬ ‫‪watt‬و ﻳﻐﻄﻰ داﺋﺮة ﺑﻨﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ 50‬ﻣ ﺘ ﺮ وﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ أن‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺒﺲ اﻟﺴﺠﺎﺋﺮ ﺑ ﺎﻟﺴ ﻴ ﺎرة ‪cigarette‬‬ ‫‪v12.0 lighter‬أو ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﺬ ﺗﻴﺎر ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﺘﺮدد ‪AC‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫وهﻨﺎك أﺟﻬﺰﻩ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﺸﺤﻦ وهﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻟﻴﻜﻮن هﻨﺎك ﻣﺼﺪر ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻷﻗﻮى ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺪرﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻤﺘﺮدد ﻟﺸﺒﻜﻪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺜﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة ﺗﺼﺪر إﺷﺎرات إﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻴﻞ ‪mile‬أي ‪ 1600‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‪،‬‬ ‫وهﻨﺎك أﺟﻬﺰﻩ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ TRJ-89 jammer‬آﺴﺮت‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺟﺰ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﻴﻞ ووﺻﻞ ﻣﺪاهﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺧﻤﺴﻪ أﻣﻴﺎل )‪8‬‬ ‫آﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ( ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ أﺑﻨﻴﻪ اﻟﺘﺴﻮق ‪Mole‬‬ ‫‪ ،Shopping‬ﻟﺬا ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﻧﻄﺎق‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ واﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪودﻩ ﻓﺈن آﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺘﻪ ﺧﻤﺴﻮن ﻣﺘﺮا ﻓﻴﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻀﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮآﺰ داﺋﺮة ﺑﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮهﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻤﺴﻮن ﻣﺘﺮا وﻳﻔﻀﻞ اﻷﻗﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ أﻧﻪ آﻠﻤﺎ آﺎن ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺧﻠﻴﻪ ‪ Cell‬ﺷﺒﻜﻪ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ )ﺑﺮج ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ( ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ آﻠﻤﺎ آﺎن ﺗﺄﺛﺮ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ آﻤﺎ أن ﻋﺪد اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺎن أو‬ ‫ﻣﺪى ﺣﺪاﺛﺔ أﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺘـﺄﺛﻴﺮات‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺴ ﺘ ﺸ ﻌ ﺮ ه ﻮاﺗ ﻒ ﺧ ﻠ ﻮﻳ ﺔ ‪CD-1000 Cell Phone‬‬ ‫‪Detector‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﻩ أﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺠﺐ ﺑﻘﻮﻩ أي أﺷﺎرة رادﻳﻮ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ آﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻮﺗﻬﺎ وﻣﺜﻞ هﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﻬﺰة هﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﺎدة ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪى ﺝﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺸﻮیﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺪى ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ أﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﺐ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ‪ ،‬و ﻣﺪى ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ هﻲ ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫آﺮﻩ )ﺗﺨﻴﻠﻴﻪ( ﻣﺮآﺰهﺎ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ‪ ،‬وﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﺪى ﺟﻬﺎز‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪد ﻗﻮﻩ‬ ‫إﺷﺎراﺗﻪ وﻣﺪاهﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ آﺎﻧﺖ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ أﻋﻠﻰ آﺎﻧﺖ ﺷﺎراﺗﻪ‬ ‫أﻗﻮى و وﻣﺪاﻩ أآﺒﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪاهﺎ ﻳﺒﺪأ ﻣﻦ ‪ 30‬ﻗﺪم أي ‪ 9‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‪،‬أﻣﺎ‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺰ اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ذات اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻤﺪاهﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺝﻬﺎز ﺕﺸﻮیﺶ ﺽﺨﻢ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫أﻧﻮاع أﺝﻬﺰﻩ اﻟﺘﺸﻮیﺶ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﺘﺮددات أﻟﺼﺎدرﻩ‬ ‫آﻤﺎ ذآﺮﻧﺎ أن اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ أﺟﻬﺰة آﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻻزدواﺟﻴﺔ – ‪full‬‬ ‫‪duplex‬أي ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺗﺮددان ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎن واﺣﺪ ﻟﻺرﺳﺎل‬ ‫واﻷﺧﺮ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل وهﻨﺎك اﻟﻴﻮم هﻮاﺗﻒ ﺟﻮاﻟﺔ أآﺜﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻤﻤﻪ ﻟﺘﺨﻴﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻩ ﺗﺮددات ﻟﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ وﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة اﻷﻧﻤﺎط ‪ ،Multi mode‬واﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة اﻷﻧﻤﺎط ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺛﻼث أﻧﻮاع ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮدﻳﻦ أي‬ ‫• هﻮاﺗﻒ ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺰدوﺟﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪phones dual-mode‬‬ ‫• هﻮاﺗﻒ ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث ﺗﺮددات أي‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻪ اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪tri-mode‬‬ ‫• هﻮاﺗﻒ ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ أرﺑﻊ ﺗﺮددات‬ ‫أي رﺑﺎﻋﻴﻪ اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪quad-mode‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎ أﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻓﻴﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ أﻧﻮاع وهﻰ آﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫• أﺟﻬﺰﻩ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻻ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ إﻻ إﺻﺪار ﺗﺮدد واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﺤﺠﺐ ‪blocking‬إﺷﺎرة اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻓﻘﻂ وهﺬا‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻰ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﺮس اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺷﻰ هﺎﺗﻒ ﺧﻠﻮي ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻜﺎن إرﺳﺎل ﻣﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ هﺎﺗﻔﻴﻪ أو‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺻﻮرﻩ‬ ‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺝﻬﺎز ﺕﺸﻮیﺶ ﺑﻘﺎﻋﻪ‬ ‫• أﺟﻬﺰﻩ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ‬ ‫‪I‬ﻣﺤﻀﺮات ﺑﺎیﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﺗﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﺗﺮددان ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎن‬ ‫واﺣﺪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺠﺐ إﺷﺎرة‬ ‫اﻹرﺳﺎل‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺮدد اﻷﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺠﺐ أﺷﺎرة‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻬﻮاﺗﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‪ ،‬أي‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﺠﺐ آﻼ ﻣﻦ إﺷﺎرة اﻹرﺳﺎل واﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﺳﻮاء ﻟﻺرﺳﺎل أو‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ‪.‬‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺰﻩ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﺗﺼﺪر ﻋﺪﻩ ﺗﺮددات‬ ‫)‪ 900‬و ‪ 950 & 1800‬و‪ (1900‬وهﻰ أﻓﻀﻠﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ وأﻏﻼهﻢ ﻓﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ إﺻﺪار ﺣﺰﻣﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮددات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺣﺠﺐ أﺷﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ﻟﻼﺷﻰ ﺗﺮدد‪ ،‬ﻟﺬا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم أن‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺨﻴﺮ اﻷﻓﻀﻞ وهﻮ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺮدد‪ ،‬ﻓﺈذا آﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻣﻔﺮد اﻟﺘﺮدد وﻳﺤﺠﺐ‬ ‫أﺷﺎرة اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ذات ﺗﺮدد ‪ 900‬ﻣﻴﺠﺎهﺮﺗﺰ‬ ‫‪ ، MHz‬ﻓﻤﺜﻞ هﺬا اﻟﺠﻬﺎز ﻳﻔﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﺐ‬ ‫إﺷﺎرات اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺘﺮدد ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ‪ 900‬ﻣﻴﺠﺎهﺮﺗﺰ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة‬ ‫‪Multi mode‬واﻟﺘﻲ إذا ﺣﺠﺐ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻤﺎط‬ ‫إﺷﺎرة ﺗﺮدد ‪ 900‬ﻣﻴﺠﺎهﺮﺗﺰ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺮدد ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮدداﺗﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗﻔﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ‪،‬‬ ‫وهﺬا ﻳﻘﻮدﻧﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺿﺮورة ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﺗﺮددات اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ اﻷﻏﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺎن وآﺬا دﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻴﺮ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻪ اﻟﻌﻤﻮم ﻓﺈن أﺟﻬﺰﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﺘﺮدد هﻲ اﻷﻓﻀﻞ واﻷآﺜﺮ أﻣﻨﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺕﺮآﻴﺐ ﺝﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺸﻮیﺶ‬

‫ﺝﻬﺎز ﺕﺸﻮیﺶ ﻣﺤﻤﻮل‬ ‫‪Cell-phone jammer‬‬

‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ وﺿﻊ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﺑﺴﻘﻒ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ وﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﺰل‬ ‫ﻗﺎع ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﻷرض أو اﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﺑﻌﺎزل‬ ‫ذو ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﺎآﺲ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻹﺷﺎرات إﻟﻰ ﻳﺼﺪرهﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ‪ ،‬هﺬا اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ أن ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ أﺷﺎرات‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء واﻟﺮادﻳﻮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻩ ﺣﺠﺐ اﺷﺮﻩ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ﻟﻠﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺪﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أن ﺗﻤﺘﺺ وﺗﺘﺸﺘﺖ اﻹﺷﺎرات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﺪرهﺎ ﺟﻬﺎز‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﺑﺎﻷرﺿﻴﺎت واﻷﺳﻘﻒ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺎد ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻬﺎ )ارﺗﺪادهﺎ (‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ﻟﺘﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ إﺷﺎرات اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺨﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ إﺟﺮاء ﻋﺪّة اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﺪﻩ هﻮاﺗﻒ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﺘﺮدد داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن‬ ‫واﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻷﻓﻀﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪ Legal‬ﺝﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﺸﻮیﺶ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﺐ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻇﺮوف ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﺮر وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻲ ﺣﺪ اﻟﻜﺎرﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ذا ﺣﺠﺒﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﻔﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺧﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻄﻮارئ‬ ‫‪emergency services‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻜﻮارث اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ أو ﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻮﻧﺔ ﻋﺎﺟﻠﻪ أو ﻧﺠﺪﻩ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ أو أﻣﻨﻴﻪ )ﺳﺮﻗﻪ ‪/‬اﻋﺘﺪاء ‪/‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻳﻖ (أو أذا ﺣﺠﺒﺖ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﻔﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ إﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫)ﻃﻔﻞ‪ & babysitter‬ﺟﻬﺎز& ﺳﺎرق (أو أذا ﺣﺠﺒﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﻔﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎري ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻮرﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻋﻤﻞ ﺿﺎر ﺟﺪا ﻟﺬا ﻓﻬﻨﺎك دول‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ‪United States, United Kingdom,‬‬ ‫‪Australia‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺣﺠﺐ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻳﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ وﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ أن‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ إﺿﺮار‪ ،‬و هﻨﺎك دول أﺧﺮى ﺗﺮى ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﺐ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ ذا ﻣﺎ ﻧﻈﻤﺖ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻨﺖ ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺰﻩ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻟﺤﺠﺐ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ هﺎﺗﻔﻴﻪ إﻻ ﺑﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ‬ ‫رﺳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺟﻬﺎز‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺎآﻦ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ دور اﻟﻌﺒﺎدة‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺴﺎرح ‪(......‬‬ ‫آﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺎآﻦ اﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﺮ ﻣﺮور أﺷﺎرة رادﻳﻮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺟﻬﺰﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮدﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺠﺮ‬ ‫وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ (‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﺐ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻷﺵﺎر اﻟﻬﺎﺕﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ‪passive cell-‬‬ ‫‪phone blocking‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪم ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺤﺠﺐ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ‬ ‫إﺷﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻢ أﻻﺑﻨﻴﻪ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺗﻤﻨﻊ دﺧﻮل‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ وﻟﻴﺲ هﻨﺎك ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻳﺤﺮم ﻣﻨﻊ دﺧﻮل أﺷﺎرات اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺑﻨﻴﺔ ‪،‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ هﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل زﻳﺎدة ﺳﻤﺎآﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪران اﻟﺨﺮاﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪concrete‬أو اﺳﺘﺨﺪام هﻴﻜﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺪي‬ ‫‪steel skeleton.‬ﺳﻤﻴﻚ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺪورهﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫إﺿﻌﺎف وإﻧﻬﺎك ﻃﺎﻗﻪ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺤﺠﺐ إﺷﺎرة‬ ‫رادﻳﻮ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ وﻻ ﺗﻤﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻓﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﻜﺎن وﺑﻤﺠﺮد دﺧﻮﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ اﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ اﺗﺼﺎﻻﺗﻚ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ آﻠﻴﺘﺎ وﻟﻦ ﺗﻌﻮد اﺗﺼﺎﻻﺗﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ إﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺨﺮوج ﻣﻨﻬﺎ وﻓﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ورق ﺣﺎﺋﻂ ‪ wallpaper‬و آﺴﻮة ﺟﺪران ﺗﻤﺘﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ وﺷﺮآﺎت أﺧﺮى ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺠﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻞ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪوم‪ incoming‬وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون ﺻﻮت ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻲ ‪voicemail‬ﺑﺄﺟﻬﺰ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب أو اﻟﺒﺪاﻟﺔ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﻓﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺠﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺎت اﻟﺼﺎدرة ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أي هﺎﺗﻒ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Source‬‬ ‫‪1. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammer‬‬ ‫‪2. http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/‬‬ ‫‪cell-phone-jammer.htm‬‬ ‫‪3. phonejammer.com‬‬ ‫‪4. schneier.com/blog/archives/2007/10/‬‬ ‫‪cheap_cell_phon.html‬‬ ‫‪5. www.globalgadgetuk.com/‬‬ ‫‪Personal.htm‬‬ ‫‪6. www.cell-phone-jammers.com‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺕﻌﺪ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ إﺕﺒﺎع اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺎآﻞ ﻣﻦ أهﻢ اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﻲ یﺠﺐ أن یﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺪیﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ واﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدي ﺳﻮاء ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺕﻪ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ أو اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬و إﺕﺒﺎع هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮق ﻻ یﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة وﺝﻮد ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺕﻌﺮض ﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﺎهﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ‪ ،‬وﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ إیﺠﺎد ﺣﻞ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ یﺘﻌﺪى ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻔﺮص اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ و ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻄﻮیﺮ واﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮیﺎت اﻷداء ‪ ،‬و هﺬا ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺕﻌﺮیﻒ ﻣﺎهﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ و اﻟﻄﺮق اﻷآﺜﺮ اﻧﺘﺸﺎرًا ﻹیﺠﺎد اﻟﺤﻠﻮل و‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ یﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺕﻨﻘﻠﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ وﺽﻌﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ وﺽﻌﻴﺔ أﺥﺮى أآﺜﺮ ﻧﺠﺎﺣ ًﺎ وﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬و ﻣﺎ ﺳﻨﺴﺮدﻩ ﻻﺣﻘ ًﺎ ﻻ‬ ‫یﺼﻠﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة ﻟﺤﻞ آﺎﻓﺔ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺸﺎآﻞ ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻨﻪ یﻌﻄﻰ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺘﻲ یﻤﻜﻦ إﺕﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺎآﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫یﻌﻮد ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة وﺥﺼﻮﺹ ًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺪراء واﻟﻤﺸﺮﻓﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﺪد اﻟﺬیﻦ یﺘﻮﺝﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ اﺕﺨﺎذ ﻗﺮارات ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺕﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﺪد ‪.‬‬

‫م‪ .‬ﺟﻤﺎل ﻋﺮﻓﻪ‬

‫‪Problem solving‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ و ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮار‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫أﺷﺨﺎص ﻣﻼﺋﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻠ ﻴ ﻞ و اﻻﺳ ﺘ ﻨ ﺒ ﺎط و‬ ‫إﻳﺠﺎد اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺎآﻞ و ﺕﺄﺛﻴﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺕﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮار‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار اﻟﻴ ﻮم ﻳ ﺘ ﻮﺟ ﺐ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ آ ﻞ ﻣ ﻨ ﺎ اﺗ ﺨ ﺎذ اﻟ ﻌ ﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮارات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻐﻼل ﻓﺮص ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺎح ﻟﻨﺎ ﻟﺘﺤ ﺴ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻷداء ‪ ،‬أو ﻗﺮارات ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ اﺗﺨﺎذهﺎ ﻟﺤﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﺗﻌﺮض ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ آﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻻﺑ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ أن ﻧ ﻜ ﻮن ﺟ ﺎه ﺰﻳ ﻦ ﻻﺗ ﺨ ﺎذ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﻨ ﺎﺳ ﺐ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﻌ ﺮض ﻟ ﻨ ﺎ‪ .‬وﻓ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس إﻟﻰ ﺻﻨﻔﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﻮاﺟ ﻬ ﺔ ه ﺬا اﻟ ﻮﺿ ﻊ ؛‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ‪ (Problem) ....‬ﻣﺎ هﻰ؟‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ أﻧﻬﺎ اﻟ ﻔ ﺮق ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ وﺿ ﻊ ﻓ ﻌ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ‪ ،‬و وﺿﻊ اﻓﺘﺮاﺿ ﻲ ﻣ ﺄﻣ ﻮل ‪ .‬ﻓ ﻌ ﻨ ﺪﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺟﻪ هﺒﻮط ﻓﻲ اﻷداء أو ﻋﺪم ﻣﻄ ﺎﺑ ﻘ ﺔ ﻟ ﻮﺿ ﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻌﺮف ﻣﺴﺒ ﻘ ًﺎ ‪ ،‬أو ﻋ ﻨ ﺪﻣ ﺎ ﻧ ﻨ ﻮى ﺗ ﺤ ﺴ ﻴ ﻦ اﻷداء و‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﺑﻪ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى أرﻗﻰ ؛ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻮاﺟﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻠ ﺔ ﻳ ﺠ ﺐ إﺗ ﺒ ﺎع‬ ‫ﻃﺮق ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻠﻬﺎ و ﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﺄﻣﻮل ‪.‬‬

‫أﺑﺴﻂ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺎآﻞ ‪ ...‬ﺕﻌﺮیﻒ‬ ‫•‬

‫‪Problem Solving‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸ ﻜ ﻠ ﺔ ﻳ ﻌ ﺮف ﺑ ﺄﻧ ﻪ اﻟ ﻄ ﺮق اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﺒ ﻌ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ أﺟ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﺑﻮﺿﻮح إﻟﻰ هﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻔﺮوق اﻟﺤﺎدﺛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟ ﻮﺿ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﺄﻣﻮل ‪ ،‬و اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺴ ﺒ ﺒ ﺖ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﺪوث‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ‪ ،‬و ﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﺪ و‬ ‫ﺣﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻔ ﺮوق ‪ ،‬و ﻓ ﻲ ﺑ ﻌ ﺾ اﻷﺣ ﻴ ﺎن ﻳ ﺘ ﻤ ﺜ ﻞ ﺣ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة اﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮص ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ أو ﻣﺤﺘ ﻤ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﺄﻣﻮل ‪.‬‬

‫• و ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮم ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺎآ ﻞ ﺑ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ إﻻ ﺑ ﺘ ﻮاﻓ ﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت وﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴ ﺖ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺎﺳ ﺐ ﻓ ﻲ أﻳ ﺪي‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻷول ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮار اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ وﻳﺴ ﺮ‬ ‫دوﻧﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻰ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ آﺜﻴﺮًا ﺣ ﺘ ﻰ ﻳ ﺘ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮار اﻟﺼﺎﺋﺐ ‪.‬‬ ‫و ﻓﻲ آﻞ اﻷﺣﻮال ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻷﻗﺼ ﻰ درﺟ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎراﺗﻨﺎ و ﻣﻬﺎرات ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﻘﻮﻧﺎ وﻣﻦ هﻢ أﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮار اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪ ،‬و ﺗﻌﺪ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أآﺜﺮ اﻟﻄﺮق ﺷﻴﻮﻋًﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﻄ ﻘ ﻲ ﻟ ﺤ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎآﻞ واﻏﺘﻨﺎم اﻟﻔﺮص‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫‪ .3‬إﻳﺠﺎد اﻟﺤﻠﻮل و اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻞ‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﺤﻠﻮل و اﺧﺘﻴﺎر أﻓﻀﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﻴﺎرﻩ‬ ‫‪ .6‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺕﻌﺮیﻒ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ‪Problem Identification‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ هﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﻳ ﻠ ﻌ ﺐ ﻓ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﺮاد ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺪور اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ وذﻟ ﻚ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆهﻼت و اﻟﻨﺰﻋﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ آ ﻞ ﻣ ﻨ ﻬ ﻢ و اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻪ و ﻣﺪى رؤﻳﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬و‬ ‫آﺬا رؤﻳﺘﻪ ﻟﻤﺎهﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺮار اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ‪ .‬و ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺗ ﻮﺿ ﻴ ﺢ‬ ‫أن ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ وﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻘﺎﺋ ﻢ ﺗ ﻌ ﺪ ﻣ ﻬ ﺎرة‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻷﻓﺮاد اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳ ﺘ ﺼ ﺪون ﻟ ﺤ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎآﻞ أو اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ‪.‬‬ ‫و هﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﻳ ﺘ ﻮﺟ ﺐ ﻃ ﺮﺣ ﻬ ﺎ ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮوع ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ و ﺗﺸﺨﻴ ﺺ اﻟ ﻮﺿ ﻊ اﻟ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﻢ ؛ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫أهﻤﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻚ ﻷن ﺗﻈﻦ أن هﻨﺎك ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﻣﺘﻰ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪ .3‬أﻳﻦ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ‬ ‫‪ .4‬آﻴﻒ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﻣﻦ هﻢ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻟﻬﻢ‬ ‫‪ .6‬ﻣﺎ هﻲ درﺟﺔ أهﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ .7‬ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻂ أﻃ ﺮاف اﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﻜ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ .8‬و ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋ ﺞ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﺘ ﺮﺗ ﺐ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻷﻧﺸ ﻄ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬

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‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺳﺌﻠ ﺔ و إذا آ ﺎﻧ ﺖ اﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﻜ ﻠ ﺔ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺰال ﺗﺒﺪو ﻣﻌﻘﺪة أو ﻏﻴﺮ واﺿﺤﺔ ﻓ ﻴ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ إﻋ ﺎدة ﺗ ﻜ ﺮار‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺼ ﻞ إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟﺪت ﻧﻔﺴﻚ أﻣﺎم أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻼﺑ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺸﺎآﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ درﺟﺔ اﻷهﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وهﻨﺎ ﻻﺑ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺎ هﻮ هﺎم و ﻣ ﺎ ه ﻮ ﻋ ﺎﺟ ﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻬ ﺬا اﻷﻣ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺘﺒﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻻﻧﺸ ﻐ ﺎل ﺑ ﺤ ﻞ اﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﻜ ﻼت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺟﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﻣ ﻤ ﺎ ﻳ ﺘ ﺴ ﺒ ﺐ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗ ﺮاآ ﻢ و‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﺘﺰداد اﻷﻣﻮر ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺘﻔﻬﻢ آﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﻃﺮاف دورهﻢ ﺟﻴﺪًا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻟ ﺪﻳ ﻬ ﻢ أو ﻣ ﻦ ﻳﺸ ﺎرآ ﻮن ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﻠ ﻬ ﺎ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺧﺘﻼط اﻷدوار و ﻋﺪم اﻟﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﺠﻴﺪ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻳﺆﺧﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫إﻧﻬﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ و ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆدى إﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫• ﻳﻌﺪ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒ ﻴ ﺎﻧ ﺎت و اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﺮآ ﺎﺋ ﺰ اﻷﺳ ﺎﺳ ﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﺤ ﺼ ﻮل ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ وﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺳﻠﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬و هﻨ ﺎك اﻟ ﻌ ﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻷدوات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﺣﺴ ﺐ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻟ ﺔ و ﻧ ﻮﻋ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺮاد ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ و اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤ ﻜ ﻦ اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪاﻣ ﻬ ﺎ ﻟ ﻬ ﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺮض ﻳﺬآﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Check Sheet (Also called: defect concen‬‬‫)‪tration diagram‬‬ ‫‪Control Chart (Also called: statistical‬‬ ‫)‪process control‬‬ ‫‪(Also called: scatter‬‬

‫‪Histogram‬‬ ‫‪Scatter Diagram‬‬

‫)‪plot, X–Y graph‬‬ ‫‪(questionnaire, e-survey, tele‬‬‫‪phone interview, face-to-face interview,‬‬ ‫)‪focus group, ...‬‬

‫‪Surveys‬‬

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‫ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ و ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻘﺎﺋ ﻢ ﺗ ﻜ ﻮن‬ ‫اﻷﻃﺮاف اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ وﺻﻠ ﺖ إﻟ ﻰ ﺗ ﻌ ﺮﻳ ﻒ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ وﺗﻢ اﻟ ﺤ ﺼ ﻮل ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ آ ﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟ ﺒ ﻴ ﺎﻧ ﺎت و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﻳ ﺘ ﻢ ﻋ ﺮض ﻧ ﺘ ﺎﺋ ﺞ ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻘﻮم أﻓﺮادﻩ ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ ﺗ ﻠ ﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ دراﺳﺔ ﺟﻴﺪة ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪًا ﻟﻠﺒﺪء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ وه ﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ أدت إﻟ ﻰ ﺣ ﺪوث اﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﻜ ﻠ ﺔ ﻣ ﺤ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺕﺤﺪیﺪ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب‬

‫‪Cause Analysis‬‬

‫• اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ هﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻤ ﺸ ﻜ ﻠ ﺔ ‪ ،‬و‬ ‫هﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ إذ أن ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻴﻢ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆدى إﻟﻰ اﺗﺨﺎذ ﻣﺴﺎر ﺧﺎﻃﺊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤ ﻞ و إﻳ ﺠ ﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻞ ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﺗﺨﺎذ ﻗﺮارات ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﻠ ﻴ ﻤ ﺔ ‪ ،‬و ﻋ ﻠ ﻴ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎن اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻳﺆدى ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎح اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴ ﺎن ﻳ ﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻓﻀ ﻞ إﺟ ﺮاء ﻣ ﻨ ﺎﻗﺸ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﺮدة ﻣﻊ أﻋﻀﺎء ﻓ ﺮﻳ ﻖ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺎه ﻴ ﺔ اﻷﺳ ﺒ ﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆدﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺪء ﻓﻲ إﺟﺮاء اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ اﻟ ﺠ ﻤ ﺎﻋ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺂراء اﻟ ﺒ ﻌ ﺾ اﻵﺧ ﺮ آ ﻤ ﺎ ﻗ ﺪ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﺪث اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺼﺮاﺣﺔ واﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ أﻣﺎم اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ و اﻟﺒﺤ ﺚ ﻋ ﻦ اﻷﺳ ﺒ ﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻇﺎهﺮة واﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗ ﻤ ﺜ ﻞ اﻟﺴ ﺒ ﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻳﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷدوات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻟﻌﻞ أﺷﻬﺮهﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Fishbone Diagram (Also Called: Cause-and‬‬‫)‪Effect Diagram, Ishikawa Diagram‬‬

‫‪Pareto Chart (Also called: Pareto diagram,‬‬ ‫)‪Pareto analysis‬‬ ‫•‬

‫و ﻳﻌﺪ اﻟـ ‪ Fishbone Diagram‬ﻣ ﻦ أﺷ ﻬ ﺮ أدوات‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ أﺳ ﺒ ﺎب اﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﺎآ ﻞ ﺣ ﻴ ﺚ ﻳ ﻮﺿ ﻊ ﻋ ﻨ ﻮان‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ رأس اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ اﻟ ﻤ ﺤ ﺪدات ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﺮوع ﺧﺎرﺟﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟﺴ ﺘ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟـ ‪ Decision trees‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺎﻋ ﺪة ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷرﻗﺎم ﻟﻠﻔﺮق ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ ﺑ ﺪاﺋ ﻞ ﻣ ﺘ ﻌ ﺪدة‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮوﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ وﺿﻊ ﻣﺄﻣﻮل‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪدات اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ أو ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟـ ‪ 6M‬وهﻰ‬ ‫‪1. Methods‬‬ ‫)‪2. Machines (Equipment‬‬

‫ﺕﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﺤﻠﻮل و اﺥﺘﻴﺎر أﻓﻀﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪Analyzing the Solutions and select‬‬ ‫‪the best‬‬ ‫•‬

‫)‪Manpower (People‬‬ ‫‪Materials‬‬ ‫‪Measurement‬‬ ‫)‪Mother Nature (Environment‬‬

‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪4.‬‬ ‫‪5.‬‬ ‫‪6.‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ وﺗﻔﺘﻴﺖ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺪﺧﻮل أآﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺤ ﻘ ﻴ ﻘ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ أدت إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫إیﺠﺎد اﻟﺤﻠﻮل واﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻞ ‪Identify Alternatives‬‬

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‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ واﺿﺤﺔ وﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻠﻮل أو اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪأ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ هﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر أﺣﺪهﺎ ‪ ،‬أو ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﺮوج ﺑﻔﻜﺮة ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ‪.‬‬ ‫وأﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ دراﺳﺔ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﺮوﺣﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪرﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ وآﺬا ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ وﻣﺪى ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻢ أﻳﻀًﺎ دراﺳﺔ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻻﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ و اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة ‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫واﻻﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎد‪.‬‬

‫وهﻨﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ اﻟﻤﻮازﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻔﻜﺮة و ﻣﺪى ﻗﺒﻮل هﺬﻩ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﻟﺪى أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫• ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎء اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻳ ﻜ ﻮن اﻟ ﻔ ﺮﻳ ﻖ ﻗ ﺪ وﻗ ﻊ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟ ﺤ ﻘ ﻴ ﻘ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ أدت إﻟ ﻰ ﺣ ﺪوث اﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﻜ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﻢ ‪ ،‬وﺗ ﻌ ﺮف ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺎخ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆهﻠﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﺮﺣ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺜ ﺎﻟ ﺜ ﺔ‬ ‫وهﻰ إﻳﺠﺎد اﻟﺤﻠﻮل واﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻞ ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻳﺠﺎد أآﺒﺮ ﻋ ﺪد ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻠﻮل واﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﺼﻒ اﻟﺬهﻨﻲ‬ ‫)‪ (Brainstorming‬واﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ أهﻢ اﻷدوات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ‪ .‬وهﻨﺎ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ هﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪًا ﺣ ﻴ ﺚ ﻳ ﺠ ﺐ ﻋ ﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻄﺮق إﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ أﻟﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﻄﺮوﺣﺔ ﺑﻞ اﻟ ﺘ ﺮآ ﻴ ﺰ ﻓ ﻘ ﻂ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫إﻳﺠﺎد أآﺒﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻨﻬﺎ و اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ آﻞ ﻣﻨ ﻬ ﺎ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ أﻧ ﻪ ﻓ ﻜ ﺮة‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺣﻘ ﻬ ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻴ ﻴ ﻢ ﻣ ﻦ ﺣ ﻴ ﺚ اﻟ ﻌ ﻴ ﻮب‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات دون وﺟﻮد ﻗﻨﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫• وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟـ ‪ Decision trees‬آ ﺄﺣ ﺪ اﻷدوات‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻳﺠﺎد ﺻﻮرة واﺿﺤﺔ ﻋ ﻦ آ ﻞ ﺣ ﻞ أو‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺑﺸﻜ ﻞ آ ﺒ ﻴ ﺮ ﻋ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﺤﻠﻮل واﺧﺘﻴﺎر أﻓﻀﻠﻬﺎ واﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺜ ﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎد واﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫وﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻠﻮل ‪ ،‬و ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺤﻞ ﺳﻮاء ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻌﻢ وﻻ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ ،‬أو ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻣﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻈﻤﻰ ‪.‬‬ ‫وهﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺒﺮات أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫وأﺣﻴﺎﻧًﺎ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ اﻹﺣﺴﺎس ﺑﻤﺪى ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻞ دون اﻵﺧﺮ دورًا ﻓﻲ‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎر ‪ ،‬وﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻻت أﺧﺮى ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة إﻟﻰ أرﻗﺎم وﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر أﻓﻀﻞ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ودون ﺣﺪوث ﺗﻌﺎرض ‪.‬‬

‫‪.2‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ‪Implementing the alternative‬‬

‫‪.4‬‬

‫ﻧﺠﺎح ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪة ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ هﻲ اﻹﺟ ﺎﺑ ﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻣﺎ هﻮ اﻟﺘﺼﻮر ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠ ﺔ أو‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﺄﻣﻮل‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات واﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻹﺟﺮاءات و اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب اﻟ ﺘ ﺪﺧ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ وﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮهﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻣ ﺮاﻗ ﺒ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺑﻨﺠﺎح‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﻤ ﻮارد اﻟ ﻤ ﺎدﻳ ﺔ واﻟ ﺒ ﺸ ﺮﻳ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻄ ﻠ ﻮﺑ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .6‬ﻣﺎ هﻮ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫‪ .7‬ﻣﻦ ه ﻮ اﻟﺸ ﺨ ﺺ اﻟ ﺬي ﺳ ﻴ ﻜ ﻮن ﻣﺴ ﺌ ﻮ ً‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫• اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣ ﻘ ﻮﻣ ﺎت ﺧ ﻄ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ )‪ (Action Plan‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺋﺪ اﻟ ﻔ ﺮﻳ ﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬهﺎ ﻓﻲ إﻃﺎر ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟ ﻤ ﺨ ﺘ ﺎر ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺋﺪ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺒﺪء ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ اﻻﺗﺼ ﺎل ﻣ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻷﻃﺮاف اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة اﻟﻬﻴﺎآﻞ اﻟ ﺘ ﻨ ﻈ ﻴ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻮل ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄة ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ اﻷﺧﺬ ﻓﻰ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ )اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎدة( اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻗ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺸﺮوع ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ‪ ،‬واﺗﺨﺎذ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻻﺣﺘﺮازﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺣﺪوث هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟ ﺘ ﻐ ﻠ ﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎل ﺣﺪوﺛﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻧﺠﺎح اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑ ﻌ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﻤ ﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮل ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﺮى اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺪة )‪ (feed back‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻃ ﺮاف اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﻔ ﺬة وﺗ ﻠ ﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫• آﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻧﺠﺎح اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى اﻗﺘﻨﺎع اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻴ ﻦ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﺤﻞ وهﺬا ﻟﻦ ﻳﺘﺤﻘ ﻖ إﻻ ﺑ ﺎﻻﺗﺼ ﺎل اﻟ ﻨ ﺎﺟ ﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻟﺨﺼﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﺑﻌ ﺾ أﺳ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺐ ﺣ ﻞ اﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﺎآ ﻞ و‬ ‫اﻏﺘﻨﺎم اﻟﻔﺮص ﻣﻦ أﺝﻞ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ وﺽﻊ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻏﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﺮﺽ ﻰ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ وﺽﻊ ﺁﺥﺮ ﻣﺄﻣﻮل ‪ ،‬وﻧﺮیﺪ أن ﻧﻨ ﻮﻩ إﻟ ﻰ أن ﺑ ﻌ ﺾ ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻗﺪ یﻜﻮن ﻓﻌﺎ ًﻻ ﻓ ﻲ ﺑ ﻌ ﺾ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻻت ‪ ،‬وﻗ ﺪ ﺕ ﺤ ﺘ ﺎج‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻت أﺥﺮى إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺰیﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺪراﺳ ﺔ واﻷﺳ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺐ اﻷﺥ ﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة ؛ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ أن ﻧﻨﻮﻩ إﻟﻰ ﺽﺮورة اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ إﺕﺒﺎع ﻃﺮق ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺸ ﺎآ ﻞ واﻏ ﺘ ﻨ ﺎم اﻟ ﻔ ﺮص‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ أﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ اﺕ ﺨ ﺎذ ﻗ ﺮار ﺳ ﻠ ﻴ ﻢ ‪ ،‬وی ﺠ ﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ أﻻ ﻧﻐﻔﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺤﺴﻲ و اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻧﺴ ﺎﻧ ﻰ ﻓ ﻲ آ ﻞ ﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺎﺕ ﺨ ﺎذ ﻗ ﺮار ﺹ ﺎﺋ ﺐ یﺴ ﺘ ﻠ ﺰم اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام اﻟ ﺤ ﻮاس‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ آﺎﻟﺴﻤﻊ واﻟﺒﺼﺮ واﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ و اﻟ ﺘ ﺤ ﻠ ﻴ ﻞ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﻄ ﻘ ﻲ ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ هﻨﺎك ﺝﺎﻧﺐ ﺁﺥﺮ ﻻ یﻘﻞ أه ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ أﻻ وه ﻮ اﻟ ﺒ ﺼ ﻴ ﺮة و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺝﻪ اﻟﻘﻠﺒﻰ‪ ،‬وﻓﻰ هﺬا اﻟﺴﻴﺎق ﻧﺬآﺮ ﻗﻮل اﷲ ﻋﺰ وﺝ ﻞ ‪" :‬‬ ‫ﺼ َﺮ وَا ْﻟ ُﻔ ﺆَا َد ُآ ﱡﻞ‬ ‫ﺴ ْﻤ َﻊ وَا ْﻟ َﺒ َ‬ ‫ن اﻟ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻋ ْﻠ ٌﻢ ِإ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻚ ِﺑ ِﻪ ِ‬ ‫ﺲ َﻟ َ‬ ‫ﻒ ﻣَﺎ َﻟ ْﻴ َ‬ ‫َوﻟَﺎ َﺕ ْﻘ ُ‬ ‫ﺴﺌُﻮﻟًﺎ )‪ "(36‬اﻹﺳﺮاء‬ ‫ﻋ ْﻨ ُﻪ َﻣ ْ‬ ‫ن َ‬ ‫ﻚ آَﺎ َ‬ ‫أُو َﻟ ِﺌ َ‬

‫ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ ﻋﺰﻳﺰي اﻟﻘﺎري ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺕﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪Implementing the alternative‬‬

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‫• اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ أهﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ وهﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ‪ ،‬وهﻨﺎ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﻬﺎم اﻟﺬى ﻳﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻃﺮﺣﻪ وهﻮ هﻞ ﺗﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ واﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﺄﻣﻮل أم ﻻ ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮر اﻧﺘﻬﺎء اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫دون ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻰ ﻟﻤﺪى ﻧﺠﺎح اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻖ ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻳﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ أن اﻷﻣﻮر‬ ‫ﻟﻦ ﺗﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﺴﻴﺎﺑﻴﺔ وﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ وﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ واﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة آﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات وﺗﺼﺒﺢ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ وﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻷﺧﺬ ﻓﻰ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬اﻟﻮﻗﻮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬهﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺿﻤﺎن‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻋﺪم ﺗﻜﺮار ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗﻮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎت واﻹﺟﺮاءات ‪،‬‬ ‫وآﺬا اﻟﺘﺄهﻴﻞ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ واﻟﺘﺄهﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ و ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻪ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ هﻮ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺬي اﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ واﻟﻔﻬﻢ و اآﺘﺴﺎب ﻣﻬﺎرات‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ وإﻳﻀﺎح اﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮدات اﻟﻤﺒﺬوﻟﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ إﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ واﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫‪ ،‬وآﺬا ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻣﺸﺎرآﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺰﻣﻼء ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻌﻢ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻦ اﻟﺤﺮب‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫اﻹدارة ﻋﻠﻢ و ﻓﻦ‬

‫ﺿﻤﻦ ذات اﻟﺴﻴﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪www.tech.nical.ly‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎن ﺧﻄﺎب‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪Part (3) The System of Profound knowledge‬‬

‫ﺕﺤﺪﺛﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠ ﺰﺋ ﻴ ﻴ ﻦ اﻷول‬ ‫واﻟ ﺜ ﺎﻧ ﻲ ﻣ ﻦ ﻧ ﻈ ﺎم اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻷﻣ ﺮی ﻜ ﻲ إدوارد‬ ‫دی ﻤ ﻨ ﺞ ﻋ ﻦ ﻣ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ اﻟ ﻨ ﻈ ﺎم‬ ‫وﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﺒﺎی ﻦ وأذآ ﺮآ ﻢ ﺑ ﺄن‬ ‫هﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻧﺠﺢ ﻧ ﺠ ﺎﺣ ﺎ ﻣ ﺒ ﻬ ﺮا‬ ‫ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺴ ﺎﻋ ﺪة اﻷﻣ ﺮی ﻜ ﻴ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫واﻷوروﺑﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺕﻄﻮی ﺮ أﻧ ﻈ ﻤ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻹدارة ﻟ ﺪی ﻬ ﻢ ووﺽ ﻊ أﺳ ﺲ‬ ‫وﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ وراﺳﺨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄ ﻮی ﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺤ ﺴ ﻴ ﻦ ﻓ ﻲ أﻧ ﻈ ﻤ ﺔ اﻹدارة‬ ‫واﻟﺠﻮدة ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ آﻠﻪ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫‪ Theory Of Knowledge‬ﻧﻈﺮیﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫وأن هﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﺎزال ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎ وﻣﻄﺒﻘﺎ وﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻃﻮیﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﻠﺒﻌﺪ اﻹﺳﺘﺮاﺕﻴﺠ ﻲ واﻟ ﻄ ﻮی ﻞ اﻷﻣ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻔ ﻜ ﺮ اﻟ ﺬي‬ ‫وﺽﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎﺳﻪ وأن ﻣﻦ وﺽﻌﻪ هﻮ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ آﺎن یﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻘﺮیﺐ واﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ویﺮیﺪ وﺽﻊ ﻧﻈﺮیﺔ ﺕﺴﺘﻤ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺘ ﻄ ﺒ ﻴ ﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺮن آﺎﻣﻞ هﻮ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺤﺎدي واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‪ ,‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ أﺑﺪع د ‪ /‬دیﻤﻨﺞ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻈﺮیﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺣﺪد ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ أرﺑﻌﺔ أو ﻟﻨﻘﻞ أﺝ ﺰاء أرﺑ ﻌ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ وﺕﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ آﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت واﻟﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺕﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮر واﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﻓﻲ دﻧﻴﺎ اﻻﻗ ﺘ ﺼ ﺎد واﻷﻋ ﻤ ﺎل وآ ﺎﻧ ﺖ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺎﻃ ﻖ‬ ‫اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ هﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ‪knowledge of a system‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﺒﺎیﻦ ‪Knowledge of variation‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻧﻈﺮیﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ‪Theory of knowledge‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ‪Knowledge of psychology‬‬ ‫وﻧﻮاﺻﻞ اﻟﻴﻮم ﻣﻌﺎ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺜ ﺎﻟ ﺚ ﻣ ﻦ ﻧ ﻈ ﺎم اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ وهﻮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ‪Theory of knowledge‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ‪Knowledge Comes‬‬ ‫‪from Theory‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ‪Examples‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ‪Prediction‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬دورة دﻳﻤﻨﺞ ‪The PDSA Cycle‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ‪Summary‬‬ ‫أوﻻ‪ - :‬اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ ﺕ ﺄﺕ ﻰ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻨ ﻈ ﺮی ﺔ ‪Knowledge‬‬ ‫‪Comes from Theory‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ‪ Theory of knowledge‬وهﻰ اﻟﺘ ﻄ ﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﺒﻌﺪ أن ﺣﺪدﻧﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻣ ﻨ ﺎ‬ ‫ووﺿﻌﻨﺎ أهﺪاف اﻟﻨﻈﺎم وﻧﺎﻗﺸﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﺪهﺎ وﺑﺎﺳﺘﻔﺎﺿﺔ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ واﻧ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻘﻮة ﻓﻲ آﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺘﺤ ﺪث‬ ‫ﻋﻦ آﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ داﺧﻞ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم وذﻟﻚ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌ ﻠ ﻖ ﺑ ﻤ ﺤ ﺎوﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ أو اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ وﺳﻮف أﺑﺪء ﻣﻌﻜﻢ ﻣ ﻦ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﻔ ﺮﺿ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫وهﻮ أن هﻨﺎك ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪث ﻓﻲ أﺣﺪى ﻋﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎت اﻟ ﻨ ﻈ ﺎم وأن‬ ‫هﺬا اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠ ﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻤ ﺎ أدى إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮدة ﻧﺎﺗﺠﻬﺎ‪ ,‬ﻧﻌﻢ ﻗ ﺪ ﺗ ﻜ ﻮن ﺳ ﻌ ﻴ ﺪا ﻟ ﻬ ﺬا اﻟ ﺘ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫وﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻓﻰ ﺟ ﻮدة اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ ورﺑ ﻤ ﺎ ﻗ ﺪ ﺗ ﻮﻓ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﻠﻚ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻣ ﻌ ﻲ ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ ه ﺬا اﻟﺴ ﺆال‪.‬‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻟﻤﺎذا هﺬا اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺣﺪث؟ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻤﺎذا أﺣﺪث هﺬا اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ؟ رﺑ ﻤ ﺎ آ ﺎﻧ ﺖ إﺟ ﺎﺑ ﺘ ﻚ " أﻧ ﺎ ﻻ‬ ‫أﻋﺮف " وﻟﻴﺲ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻚ ﺟ ﺮﺑ ﺖ ه ﺬا اﻟ ﻔ ﻌ ﻞ أو اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺣﺪث ﺗﻐﻴﺮ‪ ,‬ﺑﻞ رﺑﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺷﺊ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳ ﺎس وﻟ ﻜ ﻦ ﺣ ﺪث‬ ‫هﺬا اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ وأﻧﺖ ﻻ ﺗﺪرى ﻣﺎ ﺳ ﺒ ﺒ ﻪ‪ .‬اﻟﺴ ﺆال اﻟ ﺜ ﺎﻧ ﻲ ه ﻮ ه ﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺖ أي ﺷﻲء ﻣﻦ هﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ ؟ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻋ ﻠ ﻤ ﻨ ﺎ أن ه ﻨ ﺎك‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ و هﺬا اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﻓﻰ أداء اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﻜ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﻣﻌﻲ أن هﺬا اﻟﺘﻐﻴ ﺮ ﺣ ﺪث ﺑ ﺪون ﻋ ﻠ ﻤ ﻚ و إذا ﺳ ﺄﻟ ﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻚ اﻟﺴﺆال ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻟﻤﺎذا هﺬا اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺣﺪث ﺳﺘﺠﺪ اﻟﺮد ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫آﻞ ﻣﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻰ آﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن ﻗﺪ ﻧﺠﺮى ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪم ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻨﺎ اﻟﺠﻴﺪة ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ أن‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺒﻬﺎ آﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ آﺎﻧﺖ ﺻﻨﺪوق أﺳﻮد ﻻ ﺗ ﻌ ﻠ ﻢ ﻣ ﺎ ﺑ ﺪاﺧﻠ ﻪ ‪ ,‬وﻗ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن هﺬا اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺪأ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ واﻟ ﺨ ﻄ ﺄ‪,‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ هﻞ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺣﻘﺎ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻋﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ؟ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎ ﻗ ﺪ ﻳ ﺠ ﻴ ﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻌﻢ وﻳﻘﻮل أﻧﺎ ﻃﺒﻌﺎ أﻋﺮف آ ﻞ ﺷ ﻲء ﻋ ﻦ ﻋ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺘ ﻲ واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫أﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻞ ﻗﺪ ﻧﻘﻮل إﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻜ ﻞ ﺻ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮة وآ ﺒ ﻴ ﺮة ﺑ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﺻﺪﻗﻮﻧﻲ ﻟﻮ ﻗﻠﺖ ﻟﻜﻢ أن آﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻮﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺳ ﻮى آ ﻢ‬

‫ﺿﺌﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت) ‪ ( Information‬ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ وﻟ ﻴ ﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ) ‪ ( Knowledge‬ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻮا ﻣﻌﻰ ﻧﻮاﺻﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ أآﺜﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮع وﻧﻌﻴﺶ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫إﺑﺪاع دﻳﻤﻨﺞ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ وﻧﺮى ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ وه ﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ,‬ﻳﻘﻮل دﻳﻤﻨﺞ آﻴﻒ ﻧﺒﻨﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫وآﻴﻒ ﻻ ﻧﺘﺮك ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﺗ ﺄﺛ ﻴ ﺮ ﻋ ﻠ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ وإذا ﻣ ﺎ ﺣ ﺪﺛ ﺖ ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﻧﺤﻠﻠﻬﺎ وﻧﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻟ ﻤ ﺎ ه ﻲ أﺣ ﺪﺛ ﺖ ﺗ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﻮف ﻧﺠﺎوب ﻋﻠﻰ آﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤﻻت ﻟﻮ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻋ ﻦ ﺗ ﻠ ﻚ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ‪,‬وﻗ ﺪ ﻗ ﺎل د‪ .‬دﻳ ﻤ ﻨ ﺞ ) إن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ( ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻢ آﻞ ﺷﻲء ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫أوﻻ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻓﺒﺪون ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨ ﻨ ﺎ أن‬ ‫ﻧﺒﻨﻰ أي ﺗﻨﺒﺆ ﺣﻮل ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤ ﻜ ﻦ أن ﻳ ﺤ ﺪث‪ .‬إذا اﻟ ﻨ ﻈ ﺮﻳ ﺔ ه ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮط اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻢ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ‪Examples‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻷول هﻨﺎ ‪ :‬أﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ أﺣﺪ ﻣﺮاآﺰ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟ ﻔ ﺎآ ﻬ ﺔ ﺣ ﺪﺛ ﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ وهﻰ أن اﻟﻔﺎآﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻮردة إﻟﻰ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻟ ﻤ ﺮآ ﺰ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ وﺑﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ وه ﻮ اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻃﺒﻊ اﻷواﻣﺮ اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﻮرﻳ ﺪ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﺨ ﺰن ﺣ ﻴ ﺚ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن هﻨﺎك ﻋﺪد آﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷواﻣ ﺮ واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﺄﺗ ﻰ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫وﻗﺖ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺼ ﺒ ﺎح وﻣ ﻄ ﻠ ﻮب ﺗ ﻮرﻳ ﺪه ﺎ ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ اﻟ ﻈ ﻬ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻟﺠﻨﻲ اﻟﻔﺎآ ﻬ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺤ ﻘ ﻮل وه ﻢ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺤ ﺖ ﺿ ﻐ ﻂ اﻹﻧ ﺠ ﺎز اﻟﺴ ﺮﻳ ﻊ ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﻬ ﻤ ﺔ وﺗ ﻨ ﻔ ﻴ ﺬ اﻷواﻣ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪,‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﻣﺘﺴﺮﻋﻴﻦ ﻓ ﻲ ﻗ ﻄ ﻒ اﻟ ﻔ ﺎآ ﻬ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﻤﻜﻨﻮا ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺘﻬﺎ وﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰهﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫إذا اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ هﻨﺎ ) أن اﻟ ﻔ ﺎآ ﻬ ﺔ ﺗ ﻜ ﻮن ﻏ ﻴ ﺮ ﺻ ﺎﻟ ﺤ ﺔ ﺑﺴ ﺒ ﺐ‬ ‫وﺻﻮل اﻷواﻣﺮ اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼ ﺒ ﺎح‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺣﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻮرﻳﺪهﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻈﻬﺮ (وأن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺸﻜﺎوى ﺗﺄﺗ ﻰ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻷواﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺧﻼل هﺬﻩ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ وﺑﻨﺎءا ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻨ ﻨ ﺎ ﺟ ﻤ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎ إذا آﺎن هﺬا اﻟﻔﺮض ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎ أم ﻻ‪ ,‬ﻓ ﺈذا ﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺖ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺻﺤﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻔﺮض آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﻈ ﺮﻳ ﺔ ﺻ ﺤ ﻴ ﺤ ﺔ‪ ,‬أﻣ ﺎ إذا‬ ‫آﺎن اﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ وﻟ ﻜ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ أﻧﻨﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺎ أﺷﻴﺎء ﻋﻦ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ وﻧ ﺒ ﺤ ﺚ ﻋ ﻦ ﻧ ﻈ ﺮﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟ ﻤ ﺜ ﺎل اﻟ ﺜ ﺎﻧ ﻲ ‪ :‬ﻓ ﻲ أﺣ ﺪ ﻣﺼ ﺎﻧ ﻊ اﻟﺼ ﻠ ﺐ أرادت اﻹدارة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء وﺑ ﻨ ﺎءا ﻋ ﻠ ﻴ ﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺪدت اﻹدارة ﻧﻬﺠﻬﺎ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻰ أن آﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ أن ﻳﺤ ﺮك‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﺑﺄﺳﺮع ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ وأن اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺪث ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﻳ ﺘ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻊ إﻋﻄﺎﺋﻪ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﻤﺮاء‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺎذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨ ﺘ ﻴ ﺠ ﺔ؟ وﻗ ﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ أي ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ,‬ﺗﺮى ﻣﺎ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ؟ أﺣ ﺪ اﻷﺳ ﺒ ﺎب‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ هﻮ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻠﻴ ﻢ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﺖ اﻟ ﻤ ﺤ ﺪد‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﺴﺎم‪ .‬واﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻵن ﻳ ﺠ ﺐ‬ ‫أن ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺤﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺴﻢ وأﻳﻀ ﺎ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ ﺟﺪول زﻣﻨﻲ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ آﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ أن‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺎﻟﺖ ﺑ ﻄ ﺎﻗ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺮاء‪ .‬وإذا ﻣﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺻﺤﺔ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﻨ ﻈ ﺮﻳ ﺔ وﺗ ﻢ ﺗ ﺤ ﺴ ﻴ ﻦ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ وإﻻ ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻳﺒﺪأ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ‪Prediction‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻻﺣﺘﻴ ﺎﺟ ﻨ ﺎ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟ ﻨ ﻈ ﺮﻳ ﺔ ه ﻮ أن ﻧ ﻜ ﻮن‬ ‫ﻗﺎدرﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ‪ .‬واﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣ ﻨ ﻀ ﺒ ﻄ ﺔ إﺣﺼ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺗﻨﺒﺆ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻔ ﺲ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﻮى‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺪى اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪ ,‬ﻓﻔﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﻦ اﻟﺴ ﺎﺑ ﻘ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻀﻊ ﺗﻨﺒﺆ ﻟﻤﻘﺪرﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴ ﻢ ﻓ ﻰ اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪد ‪ ,‬آﻤﺎ إن اﻟﻤﻮزع ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ أآ ﺜ ﺮ ﺑ ﺄن‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎآﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻷوﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ اﻷواﻣﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺨﺰن‪.‬‬

‫وﻳﻘﻮل د ‪ /‬دﻳﻤﻨﺞ أن ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻨﺎ أن اﻟﺒﻴ ﺎن إذا آ ﺎن‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ وﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ وﻣﻊ ﻣﺨﺎﻃ ﺮة أﻧ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﺧﺎﻃﺊ وأﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺪون اﻷﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒ ﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻓﺈن ذﻟﻚ ﻳﺆآﺪ أن هﺬا اﻟﺒﻴﺎن ه ﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻣ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ‪ ,‬وﺑ ﺪون ﻧ ﻈ ﺮﻳ ﺔ ﻻ ﺗ ﻮﺟ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ اﻟﺘﺠ ﺮﺑ ﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺳ ﺒ ﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ أو ﻓﺮض‪,‬وهﺬا اﻟﻔﺮض أو اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗ ﻮﺿ ﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻹﺛﺒﺎت ﺻﺤﺘﻬﺎ وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ وﺗ ﻔ ﺴ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻘﺒﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳ ﺔ أو‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻓﻀﻬﺎ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻓﺮض أو ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻓﻲ ﺣ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻓﺾ واﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‪.‬‬ ‫راﺑﻌﺎ ‪ :‬دورة ‪( The PDSA Cycle ) PDSA‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻹﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ آ ﺒ ﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪The PDSA Cycle‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ واﻟﺘﺮ ﺷ ﻴ ﻮارت واﻟ ﺬي‬ ‫آ ﺎن ﻳ ﻠ ﻘ ﺐ ﺑ ﺄﺑ ﻮ اﻟﻀ ﺒ ﻂ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ وﻟﻜ ﻦ ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺪورة ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺎر إﻟ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ ﺑـ‬ ‫‪ Deming cycle‬ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن د ‪ /‬دﻳﻤﻨﺞ ﻧﻔﺴ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ إﻟ ﻰ واﻟ ﺘ ﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮارت واﻋﺘﺮاﻓﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺠﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺮ ﺷﻴﻮارت ﻓﻲ اﺑﺘﺪاﻋﻬﺎ واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻧﻌﺮض هﻨﺎ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻷرﺑﻊ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﺪورة وهﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺧﻄﻂ ‪ : Plan‬ﺧﻄﻂ ﻹﺣﺪاث ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ وذﻟ ﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺪف اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻧﻔﺬ ‪ : Do‬ﻧﻔﺬ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻪ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬أدرس ‪ : Study‬أدرس اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎ إذا آﺎن اﻟﺘﻐ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫أدى اﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪ : Act‬إذا آﺎن اﻟ ﺘ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﻨ ﺎﺳ ﺐ وﺣ ﻘ ﻖ ﺗ ﺤ ﺴ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫أﻋﺘﻤﺪﻩ وإﻻ أﻓﺘﺮض ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ وأﺑﺪأ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ وﺣﺘﻰ إذا‬ ‫آﺎن اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻓﺄﻳﻀﺎ واﺻﻞ اﻟﺪورة ﻟﻠﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ یﻘﺎل ﻓﻰ اﻟﺒﻨﺪ ‪ 3‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪورة ‪ Check‬ﺑﺪﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ‪ study‬واﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم واﺣﺪ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪورة ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺟ ﺪا أن ﻧ ﺒ ﺪأ آ ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫ذآﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ وﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﻮرهﺎ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻧﺮﻳﺪ أن ﻧﻨﻔﺬ هﺬا اﻟ ﺘ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺈذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻔﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻦ ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا هﺬا اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺗﻢ إذا ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻢ ﻧﻌﺮف ﻟ ﻤ ﺎذا ﻟ ﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ إذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻧﻌ ﻘ ﺪ اﻷﻣ ﻮر آ ﺜ ﻴ ﺮا أﺧ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﻬ ﺘ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﺴﻮف أﺟﺎوب ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺆاﻟ ﻚ ﻣ ﺎذا أﻓ ﻌ ﻞ إذا‬ ‫وﺿﻌﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ أو ﻓﺮض وﺛﺒﺖ ﻓﺸﻠﻪ‪ ,‬ﻃﺒﻌﺎ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌ ﺔ‬ ‫هﻰ أﻧﻚ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺒﺪأ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻻﺣﻆ أﻧﻚ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻦ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻒ ر وﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺳﺘﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻚ أو ﻓ ﺮﺿ ﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺷﻞ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﻔ ﺮض أو اﻟ ﻨ ﻈ ﺮﻳ ﺔ ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ وﺗﺄآﺪ أن اﻷﻣﺮ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻄﻮل ﺑﻚ وﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺳﺘﺼﻞ‬

‫ﻟﻬﺪﻓﻚ واﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺮﺿﻴﻚ وﺳﺒﻴﻠﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ هﻮ ان اﻹدارة‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ أن ﺗ ﻌ ﻠ ﻢ ﻣ ﻬ ﺎرات وﻃ ﺮق ﺣ ﻞ اﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﺎآ ﻞ ﻟ ﻜ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺘﻤﻜﻨﻮا ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ إﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻬﺎرﺗ ﻬ ﻢ اﻟﺸ ﺨ ﺼ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮق ﻟﺤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮاﺟﻬﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ اﻷدوات اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت هﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺑﺎرﻳﺖ‬ ‫• ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ واﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ) ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻋﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﻤﻜﺔ (‬ ‫• ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ واﻟﺘﺒﻌﺜﺮ‬ ‫• ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬ ‫• اﻟﻬﺴﺘﻮﺟﺮام‬ ‫• اﻟﻌﺼﻒ اﻟﺬهﻨﻰ‬ ‫• أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ إﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮار‬ ‫• ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷدوات‪.‬‬ ‫اﻹدارة یﺠﺐ أن ﺕﻌﻠﻢ ﻧﻈﺮیﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻷن اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﻳﺆدى وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ وﺑﻜ ﻔ ﺎءة‬ ‫إذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻟﻤﺎذا ه ﻮ ﻳ ﺆدﻳ ﻬ ﺎ‪ ,‬ﻣ ﻊ ﻣ ﻼﺣ ﻈ ﺔ أن ه ﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ هﻮ ﻣﻦ أﺣﺪ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻹدارة ودور أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗ ﺤ ﺴ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺑﻞ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪.‬وﻟﻨ ﻨ ﻈ ﺮ ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﺜ ﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ هﺬا اﻟﺪور‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺪن ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻀ ﺔ وﻣ ﺎدة‬ ‫‪Ag +‬‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻠﺢ ‪ +‬ﻣﺎء آﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫‪ Acid---Salt + H2o‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺆدى‬ ‫هﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ أن ﻳﻔﻬﻢ هﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ وﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﺆﺛ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ زﻳﺎدة درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺆدى ﺑﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺎج ) اﻟﻤﻠﺢ ‪ +‬ﻣﺎء ( وإذا أرادﻧﺎ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﻤ ﻠ ﺢ ﻓ ﻘ ﻂ‬ ‫آﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴ ﻨ ﺎ أن ﻧ ﺤ ﺪد ﻣ ﺎ ه ﻲ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺤﺪد آﻴﻒ ﻧ ﺰﻳ ﻞ اﻟ ﻤ ﺎء ﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ دراﻳﺔ ﺑﺄهﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤ ﻜ ﻢ ﻓ ﻰ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﻌ ﻮاﻣ ﻞ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎآ ﻤ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ واﻷآﺜﺮ أهﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ هﺬا هﻮ أن اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻞ رﺑ ﻤ ﺎ ﻻ ﻳ ﻌ ﻠ ﻢ‬ ‫أهﻤﻴﺔ وﺳﺒﺐ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ ﻟ ﻤ ﺜ ﻞ‬ ‫هﺬا اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ أن ﻳﻘﺪم اﻗﺘﺮاﺣﺎت ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ,‬وهﺬا ه ﻮ ﺑ ﻴ ﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﻴﺪ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻨﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﻈ ﺮﻳ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻧ ﻈ ﺎم اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ وهﻮ أن اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ اﻟﺬي ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ آﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺆدﻳﻬﺎ وﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺆدﻳﻬﺎ وآﻴﻒ ﻳﺆدﻳﻬﺎ وﻳﻔﻬ ﻢ آ ﺬﻟ ﻚ ﻧ ﻈ ﺮﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻨﺎءا ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﻨﺠﺰ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ هﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ ﻓﻘﻂ هﻮ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪك ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ وﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺥﺎﻣﺴﺎ ‪ :‬اﻟﺨﻼﺹﺔ ‪Summary‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﺗﺸﺮح ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﻢ وﺗ ﻮﺿ ﺢ أه ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫واﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ هﺬا اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫أوﺻﻰ د ‪ /‬دﻳﻤﻨﺞ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام ‪The PDSA Cycle‬‬ ‫آﻨﻤﻮذج ﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ هﺪف اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫هﺬا اﻟﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻧ ﻈ ﺎم اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻴ ﻘ ﺔ ه ﻮ اﻟ ﺠ ﺰء‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻌﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ واﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت وﺗ ﻄ ﺒ ﻴ ﻘ ﻪ‬ ‫وﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ واﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎ ﻳﻔﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﻤ ﺎ إذا آ ﺎﻧ ﺖ ﻧ ﻈ ﺮﻳ ﺘ ﻪ أو‬

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‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺿﻪ ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ وإذا ﺗﺤﻘﻘ ﺖ رﺑ ﻤ ﺎ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺗﺤﻘﻘﺖ‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﻗﺎل د‪/‬دﻳﻤﻨﺞ أن اﻹدارة هﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ وﺗ ﻮﻗ ﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺳﻮف ﻳﺤﺪث وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻬﻢ هﺬا ﺟﻴ ﺪا ﻓﺴ ﻮف ﻳ ﻜ ﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻨ ﻈ ﺮﻳ ﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺎﻃ ﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻼث اﻷﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .6‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻷﺳﺎس اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ‬ ‫وﺗﺪرك أﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﻓﻬﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪﻣ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﻊ هﺬا اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺳﺘﻜﺘﻤﻞ رؤﻳﺘﻚ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ وﺗﺴﺘ ﻄ ﻴ ﻊ أن‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ وﺗﻄﻮر وﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ وﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ أﺳ ﺎس واﺿ ﺢ‬ ‫وأرﺿﻴﺔ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .7‬ﺣﺎول أن ﺗﺠﺎوب ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬا اﻟﺘ ﺴ ﺎؤل’ ﻟ ﻤ ﺎذا ﻳ ﻌ ﺘ ﻘ ﺪ إن‬ ‫ﺧﺼ ﻮﻣ ﺎت اﻟ ﺒ ﻴ ﻊ ﺗ ﺠ ﻌ ﻞ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻼء ﻳ ﻘ ﺒ ﻠ ﻮن ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬

‫اﻟﺸﺮاء؟ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ وﻻ ﺗﺘ ﺴ ﺮع ﻓ ﻲ اﻹﺟ ﺎﺑ ﺔ وأﺳ ﺄل‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ ه ﺬا اﻹﻋ ﺘ ﻘ ﺎد؟‬ ‫ﺻﺪﻗﻨﻲ ﻟﻮ ﺑﺤﺜﺖ وﻃﺒﻘﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﺴﻮف ﺗ ﺠ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ رﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﺟﺌﻚ وﺗﺬهﻠﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .8‬ﻻ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ أو ﺗﺒﺪأ ﻓﻲ ﺗ ﺤ ﺴ ﻴ ﻦ ﺣ ﺘ ﻰ ﻳ ﻜ ﻮن ﻟ ﺪﻳ ﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻣ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ أن‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث وأﺳﺘﺨﺪم ‪ The PDSA Cycle‬أﺗﺮى ﻣﺎ إذا‬ ‫آﺎن ﺗﻨﺒﺆك هﺬا ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻓﺈذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ آﺬﻟﻚ ﻓ ﺈﻧ ﻚ ﺗ ﺤ ﺘ ﺎج‬ ‫ﻷن ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻚ وﻟ ﻜ ﻨ ﻚ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻷﻗ ﻞ أﺻ ﺒ ﺢ ﻟ ﺪﻳ ﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء واﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .9‬ﻻ ﺗ ﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻣ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ ﺑ ﺪون ﻧ ﻈ ﺮﻳ ﺔ ’ وﻻ ﻧ ﻈ ﺮﻳ ﺔ ﺑ ﺪون‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬

‫وأﺥﻴﺮا أﺽﺮب ﻟﻜﻢ هﺬا اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﻐﺮیﺐ واﻟﺬي أﻟﻘﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ أﺣﺪ اﻟﺪآﺎﺕﺮة واﻟ ﺬي آ ﺎن ی ﺪرس ﻟ ﻨ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة اﻹﺣﺼﺎء وهﻮ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻏﺮیﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﻲء ﺹﺪﻗﻮﻧﻲ ﻟﻢ أﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺝﻴﺪا إﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ أﻃ ﻠ ﻌ ﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ وﺕﺤﺪیﺪا ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﻈﺮی ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ’ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا اﻟ ﻤ ﺜ ﺎل‬ ‫یﻌﺮض ﺥﺒﺮ أن أﺣﺪ اﻟﺸﺒﺎب اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻیﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ذهﺐ إﻟﻰ وآﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻷﻣﺮی ﻜ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺳﺎ وأﺥﺒﺮهﻢ أن ﻟﺪیﻪ ﻓﻜﺮة أو ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻧﻈﺮیﺔ هﺎﻣﺔ ﺝﺪا ﺳﻮف ﺕﺴﺎﻋ ﺪه ﻢ آ ﺜ ﻴ ﺮا ﻓ ﻤ ﺎ آ ﺎن ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻟﻰ اﻟﻮآﺎﻟﺔ إﻻ أﻧﻬﻢ رﺣﺒﻮا ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﺸﺎب و اﻃﻠﻌﻮا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓ ﻜ ﺮﺕ ﻪ وﻣ ﻨ ﺤ ﻮﻩ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﻘ ﺎﺑ ﻞ ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة ﻣﺎﺋﺔ أﻟﻒ دوﻻر أﻣﺮیﻜﻲ ’ ﺕﺨﻴﻠﻮا ﻣﺎذا آﺎﻧﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة أو اﻟﻨﻈﺮیﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺕﺴ ﺘ ﺤ ﻖ ه ﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻠﻎ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ’ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ أﺥﺒﺮهﻢ ﺑﺄن ﻓﻜﺮﺕﻪ ﺕﺘﻨﺎول اﺑﺘﻜﺎر وﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺝ ﺪی ﺪة ﻟ ﻨ ﻘ ﻞ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت‬ ‫وﺕﺒﺎدﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ؟ اﻻﺕﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ أو اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ أو ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻣﺒﻴ ﻮﺕ ﺮ أو‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ أو ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻷﺵﻌﺔ اﻟﻠﻴﺰریﺔ ’ ﻻ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺑﻞ ﺑ ﻮاﺳ ﻄ ﺔ أﻃ ﺒ ﺎق‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺋﺮة یﺘﻢ ﺕﻘﺎذﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ وهﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﺕﺒﻬﻢ وﻓﻰ أﻣﺎآﻨﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺝﺄة اﻷآﺜ ﺮ ه ﻮ أﻧ ﻪ ﻟ ﻢ‬ ‫یﻘﺪم ﻟﻬﻢ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﺠﺮد ﻓﻜﺮة ﻣﺠﺮدة دون ﺕﻮﺽﻴﺢ وﻻ ﺵﺮح وﻻ وﺳ ﺎﺋ ﻞ ﻓ ﻘ ﻂ ﻗ ﺪم ﻟ ﻬ ﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮیﺔ وﺕﺮك ﻟﻬﻢ ﺣﺮیﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ واﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ وأﺳﺘﺤ ﻖ ﻣ ﻨ ﺤ ﻪ اﻟ ﻤ ﺎﺋ ﺔ أﻟ ﻒ دوﻻر’ ﻣ ﻌ ﺬرة‬ ‫إﺥﻮاﻧﻲ ﻟﻮ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎن ﺥﻄﺎب أو ﻓﻌﻠﺘﻬﺎ أﻧﺖ وﻗﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺝﻬﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ أو ﺑﺤﺜ ﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﺪی ﻚ ﻓ ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺕﺨﻴﻠﻚ ﻟﻠﺮد ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﻟﻦ أﺝﻴﺐ وﻟﻦ أﻧﺘﻈﺮ ﻣﻨﻚ إﺝﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﺎﻹﺝﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ وﺕﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫یﻘﺪرون اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ویﺤﺘﺮﻣﻮن ﺕﻮاﻓﻪ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر وﻣﻦ یﺪﻋ ﻮن ﻟ ﻴ ﻞ ﻧ ﻬ ﺎر ﺕ ﻘ ﺪی ﺮه ﻢ ﻟ ﻠ ﻌ ﻠ ﻢ واﻟ ﻌ ﻠ ﻤ ﺎء‬ ‫ویﺪﻓﻨﻮن آﻞ اﻻﺥﺘﺮاﻋﺎت واﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ أدراج ودواویﻦ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ واﻟ ﺮوﺕ ﻴ ﻦ وی ﺘ ﺮآ ﻮن‬ ‫ﺥﻴﺮة ﺵﺒﺎب اﻷﻣﺔ یﺬهﺒﻮن إﻟﻰ اﻟﻐﺮب اﻟﺬي یﻘﺪر ﻟﻴﺲ اﻻﺥﺘﺮاﻋﺎت واﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓ ﻘ ﻂ ﺑ ﻞ‬ ‫یﻘﺪرون ﺕﻮاﻓﻪ اﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ وﻟﻮ آﺎﻧﺖ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻃﺎﺋﺮ یﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺥﻼﻟﻪ‪.‬‬

‫وﺹﻠﺖ ﺑﻜﻢ اﻟﻴﻮم إﻟﻰ ﻧﻬﺎیﺔ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺜﺎﻟ ﺚ ﻣ ﻦ ﻧ ﻈ ﺎم اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ وه ﻮ ﻧ ﻈ ﺮی ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻣﻞ أن اﻟﺘﻘﻰ ﺑﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ وهﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﻔ ﺴ ﻴ ﺔ واﻟ ﺬي‬ ‫رﺑﻤﺎ یﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﺥﻴﺮ أو یﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﺝﺰء ﺥﺎﻣﺲ وأﺥﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻓ ﻴ ﻪ ﻋ ﻦ آ ﺎﻣ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ وﻧﺤﺎول أن ﻧﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ أﺝﺰاﺋﻪ اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺟﻮدة ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻓﻰ أﺳﺒﺎب ﻇﻬﻮر اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬

‫اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷول‬

‫م ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺼﺎم اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺝﻮدة ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺣﺪیﺜﺎ ﻓﻤﺎ اﻟ ﻤ ﻘ ﺼ ﻮد‬ ‫ﺑﻪ و آﻴﻒ یﻜﻮن ﻟﺪیﻨﺎ هﺬا اﻟﻤﺼﺪر و ﻣﺎ أهﻤﻴﺘ ﻪ و ﺳ ﺒ ﺐ ﻇ ﻬ ﻮر‬ ‫هﺬا اﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم‪ .‬ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺪﺥﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺹﻴﻞ دﻋﻮﻧ ﺎ ﻧ ﺘ ﺴ ﺎءل ﻣ ﺎ ه ﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻧﺮیﺪ اﻹﺝﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻧ ﺮی ﺪﻩ ه ﻮ ﺛ ﻼﺛ ﺔ‬ ‫أﺵﻴﺎء رﺋﻴﺴﻴﻪ أن یﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﻮاﺝﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ داﺋﻢ و أن یﻜﻮن داﺋ ﻤ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣﻪ ﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ و اﻟﺘﺮدد و أﺥﻴﺮا أن ی ﻜ ﻮن ﺵ ﻜ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺝﻪ ﺥﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻴﺎت )‪ (harmonics‬و أي ﺕﻠﻮث‬ ‫)‪ (noise‬أﺥ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ﺵ ﻜ ﻞ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﺝ ﻪ) ‪sinusoidal wave‬‬ ‫‪ . (shape‬ﻣﻦ هﻨﺎ یﻤﻜﻦ اﻟ ﻘ ﻮل أن ه ﻨ ﺎك ﻣ ﺤ ﻮری ﻦ أﺳ ﺎﺳ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺘ ﻌ ﺮی ﻒ ﻣﺸ ﻜﻠ ﻪ ﺝ ﻮدة ﻣﺼ ﺪر اﻟ ﻄ ﺎﻗ ﺔ )‪(power quality‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻷول هﻮ ﺝﻮدة اﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ و اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣ ﻮﺝ ﻮدی ﺔ و اﺳ ﺘ ﻤ ﺮار‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻷول ﺝﻮدة اﻟﺠﻬﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫و اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻰ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﻴﻤﻪ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﻤ ﻮح ﺑ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫) ﻣﺜﻼ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ‪ ± 5%‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻗ ﻴ ﻤ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺪ )‪ (220V-phase‬ﺑﺪول أﺧﺮى ﻗﺪ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ(‬ ‫و أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﺮدد إﻣﺎ ‪ 50HZ‬أو ‪ ) 60HZ‬ﻣﺜ ﻼ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺼ ﺮ‬ ‫‪ (50HZ‬و أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ هﻮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪sinusoidal‬‬ ‫و أن ﻳﻜﻮن هﻨﺎك اﺗﺰان ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻬﻮد اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ و هﻮ ﻣﻮﺝﻮدیﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫)‪(availability‬‬ ‫و هﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺤﺪد ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪد ﻣﺮات اﻻﻧﻘﻄﺎع و ﺣﺪوث ﻓﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼ ﺪر اﻟ ﻄ ﺎﻗ ﺔ )‪ (failure‬و اﻟ ﻤ ﺪة اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﻳﺴ ﺘ ﻐ ﺮﻗ ﻬ ﺎ ه ﺬا‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﻄﺎع و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﺪد ﺳﺎﻋﺎت اﻻﻧﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫و ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬى ﻳﻐﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻤ ﻮﺟ ﻪ و ﻣ ﺎ اﻟ ﺬي أدى ﻟ ﻈ ﻬ ﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺟﻮدة ﻣﺼ ﺪر اﻟ ﻄ ﺎﻗ ﺔ ‪ .‬اﻟ ﺬي ﺣ ﺪث ه ﻮ اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺧﻄﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺘ ﻮاﻓ ﻘ ﻴ ﺎت ﺑ ﻜ ﺜ ﺮة ﺷ ﺪﻳ ﺪة ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ آ ﺜ ﻴ ﺮة ﻓ ﻲ ﺗ ﻮﻓ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة و ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ آﻔﺎءة و ﻗﺪرﻩ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ﻋ ﻠ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ و‬ ‫ﻷن ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ آﺎن ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ‪ AC motor‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﻓﻘﺪ آﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈ ﻬ ﺮ ه ﻲ ﻣﺸ ﻜﻠ ﻪ ﻣ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻞ اﻟ ﻘ ﺪرة ‪Power‬‬ ‫‪ factor‬و ﻟﻜﻦ اﻵن ﺑﻌﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻌ ﺪات إﻟ ﻴ ﻜ ﺘ ﺮوﻧ ﻴ ﻪ ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ‬ ‫‪ AC motor drivers‬و ‪ Computers‬و ‪High‬‬ ‫‪microprocessor‬‬ ‫‪ efficiency lamps‬و‬ ‫‪ controlled equipments‬ﻟ ﻠ ﻘ ﻴ ﺎم ﺑ ﻌ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎت اﻟ ﺘ ﺤ ﻜ ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ و اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﻟﺘ ﻮﻟ ﻴ ﺪ اﻟ ﺘ ﻮاﻓ ﻘ ﻴ ﺎت و ﺗ ﻠ ﻮث‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر و ﻣ ﻊ ﺗ ﺰاﻳ ﺪ اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺪات ازداد ﺣ ﺠ ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ و أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ و ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﻪ إﻳ ﺠ ﺎد‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻮل‪.‬‬ ‫و ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ذآﺮهﺎ ﺗ ﻌ ﺘ ﺒ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ أه ﻢ‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻣﺼﺎدر ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ و ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻴﺎت ﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎده ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻹﻟ ﻴ ﻜ ﺘ ﺮوﻧ ﻴ ﺎت و إﻟ ﻴ ﻜ ﺘ ﺮوﻧ ﻴ ﺎت اﻟ ﻘ ﻮى ) ‪Power‬‬ ‫‪ (Electronics‬و ﻳﻀﺎف ﻟﻌﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ آ ﻤ ﺼ ﺪر ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﻮاﻓ ﻘ ﻴ ﺎت و‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟ ﻄ ﺎﻗ ﺔ‬ ‫و أن وﺟﻮد ﻣﺼﺪر ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻠﻮث ) ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﻴ ﺎت و ﻏ ﻴ ﺮه ﺎ (‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ و ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻔﻬﺎ أو أن ﻳﺴ ﺒ ﺐ أﺧ ﻄ ﺎء‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ! ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻬ ﺎ ﻣ ﻤ ﻴ ﺰات آ ﺒ ﻴ ﺮﻩ ﺟ ﺪا ﺳ ﺎﻋ ﺪت ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎرهﺎ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻻ ﻏﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﻨﺸﺄﻩ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴ ﺔ و‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ) ﻣﺜﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﻧ ﻮاع أﻟ ﺤ ﺪﻳ ﺜ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﻓﺮة( و هﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك أﻗﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎدى ‪ -‬اﺳﺘ ﺨ ﺪام ﻟ ﻤ ﺒ ﺎت ﻣ ﻮﻓ ﺮﻩ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺳ ﺒ ﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪة ﻣﻨﻬﺎ و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻩ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻟﺘﻜﻴ ﻴ ﻒ ﻷن اﻟ ﺤ ﺮارة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺎرة ﻗﻠﺖ و ﺑ ﺬﻟ ﻚ ﻳﺼ ﺒ ﺢ اﻟ ﺘ ﻮﻓ ﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﺰدوﺟ ﺎ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻷن هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺮﺑﻂ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة ﺑﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺘﺤ ﻜ ﻢ‬ ‫و اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ و زﻳﺎدة اﻷﻣﺎن و اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﺘ ﺤ ﻜ ﻢ –‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪ Drives‬اﻟﺨﺎﺻ ﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﺤ ﺮآ ﺎت أﺻ ﺒ ﺢ ﺑ ﺎﻹﻣ ﻜ ﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺪﻗﻪ ﻓﺊ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ و اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ و اﻟ ﻘ ﺪرة و‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﻩ ‪.‬‬ ‫إذن ﻓ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﻜ ﻠ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ زﻳ ﺎدة اﻻﻋ ﺘ ﻤ ﺎد ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺪات‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﻮاﻓ ﻘ ﻴ ﺎت و ﻟ ﺘ ﻠ ﻮث‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر و ﻟﻜﻦ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫و ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫و ﻟﻨﺴﺘﻌﺮض أﺵﻜﺎﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺕﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ و أﺳﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ و ﺕﺄﺛﻴﺮهﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫زیﺎدة اﻟﺠﻬﺪ )‪(overvoltage‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧ ﻪ ﺣ ﺪوث زﻳ ﺎدة ﻓ ﻲ ﻗ ﻴ ﻤ ﻪ ‪RMS(Root‬‬ ‫)‪ mean square‬اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺠ ﻬ ﺪ أآ ﺒ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ‪ %10‬ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﻪ أﻃﻮل ﻣﻦ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ واﺣﺪﻩ آﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫و ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﺧﺮوج اﻷﺣﻤﺎل )‪ (load switching off‬و‬ ‫دﺧﻮل اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎت )‪ (capacitor switch on‬و ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣ ﺪوث ﻣﺸ ﺎآ ﻞ ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﻌ ﺪات اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺟﻬﺪا ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮا ) ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒ ﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻤ ﺜ ﺎل ﻗ ﺪ ﻳ ﺆدى ﻟ ﺘ ﻠ ﻒ ﺑ ﻌ ﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت أو ﺗﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻵﺧ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ أﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ(‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ )‪(undervoltage‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﻪ ﺣﺪوث ﻧﻘ ﺼ ﺎن ﻓ ﻲ ﻗ ﻴ ﻤ ﻪ ‪RMS(Root‬‬ ‫)‪ mean square‬اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺠ ﻬ ﺪ أآ ﺒ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ‪ %10‬ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﻪ أﻃﻮل ﻣﻦ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ واﺣﺪﻩ آﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬

‫و ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎﺗﻪ دﺧﻮل اﻷﺣﻤﺎل )‪ (load switching on‬و‬ ‫ﺧﺮوج اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎت )‪ (capacitor switch off‬و ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث ﻣﺸﺎآﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄ ﻠ ﺐ ﺟ ﻬ ﺪا ﻣﺴ ﺘ ﻘ ﺮا ) ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆدى ﻟﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت أو ﺗﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﺒﻌ ﺾ‬ ‫اﻵﺧﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ أﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ(‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻴﺎت )‪(harmonics‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻴﺎت هﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺎت آﻬﺮﺑﻴﻪ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺮدد ﺑﺄﺿﻌ ﺎف ﺻ ﺤ ﻴ ﺤ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﺘ ﺮدد اﻟ ﺮﺋ ﻴ ﺴ ﻲ و ﻟ ﺘ ﻮﺿ ﻴ ﺢ ذﻟ ﻚ ﻓ ﺈن ﺗ ﺮدد ﻣﺼ ﺪر‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ‪) 50HZ‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪول ‪ (60HZ‬ﻳﺴ ﻤ ﻰ اﻟ ﺘ ﺮدد‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ )‪ (Fundamental frequency‬و أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮدد ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ )‪ (power frequency‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺎت ﺑﺘﺮدد أﺿﻌﺎف ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟ ﺘ ﺮدد ) ‪ 2‬أو ‪3‬‬ ‫أو ‪ (......‬ﻟﻮ آﺎن ﺗﺮدده ﺎ ﺿ ﻌ ﻒ اﻟ ﺘ ﺮدد اﻟ ﺮﺋ ﻴ ﺴ ﻲ ﺗﺴ ﻤ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ و ﻟﻮ آ ﺎن ﺛ ﻼﺛ ﺔ أﺿ ﻌ ﺎف ﻳﺴ ﻤ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ و ه ﻜ ﺬا ) إذا آ ﺎن ﺗ ﺮدد اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﺟ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ‪ 50HZ‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺜ ﺎﻟ ﺜ ﺔ ﺗ ﺮدده ﺎ‬ ‫‪ ( 3*50=150HZ‬و اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳ ﻮﺿ ﺢ ذﻟ ﻚ ﻓ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﻮﺟ ﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن اﻷﺻﻔﺮ هﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺣﻤﺎل ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﻄ ﻴ ﻪ‬ ‫و ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﺗ ﺮدد رﺋ ﻴ ﺴ ﻴ ﻪ و ﻣ ﺠ ﻤ ﻮﻋ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻴﺎت ‪ .‬و ﺗﻨﺘﺞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺧ ﻄ ﻴ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﻴﺎرات ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﻴﺎت و ﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟ ﻲ وﻧ ﺘ ﻴ ﺠ ﺔ ﻟ ﻤ ﻤ ﺎﻧ ﻌ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم )‪ (system impedance‬ﻳﺼ ﺒ ﺢ ﺷ ﻜ ﻞ ﻣ ﻮﺟ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ هﻲ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﻴﺎت ﻣ ﺜ ﺎل ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ذﻟ ﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ و ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻴﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻤ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪات و ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻟ ﺤ ﺴ ﺎﺳ ﺔ‬ ‫– ﺳﻮف ﻳﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺁﺛﺎرهﺎ ﺑﺸ ﻲء ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺘ ﻔ ﺼ ﻴ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﻻﺣﻘﻪ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻘﻖ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ )‪(Notching‬‬ ‫هﻮ اﺿﻄ ﺮاب دوري ﻳ ﺤ ﺪث ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻔ ﻮﻟ ﺖ أﺛ ﻨ ﺎء وﺿ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺘ ﺸ ﻐ ﻴ ﻞ اﻟ ﻌ ﺎدي ﺑﺴ ﺒ ﺐ ﻋ ﻤ ﻞ ﻣ ﻌ ﺪات إﻟ ﻴ ﻜ ﺘ ﺮوﻧ ﻴ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮى )‪ ( Power Electronics‬أﺛﻨﺎء اﻧﺘ ﻘ ﺎل اﻟ ﺘ ﻴ ﺎر ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﻮر ) ‪ (phase‬ﻵﺧﺮ و ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪوث ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺗﺸﻐ ﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺧ ﺎﻃ ﺌ ﺔ ) ‪( Disoperation‬ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﻌ ﺪات اﻟ ﺤ ﺴ ﺎﺳ ﺔ ه ﻲ‬ ‫إﺷ ﺎرات آ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﻴ ﻪ ﻏ ﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﺮﻏ ﻮب ﻓ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ ﺑ ﺘ ﺮدد أﻗ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫‪ 200KHZ‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ إﺷﺎرة اﻟ ﺠ ﻬ ﺪ أو اﻟ ﺘ ﻴ ﺎر ﺳ ﻮاء ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر)‪ (phase‬أو اﻟﻄﺮف اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎدل)‪ . (neutral‬و ﺗ ﻨ ﺸ ﺄ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﺎدي ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﻌ ﺪات اﻹﻟ ﻴ ﻜ ﺘ ﺮوﻧ ﻴ ﺔ و ﻣ ﻦ أﺟ ﻬ ﺰﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮاﻋﻖ)‪ (Arcing devices‬أو اﻟﺘﺄرﻳﺾ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺠﻴﺪ‬ ‫) ‪ (improper grounding‬أ‪ ,‬ﺑﺴ ﺒ ﺐ ‪switching‬‬ ‫‪ power supplies‬و ﺗﺆدى ﻟﺤﺪوث اﺿﻄ ﺮاب ﻓ ﻰ ﻋ ﻤ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮوآﻮﻧﺘﺮوﻟ ﺮ و اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﺤ ﻜ ﻤ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﺒ ﺮﻣ ﺠ ﺔ و اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺪات‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Noise‬‬ ‫هﻰ إﺷﺎرات آﻬﺮﺑﻴﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮب ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑ ﺘ ﺮدد أﻗ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫‪ 200KHZ‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻰ إﺷﺎرة اﻟ ﺠ ﻬ ﺪ أو اﻟ ﺘ ﻴ ﺎر ﺳ ﻮاء ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر)‪ (phase‬أو اﻟﻄﺮف اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎدل)‪ . (neutral‬و ﺗ ﻨ ﺸ ﺄ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﺎدي ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﻌ ﺪات اﻹﻟ ﻴ ﻜ ﺘ ﺮوﻧ ﻴ ﺔ و ﻣ ﻦ أﺟ ﻬ ﺰﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮاﻋﻖ)‪ (Arcing devices‬أو اﻟﺘﺄرﻳﺾ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟ ﺠ ﻴ ﺪ )‬ ‫‪ (improper grounding‬أ‪ ,‬ﺑﺴ ﺒ ﺐ ال ‪switching‬‬ ‫‪ power supplies‬و ﺗﺆدى ﻟﺤﺪوث اﺿﻄ ﺮاب ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﻤ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮوآﻮﻧﺘﺮوﻟ ﺮ و اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﺤ ﻜ ﻤ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﺒ ﺮﻣ ﺠ ﺔ و اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺪات‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪(falut‬‬ ‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﺠﻬﺪ )‪(Voltage sags/dips‬‬ ‫هﻮ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺼ ﺒ ﺢ أﻗ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ‪%90‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ ﻟ ﻔ ﺘ ﺮة ﻣ ﻦ ‪ 0.5‬دورﻩ)‪cycle) 0.5‬إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫دﻗﻴﻘﻪ واﺣﺪﻩ ‪ .‬و ﻣﻌﻈﻢ هﺬﻩ اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎت ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪى ال ‪%50‬‬ ‫و ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻷآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‪ 170‬ﻣﻴﻠﻰ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ‪ .‬و ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﻬﺎ ه ﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث أﺧﻄﺎء ) )‪faults‬ﺳﻮاء ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺼ ﺪر اﻟ ﻄ ﺎﻗ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻮاﺻﻒ و اﻟﺜﻠﻮج و اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺣ ﺪوث‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺮ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺪاﺋﺮة أو دﺧﻮل أﺣﻤﺎل آﺒﻴﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸ ﺒ ﻜ ﺔ أو‬ ‫داﺧﻠﻴﻪ – داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄة – ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ ﺑ ﺪأ ﺗﺸ ﻐ ﻴ ﻞ ﺣ ﻤ ﻞ آ ﺒ ﻴ ﺮ و‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ هﺬا اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻰ ﺣﺪوث ﻣﺸﺎآﻞ أو ﺗﻮﻗ ﻒ ﻟ ﻸﺟ ﻬ ﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ – ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻹﻟ ﻜ ﺘ ﺮوﻧ ﻴ ﺔ – و ﻗ ﺪ ﻳ ﺆدى‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل ﻧ ﺘ ﻴ ﺠ ﺔ ﻋ ﻤ ﻞ أﺟ ﻬ ﺰﻩ اﻟ ﺤ ﻤ ﺎﻳ ﺔ ‪Voltage‬‬ ‫)‪.swells (surge‬‬ ‫هﻮ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ أآﺒ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ‪%110‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ ﻟ ﻔ ﺘ ﺮة ﻣ ﻦ ‪ 0.5‬دورﻩ)‪ (0.5 cycle‬إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫دﻗﻴﻘﻪ واﺣﺪﻩ ‪ .‬و ﻳ ﺤ ﺪث ﺑﺴ ﺒ ﺐ ﺣ ﺪوث ﻗﺼ ﺮ ﻟ ﻠ ﺪاﺋ ﺮة ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻄ ﺮف اﻟ ﺤ ﻲ ﻟ ﻸرﺿ ﻲ ) ‪single line to ground‬‬ ‫‪(falut‬‬

‫ﺕﻘﻠﺐ )ارﺕﻌﺎش( اﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬ ‫)‪(flicker‬‬

‫‪Voltage fluctuation‬‬

‫ﻳﺤﺪث ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻴﺎر اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ و ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار – اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ -‬ﻣﺜﻞ أﻓﺮان اﻟﻘﻮس‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ و ﻳﺆدى ﻟﺤﺪوث ارﺗﻌﺎش ﻓﻲ اﻹﺿﺎءة ) اﻧﺨﻔﺎض و‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺿﺎءة( ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺕﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬

‫)‪Voltage swells (surge‬‬ ‫هﻮ إرﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ أآﺒ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ‪%110‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ ﻟ ﻔ ﺘ ﺮة ﻣ ﻦ ‪ 0.5‬دورﻩ)‪ (0.5 cycle‬إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫دﻗﻴﻘﻪ واﺣﺪﻩ ‪ .‬و ﻳ ﺤ ﺪث ﺑﺴ ﺒ ﺐ ﺣ ﺪوث ﻗﺼ ﺮ ﻟ ﻠ ﺪاﺋ ﺮة ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻄ ﺮف اﻟ ﺤ ﻰ ﻟ ﻸرﺿ ﻲ ) ‪single line to ground‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫هﻮ ﺣﺪوث ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﺗﺮدد اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ )‬ ‫‪ (50Hz‬أو )‪ 60HZ‬ﻓ ﻲ ﺑ ﻌ ﺾ اﻟ ﺪول( ‪ .‬و ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﺳ ﺒ ﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆدى ﻟﺤﺪوث ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮدد ﻓﺼﻞ أﺣ ﻤ ﺎل آ ﺒ ﻴ ﺮﻩ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ أو ﺧﺮوﺟﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠ ﺔ ﺧ ﻄ ﺄ أو ﻗﺼ ﺮ ﻣ ﺜ ﻼ أو‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺼﺪر آﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪ .‬و ﻳ ﺆدى ﺗ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد ﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ أه ﻤ ﻴ ﻪ و أﺳ ﺒ ﺎب ﻇ ﻬ ﻮر ﻣﺼ ﻄ ﻠ ﺢ ﺟ ﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟ ﻤ ﺼ ﺪر اﻟ ﻜ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﻲ ))‪ (Power quality(PQ‬و زﻳ ﺎدة‬ ‫اﻻهﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﻪ آﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﻪ ﻟﺜﻮرﻩ اﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘ ﺮوﻧ ﻴ ﺎت و اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺪات‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ واﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺎت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ و ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﺳﺘ ﺨ ﺪاﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻋﺼﺒﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺼ ﻨ ﺎﻋ ﺔ‬ ‫أﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﻪ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﺪ أي ﻣﻨﺸﺄﻩ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﻠﻮا ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﺑﻮاﻟﻘﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﺮﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺣﻮﻣﻪ اﻟﺤﺴﻨﺎوي‬ ‫أدى اﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺕﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻻﺕﺼﺎﻻت إﻟ ﻰ زی ﺎدة اﻟﺘﻮاﺹ ﻞ ﺑﻴ ﻦ آﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺎت اﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺳ ﻮف‬ ‫یﺘﺄﺛﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ إذ ﺵﺠﻊ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ إیﺠﺎد ﻣﺼﺎدر ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎی ﺔ ﻟﻬ ﺎ وه ﻲ ﺣﺎﺽ ﺮة ﺑﺎﻧﺘ ﺼﺎر‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒ ﻞ اﻟﻄ ﻼب واﻟﺒ ﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ اﻟﻘ ﺎدریﻦ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻓﻬﻤﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬واﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻣ ﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ﻋﺪی ﺪة ﻟﻮﺹ ﻒ ه ﺬا اﻟﺘﻐﻴ ﻴﺮ ﻣﺜ ﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴ ﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺽ ﻲ‬

‫‪virtual education‬واﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻢ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺵ ﺮ ‪ online learning‬واﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ ﺔ ‪Global‬‬

‫‪universities‬و زوال ﻃ ﺮق اﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪی ﺔ وﻏ ﻴﺮ ذﻟ ﻚ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻔ ﺎهﻴﻢ‪ ،‬و ﺑ ﺮزت ﻧﻤ ﺎذج ﺣﺪیﺜ ﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴ ﻢ واﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻢ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﺠﺪی ﺪة وﺹ ﺎر دور اﻟﻤﻌﻠ ﻢ واﻟﻤ ﺪرب ﻣﺠ ﺮد ﻣ ﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓ ﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘﺤ ﺼﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ‪ ،‬ﺕﻨ ﺎﻗﺶ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺕ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺕﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺪراﺳﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬

‫آﺎﻧﺖ وﺳﻮف ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻤﻼ ﻣﻬ ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﺆﺛﺮا ﻓﻲ ﻧﺠﺎح اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤ ﻴ ﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺎﻟ ﻘ ﺪرة‬

‫اﻻﺳﺘﻴ ﻌ ﺎﺑ ﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﻤ ﻴ ﻦ واﻧ ﺘ ﺸ ﺎر اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ ﻳ ﺰداد ﺑﺸ ﻜ ﻞ‬ ‫اﺿﻄﺮادي‪ ،‬وﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗ ﻮﻓ ﻴ ﺮ ﺑ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ ﺗ ﻌ ﻠ ﻴ ﻢ ﻓ ّﻌ ﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻳﺤﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ وﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺴﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ و ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ دور اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺄآﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وهﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺴ ﺎؤﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ أهﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫•‬

‫هﻞ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ وﻟﻤﺎذا ؟‬

‫•‬

‫ﻣﺎ هﻲ ﺁﺛﺎر اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ وﺿﻌﻪ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ؟‬

‫•‬

‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻴﻔﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻢ وهﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻘﻴ ﻤ ﺔ‬ ‫هﻲ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ؟‬

‫رﻏﻢ أن هﺬﻩ اﻷﺳﺌﻠ ﺔ ﻗ ﺪ ﺗ ﺒ ﺪو ﻏ ﺮﻳ ﺒ ﺔ وان اﻹﺟ ﺎﺑ ﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻧ ﻪ ﺛ ﻤ ﺔ ﺁراء أﺧ ﺮى ﺗ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ‬

‫واﻟﻴﻮم ﺗﺠﺪ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ -‬وآﻠﻴﺎت وﻣﻌﺎه ﺪ و ﻣ ﺮاآ ﺰ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻘﺮارات اﻹﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻬﺎ إﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺗ ﻘ ﺪم‬

‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺒﺮة ﻟﺪﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺟ ﺰءا ﻣ ﻬ ﻤ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻬﻤﺎ آ ﺎﻧ ﺖ اﻷﺳ ﺒ ﺎب‬

‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺒﺮز ﺗﺴﺎؤل ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﻤﺎ إذا آﺎن اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻪ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺮﻗﻰ إﻟ ﻰ‬

‫وﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ هﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌ ﻠ ﻖ ﺑ ﻮﺟ ﻬ ﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت ﻓ ﻤ ﻨ ﺬ ﻋ ﺪة ﻋ ﻘ ﻮد ﺗ ﻮﻟ ﺪت ﻟ ﺪى‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﻴﺎل اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌ ﻠ ﻴ ﻢ‪ ،‬وﻧ ﺠ ﺪ أن‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻗﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﺒ ﻘ ﺎء واﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﺎة إﻻ‬

‫آﺎﻓﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨ ﻴ ﺔ ه ﻲ ذﺣ ﺮآ ﺔ ) أو ﻣ ﻴ ﻜ ﻨ ﺔ(‬

‫إذا اﺣﺘﻀﻨﺖ وﺗﺒﻨﺖ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ آﺠﺰء ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻨ ﺎﻋ ﻴ ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪ -‬ﻓﻘﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﻴﺐ ﻟﻤﻌﺪات ﺣﺴﺎﺑ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫او ﺑﺪﻳﻼ ﻟﻶﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻻدارﻳﻪ‪ ،‬وﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻵن ﺗ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻘﺮاءة ﻧﺎدرة و ذﻟﻚ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻨﺎس اﻟ ﺬﻳ ﻦ ﻳ ﺘ ﻠ ﻘ ﻮن‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻨﺼﺎت ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻩ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ واﻟﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﻟﻴﻜﻮن اﻹﻧﺴ ﺎن آ ﻔ ﺆ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻘ ﺮاءة‬

‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻄﻼب‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

‫واﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺳﺎهﻤﺖ ﻣﺠﻬﻮدات أوﻟﺌﻚ ﺑﺸﻜ ﻞ آ ﺒ ﻴ ﺮ‬

‫ﻳ ﺘ ﻄ ﻮر ﺑ ﺎﺳ ﺘ ﻤ ﺮار‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻤ ﺜ ﻼ ﻳ ﺘ ﻠ ﻘ ﻰ ﻃ ﻼب ﻋ ﻠ ﻢ اﻟ ﺘ ﺸ ﺮﻳ ﺢ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ رﻏﻢ أﻧﻬﺎ آﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺔ وﻷن ﻧ ﻘ ﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮات وﻳﻘﺮؤن اﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت أو اﻟﻨﺒ ﺎﺗ ﺎت‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ آﺎن ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺎ وﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﻧ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﻬ ﺎ‬

‫وﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﻣﺤﻀﻮﺿﻴﻦ إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺟﺜﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺘ ﺸ ﺮﻳ ﺢ‬

‫اﻟﻴﻮم ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﺁﻧﺬاك‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﺄآﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ه ﺎﻣ ﺘ ﻴ ﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﺎﺳ ﻮب ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ ﻟ ﻠ ﻄ ﻼب ﺗﺸ ﺮﻳ ﺢ‬

‫وهﻤﺎ‪ :‬اوﻻ‪ ،‬أدى اﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ واﻟ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮم ﻟ ﺒ ﺰوغ اﻟ ﺜ ﻮرة‬

‫وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي واﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳ ﻦ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ إﺟ ﺮاءات اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻤﺖ اﻟﻌﺎﻟ ﻢ ﺑﺸ ﻜ ﻞ ﺗ ﺪرﻳ ﺠ ﻲ‪ .‬ﺛ ﺎﻧ ﻴ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷ ﺠ ﻊ‬

‫اﻟﺠﺮاﺣﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻤﻌﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮاﺋﺢ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺮة ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ‬

‫ﻇﻬﻮر اﻵﻟﺔ اﻟﺒﺨﺎرﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺸﺄة اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ وآﺎن ﺑ ﺪاﻳ ﺔ‬

‫أو اﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ هﻴﺌﺔ ﺻﻮر ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻄﻼب‬

‫ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت واﻷﺟ ﻬ ﺰة ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ اﻟ ﻬ ﺎﺗ ﻒ و اﻟ ﺘ ﻠ ﻐ ﺮاف‬

‫وﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﺷﺮاﺋﺢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﺎآ ﻨ ﻪ وﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ‬

‫واﻟﻤﺤﺮآﺎت اﻟﻜ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﻴ ﺔ واﻟ ﻤ ﺼ ﺎﺑ ﻴ ﺢ اﻟ ﻜ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﻴ ﺔ واﻟﺴ ﻴ ﺎرات‬

‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﺨﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب‪ .‬وﻳﺘﻴﺢ اﻟﺘﻌ ﻠ ﻢ‬

‫واﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات وأﺟﻬﺰة اﻹذاﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﻋﺔ واﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻬ ﻢ‬

‫ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ Distance Learning‬ﻟﻠ ﻄ ﻼب ﻣﺸ ﺎه ﺪة أﻋ ﻤ ﺎل‬

‫هﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ أن ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﺣﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺗﺸ ﻜ ﻴ ﻞ وﻇ ﺎﺋ ﻒ‬

‫ﺣﻴﺔ وﻷول ﻣﺮة واﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬وان ﻳﺴﺘﻤﻌ ﻮا‬

‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺨ ﻄ ﻮط اﻹﻧ ﺘ ﺎج ﺻ ﻤ ﻤ ﺖ‬

‫إﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮات ﻷﺳ ﺎﺗ ﺬة ﺣ ﺎﺋ ﺰﻳ ﻦ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺟ ﺎﺋ ﺰة ﻧ ﻮﺑ ﻞ وه ﻢ‬

‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ إذ أن ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﻘﺮار آ ﺎﻧ ﺖ ﺑ ﻴ ﺪ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻟﺴﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼﻮﻟﻬ ﻢ ‪ .‬وﻧ ﻈ ﺮا ﻷن اﻟ ﻌ ﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺠ ﺎﻣ ﻌ ﺎت‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻹدارة وه ﻢ ذوي اﻟ ﻤ ﺆه ﻼت اﻟ ﻌ ﻠ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫ﺻﺎرت ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮات اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜ ﺔ اﻻﻧ ﺘ ﺮﻧ ﺖ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﺨﺪم أﺳﻠﻮب اﻹدارة اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻲ )ﻣﻦ أﻋﻠﻰ إﻟﻰ أﺳﻔ ﻞ(‬

‫ﻓﺎن اﻟﻄﻼب ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺒﻮن اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ وﺟﻬﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﻮﺿ ﻮع‬

‫‪ ،‬وهﺬا ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻮاﺿﻊ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ اﻟﺤ ﺎﻟ ﻲ ﻷﻧ ﻪ ﺻ ﻤ ﻢ‬

‫ﻣﺎ وﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ أﻳﻀﺎ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻜ ﺘ ﺮوﻧ ﻲ ﻣ ﻊ اﻟ ﻌ ﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫ﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم أﺳﻠ ﻮب اﻹدارة اﻟ ﻬ ﺮﻣ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮاﺋﻬﻢ اﻟﻄﻼب واﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺮع ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ اﻟﻤﻨﺸ ﻮرات‬

‫وإﻋﺪاد اﻟﻤﻨﺎهﺞ اﻟﺪراﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ وﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﺣﻪ أن‬

‫اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬا ﻓﺈن أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﻢ ﺗ ﻜ ﻤ ﻦ‬

‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻃﻮر اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷدوات اﻟﻤ ﺴ ﺎﻧ ﺪة ﻟ ﻠ ﺠ ﺴ ﻢ اﻟ ﺒ ﺸ ﺮي‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻢ اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ واﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﺰاﻳ ﺪ ﻋ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﻴ ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻔ ﻲ آ ﻞ‬

‫وﻋﻘﻠﻪ اﻳﻀ ﺎ‪ ،‬وان اﻹﻧﺴ ﺎن وأدواﺗ ﻪ ه ﻲ ﻣ ﺎ ﺟ ﻌ ﻞ اﻟ ﻘ ﺮاءة‬

‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت ﻳﻮﺟﺪ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر داﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻳ ﺘ ﻄ ﻠ ﺐ إﻣ ﻜ ﺎﻧ ﻴ ﺎت‬

‫واﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ وإﺟﺮاء اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎت اﻟ ﺮﻳ ﺎﺿ ﻴ ﺔ وأﻗ ﻤ ﺎر اﻻﺗﺼ ﺎﻻت‬

‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﻳﺼﺎﻟﻬﺎ أو ﺑﺜﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻔﻴﺪة‪.‬‬

‫وأﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب اﻟ ﺬآ ﻴ ﺔ أﺷ ﻴ ﺎء ﻣ ﻤ ﻜ ﻨ ﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻳ ﻌ ﺘ ﻤ ﺪ ﻋﺼ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻌ ﻠ ﻢ واﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﺪﻋ ﻮﻣ ﺎ‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺑﺪأ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﻓ ﻬ ﻢ اﻟ ﻤ ﺎدة واﻟ ﺬرة‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄ ﺔ ﺑ ﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣ ﺘ ﻰ‬

‫وأدى اﻟﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ اﻟ ﺒ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﺤ ﺘ ﻴ ﺔ و ﻇ ﻬ ﻮر‬

‫اﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻟﻘﻮل إن هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺎت ه ﻲ ﻋ ﻮن اﻟ ﻌ ﻘ ﻞ اﻟ ﺒ ﺸ ﺮي‬

‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻞ ﺑ ﺘ ﺼ ﻨ ﻴ ﻊ و ﺗ ﻮزﻳ ﻊ اﻟ ﻤ ﺼ ﻨ ﻮﻋ ﺎت‬

‫وهﺬﻩ اﻷدوات هﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎ اﻟﻴﻮم‪.‬‬

‫آﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎرات واﻟﻤﺤﺮآﺎت اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﺜﻼﺟ ﺎت واﻟ ﻜ ﺘ ﺐ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮرق واﻟﺤﺒﺮ‪ .‬و ﺗﺮآﺰ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﻓ ﻲ ﻋﺼ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻤﺜ ﻠ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ أرﻗ ﺎم ﺛ ﻨ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ ‪Bits‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ إﺣ ﺪاث‬

‫وﺗﺘ ﻀ ﻤ ﻦ اﻟ ﺒ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﺤ ﺘ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﻄ ﺮق اﻟﺴ ﺮﻳ ﻌ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت‬

‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪو أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻴ ﺔ‬

‫واﻟﺤﻮاﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗ ﺨ ﺰﻳ ﻦ وﻣ ﻌ ﺎﻟ ﺠ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت‬

‫وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺟﺬري ﻓ ﺎﻟ ﺒ ﻌ ﺾ ﻳ ﻌ ﺘ ﻘ ﺪ ان ﻋﺼ ﺮ‬

‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت )ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺎت‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪأ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺰوال وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠ ﺎﻣ ﻌ ﺎت ﺗ ﺒ ﻨ ﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺬآﺎء اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ(‪.‬‬

‫أﺳﻠﻮب أآﺜﺮ ﻗﺮﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺘﺠﺎري ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﻴ ﻢ واﻹﻳ ﻔ ﺎء‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري رﻗﻤﻨﺔ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻓﻲ دور ﻋﻀﻮ هﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﺪریﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ اﻧﻪ ﻧ ﺘ ﻴ ﺠ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﺰﻳ ﺎدة ﻓ ﻲ إﻋ ﺪاد‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻼب ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟ ﺘ ﻜ ﻴ ﻒ ﻣ ﻊ ه ﺬا اﻟ ﻮﺿ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳ ﺪ‪ ،‬وﻳ ﻌ ﺘ ﻘ ﺪ اﻟ ﺒ ﻌ ﺾ اﻵﺧ ﺮ اﻧ ﻪ ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ إﻟ ﻐ ﺎء اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻢ‬ ‫)اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ( ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺪراﺳﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ هﻮ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻄ ﻼب إذ اﻧ ﻪ ﺑ ﻤ ﺠ ﺮد اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺮة واﺣﺪة ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺼ ﺒ ﺢ ﻣ ﺘ ﺎﺣ ﺔ ﻷي ﺷ ﺨ ﺺ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﺤﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻳﻘﻞ اﻟﺤﻀﻮر ﺑﺎﻟﻔ ﺼ ﻮل اﻟ ﺪراﺳ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫وﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻟﻘﺎء اﻟﻄﻼب ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴ ﺎﺋ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻣﻀﺔ او ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺔ وﺗﺘ ﻄ ﻠ ﺐ ﺣ ﻼ ﺁﻧ ﻴ ﺎ‪ ،‬وﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺘ ﺎﻟ ﻲ ﻓ ﺈن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻼب او اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﻤ ﻴ ﻦ ‪ ،‬وذﻟ ﻚ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ واﺣﺘﻀﺎن اﻵﻻف ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻄ ﻼب‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ واﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ أرﺑ ﺎح ﻣ ﺎدﻳ ﺔ اآ ﺒ ﺮ‪ .‬وﻳﻀ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ أن زﻳﺎدة اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟ ﻪ اﺛ ﺮ ﺳ ﻠ ﺒ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ وﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺠ ﺎﻣ ﻌ ﺎت ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﻐ ﻴ ﻴ ﺮ اﺳ ﺘ ﺠ ﺎﺑ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﺿ ﺮورات‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ واﻟﺘ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﺎﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﻬ ﻠ ﻜ ﻴ ﻦ )اﻟ ﻄ ﻼب‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ( ودﻣﺞ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺒ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ اﻷﺳ ﺎﺳ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻄﻼب دراﺳﺔ وﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎج ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴ ﺔ‪ .‬وﺑ ﻨ ﺎء ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ذﻟ ﻚ ﻳ ﺘ ﺤ ﺮر اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻤ ﻮن ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﺎﺷﻴﺮ)أو اﻟﻘﻠﻢ( واﻟﺴﺒﻮرة وﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﺬل وﻗﺖ اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ ﻣ ﻊ‬ ‫أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﻄﻼب اﻟﺬﻳﻦ هﻢ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة و ﺗ ﺪرﻳ ﺲ ﻓ ﺮدي‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ او ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻹرﺷﺎد ﻋﻦ ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ ‪ tele tutoring‬إذ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺪم اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺪ ﻟﻠﻄﻼب اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺎدة ﻋﻠﻤ ﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻌ ﻴ ﻨ ﺔ‬ ‫أو ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺎت ﻋﻠﻤﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ .‬وﻧﻈﺮا ﻟ ﻌ ﺪم ﻗ ﺪرة آ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﺳ ﺎﺗ ﺬة واﻟ ﻤ ﻮﻇ ﻔ ﻴ ﻦ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﺪریﺲ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺳ ﺘ ﺤ ﺪث ﺑ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺎت اﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﻴ ﻢ‬

‫أرادت اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻣﺮآﺒﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮرة ﺑﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﻐ ﺮاﻓ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ آﻤﺎ ﺗﺨﻴﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﻜ ﺘ ﺎب ﻣ ﺆﺷ ﺮا ﻟ ﺘ ﺤ ﻮل ﻗ ﺎس‬

‫ﻣﻌﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﺈن ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻳﺠﻠﺐ ﻟ ﻨ ﺎ ﻣ ﻔ ﺎه ﻴ ﻢ ﺟ ﺪﻳ ﺪة ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ورﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﺪل اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺪراﺳﻲ اﻟﺘ ﻘ ﻠ ﻴ ﺪي اﻟ ﺬي اﻋ ﺘ ﺪﻧ ﺎ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ tele working‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳ ﻌ ﻴ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﻇ ﻒ ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻰ ﺗﺒﺎدل ﻟﻸﻓﻜﺎر واﻟﻤﻌﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت ﺑﺸ ﻜ ﻞ ﻣ ﺨ ﺘ ﻠ ﻒ واﻟ ﺬي‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬وﻳﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺎت ﻟ ﻔ ﺘ ﺮة زﻣ ﻨ ﻴ ﻪ‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻂ ‪ ، online‬وهﺬا ﻻ ﻳ ﻌ ﻨ ﻲ‬

‫آﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻹﺗﻤﺎم اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻬﺎم اﻟﻤﻨﺎط ﺑ ﻬ ﻢ ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ إﻧ ﺘ ﺎج اﻟ ﻤ ﺎدة‬

‫أن اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب ﻳﻬﺪد ﺑﺈزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت ﺗ ﺤ ﻔ ﺰ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺮر ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ هﻴﺌﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﺪرﻳ ﺲ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ أﺳ ﺎس‬

‫اﻹﺑﺪاع وﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻢ راض ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴ ﻪ‪ .‬وﻣ ﻦ ﻧ ﺎﺣ ﻴ ﺔ أﺧ ﺮى‬

‫اﻟﺪﻋﻢ ‪support‬وﻟﻴﺲ ﻟ ﻺﻟ ﻘ ﺎء اﻟ ﻤ ﺤ ﺎﺿ ﺮات أي ﻣ ﻴ ﺴ ﺮا‬

‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﻜﻢ اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻄﻼب اﻗﻞ ﻗﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﻔﻜﺮة‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻣ ﻘ ﺪم ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﺎدة اﻟ ﻌ ﻠ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺘ ﺎﻟ ﻲ ﺗ ﺘ ﻤ ﺘ ﻊ‬

‫ن اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ هﻮ اﻟﺨﺒﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ اﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻤ ﻴ ﻦ‬

‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﺑﻤﺰاﻳﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ واﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ذات اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻹﻳﻘﺎف ﺳﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت أﻣﺎم اﻟﻄﻼب وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟ ﻲ ﺗﺼ ﻴ ﺮ ﻋ ﻼﻗ ﺔ‬

‫وﺑﺪون اﻧﺘﻬﺎج اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺘﻌﺎوﻧﻲ ﺳ ﻴ ﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺼ ﻌ ﺐ ﺣ ﻞ‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وﺳﻮف ﻳﺴ ﺘ ﻔ ﻴ ﺪ اﻟ ﻄ ﻼب ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﺿﻤﺤﻼل اﻟﻤﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻜ ﺘ ﺒ ﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﻜ ﺘ ﺒ ﺔ ه ﻲ إﺣ ﺪى‬

‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻣﻦ " ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎت" اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ أآﺜﺮ ﺣﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺸ ﺘ ﺮآ ﺔ‪،‬‬

‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻄﻼب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ وﺻﻼت )ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت(‬

‫وﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرات اﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﺤ ﻮاﺳ ﻴ ﺐ وﻣ ﻠ ﺤ ﻘ ﺎﺗ ﻬ ﺎ‬

‫ذات ﺻﻮر ﻳﻤﻜﻦ رؤﻳﺘﻬﺎ وﺗﺬآﺮهﺎ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧ ﺖ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ -‬اﻟﻬ ﺮوب ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺘ ﻐ ﻴ ﻴ ﺮ وﺧ ﺎﺻ ﺔ اذا ﻣ ﺎ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ دورﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺔ ﺷ ﻔ ﻮﻳ ﺎ ﻳ ﻘ ﺪم‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮات أآﺜﺮ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺤﻔ ﺰ اﻟ ﺬاآ ﺮة‬

‫اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻀ ﻴ ﻒ ﻋ ﺒ ﺌ ﺎ ﺁﺧ ﺮ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﻌ ﻨ ﺼ ﺮ‬

‫وﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮي ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬ ﻮ اﻟ ﺬي ﻳ ﺤ ﺪد اﻟ ﻬ ﺪف اﻟ ﻌ ﺎم واﻷه ﺪاف‬

‫وﻣﻦ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻹدارة واﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌ ﻴ ﺔ ﻳ ﻌ ﺘ ﻘ ﺪ ﺑ ﻌ ﺾ‬

‫اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ وﻳﺤﺪد ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﻣﺘﻪ وهﺬا اﻟﺪور ﻻ ﻏﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﻪ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ أن اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت ﺳﻮف ﺗﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﺴﻴﻄ ﺮة ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﻣ ﺤ ﺘ ﻮﻳ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎهﺞ اﻟﺪراﺳﻴﺔ وأﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳ ﺲ آ ﻠ ﻤ ﺎ زادت اﺳ ﺘ ﻘ ﻼﻟ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫وﻳﻮاﺟﻪ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺗﺜﻘﻴﻒ وﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻷن ﻳﻜﻮﻧ ﻮا أﻋﻀ ﺎء‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ وﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻟﻬﺬا آﺒﻴﺮ اﻷﺛﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﻒ اﻟﺬآﺮ واﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺤ ﻮاﺳ ﻴ ﺐ‬

‫اﻟﺬآﺎء اﻻﺹﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬

‫واﻟﻨﺎس واﻵﻻت اﻟﻤﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬وهﺬﻩ ﻟ ﻴ ﺴ ﺖ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﻬ ﻤ ﺔ اﻟﺴ ﻬ ﻠ ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻮاﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب اﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺣ ﻮاﺳ ﻴ ﺐ ﺗ ﻜ ﻮن أآ ﺜ ﺮ‬

‫وﻟﻠﺬآﺎء اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ وﺟﻪ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺳﻴﻜ ﻮن ﻟ ﻪ ﺗ ﺄﺛ ﻴ ﺮ آ ﺒ ﻴ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫ذآﺎء‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ أن ﻗ ﺪرﺗ ﻬ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻧ ﺠ ﺎز أﻋ ﻤ ﺎل ﺗ ﺘ ﻄ ﻠ ﺐ ذآ ﺎء‬

‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ اﻷﺻﻮات ﻓﻘﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺼﻮت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺳ ﻊ‬

‫وﺳﻴﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻣﻦ إﻳﺠﺎد ﺣﻠﻮل ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﺒ ﻴ ﺮ ﻋ ﻦ‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ وﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨ ﺪام اﻟﺼ ﻮت ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺗﻼﺋﻢ ﻗﺪرات ﻓﻬﻢ اﻟﺤ ﺎﺳ ﻮب ‪ ،‬وﺳ ﺘ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻘﺮاءة واﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ أﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫واﺟﻬﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب واﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗﺴ ﻬ ﻴ ﻞ ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ وﺳﻮف ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم واﺟﻬﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎل هﺬﻩ ﻧﺘﺎﺋ ﺞ اﻟ ﺘ ﻄ ﻮر‬

‫اﺣﺪ اﻷﻣﻮر اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺬآﺎء اﻻﺻﻄﻨ ﺎﻋ ﻲ‪ .‬وﺗ ﻮﺟ ﺪ اﻟ ﻴ ﻮم اﻵﻻف‬

‫هﻮ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻟﻌﻤﺮي ‪ half life‬ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮض‬

‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺨﺒﻴﺮة ذات اﻻﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام اﻟ ﻴ ﻮﻣ ﻲ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻌ ﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫أن ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ وﻣ ﻬ ﺎرات ﻟ ﻴ ﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﺆه ﻼ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻄﺐ واﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء واﻟ ﺮﻳ ﺎﺿ ﻴ ﺎت واﻟ ﺠ ﻴ ﻮﻟ ﻮﺟ ﻴ ﺎ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮض أن ه ﺬا اﻟﺸ ﺨ ﺺ ﻟ ﻢ ﻳ ﺘ ﺤ ﺼ ﻞ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ أﻳ ﺔ‬

‫وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎرف ﺟﺪﻳﺪة أو ﻣﻬﺎرات ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﺳﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﺮق ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻌﺪ آﻢ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻳﻜﻮن هﺬا اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﺼ ﻒ آ ﻔ ﺆ؟ ﻟ ﻘ ﺪ‬

‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن واﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب واﻟﻤﻌ ﺪات اﻟ ﻤ ﺤ ﻮﺳ ﺒ ﺔ ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ اﻟ ﻘ ﻦ اﻵﻟ ﻲ‬

‫أﺿﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑ ﻌ ﺪا ﺁﺧ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺼ ﻮرة وه ﻲ‬

‫‪ robot‬واﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ اﻵﻟﻴﺔ وﺳ ﻮف ﻳ ﺘ ﻄ ﻠ ﺐ ذﻟ ﻚ ﻣ ﻦ اﻹﻧﺴ ﺎن‬

‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ آﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ و آﺬﻟﻚ أﺳ ﻠ ﻮب اﻟ ﺘ ﺪرﻳ ﺲ ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة وﺧﺒﺮة ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﻀﻮا ﻓﺎﻋﻼ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ‪،‬‬

‫آﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت وﻓﻲ آﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ‪.‬‬

‫وﺳﻮف ﺗﺴ ﺘ ﻤ ﺮ ﻗ ﺪرات آ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﺳ ﻮب واﻵﻻت ذاﺗ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎهﻴﻢ و اﻷﺳﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺣﻤﻮد ﻣﺤﻤﺪ أل زﻳﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم "اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ" ﺑ ﺪأ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻬ ﻮر‪ ،‬ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫أواﺥ ﺮ ﺳ ﻨﺔ ‪ ،1995‬ﺣﻴ ﻦ ﺑ ﺪأت هﻴﺌ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮی ﺪ اﻟﻤﺮآ ﺰي ﻓ ﻲ وﻻی ﺔ ﻓﻠﻮری ﺪا‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺮیﻜﻴ ﺔ ﺕﻄﺒﻴﻘ ﻪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ إدارﺕﻬ ﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴ ﻼد اﻟﺮﺳ ﻤﻲ واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳ ﻲ ﻟﻬ ﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﻬ ﻮم آ ﺎن ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺆﺕﻤ ﺮ ﻧﺎﺑﻮﻟ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺈیﻄﺎﻟﻴ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻲ ﺵ ﻬﺮ ﻣ ﺎرس ﻣ ﻦ ﺳ ﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪.2001‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺣﻠﻮل اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺤﺎدي واﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬أدى اﻻﺗﺴﺎع ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺒﻮق ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ ،‬اﺧﺘﺮاﻋًﺎ واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎً‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺴﺎرع ﻣﻦ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ﻣﻈﺎهﺮ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺮوز ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت وﻣﻔﺎهﻴﻢ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺟﺰ ًء ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺑﺮزت ﻣﻔﺎهﻴﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ واﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﻨﻘﻮد‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‪ :‬اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ واﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ وﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت أُﺧﺮى ﻋﺪﻳﺪة ﻻ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻟﺬآﺮهﺎ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ أدى آﻞ ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ ﻇﻬﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ ،‬وﺗﺒﻠﻮر ﻣﻬﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ وﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻮ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﺰودو اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ وﻣﻄﻮرو اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ .‬وﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮًا رﺋﻴﺴﻴًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ وﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺘﻬﺎ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺪرًا ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻨﻮن‬ ‫واﻟﺸﺮآﺎت ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري أن ﻳﺘﻌﺮف‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮن ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت إﻟﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وأهﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ واﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻮاﺣﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬا ﺗﺮآﺰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪورة ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺬي ﺑﻠﻐﺘﻪ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ هﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺪان ‪ .‬وﻳﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪورة اﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ واﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻳﺸﺎرك اﻟﻤﺘﺪرﺑﻮن ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺪورة ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻳﻘﻔﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﺮد ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺕﻌﺮیﻒ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ اﻟﻔﻌﺎل ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻹدارﻳﺔ اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ویﻬﺪف ﺕﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫• ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ )ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ – ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ )‪G2G‬‬ ‫• رﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى رﺿﺎ اﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻦ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪم ﻟﻪ‬ ‫)ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ – ﻣﻮاﻃﻦ )‪G2C‬‬ ‫• ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪة ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي )ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ – أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫)‪G2B‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﺕﻄﻮیﺮ أم ﺕﻘﻨﻴﺔ ؟‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺕﻄﻮیﺮیﺔ ﺕﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻌﺪیﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻹداریﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫• أداة ﻣﻦ أدوات اﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻹداري‪ ،‬اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫• ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻣﺤﻔﺰ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫• وﺳﻴﻠﺔ ‪ /‬ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻷداء اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ أآﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ وآﻔﺎءة‬ ‫• ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت واﻷﺟﻬﺰة ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﻻهﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻮر اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ دون ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻹداریﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﺸﺮیﺔ‪ ،‬یﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺕﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺸﺎریﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫• رﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة واﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت واﻹﺟﺮاءات داﺧﻞ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ) )‪HW / SW‬إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮة‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬یﻤﻜﻦ ﺕﺄﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎ وﺕﻄﻮیﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺎ یﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﺕﻴـــــــﺢ اﻟﻨﺠـــــــــﺎح‬ ‫‪ .1‬دﻋﻢ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺕﺒﺴﻴﻂ اﻹﺝﺮاءات‬ ‫‪ .3‬آﻔﺎءة اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ .4‬إدارة اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﺕﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ .6‬إدارة اﻟﻤﺸﺎریﻊ‬ ‫‪ .1‬دﻋﻢ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة‬ ‫• اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‬ ‫• دﻋﻢ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻬﺎت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫• اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ) ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪهﻢ‪ ،‬آﺴﺐ ﺛﻘﺘﻬﻢ(‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا؟ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﻮذهﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺬﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﺼﻌﺎب‪ ،‬وآﺴﺐ دﻋﻤﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎدات اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺕﺒﺴﻴﻂ اﻹﺝﺮاءات‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ اﻹﺟﺮاءات داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ) ‪Business‬‬ ‫)‪Processes‬ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮق ﻋﻤﻞ إﻋﺎدة هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻹﺟﺮاءات‬ ‫ﺟﻬﻮد ذاﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺸﺎري‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻬﺪ اﻹدارة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ‪TQM‬‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ) ‪Business‬‬ ‫)‪Best Practices‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬آﻔﺎءة اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ )ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺥﺎﺹﺔ(‪:‬‬ ‫ﺟﻮدة وﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ واﻟﺘﺸﺮیﻌﺎت و أﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪم ﺛﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫إﺣﺠﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ .4‬إدارة اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ :‬اﻟﺨﻮف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺨﻮف ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﺪ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎهﻴﻢ اﻟﺨﺎﻃﺌﺔ‪..‬‬ ‫• ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ )اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ(‬ ‫• اﻟﺸﺮاآﺔ ﻣﻊ إدارة اﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻹداري ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫• اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺟﻤﻴﻊ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل واﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ‬ ‫• اﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ واﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ واﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ وآﺴﺐ اﻟﺜﻘﺔ‬ ‫• ﻧﺸﺮ اﻟﻮﻋﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬ ‫• ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪة )اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ(‬ ‫• ﻗﺮار إداري )ﻧﻔﻮذ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة(‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﺕﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺕﻜﺎﻣﻞ و ﺕﺮاﺑﻂ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺕﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺕﻘﺎریﺮ ﻣﺘﺨﺬي اﻟﻘﺮار‬ ‫‪ .6‬إدارة اﻟﻤﺸﺎریﻊ ‪Project Management‬‬ ‫• ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻹدارة اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ) ‪Project‬‬ ‫)‪Organization‬‬ ‫• اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺁﻟﻴﺔ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ) ‪Communication‬‬ ‫)‪Plan‬‬ ‫• اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻮاﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ واﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫) )‪Implementation Methodology‬‬ ‫• ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺆﺷﺮات أداء ))‪ KPI‬وأدوات ﻗﻴﺎس واﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫• ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺎت‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮار‬ ‫• اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ) )‪Ownership‬وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻷدوار‬ ‫• اﺳﺘﻄﻼع ﺁراء اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ وإﺷﺮاآﻬﻢ وإﻋﻄﺎﺋﻬﻢ اﻟﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫))‪ Credit‬وآﺴﺐ ﺛﻘﺘﻬﻢ‬ ‫أهﻢ اﻟﻌﻮاﺋﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺕﻮاﺝﻪ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ اﺳﺘﻤﺮار أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ دون ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ‪.‬‬‫ ﻧﻘﺺ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ‪.‬‬‫ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪.‬‬‫ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼرﺗﻘﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬‫ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻧﺴﺐ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﻴﻔﻮن اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ و اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل ﻋﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ و آﻔﺎءة اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ اﻷﻓﺮاد ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬‫اﻟﺮآﺎﺋﺰ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺠﺎح اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪.‬‬‫ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة واﻟﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬‫ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ دورة اﻟﻌﻤﻞ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬‫ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة ﻟﻠﻜﻮادر اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻄﻮیﺮ اﻹداري واﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺰیﺔ واﻟﻼﻣﺮآﺰیﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫• وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻹدارة ) اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ – اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ – اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ –‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ( ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻼ أﺳﺎﺳﻴًﺎ وﻣﻬﻤًﺎ ﻷداء‬ ‫• ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﺎﻣ ً‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻬﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة وﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫• وﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة واﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﺮوع ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة وﻣ ﻨ ﺘ ﺸ ﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق ﺟ ﻐ ﺮاﻓ ﻲ واﺳ ﻊ ﻣ ﻤ ﺜ ﻠ ﺔ ﺑ ﺈدارة ﻣ ﺮآ ﺰﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﺤﻠﻴﺎت ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ اآﺜﺮ وأهﻢ ﻟ ﺘ ﻄ ﺒ ﻴ ﻖ اﻟ ﺤ ﻜ ﻮﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم واﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺎت واﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎت واﻷدوار ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮع وﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وآﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮع وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ وأوﻟﻮﻳﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮار ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮار ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺁﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ واﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺹﺮ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮم ﻓﻜﺮة اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ رآﺎﺋﺰ أرﺑﻌﺔ‪-:‬‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ آﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺒﺎدﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ واﺣﺪ هﻮ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﺸﺎط أﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺑﻔﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﺪواﺋﺮ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺗﺼﺎل داﺋﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر )‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻮم ‪ 7‬أﻳﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺒﻮع ‪ 365‬ﻳﻮم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ آﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺨﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﻃﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ وﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺮﺑﻂ واﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ واﻷداء‬ ‫واﻻﻧﺠﺎز ﺑﻴﻦ دواﺋﺮ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ذاﺗﻬﺎ وﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ وﻓﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق ﻓﻲ آﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﻮاﺋﺪ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ذات‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎري‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮى وﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫وأﻳﺎ آﺎن اﻻﻧﺠﺎز وﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎن ﺛﻤﺔ أوﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪-:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ– ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﺠﻼت اﻷﺣﻮال‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ – ﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻻآﺎدﻳﻤﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ واﻷﻣﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺆون اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮاﻃﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ووﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺪﻓﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻮﻗﺎت واﻟﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫• اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ واﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮارﻳﺔ‬ ‫• اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ واﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﺣﻮاﻓﺰ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫• ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻹدارة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫• ﻋﺪم وﺿﻮح اﻟﺮوﻳﺔ واﻟﻬﺪف‬ ‫• ﻋﺪم وﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﻂ إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻹﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫• ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﺗﻮﻋﻴﺔ أو ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ‬ ‫• ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﺑﻴﻦ اﻹدارات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫• دﻋﻢ اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫• اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ واﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫• وﺟﻮد ﺣﻮاﻓﺰ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫• ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ وﺿﻮح اﻟﺮوﻳﺔ واﻟﻬﺪف‬ ‫• وﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﻂ إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻹﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫• اﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﺑﻴﻦ اﻹدارات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫• ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ إدارة اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫• إﻋﺪاد ﻧﺪوات وﺣﻤﻼت ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ وﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮات‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﺑﺪء ﺻﻐﻴﺮ وﺳﻮف ﺗﺼﻞ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬

‫ﺗﺮﻗﺒﻮا ﺑﺤﺜﺎ آﺎﻣﻼ و ﻣﻔﺼﻼ ﻳﻨﺸﺮ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮرﺗﻪ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺕﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺕﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻤﺲ وﺕﻬﺪد ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺎوس‬ ‫آﺎن داﺋﻤﺎ ﺟﺰءا ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺰأ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻮﻣﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪى ذاآﺮة اﻟﻨﺎس‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ "اﻧﻘﺮ"‪،‬‬

‫و"اﻧﻘﺮ ﺛﻢ اﺳﺤﺐ"‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺟﺰءا‬ ‫" ‪ "Mouse‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺗﺐ وأﻣﺎآﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻮن "اﻟﻤﺎوس" اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺿﻊ هﺬا‬ ‫ﺑﺎت ﻣﻬﺪدا ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻤﺲ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﺮﻋﺖ اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﺮى اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ إﺑﺮازهﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻣﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮات‪ .‬وهﻲ ﺗﻌﺪ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اآﺒﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻜﻮﻣﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮات اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺮﺑﻊ اﻷول ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺬي أﺗﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﻪ هﻮ )‪ ،(TouchTable‬وهﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳﻮب ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻃﺎوﻟﺔ وﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻄﺎوﻟﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ هﻮ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ‬ ‫وهﻮ وﺳﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ وﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮد اﻟﻔﺄرة وﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ‬ ‫وإﻧﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺻﺎﺑﻌﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺠﻬﺎز ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺗﻪ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ‪ 22‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‪ ،‬و‪ 21‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻖ‪ ،‬و‪ 42‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮض )اﻟﺒﻮﺻﺔ ‪ 2.5‬ﺳﻢ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﻋﺮض ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ 30‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﺗﻘﻮل "ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ" إﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺸﺮات واﻟﻌﺸﺮات ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎت ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ واﺣﺪ وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺮﺟﻤﺘﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ أواﻣﺮ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف إﻟﻴﻬﺎ واﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﺴﺎت اﻻﺻﺎﺑﻊ واﻻﻳﺪي وﺣﺮآﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻻﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺎوﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب وﺳﺒﺮ اﻏﻮارهﺎ واﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ‪" ،‬آﻤﺎ اﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ اﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﺠﻮاﻟﺔ واﻟﻜﺎﻣﻴﺮات اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ وﻣﺸﻐﻼت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ وﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد وﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﺮوض‬ ‫هﻨﺎك‬ ‫‪ www.touchtable.com‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ آﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫وﺿﻊ آﺎﻣﻴﺮا ﻻ ﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻄﺎوﻟﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺈﻧﺰال‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬أو ﻣﺸﻐﻞ ‪ MP3‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻀﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت‪ ،‬وهﻨﺎك ﻋﺮض ﻟﻄﺎوﻟﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم آﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻃﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻌﻢ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم أن ﻳﺮى اﻟﻄﻌﺎم وﻳﻄﻠﺒﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫وﻣﻊ ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺬي ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 5‬و ‪ 10‬ﺁﻻف‬ ‫دوﻻر أآﺪت "ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ" ﻃﻠﺒﺎت ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻨﺎدق‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ وﺁﻻت ﻟﺒﻴﻊ اﻟﺘﺬاآﺮ واﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺎت‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﻨﻘﻮد واﻟﺤﺎﺟﻴﺎت وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﺪودًا‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻋﺪاد ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ آﻤﺎ هﻮ ﺣﺎل اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت داﺋﻤﺎً‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺮﻩ وﻳﺰداد إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ وﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺷﺮآﺎت أﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻨﺘﺠًﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮًا ﺑﺴﻌﺮ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﺴﻮق‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼآﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﻓﻲ وﺻﻒ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﺬي ﺑﺪأ ﻓﻌ ً‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺣﺘﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ ﺑﺄوﺻﺎف ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ”ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﻖ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻴﻞ أو ﺗﻘﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺠﺎوزت اﻟﺨﻴﺎل“ وهﻮ وﺻﻒ ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫دﻗﻴﻖ وﻻ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻧﻌﻢ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ ﺗﺠﺮأت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮح هﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﺑﺪأت أول ﺧﻄﻮة ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ وهﺬا ﻳﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﻔﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺠﺪهﻢ ﻳﻨﺒﻬﺮون ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺮون أو ﺑﻜﻞ ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺪﻗﻮن اﻵﻟﺔ اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻤﺤﻴﺺ وﺗﺪﻗﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻬﺮ اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ ﺳﺘﻘﺮؤون اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ أن ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ هﻲ‬ ‫أول ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ هﺬا أو ذاك‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﺮؤون ﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﺪ ﺟﻬﺎز ‪ iPhone‬ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮآﺔ ‪Apple‬‬ ‫وهﺬا أﻳﻀًﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮآﺔ ‪Apple‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫هﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﺷﺎت اﻟﻠﻤﺲ ﺗﻌﻮد إﻟﻰ اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎت ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮآﺔ ‪Intel‬اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻷآﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎت‬ ‫‪Processors‬اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫أﺣﺪث ﺕﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ) ﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮیﻨﻮ(‬

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‫‪Server's‬وﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪ Workstations‬إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎت اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻔﻴﺔ ‪ ،PDA's‬وﻗﺪ أﻋﻠﻨﺖ هﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺁﺧﺮ اﺑﺘﻜﺎراﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت أﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﺎءت اﻣﺘﺪادًا ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺳﻨﺘﺮﻳﻨﻮ‬ ‫‪Centrino‬وهﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ Centrino Duo mobile‬اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ وﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻷداء واﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺳﻨﺘﺮﻳﻨﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Hardware‬أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ داﺧﻞ أي آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﻮل ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ ‪ ، Processor‬رﻗﺎﻗﺔ‬

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‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴ ﺔ‪ .‬اﻟ ﺠ ﻬ ﺎز اﻟ ﺬي‬ ‫ﺳﺘ ﻘ ﺪﻣ ﻪ ﻣ ﺎﻳ ﻜ ﺮوﺳ ﻮﻓ ﺖ رﺳ ﻤ ﻴ ًﺎ ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﺮة‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﺗﻘﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ وﻻﻳﺔ آﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳ ﻴ ﻄ ﺮح ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻮاق ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‪ /‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ أن‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﺤ ﺪة ﺑ ﺎدئ اﻷﻣ ﺮ ﻗ ﺒ ﻞ إﻃ ﻼﻗ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴًﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ اﺳ ﻢ 'ﺳ ﻴ ﺮﻓ ﺲ' ‪Surface‬وﻗ ﺪ وﺿ ﻌ ﺖ ﺷ ﺎﺷ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز ﻓﻲ أﺳﻔﻞ ﻃﺎوﻟﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻃﺎوﻻت ﺗﻘﺪﻳ ﻢ اﻟ ﻘ ﻬ ﻮة‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻨﺼﺔ 'وﻳﻨﺪوز ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺎ' اﻟﺘﺸﻐ ﻴ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻊ‬ ‫ﺷ ﺎﺷ ﺔ ﺗ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ﺑ ﻄ ﺮﻳ ﻘ ﺔ اﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﺲ ﺑ ﻌ ﺮض ‪ 30‬أﻧﺸ ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وزودت اﻟﺸ ﺮآ ﺔ اﻟ ﺠ ﻬ ﺎز ﺑ ﺨ ﻤ ﺲ آ ﺎﻣ ﻴ ﺮات دﻗ ﻴ ﻘ ﺔ ﺗ ﺤ ﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ‪ ،‬ﺷﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺣﺮآﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام‬ ‫اﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪ ،‬أو أدوات ﻣﻨﺰﻟ ﻴ ﺔ أﺧ ﺮى ﺗ ﺤ ﻤ ﻞ‬ ‫رﻗﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻠﻲ ﺧﺎص‪ ،‬أو ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام رﻳﺸﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﻮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Duo mobile‬ﺑﺈﺻﺪارات وﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة أﺑﺮزهﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﺗﺤﺖ اﺳﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎت ‪ Core Duo‬وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎت‬ ‫‪Core Solo‬اﻟﻠﺬان ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮان اﻷﺣﺪث وﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻧﺎﻗﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ‪ FSB‬ﻓﻴﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ‪MHz 667‬ﻣﻊ اﺣﺘﻔﺎﻇﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ذاآﺮة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ Level Cache 2‬ﺑﺴﻌﺔ ‪MB 2‬‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺨﻠﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎت اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ‪ Pentium M‬آﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ رﻗﺎﻗﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪ Chipset‬آﺮﻗﺎﻗﺔ ‪Mobile‬‬ ‫‪Intel 945 Express‬وﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Intel PRO/Wireless 3945ABG‬آﻤﺎ أﺿﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺮآﺔ ‪ Intel‬ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺘﺮﻳﻨﻮ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ دﻋﻢ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻲ ‪ PCI Express‬ودﻋﻢ ذاآﺮة ‪DDR2‬‬ ‫ورﻗﺎﻗﺎت ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﻌﺮض ‪Intel Graphics Media‬‬ ‫‪Accelerator‬وآﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺰز ﻋﻤﻞ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﺣﻘﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺮآﺔ ‪ Intel‬ﻧﺠﺎﺣًﺎ آﺒﻴﺮًا ﻟﻤﺎ وﻓﺮﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ وﻣﺰاﻳﺎ ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪهﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن ﻣﻊ أي ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت أﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ ﺑﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﻨﻘﺎب ﻋﻦ آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼ ﻤ ﻤ ﻴ ﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻄﺎوﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴًﺎ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺲ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ أو ﻋﺒﺮ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺷ ﻜ ﻞ أﻏ ﺮاض‬

‫وﺑﺨﻼف ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺑﻮﺳﻊ ﺷﺎﺷ ﺔ‬ ‫‪ Surface‬اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮآﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻋﻴﻨ ﻪ وﻓ ﻘ ًﺎ‬ ‫ﻷﺳﻮﺷﻴﺘﺪ ﺑﺮس‪ .‬وﻗﺪرت اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ أن ﻳﺘﺮاوح ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﺠ ﻬ ﺎز ﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 5‬و‪ 10‬ﺁﻻف دوﻻر أﻣ ﺮﻳ ﻜ ﻲ‪ ،‬ورﺟ ﺤ ﺖ أن ﻳ ﻨ ﺨ ﻔ ﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻴًﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﻤﺘﻨﺎول ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠ ﻜ ﻴ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻮام اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪ .‬وﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ إن أوﻟ ﻰ ﻧ ﻤ ﺎذج‬ ‫هﺬا اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺳﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻷهﺪاف ﺗ ﺮوﻳ ﺠ ﻴ ﺔ وﺗﺴ ﻮﻳ ﻘ ﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻼت اﻟﻜﺒﺮى آﺄﺳﻮاق ﺑﻴﻊ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﻴﻜ ﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﻲ ﻟ ﻠ ﻬ ﺎﺗ ﻒ اﻟ ﺬي ﻳ ﺮﻳ ﺪون‬ ‫ﺷﺮاءﻩ أﻣﺎم ﺷﺎﺷﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺬي ﺳﻴﻘﻮم ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﺑ ﺒ ﺚ ﺗ ﻔ ﺎﺻ ﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ وﻋﺮض آﺘﻴﺒﻴﻪ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻳﻌﻮّل ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻮ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟ ﺘ ﺸ ﻐ ﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗ ﻤ ﺖ إﺿ ﺎﻓ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎ إﻟ ﻰ ‪ Surface‬اﻟ ﺬي ﺳ ﻴ ﻘ ﻮم‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﺼﻮر وإدﺧﺎل ﺗﻐﻴﺮات ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻠﻤ ﺲ وذﻟ ﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻤﺖ إﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ 'ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺎ‪ '.‬وآ ﺎﻧ ﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ ﻗﺪ أﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﻋﻦ إﻃﻼق ﺗﺤﺎﻟﻒ ﻋﺎﻟﻤ ﻲ ﺟ ﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻊ‬ ‫ﺷ ﺮآ ﺎت 'دﻳ ﻞ' و'ﻧ ﻮﻓ ﻴ ﻞ‪ '،‬ﺑ ﻬ ﺪف ﺗﺴ ﻬ ﻴ ﻞ وﺗ ﻨ ﺴ ﻴ ﻖ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك ﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ وﻳ ﻨ ﺪوز ‪Windows‬وﻟ ﻴ ﻨ ﻮآ ﺲ ‪Linux‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻮاﺳﻌﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر‪ .‬وأآﺪت ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺳ ﺘ ﻘ ﺪم‬ ‫ﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ وﻳ ﻨ ﺪوز اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ واﻟﺪﻋ ﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺼﺔ ﻟﻴﻨﻮآﺲ‪ .‬وﺗﻨﺒﻊ أهﻤﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻮة اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫واﻗﻊ أﻧﻬﺎ اﻋﺘ ﺎدت ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺗﺼ ﻤ ﻴ ﻢ ﺑ ﺮاﻣ ﺞ ﺗﺸ ﻐ ﻴ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ ﻷﺟ ﻬ ﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ دون أن ﺗﻀﻄﻠﻊ ﺑﺪور ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز ﻧﻔﺴ ﻪ‪ ،‬اﻷﻣ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي ﺳﻴﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ راﺋﺪة ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﺳﻮب اﻟﻄﺎوﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮآﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ واﺳﺘﻘﺮاء ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﺑﻮاﻟﻘﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﺮﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ اﺑﺮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ‪artemi@yahoo.com‬‬

‫د‪ .‬وﺟﺪي ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺴﺒﺎس‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ اﺑﺮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ‪act@lttnet.net‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮض هﺬﻩ اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ ﻃﺮﻗﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ دﻗﺔ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮاﺋﻲ‪ ،‬وﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﺗﻌ ُﻠ ﻢ ﻗ ﻮاﻋ ﺪ اﻷﺛ ﺮ ‪ production rules‬ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎم ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻔﺌﺔ ‪ multi-class classification tasks‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﻣﺸﻮﺷﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻹﺑﻘﺎء ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗ ﻌ ﻠ ﻢ ﻣﺴ ﺘ ﻤ ﺮ ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدﻓﺔ وﺿﻊ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻘﺐ اﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ ،‬وﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ آﺎﺋﻦ ﻣﺎ ‪ object‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳ ﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻗ ﺎﻧ ﻮن ﻳ ﻨ ﻄ ﺒ ﻖ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ذﻟ ﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ أوﺿﺤﻨﺎ إن دﻣﺞ ﻧﺴﻖ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻷداء واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎت دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻟﻔﺌﺎت ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت واﻗﻌﻴﻪ‪ .‬وﺗﻌﺮض اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم أرﻳﺲ‬ ‫‪ ARIS‬اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﻘﻖ هﺬا اﻷﺳﻠﻮب‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ان اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ هﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ أدق ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮت ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻘﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻗﺮار اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ارﻳﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ‪ Rules‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻷوزاﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌ ﻠ ﻢ وزن اﻟ ﻘ ﺎﻧ ﻮن ﺑ ﺎﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻳﻴﺰ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب أوزان ﺷﺮوط اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ودﻣﺠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻳﺮآﺰ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ وﻳﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة‪.‬‬ ‫ان هﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم )أي ارﻳﺲ‪ (ARIS‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬وﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ آﺎﺷﻔﺎت ‪ heuristics‬ﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪو أآﺜﺮ ﺗﻨﺎﻏﻤﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‪ .‬وﻳﺘﻜﻮن اﻹﻃﺎر اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم ‪ ARIS‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻧ ﻤ ﻮذج ﺟ ﺪوﻟ ﻲ ﻟ ﺘ ﻤ ﺜ ﻴ ﻞ أوزان اﻟ ﻘ ﺎﻧ ﻮن‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ واﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﻲ )أو ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ( آﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ ﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻗ ﻮاﻋ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ ‪ ARIS‬ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬وآﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ اﺧﺘ ﻠ ﻘ ﻬ ﺎ ﻧ ﻈ ﺎم ‪ RIPPER‬وﻧ ﻈ ﺎم ‪ C4.5‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻋﺸ ﺮة ﻣ ﻴ ﺎدﻳ ﻦ ﺗ ﻢ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎرهﺎ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﻪ‪ :‬اﻟﺬآﺎء اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﻵﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻘ ﺪ أدى اﻟﺘﻄ ﻮر ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ ﻗﻮاﻋ ﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ ﺎت واﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب إﻟﻰ إﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﺴﺘﻮدﻋﺎت ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺿﺨﻤﻪ وآﻔﺆﻩ ﻓ ﻲ آ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻻﻋﺘﻤ ﺎد‪ ،‬واﻟ ﺼﻮر اﻟﻄﺒﻴ ﺔ و‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﺴﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻀﺎء اﻟﺠ ﻮي آﻠﻬ ﺎ ﺗﺨ ﺰن ﻓ ﻲ ﻗﻮاﻋ ﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧ ﺎت‬ ‫ﺿ ﺨﻤﻪ ﺗﺘﺰاﻳ ﺪ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﻤﺮار‪ .‬وﺗﺤﺘ ﺎج ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ ﺎت ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫واﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ذات ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻋﺎل وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻣﺠﺪﻳ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻓ ﻲ اﺗﺨ ﺎذ اﻟﻘ ﺮارات وﻓ ﻲ ﻓﻬ ﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧ ﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫وﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻧﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻬ ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اآﺘﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ اﻟﻘﺮارات‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺎول اﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻬﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ إﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﺒ ﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﻬ ﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ﺔ‬ ‫)ﻳ ﺪﻋﻰ ﻧﻤ ﻮذج(‪ .‬وﻳﻤﺜ ﻞ ه ﺬا اﻟﻨﻤ ﻮذج أﺣ ﺪاث ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺘ ﺸﺎﺑﻬﺎت ﺑﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨ ﺎت‪ .‬ﺗﺠﻤ ﻊ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨ ﺎت اﻟﻤﺘ ﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫أﺻ ﻨﺎف ‪ classes‬ﺛ ﻢ ﺗﺒ ﻨﻰ ﻗ ﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ‪ rules‬ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒ ﺆ ﺑ ﺴﻠﻮك‬ ‫آﺎﺋﻨﺎت ‪ objects‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ‪ .‬ﻧﺤﺎول ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﺗﻌﻠ ﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﺳ ﺘﻘﺮاﺋﻲ ‪inductive‬ﻳ ﺔ وﺑﻨ ﺎء ﺗﻮﺻ ﻴﻔﺎت أو أوﺻ ﺎف‬ ‫‪descriptions‬ﻟﻠ ﺼﻨﻒ )اﻟﻨﻤ ﻮذج( ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام اﺳ ﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﺗﻜﺮارﻳﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﺴﻤﻰ هﺬا اﻟﻨ ﻮع ﺗﻌﻠ ﻢ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺮاﺋﻲ ‪ . inductive learning‬اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻻﺳ ﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮاﺋﻲ هﻲ إن اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠ ﺔ اﺳ ﺘﻘﺮاﺋﻴﺎ ) ﺳ ﻮاء آﺎﻧ ﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻘ ﻪ ﺑﻮاﺳ ﻄﺔ اﻟﺒ ﺸﺮ أو اﻵﻻت( ه ﻲ ﻏ ﻴﺮ ﻣﺆآ ﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪ uncertain‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﻨ ﺎء ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻋﻴﻨ ﻪ ﻓﻘ ﻂ ﻣ ﻦ آ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫هﻨ ﺎك أﺳ ﻠﻮﺑﺎن ﺷ ﺎﺋﻌﺎ اﻻﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام‪ .‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻪ‬ ‫‪supervised learning‬ﺗﺤ ﺪد اﻷﺻ ﻨﺎف ‪classes‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻈ ﺎم ﺑ ﺼﺤﺒﺔ أﻣﺜﻠ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ آ ﻞ ﺻ ﻨﻒ‪ .‬إﻣ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻢ ﻏ ﻴﺮا‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻪ ‪)unsupervised learning‬أو اﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻢ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ واﻻآﺘﺸﺎف( ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻈ ﺎم اآﺘ ﺸﺎف اﻷﺻ ﻨﺎف‬ ‫ﻣ ﻦ ﺗﻠﻘ ﺎء ﻧﻔ ﺴﻪ ﻣﻌﺘﻤ ﺪا ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺧ ﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻋﺎﻣ ﻪ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨ ﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻷول‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻣﺔ )اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ‪ /‬ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ( ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆﻳﻪ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ رؤﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ )‪ .(1،2،3،4‬اﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﺂﺧﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ هﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﻓﺌﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﺎدف ﺣﺎﻟﻪ أﺧﻄﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺠﺎل ﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺨﺼﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ‪ .‬اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻇﺎهﺮة اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺨﺎﻃﺊ هﻮ ان اﻧﺘﻘﺎء ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ اﻋﺘﺒﺎﻃﻴﺔ )ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ( وهﺬا راﺟﻊ إﻟﻰ إن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ أوﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻇﻬﻮرهﺎ أو إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‪ .‬اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎر أهﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ هﻮ ان ذﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﺪد اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻒ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻮرﻗ ﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴ ﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳ ﻪ وﺗﻨﻔﻴ ﺬ ﻟﻬ ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈ ﺎم ﺗﻨﻘﻴ ﺢ اﺳ ﺘﻘﺮاﺋﻲ ﻳ ﺪﻋﻰ أرﻳ ﺲ ‪ ،ARIS‬واﻟ ﺬي ﻳﺤﻘ ﻖ‬ ‫ﺧﻄ ﻮة ﻟﻸﻣ ﺎم ﺑﺎﺗﺠ ﺎﻩ ﺗﺤ ﺴﻴﻦ أﻧﻈﻤ ﺔ ﺗﻌﻠ ﻢ اﻟﻤﻔ ﺎهﻴﻢ اﺳ ﺘﻘﺮاﺋﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻳ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ارﻳ ﺲ ‪ ARIS‬ﻋ ﺪد ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺎت ﻟﺘﺮآ ﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴ ﺢ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻷﺟ ﺰاء اﻷآ ﺜﺮ أهﻤﻴ ﻪ ﻓ ﻲ ﻗﺎﻋ ﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ‬ ‫وإﺻﻼﺣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻋﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺕﻮاﺝﻪ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ دورا ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﻞ ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬وهﻲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷآﺜﺮ ﻗﻮة‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﺟ ﺮﻳﻦ ‪(5) Greiner‬‬ ‫أوﺿ ﺢ إن ﺑﻨ ﺎء ﻗﺎﻋ ﺪة ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﻪ آﻔ ﺆﻩ ه ﻲ ﻣ ﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻏﺎﻳ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ‪ ، NP hard‬وﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗ ﻢ ﺑﻨﺎؤه ﺎ ﻏ ﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻏﻤ ﺔ ‪ inconsistent‬وﻏ ﻴﺮ آﺄﻣﻠ ﻪ‬ ‫‪ incomplete‬وﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة ﺗﺎﻣ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻐ ﺾ اﻟﻨﻈ ﺮ ﻋﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ هﺬﻩ ﻗﺪ اﻧﺘﺰﻋ ﺖ ﻣﺒﺎﺷ ﺮة ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺨ ﺒﺮاء‬ ‫أو ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻜﺘﺒ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺤ ﺎﻻت‪ .‬ﻟ ﺬا‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻀﺮوري‬ ‫ﺗﺤ ﺪﻳﺚ ﻗﺎﻋ ﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺤ ﺼﻮل ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻧﻤ ﻮذج أﻋ ﻢ وﻣﻄ ﻮر‬ ‫وأآ ﺜﺮ ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮا‪ .‬وﺗﻌ ﺪ اﻻﻋﺘﺒ ﺎرات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ ﺣﻮاﻓ ﺰ داﻓﻌ ﻪ ﻟﻬ ﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺧﻮارزﻣﻴﺎت ﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺎهﻴﻢ اﻻﺳ ﺘﻘﺮاﺋﻴﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻋﻴ ﻮب‬ ‫ﺗ ﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﺷ ﺮك ﻣ ﺎ ﻳﻌ ﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴ ﺔ ‪local‬‬ ‫‪ maxima‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﻌﻴﺪﻩ ﺟﺪا ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﻞ اﻷﻣﺜ ﻞ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫• ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إن ﺗﻜﻮن أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻻﺳﺘﻘ ﺮاﺋ ﻲ أآ ﺜ ﺮ ذآ ﺎء ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ إذا دﻋﻤﺖ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻣﺞ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻷداء ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬اﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ إن ﻳﺴﺘﻌ ﻠ ﻢ ﻋ ﻤ ﺎ إذا آ ﺎن‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻮاء ﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣ ﻠ ﺤ ﻮظ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة اﻟﻨﻈﺎم أم ﻻ‪ .‬اﻟﺴﺒﺐ هﻮ إن هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ اﻟﺮاﺟﻌﺔ )اﻟﻌﻜﺴ ﻴ ﺔ(‬ ‫‪ feedback‬ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﻢ ﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺠ ﺎه ﺎت ﻣ ﺨ ﺘ ﻠ ﻔ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ‪generalize‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﺘ ﻀ ﻤ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ واﺳﺘ ﺜ ﻨ ﺎء اﻷﻣ ﺜ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻀ ﻤ ﻨ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﺎء‪ .‬وﻳﻀﻢ ذﻟ ﻚ ﺗ ﻌ ﻤ ﻴ ﻢ ﻏ ﻄ ﺎء اﻟ ﻘ ﺎﻧ ﻮن‬ ‫وإﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬وإﻟﻐﺎء ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ زاﺋﺪة وﺗﺨ ﺼ ﻴ ﺺ ﺑ ﻌ ﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻔﺮط‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺠﺄ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺻﻨ ﻒ اﻻﻧﺴ ﺤ ﺎب ‪default‬‬ ‫‪)class‬ﺻﻨﻒ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ( إﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺮاد ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ‪ ،‬إذا ﻟﻢ ﻳ ﺘ ﻮﻓ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺧﺼ ﺎﺋ ﺺ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‪ .‬وﻋ ﻨ ﺪ ازدﻳ ﺎد ﻋ ﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﻷآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﺛ ﻨ ﻴ ﻦ ﻳ ﺰداد اﺣ ﺘ ﻤ ﺎل اﻟ ﺨ ﺮوج ﺑ ﺘ ﻨ ﺒ ﺆات‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻷﻣﺮ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺎم ارﻳﺲ ‪ARIS‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم ارﻳﺲ ﻣﺒﺪﺋﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎج ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨ ﺪام‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮاء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‪ ،‬وﻳﻮاﺻ ﻞ اﻟ ﻨ ﻈ ﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ ﺠ ﻤ ﻮﻋ ﻪ ﻣ ﻨ ﻔ ﺼ ﻠ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻹﻏﺮاض اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ وﺗﺴﻤﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻨ ﻘ ﻴ ﺢ‬ ‫‪ . refinement data set‬ﺑﻌﺪ هﺬا اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر وﻓ ﻘ ﻂ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮوز ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺧﺎﻃﺊ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴ ﺢ ﻳﺴ ﺘ ﺪﻋ ﻰ اﻟ ﻨ ﻈ ﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‪ .‬وأﺧﻴﺮا ﻳﺨﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺧ ﺎﺻ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗ ﺤ ﺪﻳ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﻄﺎء اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﺴ ﺘ ﺪﻋ ﻲ ﻣ ﻜ ﺘ ﺒ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ﻻآﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة داﻟ ﺔ آ ﺎﺷ ﻔ ﻪ ﻋ ﺎﻣ ﻪ‬ ‫‪ ، global heuristic‬وﻳﻄﺒﻖ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ‪ ،‬وﺗﺘﻜﺮر اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ آﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي ﻧﻈﻢ ارﻳﺲ ﺑﺤﺜ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﻓﻀ ﺎء ﻣ ﻦ ﻋ ﻮاﻣ ﻞ اﻟ ﺘ ﺨ ﺼ ﻴ ﺺ‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫‪ specialization‬واﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻢ ‪ generalization‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺤ ﺎوﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻹﻳﺠﺎد أدﻧﻰ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ أو ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻔﺬ اﺛﻨﺘﺎن ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟ ﻜ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ أو ﺻﻨﻒ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺑﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴ ﻨ ﻤ ﺎ ﻳ ﺤ ﺎﻓ ﻆ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ‪ rules‬وﻓﻘﺎ ﻷوزاﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺮآﺰة ‪Localization‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺧﻼل هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ آﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ أﺧﻄﺌﻲ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻓﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ ﺻ ﻨ ﻒ ‪class‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ .‬وﺗﻤﻨﺢ آﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ وزن ‪ weight‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﺸﻴﺮ هﺬا إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻚ ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ ه ﺬﻩ أﻟ ﻨ ﻘ ﻄ ﻪ‬ ‫)اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﻓﻀﺎء اﻟﺼﻨﻒ )اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ(‪ .‬وﻳ ﺘ ﻢ اﺧ ﺘ ﻴ ﺎر اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫ذات اﻷﻋﻠﻰ وزن ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ أﺧﻄﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼ ﻨ ﻴ ﻔ ﻬ ﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻷن هﺬا ﻳﺤﺪد اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻷﻗﻮى ﻣﻦ ﻓﺌﺔ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﺎﻃﺌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ )ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ واﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ واﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر(‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪد ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ‪ rule‬اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮل ﻋ ﻦ اﻷﺧ ﻄ ﺎء‪،‬‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ آﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨ ﺔ‪ ،‬أي ﻳ ﺘ ﻢ ﺗ ﺨ ﺼ ﻴ ﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺨﺎﻃﺊ ‪ ،‬وﻳﻌﻤﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺁﺧ ﺮ ﻣﺸ ﺎﺑ ﻪ ﻳ ﻐ ﻄ ﻲ اﻟﺼ ﻨ ﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺪث ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ‪ .‬ﺗ ﺠ ﺮب آ ﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﻮاﻣ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ وﺗﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ وﻳﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑ ﺎﻷداء اﻟ ﻨ ﺎﺗ ﺞ‪ .‬أﺧ ﻴ ﺮا‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ أو ﻣﺠ ﻤ ﻮﻋ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﻮاﻣ ﻞ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﻌ ﻄ ﻲ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ أداء‪ .‬وﺗﻜﺮر اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ أﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﺴ ﻴ ﻨ ﺎت أﺧ ﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ )اﻟﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻤﺎل وإزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪة(‬ ‫أﺧﻴﺮا‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺤﺺ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﺄآ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗ ﻤ ﺎﻣ ﻬ ﺎ‪ .‬وﻳ ﺠ ﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ آﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ ﺑ ﻘ ﺎﻧ ﻮن واﺣ ﺪ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻷﻗ ﻞ‪ .‬إذا آ ﺎﻧ ﺖ ه ﻨ ﺎك‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻت ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮة‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻗ ﻮاﻧ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‪ .‬إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﺰال اﻟ ﻘ ﻮاﻧ ﻴ ﻦ اﻟ ﺰاﺋ ﺪة ﻋ ﻦ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﺟ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﻪ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم أرﻳ ﺲ ‪ ARIS‬ه ﻲ ﻣ ﻮّﻟ ﺪ اﻟﺸ ﺠ ﺮة‬ ‫‪tree generator‬و ﻣﻮﻟّﺪ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ‪ rule generator‬و ﻣ ﻮﻟ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺘ ﻨ ﻘ ﻴ ﺢ وﻧ ﻤ ﻮذج اﻟ ﺤ ﻜ ﻢ ‪judgment module‬و ﺁﻟ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج ‪. inference engine‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟّﺪ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ هﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮل ﻋﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ آﻞ اﻟﺘﻨ ﻘ ﻴ ﺤ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﻤ ﻜ ﻨ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻼج أي ﺧﻄﺄ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻲ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ إن ﺗﺘﻐ ﻴ ﺮ اﻟ ﻘ ﻮاﻧ ﻴ ﻦ ﺑ ﻮاﺳ ﻄ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮهﺎ )وﻳﺪﻋﻰ اﻟﺘﻤﻜﻴﻦ ‪ (enabling‬أو ﻣﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﺘ ﺤ ﺮر‬ ‫)وﻳﺴ ﻤ ﻰ اﻹﻋ ﺎﻗ ﺔ ‪ . (disabling‬ﻳ ﺨ ﺘ ﺎر ﻧ ﻤ ﻮذج اﻟ ﺤ ﻜ ﻢ‬ ‫‪ judgment module‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴ ﺢ أو ﻣ ﺠ ﻤ ﻮﻋ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﻮاﻣ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ أداء ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣ ﻊ ﺿ ﺮورة‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻔﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴ ﺎﺑ ﻖ‪ .‬وﻳ ﻮﺿ ﺢ اﻟﺸ ﻜ ﻞ‬ ‫أدﻧﺎﻩ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺎم ارﻳﺲ ‪. ARIS‬‬

‫اﺳﺘﻘﺮاء ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ ﻢ اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام ﺗ ﻤ ﺜ ﻴ ﻞ اﻟ ﻘ ﻀ ﺎﻳ ﺎ ‪propositional‬‬ ‫‪ representation‬آﻠﻐﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪم ﺗ ﻤ ﺜ ﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﻀ ﺎﻳ ﺎ ﺻ ﻴ ﻎ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﻄ ﻖ اﻟ ﻤ ﺤ ﺘ ﻮﻳ ﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺷ ﺮط وﻗ ﻴ ﻤ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ‪ Attribute-value condition.‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻨّﻒ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻟّﺪ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬

‫ﻣﺮﺗّﺐ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﻘّﺤﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻟّﺪ اﻟﺸﺠﺮﻩ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻟّﺪ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‬

‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺗّﺒﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ‬

‫) ﺁﻟﻴﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ان '‪A‬ﻳﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋ ﻠ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ ﺑ ﺈﻟ ﻐ ﺎء‬ ‫ﺷﺮط واﺣﺪ ‪ai‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮوط ‪.A‬‬ ‫آﻞ ﺣﺎﻟ ﻪ ﻓ ﻲ ﺑ ﻴ ﺎﻧ ﺎت اﻟ ﺘ ﺪرﻳ ﺐ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮة ’‪A‬إﻣﺎ أﻧ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ أو ﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﻤﻌ ﻨ ﻲ‬ ‫‪ ،C‬وإﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺿﻲ أو ﻻ ﺗﺮﺿﻰ اﻟﺸ ﺮط‬ ‫‪ai‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺗ ﻨ ﻈ ﻴ ﻢ ﻋ ﺪد اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻻت ﻓ ﻲ آ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول رﻗﻢ )‪(1‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ‪ S1+E1‬ﺣ ﺎﻟ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻻت اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﻴﻬﺎ '‪ A‬وهﻲ ﺗﺮﺿﻲ اﻟﺸﺮط ‪) ai‬ﺑ ﻤ ﻌ ﻨ ﻰ‬

‫إن اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ‪G‬ﻳﺸﻤﻠﻬﺎ( ﺣﻴ ﺚ إن ﻣ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :1‬ﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم أریﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد ‪ E1‬ﻳﺼﻨﻔﻬﺎ اﻟﻘ ﺎﻧ ﻮن ‪G‬ﺗﺼ ﻨ ﻴ ﻒ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤ ﻴ ﺢ‪ .‬وﻳ ﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻋ ﺪد ‪S2+E2‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻘّﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻐﻄﺎة ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟ ﻘ ﺎﻧ ﻮن اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻤ ﻢ‬ ‫'‪G‬وﻻ ﻳ ﻐ ﻄ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ اﻟ ﻘ ﺎﻧ ﻮن اﻷﺻ ﻠ ﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴﻪ اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻳ ﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻣ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎ ﻋ ﺪد ‪E2‬ﺗ ﻢ ﺗﻀ ﻤ ﻴ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﺄ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ أﺻﻨﺎف أﺧ ﺮى‪ .‬وﺣ ﻴ ﺚ إن '‪G‬‬ ‫& )‪(Colour=red v colour=green‬‬ ‫‪shape=circle‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﻒ‬ ‫أﺻﻨﺎف أﺧﺮى‬ ‫)اﻟﻠﻮن=اﺣﻤﺮ أو اﻟﻠﻮن=اﺧﻀﺮ( و اﻟﺸﻜﻞ=داﺋﺮة‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫وﺗ ﺄﺧ ﺬ ﻗ ﺎﻋ ﺪة اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ ﺷ ﻜ ﻞ ﻗ ﻮاﻧ ﻴ ﻦ أﺛ ﺮ )أو إﻧ ﺘ ﺎج(‬ ‫ﺣ ﺎﻻت ﺗﺮﺿ ﻲ‬ ‫‪S1‬‬ ‫‪E1‬‬ ‫‪production rule‬واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ ان ﺗ ﺤ ﺘ ﻮي ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮط ‪ai‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎءات ﻣﺤﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺣ ﺎﻻت ﻻ ﺗﺮﺿ ﻲ‬ ‫‪S2‬‬ ‫‪E2‬‬ ‫‪IF outlook=sunny & humidity=low THEN‬‬ ‫‪ai‬اﻟﺸﺮط‬ ‫‪class=mild‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪول رﻗﻢ )‪ (1‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬ ‫‪IF outlook=rain & windy=true THEN‬‬ ‫‪class=don't play‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﻲ آﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻐﻄﻴﻬﺎ ‪G‬أﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻋ ﺪد اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻻت‬ ‫‪UNLESS‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤ ﻐ ﻄ ﺎة ﺑ ﻮاﺳ ﻄ ﺔ ’‪G‬ه ﻲ ‪ .S1+S2+E1+E2‬اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪم‬ ‫‪Covered_stadium=true‬‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺘﻬﻤﻴﻪ ‪ test of significance‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺪول أﻋ ﻼﻩ‬ ‫وﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻧﻤﺎذج ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺮض ﻋﻠﻰ ارﻳﺲ ‪ ARIS‬ﻣ ﻠ ﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﺎ إذا آﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ إﻟﻐﺎء اﻟﺸﺮط ‪ .ai‬اﻟﻔﻜﺮة هﻲ إن‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أوﺻﺎف ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‪-‬ﺧﺎﺻﻴ ﺔ ‪attribute-value‬‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻘﻰ اﻟﺸﺮط ‪ ai‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋ ﻨ ﺪﻣ ﺎ ﻳ ﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﻌ ﺪل اﻟ ﺨ ﻄ ﺄ اﻟ ﺤ ﻘ ﻴ ﻘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ أﺻ ﻨ ﺎﻓ ﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬وآ ﻞ ﺣ ﺎﻟ ﻪ ه ﻲ‬ ‫‪E1 + E 2‬‬ ‫وﺻﻒ ﻟ ﻜ ﺎﺋ ﻦ واﺣ ﺪ‪ .‬ﻳ ﺤ ﻠ ﻞ ﻧ ﻈ ﻢ ارﻳ ﺲ ﺑ ﻴ ﺎﻧ ﺎت اﻟ ﺘ ﺪرﻳ ﺐ‬ ‫‪S1 + S 2‬‬ ‫‪ training data‬وﻳﻮﻟّﺪ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻗ ﻮاﻧ ﻴ ﻦ اﻷﺛ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ﺻ ﻴ ﻐ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮن '‪ G‬اآﺒﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﻌ ﺪل اﻟ ﺨ ﻄ ﺄ اﻟ ﺤ ﻘ ﻴ ﻘ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﻔﺎهﻴﻢ ‪. concepts‬‬ ‫‪E1‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪأ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﺄوﻳ ﻞ ﺑ ﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﻢ ﺷ ﺠ ﺮة اﻟ ﻘ ﺮار‪ ،‬وﺗ ﺮﺟ ﻊ اﻟ ﻔ ﻜ ﺮة‬ ‫‪S1‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ‪ . G‬اﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻏ ﻴ ﺮ اﻟ ﻤ ﺮﺟ ﺢ ﻟ ﻠ ﻘ ﺎﻧ ﻮن اﻟ ﺬي‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﻪ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ وﻳﻨﻠﻦ )‪ quinlan (6‬ﻣﺴ ﺘ ﻐ ﻼ ﻓ ﻜ ﺮة "‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮّق ﺗﺴﺪ " وأوﺿﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب إن ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺷﺠﺮة اﻟﻘ ﺮار إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻗ ﻮاﻧ ﻴ ﻦ واﺿ ﺤ ﺔ وﻣ ﻔ ﻬ ﻮﻣ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺑ ﻴ ﺎﻧ ﺎت اﻟ ﺘ ﺪرﻳ ﺐ إن‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻣﻘﺪارهﺎ‬ ‫ﺎدة‬ ‫وذات ﺗﻨﺒﺆ دﻗﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺒ ﻖ ﻣﺼ ﺎدﻓ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎ‪ .‬إن إﻋ‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫آﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺷﺠﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻪ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪود ‪ N‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺒﻖ رؤﻳ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺠﺮة ﻟﻦ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﺮاآﻴﺐ اﺑﺴﻂ ﻷﻧ ﻪ ﺑ ﺒ ﺴ ﺎﻃ ﻪ ﻳ ﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻗ ﺎﻧ ﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﺬا ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺧ ﻄ ﺄ ﺗ ﻘ ﺪﻳ ﺮي ﻳ ﺪﻋ ﻰ ﺗ ﻘ ﺪﻳ ﺮ ﻻﺑ ﻼس‬ ‫واﺣﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ورﻳﻘﻪ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺠﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻗ ﺮب ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺄ ‪Laplace error estimate‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻗﺪ ﻧﺘﻌﺮّف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ذات‬ ‫‪E + 1‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‪ .‬إﻟﻐﺎء اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﺰاﺋﺪة ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑ ﺪون اﻟ ﺘ ﺄﺛ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫‪ N + 2‬ﺣﻴﺚ إن ‪N‬هﻮ ﻋﺪد أﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳ ﺐ وان ﻋ ﺪد ‪E‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ دﻗﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن أآﺜﺮ ﻗﺒﻮﻻ‪ .‬وﻟﻔﻬ ﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ أﺻﻨﺎف ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ ‪ .C‬ﻟ ﺬا ﻳ ﺤ ﺘ ﻔ ﻆ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة ﻣﻦ وراء إﻟﻐﺎء اﻟﺸﺮوط ﻧﻔﺮض ان اﻟ ﻘ ﺎﻧ ﻮن ‪G‬ه ﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮط ‪ai‬ﻓﻘﻂ إذا آﺎن إﻟﻐﺎؤﻩ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻣﻌﺪل ﺧﻄﺄ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ اآﺒﺮ‬ ‫‪IF A THEN class C‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻻﻧﺴﺤﺎب‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﻟﻐﺎء أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷ ﺮط ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ان ‪ A‬هﻲ اﺗﺤ ﺎد ﻟ ﻤ ﺠ ﻤ ﻮﻋ ﺔ ﺷ ﺮوط‬ ‫‪a1,a2,a3,‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‪ .‬وﻳﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ أﺳ ﻠ ﻮب‬ ‫‪…….‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻩ ‪ greedy approach‬ﻓﻲ إﻟﻐﺎء اﻟﺸ ﺮوط اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ‬ ‫وﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺁﺧﺮ أآ ﺜ ﺮ ﻋ ﻤ ﻮﻣ ﻴ ﺔ '‪ G‬ه ﻮ ‪IF A' THEN‬‬ ‫اﻗﻞ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺧﻄﺄ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪class C‬‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ أﺳﻠﻮب ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ‪ ،‬وﻳﻮﺟﻪ هﺬا اﻷﺳﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﺑ ﻮاﺳ ﻄ ﺔ داﻟ ﺔ ﺗ ﻘ ﻴ ﻴ ﻢ آ ﺎﺷ ﻔ ﻪ ‪heuristic evaluation‬‬ ‫‪function‬ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺧﺎﺻ ﻴ ﺘ ﻴ ﻦ ﻣ ﻬ ﻤ ﺘ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫وهﻤﺎ اﻟﻜﻤﺎل ‪ completeness‬واﻟﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ ‪consistency.‬‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ اﺣﺘﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺟﻮدة أﻟﺪاﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ذات اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﺸﺄن‪ .‬وﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻴ ﺰ‬ ‫‪ Bays‬ﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎق اﻷوزان ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‪.‬‬ ‫ﺴ ﻤ ﻪ اﻹﺣ ﺪاث ……‪.E1,E2,‬‬ ‫ﺗ ﺨ ﻴ ﻞ ﻓﻀ ﺎء ﻋ ﻴ ﻨ ﻪ ﺗ ﻘ ّ‬ ‫واﻓﺘﺮض ان ‪ H+‬ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻀ ﺎء ﻳﺸ ﻴ ﺮ إﻟ ﻰ ﺻ ﻨ ﻒ‬ ‫)أو ﻣﻔﻬﻮم( ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎل )‪ ،0 < P(H+‬إذا‬

‫‪Quality(rule,α) = (1−α + consistenc‬‬ ‫‪u)completene‬‬ ‫‪ss + (α + consistenc‬‬ ‫‪y)consistenc‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪# correctly covered examples‬‬ ‫‪# covered examples‬‬

‫= ) ‪y ( rule‬‬

‫‪# correctlycoveredexamples‬‬ ‫‪# of examplesof same class as rule‬‬

‫‪consistenc‬‬

‫= )‪completeness(rule‬‬

‫وﻳﺴﺒﺐ إﻟﻐﺎء اﺣﺪ ﺷﺮوط اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‪ ،‬زﻳﺎدة ﻏﻄﺎء اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺷﺮط ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ زﻳﺎدة ﻧ ﻘ ﺎوة اﻟ ﻘ ﺎﻧ ﻮن‪ .‬ﻳ ﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﻢ‬ ‫ارﻳﺲ ‪ ARIS‬اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ )ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام هﺬا اﻷﺳﻠﻮب( ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺮآ ﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺸ ﻜ ﻞ اآ ﺒ ﺮ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﺘ ﻨ ﺎﻏ ﻢ وﺑﺸ ﻜ ﻞ اﻗ ﻞ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﺘ ﻐ ﻄ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،coverage‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ هﺬا ﺑﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ‪.α‬‬ ‫هﺬﻩ داﻟﺔ آﺎﺷﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﺎرب وﻣ ﻼﺣ ﻈ ﺎت ﻣ ﻊ ‪ARIS‬‬ ‫ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺪة ﻣ ﺠ ﺎﻻت ﻓ ﻌ ﻠ ﻴ ﻪ‪ .‬ﻳ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ اﻋ ﺘ ﻤ ﺎد ﺟ ﻮدة اﻟ ﻘ ﺎﻧ ﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﻠىﻠﻴﺴﺎوي ‪0‬آﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻹﺑﺮاز ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟ ﺘ ﻜ ﻴ ﻒ ﻣ ﻊ‬ ‫أوﺿﺎع ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗ ﻐ ﻄ ﻲ ﺣ ﺎﻻت ﻧ ﺎدرة أو‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪا(‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺘ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮ ‪ α‬ﻟ ﻴ ﺴ ﺎوي‬ ‫‪ 0.8‬وﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ )‪ .(1‬وﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻜﻤﺎل أو اﻟﺘﻤﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت أآﺜﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳ ﺘ ﺴ ﺎوى‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﺤﻪ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل أدﻧﺎﻩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺮض إن ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻋﺪد ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺒ ﻴ ﺎﻧ ﺎت =)‪ 10‬ﺣ ﺎﻻت ﻣ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎ ‪5‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﻪ و ﻋﺪد ‪ 5‬ﺳﺎﻟﺒﻪ( وإذا آﺎن ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ‪ :1‬ﻳﻐﻄﻲ ‪ 3‬ﺣﺎﻻت آﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ ‪+‬‬ ‫واﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ‪ :2‬ﻳﻐﻄﻲ ‪ 4‬ﺣﺎﻻت‪ ،‬آﻠﻬﺎ ﺗ ﻨ ﺘ ﻤ ﻲ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﺼ ﻨ ﻒ ‪+‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎن‪:‬‬

‫) ‪P(H + | E )P(E‬‬ ‫‪j‬‬ ‫‪j‬‬ ‫‪, i = 1,2. .‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) ‪| E )P(E‬‬ ‫‪∑ P(H‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻜﻤﺎل‪ .‬ﻟﺬا ﻓﺎن إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻜﻤﺎل ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻟ ﻪ ﻣ ﻌ ﻨ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ان ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻨ ﺎﻏ ﻢ وﺣ ﺪﻩ ﻏ ﻴ ﺮ آ ﺎف‪ .‬ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ ﺗ ﻌ ﻠ ﻢ آ ﺎﻓ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ARIS‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮا ﻷوزان ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن وﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻮزن ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺎﻻت ﻓﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﺣﺘﺴﺎب وزن اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ وزن اﻟ ﻘ ﺎﻧ ﻮن ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل ﺗﺸ ﻜ ﻴﻠ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻷوزان‬ ‫ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ وزن اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‪ :‬ﻣﻘ ﻴ ﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﻘﺎﻧ ﻮن ‪ ،Rule’s opinion‬ﻣ ﺒ ﺮزا أه ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮوط ﻟﻼﻋﺘﻘﺎد )اﻻﻓﺘﺮاض أو اﻟﺼ ﻨ ﻒ(‪ ،‬وﻳﺴ ﻤ ﺢ ﻟ ﻨ ﺎ ه ﺬا‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮة ﻗ ﻮة اﻟ ﻘ ﺎﻧ ﻮن ﺑ ﻄ ﺮﻳ ﻘ ﺔ ﻋ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﻪ‪ .‬ﻳﺼ ﻒ اﻟ ﺠ ﺪول ‪1‬‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

‫‪75‬‬

‫‪j‬‬

‫‪P(E‬‬

‫وآﻤﺜﺎل ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ذو ﺷﺮﻃﺎن واﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻴﻦ)أو ﺻﻨﻔﻴﻦ( ‪h+, h-‬‬ ‫) ‪P ( H + | E1 ) P ( E1‬‬ ‫= ) ‪P(EI | H‬‬ ‫) ‪P ( H + | E1 ) P ( E1 ) + P ( H + | E 2 ) P ( E 2‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫) ‪P ( H + | E1 ) P ( E1‬‬ ‫) ‪| E 1 ) P ( E 1 ) + P ( H + | ~ E 1 ) P (~ E 1‬‬

‫‪+‬‬

‫‪P(H‬‬

‫) ‪P ( H + | E1 ) P ( E1‬‬ ‫) ‪P ( H + | E1 ) P ( E1 ) + P ( H + |~ E1 ) P (1 − E1‬‬

‫=‬

‫=‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ هﺬا ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪ 2‬أدﻧﺎﻩ‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ إن‬

‫أو اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت اﻟﺠﺪول ‪1‬‬ ‫وﺗﻘﻊ ﻗ ﻴ ﻤ ﺔ ‪QA‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻔ ﺘ ﺮة ]‪INF] . +,0‬إذا ﻧ ﻈ ﺮﻧ ﺎ إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫)‬

‫آﻤﺎ ﺗﺮى‪ ،‬آﻼ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﻪ) ‪ ( 1‬ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟ ﺘ ﻨ ﺎﻏ ﻢ ﺑ ﻴ ﻨ ﻤ ﺎ ﻳ ﺨ ﺘ ﻠ ﻒ‬

‫=)‪|H+‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪x‬‬

‫‪x 1‬‬ ‫‪x 2 (1 −‬‬

‫‪+‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪x‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪x‬‬

‫=‬

‫‪QA‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪ 2‬ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس أﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻟﻠﻤ ﻌ ﺘ ﻘ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ ‪E1‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎن ﻗﻴﻢ ‪QA‬اﻷآﺒﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ‪ 1‬ﻳ ﺒ ﺪو أﻧ ﻬ ﺎ ﺗ ﺰﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ )‪P(E1‬‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1‬ﺗ ﻘ ﻠ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ‪P(E1).‬ﻟ ﺬا ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ‪QA‬ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ﻧﻬﻰ وزن‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﻤﻠﻪ اﻟﺪﻟ ﻴ ﻞ ‪ ،E‬واﻟ ﺬي‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺮك اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ أو ذاك‪ .‬ﺗﺪل اﻷوزان اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ داﻋﻢ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﻒ‪ ،‬وﺗﺪل اﻷوزان اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ دﻟ ﻴ ﻞ ﻋ ﻜ ﺴ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎرض اﻻﻓﺘﺮاض)أو اﻟﺼﻨﻒ(‪ .‬وﺗﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺔ أوزان‬ ‫آﻞ ﺷﺮط ﻓﻲ وزن واﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ إن ‪W‬هﻲ وزن اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‪ .‬وﻳﺤﺴﺐ هﺬا ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات‬ ‫‪w = w E1 + w E 2 (1 − w E1 ) + w E 3 [1 − [ w E1 + w E 2 (1 − w E1 )]] + ...‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ إن ‪W<=1. >=0‬وﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻬﺘﻤﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺑ ﺤ ﺼ ﺮ ﻗ ﻴ ﻢ وزن اﻟ ﺪﻟ ﻴ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻔ ﺘ ﺮة ]‪ .[1+,1-‬ﻟ ﺬا ﻓ ﻘ ﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺪى اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫)‪W=F(QA‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ان‬ ‫وﺗﻨﺘﺞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻮزن ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺪى ]‪ .[-1,+1‬اﻟ ﻮزن‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫‪2QA‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪1 + QA‬‬

‫= )‪F(QA‬‬

‫‪where‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮن هﻮ اﻧ ﺪﻣﺎج ﻷوزان اﺧﺘﺒﺎراﺗ ﻪ ‪ ،‬واﺳ ﺘﺨﺪم ه ﺬا اﻟ ﻮزن‬ ‫آﻤﻌﻴﺎر ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن وﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ وأﻳ ﻀﺎ‬ ‫داﻋﻤﺎ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻ ﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ‪Refinement‬‬ ‫‪knowledge‬‬ ‫اﻟﻬ ﺪف ﻣ ﻦ ﺗﻨﻘﻴ ﺢ ﻗﺎﻋ ﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ه ﻮ ﺗﻘﻠﻴ ﻞ ﻋ ﺪد اﻷﺧﻄ ﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒ ﺔ ‪ false positive‬واﻷﺧﻄ ﺎء اﻟ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ‪false‬‬ ‫‪ negative‬ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﺎﻻت ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪة‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻊ ﺗﻘﻠﻴ ﻞ ﻋ ﺪد اﻷﺧﻄ ﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳ ﺪة أﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒ ﻪ واﻟ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺤ ﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺸﺨ ﺼﺔ ﺣ ﺪﻳﺜﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺣﻴﺚ أن هﻨﺎك ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﻤ ﺎل واﻟﺘﻨ ﺎﻏﻢ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺗﻨﻘﻴ ﺢ ﻗﺎﻋ ﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺮّف ﺟﻮدة ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Quality ( KB,α ) = (1 − α + consistency )completeness + (α + consistency )consistency‬‬

‫‪# correctly covered cases‬‬ ‫‪# of all cases‬‬

‫= ‪ss‬‬

‫‪completene‬‬

‫= ‪y‬‬

‫‪consistenc‬‬

‫‪# correctly‬‬ ‫‪covered cases‬‬ ‫‪# covered cases‬‬

‫ﺧﻼل ﺗﺠﺎرﺑﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﻪ ‪ 0.8‬ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ‪ .α‬وهﺬا ﻳ ﺤ ﻘ ﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺪف اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮد ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ واﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺴﺐ ﺟ ﻮدة ﻗ ﺎﻋ ﺪة اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ‬ ‫آﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻤﺎل واﻟﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎول اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوض ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ إﻳﺠﺎد ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ أﻓﻀ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣ ﺔ آ ﺒ ﻴ ﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ وﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻴﺌﺎت ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﺆﺗ ﻤ ﺘ ﺔ‬ ‫‪.automated‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪول ‪ 2‬ﻳﻠﺨﺺ ﺗﺠﺎرب ﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻓﻲ دﻗّﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﺼ ﻨ ﻴ ﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‪ .‬اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻷول ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول ‪ 3‬ﻳﺼﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب‪ ،‬وﺗﻢ دﻣ ﺞ اﻟ ﺠ ﺪول ﻓ ﻲ ﺛ ﻼﺛ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻣﻴﻊ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻗﺒﻞ وﺑ ﻌ ﺪ اﻟ ﺘ ﻨ ﻘ ﻴ ﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺎم ‪ ARIS‬وﺗﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻌﻴﺎري‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺎل واﻟﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ‪ ،‬وﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﻣ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ وﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻟﻘﻮاﻋ ﺪ ﻣ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﻪ ﻃ ﻮره ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ‪ .C4.5‬إﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻓﺘﺤﺘﻮي ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﻣ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ وﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ﻣ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﻪ اﺧ ﺘ ﻠ ﻘ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ‪ .RIPPER‬وﻓﻲ آﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗ ﻢ ﺗ ﻘ ﺪﻳ ﻢ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮن "‪ "rules‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﻌﺪد ﻋﺸﺮة اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﺧﺘﻴﺮت ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ آ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد "‪ "acc%‬ﻳﻌﻄﻲ دﻗّﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻓ ﺌ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻟﻌﺪد ‪ 10‬ﻣﺤﺎوﻻت‬ ‫وﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت ) √ ( إﻟﻰ إن ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟ ﺘ ﻨ ﻘ ﻴ ﺢ ﻧ ﺘ ﺞ ﻋ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ﺗﺤﺴّﻦ ﻓﻲ دﻗّﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻗﻤﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ هﺎﻣﻪ ﻟﻠﺘ ﺤ ﻠ ﻴ ﻞ‪ ،‬إذ ﻳ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ‬ ‫آﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧ ﻈ ﺎم ‪)ARIS‬ﻧ ﻘ ﺼ ﺪ إﻧ ﺘ ﺎج اﻟ ﻘ ﻮاﻧ ﻴ ﻦ ﺑ ﺎﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺘﻲ اﻟﻜﻤﺎل واﻟﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ( وﻧﻈﺎم ‪ C4.5‬ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧ ﺘ ﺎج ﻗ ﻮاﻧ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﺎذج ﺷﺠﺮة ﻗﺮار ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮاﻩ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑ ﻴ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ﻣ ﻜ ﻮّﻧ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ ،‬وآﻼ اﻟﻨﻈ ﺎﻣ ﻴ ﻦ ﻳ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ ﻗ ﻮاﻧ ﻴ ﻦ زاﺋ ﺪة‪.‬ﺗ ﺤ ﺬف ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪة ﺧﻼل دورة اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ﺟ ﻬ ﺔ أﺧ ﺮى ﻳ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ‬ ‫ﻧﻈ ﺎم ‪ RIPPER‬ﻗ ﻮاﻋ ﺪ ﻣ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﻪ ﻣ ﻮﺟ ﺰﻩ‪ ،‬وه ﻨ ﺎك ﺣ ﺎﺟ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ آﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﺿﺎﻓﻴﻪ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺎﻋ ﺪة ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺗ ﻐ ﻄ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﺼﺎدﻓﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ اﻧﻈﻤﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ هﺬا اﻟﺠﺰء هﻮ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻻﺳ ﺘ ﺮاﺗ ﻴ ﺠ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ إﺣﺪاث ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ آ ﺎﻓ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ أﺳﻠﻮﺑﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‪ ،‬اﻹﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫• اﺳﺘﻘﺮاء ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫‪ %40‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺑ ﺎﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام ‪ %20‬ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮة‬ ‫• اﺳﺘﻘﺮاء ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺑ ﺎﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام‬ ‫‪ %60‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫• ﻗﺎرن اﻷداء ﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺠ ﺔ وذﻟ ﻚ ﺑ ﺎﺧ ﺘ ﺒ ﺎر‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت )‪.(%40‬‬ ‫‪ARIS ،‬اﻟﺠﺪول ‪ 3‬هﻮ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﻪ أﺧﺮى ﻟﻸﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ أي‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﻨﺘﻘﺎة‪ ،RIPPER .‬و ﻧﻈﺎم ‪C4.5‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮاﻩ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ دﻣﺞ‬ ‫آﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ وﻓﺌﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ آﻔﺌﺔ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ‬ ‫‪،‬و ‪ARIS‬ﻣﺪﻣﺠﻪ‪ ،‬وهﺬا ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﻪ ﻋﺎدﻟﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ آﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪ .‬ﻳﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻷول اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ‪ ،RIPPER‬و ‪C4.5‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ARIS‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‪ ،‬وﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ أداء ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺪرب ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ %40‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ‪ARIS‬اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ أداء ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﺪﻣﺠﺔ‬ ‫)أي ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ واﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻣﻌﺎ(‪ .‬وﻳﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫أداء ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‪ .‬اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻋﻨﺪ ‪C4.5‬اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻳﺰودﻧﺎ ﺑﺄداء ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ %40‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ .‬إﻣﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﻪ ‪C4.5‬ﻓﻴﻮﺿﺢ أداء ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺪﻣﺠﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ إﻟﻰ أداء ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ‪C4.5‬اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻘّﺤﺔ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺮأة ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫‪RIPPER‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ أداء ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ذات ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ %40‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮة‪ .‬وﻳﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ أداء ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪RIPPER‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻣﺠﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﺒﺮز اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ أداء ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻘﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر‪RIPPER.‬واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺮأة ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت ) √( إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاﺿﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ أﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻈ ﺎﻣ ﻲ ‪C4‬ﻋ ﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺘ ﻨ ﻘ ﻴ ﺢ ﻧ ﺘ ﺎﺋ ﺞ ﺟ ﻴ ﺪﻩ أﻓﻀ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗ ﻠ ﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺄآﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻔﺮق اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﻘﺮاء اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴ ﻦ بی ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫آﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ ‪C4.5‬و ‪ .RIPPER‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳ ﻮّﻟ ﺪ ﻧ ﻈ ﺎم‬ ‫‪ C4.5‬اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺆدي ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ إﻟ ﻰ ﺗﻀ ﺎرب‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ‪ .‬وﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﺴﻖ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﺒﻴّﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻟﻐﺎء ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪة ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ د ّﻗ ﺔ ﻗ ﺎﻋ ﺪة اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ‪ .‬ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣ ﻴ ﺔ أﺧ ﺮى ‪ ،‬ﻳ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ أﺳ ﻠ ﻮب ‪ RIPPER‬ﻓ ﻲ اﺳ ﺘ ﻘ ﺮاء‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎج ﻋﺪد اﻗﻞ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻘ ﻮاﻧ ﻴ ﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟ ﺬا ﻓ ﺎﻧ ﻪ ﺧ ﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻳﺆدي ﻧ ﻈ ﺎم ‪ ARIS‬ﻋ ﺪد اآ ﺒ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﻋ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎت ﺑ ﻨ ﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ وﻳﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت إﻟﻐﺎء اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗ ﻮاﻋ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﺎم ‪.RIPPER‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻨ ﻘ ﻴ ﺢ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺗ ﺤ ﺴ ﻴ ﻦ ﺟ ﻮدة وﺻ ﻒ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻨﺎف ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺨﻮارزﻣﻴﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﻃﺒﻴﺔ )وه ﻲ‬ ‫‪ Hepatitis‬و ‪ Hypothyroid‬و ‪(Heart‬وه ﻲ ذات‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻀﻼت ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ )ﻋ ﺪم اﻟ ﻨ ﻘ ﺎوة( و ﻣﺸ ﻜ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﺮى‪ .‬وﻓﻮق ذﻟﻚ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺗ ﺤ ﺴ ﻴ ﻨ ﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺠﺎﻻت أﺧﺮى ﻋﺪﻳﺪة اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧ ﻈ ﺎﻣ ﻲ ‪C4.5‬‬ ‫و ‪ ARIS‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﺬا ﻳﻨﺼﺢ ﺑﺎن ﺗﺴﺘﺨ ﺪم ﻧ ﻈ ﻢ اﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﺧ ﺘ ﺒ ﺎر واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﻨ ﻔ ﺼ ﻠ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﻘﺮاء ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ آ ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ‪ RIPPER‬و ‪ C4.5‬ﻟ ﻠ ﺤ ﺼ ﻮل ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ أوﺻ ﺎف‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎهﻴﻢ ذات ﺟﻮدة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ ﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺄﻟ ﺔ ﺑ ﻨ ﺎء أوﺻ ﺎف ﻣ ﻔ ﺎه ﻴ ﻢ‬ ‫‪ concept descriptions‬ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﺠ ﺎﻻت آ ﺒ ﻴ ﺮة اﻟ ﺤ ﺠ ﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ آﻤﻴﺎت هﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﺰاﻳ ﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار‪ .‬وﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ اﺳﺘﻘﺮاﺋﻲ ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑ ﻨ ﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﻜ ﺘ ﺒ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻻت اﻟ ﻤ ﺼ ّﻨ ﻔ ﺔ ﻣﺴ ﺒ ﻘ ﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺜﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‪ .‬إن ﻟ ﻬ ﺬا اﻟ ﻨ ﻤ ﻮذج‬ ‫أهﻤﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮة واﻟﻤﺸﻮﺷﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد واﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻃﻮرﻧﺎ أﺳﻠﻮﺑﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ وزن اﻟ ﻘ ﺎﻧ ﻮن ﻣ ﻌ ﺘ ﻤ ﺪا ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺗ ﻘ ﺪﻳ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﺮوط اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن وﺧﺎﺗﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧ ﻮن )أو اﻻﺳ ﺘ ﻨ ﺘ ﺎج(‪.‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫ورﺗﺒﺖ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻷوزاﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘ ﻲ أﺧ ﻄ ﻲء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺝﻊ‬ ‫‪[1] Aha David w., Goldstone Robert L.,‬‬ ‫‪Concept learning and flexible weighting,‬‬ ‫‪Proceedings of the‬‬ ‫‪Fourteenth Annual‬‬ ‫‪Conference of the cognitive Science Soci‬‬‫‪ety, Bloomington, 1992, pp. 534-539.‬‬ ‫‪[2] Benferhat Salem, Dobois Didier, Prode‬‬ ‫‪Heneri, Nonmonotonic reasoning, Condi‬‬‫‪tional objects and possibility theory. Artifi‬‬‫‪cial Intelligence,1997, pp. 259-276‬‬ ‫‪[3] Breiman Leo, Friedman Jerome, Ol‬‬‫‪shen Richard, Stone Charles, Classifica‬‬‫‪tion and regression trees. Wadsworth, Pa‬‬‫‪cific Grove, CA, 1984.‬‬ ‫‪[4] Brunk Clifford. An investigation of‬‬ ‫‪knowledge intensive approaches to con‬‬‫‪cept learning and theory‬‬ ‫‪refinement.‬‬ ‫‪Ph.D. thesis, University of California,‬‬ ‫‪1996.‬‬ ‫‪[5] Greiner Russell, The complexity of the‬‬‫‪ory revision, Proceedings of the Four‬‬‫‪teenth International Joint Conference on‬‬ ‫‪Artificial Intelligence, Montreal, 1995.‬‬ ‫‪[6] Quinlan John Ross, C4.5, Programs for‬‬ ‫‪machine learning, Morgan Kaufman, 1993.‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫‪Ei‬‬

‫اﻟﻮﺹﻒ‬ ‫ﺕﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪث أو دﻟﻴﻞ ‪(eg. Age<=20).‬‬ ‫ﺕﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺘﻤﻢ اﻟﺤﺪث )‪(Ei eg. Age>20‬‬ ‫ﺕﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻀﺎء اﻟﺤﺎﻻت أﻟﻤﻮﺝﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺽﻴﻪ أو اﻟﺼﻨﻒ )‪(eg. Healthy‬‬ ‫ﺕﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻀﺎء اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﻓﺘﺮاض ))‪eg. Sick‬‬ ‫ﺕﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻮزیﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺒﻖ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت أو اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪى اﻟﺸﺮط ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻸﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬

‫‪~Ei‬‬ ‫‪H+‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬‫‪P(Ei) (e.g.‬‬

‫‪P(Age>20)).‬‬ ‫)‪X1 = P(H|Ei‬‬ ‫‪Ei‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت أﻟﻤﻮﺝﺒﻪ اﻟﻤﻐﻄﺎة ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮط ‪(i.e. True positives TP).‬‬ ‫‪ Ei‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺘﻤﻢ ‪X2 = P(H|~Ei) Ei (i.e. False‬‬ ‫ﺝﺰء اﻟﺤﺎﻻت أﻟﻤﻮﺝﺒﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻐﻄﺎة ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮط‬ ‫‪negatives FN).‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬

‫)‪X3=P(Ei‬‬

‫‪E‬ﺝﺰء اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ یﺸﻤﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬

‫اﻟﺠﺪول ‪ :1‬اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت وزن اﻟﺸﺮط ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ‪RIPPER‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎم أرﻳﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎ اﻟﻜﻤﺎل واﻟﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎم ‪C4.5‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‬

‫‪# rules‬‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‬

‫‪Acc‬‬ ‫‪%‬‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‬

‫‪Acc %‬‬

‫‪# rules‬‬

‫‪# rules‬‬

‫‪Acc %‬‬

‫‪Acc %‬‬

‫‪# rules‬‬

‫‪# rules‬‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‬

‫‪Acc‬‬ ‫‪%‬‬

‫‪Acc‬‬ ‫‪%‬‬

‫‪#‬‬ ‫‪rules‬‬

‫‪3.1‬‬

‫‪90.99‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪90.67‬‬

‫‪2.6‬‬

‫‪2.5‬‬

‫‪93.5‬‬

‫‪93.5‬‬

‫‪4.6‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪95.67‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪93.17‬‬

‫‪2.6‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧ ﺎت ﻧﺒ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻮﺳﻦ‬

‫‪3.8‬‬

‫‪87.64‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪86.25‬‬

‫‪2.8‬‬

‫‪4.3‬‬

‫‪89.72‬‬

‫‪89.72‬‬

‫‪5.7‬‬

‫‪4.1‬‬

‫‪88.12‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪87.36‬‬

‫‪3.1‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﺒﻴﺬ‬

‫‪3.4‬‬

‫‪77.58‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪77.26‬‬

‫‪1.3‬‬

‫‪3.7‬‬

‫‪81.61‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪80.32‬‬

‫‪5.9‬‬

‫‪4.5‬‬

‫‪79.52‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪78.55‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧ ﺎت اﻟﺘﻬ ﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬

‫‪2.6‬‬

‫‪98.4‬‬

‫‪98.4‬‬

‫‪2.5‬‬

‫‪5.1‬‬

‫‪97.67‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪96.99‬‬

‫‪7.6‬‬

‫‪4.5‬‬

‫‪98.2‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪97.89‬‬

‫‪3.4‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧ ﺎت اﻟﻐ ﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺪرﻗﻴﻪ‬

‫‪9.5‬‬

‫‪53.03‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪52.2‬‬

‫‪2.9‬‬

‫‪12.3‬‬

‫‪50.66‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪49.26‬‬

‫‪38.9‬‬

‫‪26.2‬‬

‫‪49.59‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪48.93‬‬

‫‪26.8‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬

‫‪13.7‬‬

‫‪55.66‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪52.89‬‬

‫‪8.6‬‬

‫‪14.2‬‬

‫‪60.24‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪55.3‬‬

‫‪33‬‬

‫‪15.9‬‬

‫‪58.2‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪56.39‬‬

‫‪31.2‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧ ﺎت راﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬

‫‪12.8‬‬

‫‪68.04‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪66.56‬‬

‫‪12.8‬‬

‫‪12.6‬‬

‫‪49.6‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪44.02‬‬

‫‪23.2‬‬

‫‪16.1‬‬

‫‪49.02‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪43.04‬‬

‫‪22.9‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺴﻤﻌﻴﺎت‬

‫‪7.5‬‬

‫‪99.86‬‬

‫‪99.84‬‬

‫‪7.5‬‬

‫‪13.6‬‬

‫‪98.5‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪98.47‬‬

‫‪34.3‬‬

‫‪9.8‬‬

‫‪99.85‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪99.69‬‬

‫‪22.7‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬

‫‪7.5‬‬

‫‪81.27‬‬

‫‪81.27‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪36.4‬‬

‫‪78.61‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪77.62‬‬

‫‪228‬‬

‫‪57.1‬‬

‫‪71.44‬‬

‫‪71.43‬‬

‫‪160.8‬‬

‫‪96.35‬‬

‫‪96.34‬‬

‫‪15.6‬‬

‫‪33.2‬‬

‫‪93.6‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪92.0‬‬

‫‪47.9‬‬

‫‪20.3‬‬

‫‪98.11‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪98.09‬‬

‫‪19.4‬‬

‫‪17.9‬‬

‫اﻟﺠﺪول رﻗﻢ ‪ :2‬أداء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ اﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬أﺧﺬ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻌﺪد ‪ 10‬ﺗﺠﺎرب ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺠﺎل‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺮاﺷﺪﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫اﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺎت‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ‪RIPPER‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎم ‪C4.5‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫‪%40‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻘّﺤﻪ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺪﻣﺠﻪ‬

‫‪90.99‬‬

‫‪93.33‬‬

‫‪90.67‬‬

‫‪87.64‬‬

‫‪90.14‬‬

‫‪86.25‬‬

‫‪ ARIS‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ واﻟﻜﻤﺎل‬

‫اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫‪%40‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻘّﺤﻪ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺪﻣﺠﻪ‬

‫‪93.5‬‬

‫‪94.0‬‬

‫‪93.5‬‬

‫‪89.72‬‬

‫‪90.0‬‬

‫‪89.72‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻘّﺤﻪ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺪﻣﺠﻪ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫‪%40‬‬

‫‪95.67‬‬

‫‪93.67‬‬

‫‪93.17‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧ ﺎت ﻧﺒ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻮﺳﻦ‬

‫‪88.12‬‬

‫‪89.72‬‬

‫‪87.36‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﺒﻴﺬ‬

‫‪77.58‬‬ ‫√‬

‫‪76.94‬‬

‫‪77.26‬‬

‫√‬

‫‪81.61‬‬

‫‪77.96‬‬

‫‪80.32‬‬

‫√‬

‫‪79.52‬‬

‫‪78.39‬‬

‫‪78.55‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻬ ﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬

‫√‬

‫‪98.4‬‬

‫‪98.20‬‬

‫‪98.4‬‬

‫√‬

‫‪97.67‬‬

‫‪97.24‬‬

‫‪96.99‬‬

‫√‬

‫‪98.2‬‬

‫‪98.14‬‬

‫‪97.89‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧ ﺎت اﻟﻐ ﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺪرﻗﻴﻪ‬

‫√‬

‫‪53.03‬‬

‫‪52.21‬‬

‫‪52.2‬‬

‫√‬

‫‪50.66‬‬

‫‪50.19‬‬

‫‪49.26‬‬

‫√ ‪49.59‬‬

‫‪47.05‬‬

‫‪48.93‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬

‫‪55.66‬‬

‫‪57.23‬‬

‫‪52.89‬‬

‫√‬

‫‪60.24‬‬

‫‪55.54‬‬

‫‪55.3‬‬

‫‪58.2‬‬

‫‪59.64‬‬

‫‪56.39‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧ ﺎت راﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻪ‬

‫‪68.04‬‬

‫‪70.69‬‬

‫‪66.56‬‬

‫√‬

‫‪49.12‬‬

‫‪43.12‬‬

‫‪44.02‬‬

‫√ ‪49.02‬‬

‫‪40.20‬‬

‫‪43.04‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﻌﻴﺎت‬

‫ﺎت‬

‫‪99.86‬‬

‫‪99.87‬‬

‫‪99.84‬‬

‫√‬

‫‪98.5‬‬

‫‪98.37‬‬

‫‪98.47‬‬

‫√‬

‫‪99.85‬‬

‫‪99.77‬‬

‫‪99.69‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬

‫‪81.27‬‬

‫‪82.22‬‬

‫‪81.27‬‬

‫√‬

‫‪78.61‬‬

‫‪78.07‬‬

‫‪77.62‬‬

‫√‬

‫‪97.53‬‬

‫‪96.34‬‬

‫‪96.6‬‬

‫‪98.16‬‬

‫‪92.0‬‬

‫‪96.35‬‬

‫√‬

‫‪71.44‬‬

‫‪70.97‬‬

‫‪71.43‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺷﺪﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺎت‬

‫‪98.11‬‬

‫‪98.86‬‬

‫‪98.09‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫اﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺠﺪول رﻗﻢ ‪: 3‬ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ أداء ﺛﻼﺛﺔ اﻧﻈﻤﻪ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

‫‪79‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

Mechanical Behaviors of Aluminum Matrix Composites Reinforced with Ceramic Particles in Extrusion Simulation Experiments Zagazig University

Amal Ebrahim Mohamed Nassar

ABSTRACT The influence for group of variables on aluminium A355 and A356 composites reinforced with SiC particles after the extrusion process was investigated by the finite element method. These variables are the percentage of liquid material and the ram speed, die angle and the reduction percentage in the area. The volume percentage of the SiC particles was 10%,15% and 20% percentage and the investigated made at room temperature ,150 0C and 300 0C. The results show that the ram speed increased with the increasing in the liquid fraction and decreasing in the die angle and reduction percentage, the results show also that the porosity percentage decreased and the mechanical properties improved.

Key words: Ram speed, Finite element, Neural Network, Extrusion and Simulation Introduction Metal Matrix Composites (MMCc) exhibit a combination of properties not found in monolithic metals. The addition of high modulus fibers , particles, nodules or whiskers to conventional alloys can result in favorable changes in strength, elastic modulus, wear resistance, creep resistance, coefficient of thermal expansion and fatigue life. In addition, although second phase additions can result in a loss of tensile ductility, lower fracture toughness, and an increase in density, specific properties of the composites are usually improved enough to provide considerable weight savings potential in load bearing and high temperature applications. In particular, they offer widespread potential due to their essentially isotropic properties and substantially improved strengths and stiffness compared to unreinforced alloy [1-3]. Aluminum-silicon metal matrix particulate composites are attractive for these applications because they exhibit unusual combinations of structural, physical thermal properties, low density, low thermal expansion, high modulus and strength, and good creep and wear resistance [4]. Semi-solid metal forming processes are of large industrial interest for the production of various components because they have advantages over castwww.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

ing, forging and powder metallurgy techniques, such as reduction of macrosegregation, reduction of porosity, low forming efforts and possibility of near-net shape forming etc. In the semi-solid extrusion, because the material of the semi-solid state flows out only through a die exit, the flow and deformation of material is constrained. The flow and deformation of the semi-solid alloy studied in the investigation at changing initial liquid fraction, angle of die and reduction in area [5-7]. A computer simulation or a computer model is a computer program that attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system. Computer simulations have become an useful part of mathematical modeling of many natural systems in physics (Computational Physics), chemistry and biology, human systems in economics, psychology, and social science and in the process of engineering new technology, to gain insight into the operation of those systems. Traditionally, the formal modeling of systems has been via a mathematical model, which attempts to find analytical solutions to problems, which enables the prediction of the behavior of the system from a set of parameters and initial conditions. Computer simulations build on, and are an useful adjunct to purely mathematical models in science, technology and entertainment. Finite ele2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

80

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ment analysis (FEA) is a computer simulation technique used in engineering analysis. It uses a numerical technique called the finite element method (FEM). There are many finite element software packages, both free and proprietary [8-11]. An artificial neural network (ANN), often just called a "neural network" (NN), is an interconnected group of artificial neurons, that uses a mathematical model or computational model for information processing based on a connectionist approach to computation. In most cases an ANN is an adaptive system that changes its structure based on external or internal information that flows through the network [12]. The present work is devoted to study the effect of the extrusion process on the mechanical properties of A355 and A356 alloy reinforced with different weight percentages of silicon carbide particles. This study made by simulating this process using computer software based on the finite element and artificial neural techniques, after validated all software by comparing the predicted results from this software with the experimental results. The validation process done by using simulation model prepared by tin-lead alloy reinforced with silicon carbide particles.

Experimental Work In this section, experimental processes have been explained to validate the finite element software (JL Analyzer). SiC particles with different percents of volume fractions (10,15and 20) used as reinforcing particles for production of particle reinforced Pb-Sn alloy matrix composites. Particle was mixed by stirrer in the liquid alloy, and then poured into dies to solidify composite specimens. The specimens were deformed at temperature ranging from 247 to 308 0C. All extruded specimens had a diameter of 20 mm before extrusion and had a final diameter of 16 mm and 12 mm after extrusion with reduction ratio in area 20% and 40%. Table 1 shows the tensile properties of the specimens; Figure 1 shows the effect of liquid fraction on ram speed at different die angles.

Finite Element Modeling To use the finite element software a validation process are made by applying this software on the Pb-Sn alloy matrix composites reinforced with deferent volume percents of SiCp as cast and as extruded to predict the deformation and www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

tensile behaviour. The predicted results and the experimental results then compared to validate the software.

In Extrusion A finite element code JL analyzer simulation simulated extrusion process. JL Analyzer Engineering solution, developed to analyze the two-dimensional plastic deformation.

Finite element simulation performed for each combination of variables to predict the ram speed in extrusion process in each case. Predicted results from JL analyzer soft ware illustrated in figure 1. The investigations proved that results of the finite element simulation for extrusion of semi solid alloy revealed a good agreement with experimental results.

Tensile Tests Tensile tests ware simulated also by JL Analyzer Engineering solution. In tensile test simulation, the specimen is presumed to drawn axially through two jaws. The jaws were forces. Two temperatures (room temperature and 1000 C) and two cases for the material (as cast and as extruded) were considered in the finite element model simulations. Predicted results for the Pb-Sn alloy matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles with deferent weight percents were summarized in table 1.The results of the finite element simulations show good agreement with the experimental results.

Neural Network Modeling To use the neural network software a validation process are made by applying this software on the Pb-Sn alloy matrix composites reinforced with deferent volume percents of SiC particles as cast and as extruded to predict the wear behaviour. The predicted results and the experimental results then compared to validate the software.

In Wear Rate In this investigation, the wear rate studied by using a neural network software (EasyNNplus). EasyNN-plus grows multi-layer neural networks from the data in a grid. The neural network input and output layers created to match the grid input and output columns. Hidden layers connecting the input and output layers grown to hold the optimum number of 2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

81

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ nodes. Each node contains a neuron and its connection addresses. The whole process is automatic. The grid is produced manually using the EasyNN-plus editing facilities. The neural networks learn the training data in the grid and they can use the validating data in the grid to self validate at the same time. The input or independent variables are the applied pressure in MPa, SiC weight percentage and the temperature in degrees. The output is the wear rate in milligrams per meter figure 2 shows the

In this section the validated simulation software were used to predict the mechanical properties of A355. Finite element code JL analyzer simulated Extrusion process for A355 and A356 alloys. Finite element simulation performed for each combination of variables to predict the ram speed in extrusion process in each case, soft ware assumed that the ceramic particles distributed uniformly in the composite. Predicted results from JL analyzer soft ware illustrated in figure 3 for A355 alloy and

. Tensile properties of(Pb-Sn) unreinforced Test temperature Room temperature 100 C

Test temperature Room temperature 100 C

Test temperature Room temperature 100 C

Test temperature Room temperature 100 C

Condition U.T.S (MPa) Y.S. (MPa) * As-cast 34 34.1 23 24.1* * Extruded 47 48.3 27 28* * As-cast 42 44.2 30 31.1* * Extruded 49 50.1 35 36.1* Tensile properties of(Pb-Sn) reinforced with 10% wt SiCp Condition

U.T.S (MPa)

Y.S. (MPa)

29 30,2* As-cast 39 40.3* * 24 25,1* Extruded 42 42.9 * As-cast 30 31.2 17 17,3* Extruded 37 38.3* 14 15,3* Tensile properties of(Pb-Sn) reinforced with 15% wt SiCp Condition As-cast Extruded As-cast

U.T.S (MPa) 27 23.7* 36 27.8* 21 19.2*

Y.S. (MPa) 20 20.1* 16 16.9* 12 12.9*

Extruded 39 22.4* 15 15.6* Tensile properties of(Pb-Sn) reinforced with 20% wt SiCp

18.8* 24.2* 16.3* 21.1*

% Elong.

16.5 19.3 14.2 12.7

16.9* 20.3* 15.4* 10.6*

% Elong.

14.3 14.9* 16.1 16.7* 16.3 17.3* 17.4

18.1*

Condition As-cast

U.T.S (MPa) 23

Extruded

27

13

14.1*

16.2

17.3*

As-cast Extruded

18 21

10 12

11.3* 13.5*

17.4 19.3

18.7* 19.8*

relation between the experimental and predicted wear rate results at deferent temperatures Figure 1: Relation between liquid fraction, die angle and ram velocity for (Pb-Sn) alloy matrix composites at different reduction areas for the Measured values and Predicted values Mechanical tests simulation for A355 and A356 www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

Y.S. (MPa) 17 17.8*

% Elong 18.2 23.7 15.2 15.1

% Elong.

10.7 11.2*

figure 4 for A356. In the simulation process, the extruded specimens had a diameter of 20 mm before extrusion and the percentage of reduction in area was 20% and 40%.

Tensile Tests JL Analyzer Engineering solution simulated the tensile tests for A355 and 356 as cast and as extruded. In tensile test simulation, the specimen assumed to drawn axially through two jaws. The jaws defined as forces. Three temperatures (room temperature, 1500 and 2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

82

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ 0

300 ). Predicted results for A355 and A356 reinforced with SiC particles with deferent weight percents were summarized in table 2 and 3 respectively Wear Rate In this investigation, A355 and A356 wear rate were predicted by using a neural network software (EasyNN-plus) at two temperatures (100 0C and 200 0C). The grid produced manually using the EasyNN-plus editing facilities.

The input or independent variables are the applied pressure in MPa, SiC weight % and the temperature in degrees the predicted results illustrated in the figure 5 and figure 6 Discussion The results obtained from the finite element modelling of the behaviour of A355 and A356 alloy matrix composites for the effects of the percentage of liquid material and die angle and reduction percentage in the area on the ram speed. The result showed that the ram speed increased when: The die angle and the percentage of the reduction in area decrease. That result from the liquid phase flows heavily for the free surface due to the contact force acting on the specimen from the die.

Liquid fraction percentage increase. That result from the liquid phase flows easily for the free surface due to the contact force acting on the specimen from the die.

The previous result is consistent with that noticed by O. P. Grover and U.C. Jindal [13].

They proved that the liquid fraction percentage, the die angle and the reduction percentage effected in the ram speed in the extrusion of semi solid composites. Mechanical results for composites show that the yield strength of matrix as cast and as extruded decreases with further increase in volume fraction of reinforcement, B. S. Majumdar and A. B. Pandey [14] have found good agreement with this results.

The results also show that ultimate tensile strength decreases when the temperature increases, but the yield strength increases at high temperatures.

Mechanical results revealed that the hot deformation process (extrusion) improving the strength. These improvements result from the www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

reduction in the grain size and reduction in the porosity at room temperature and causes redistribution of SiC particles clusters in a more uniform distribution of the SiC particles ,but at 100 0C the extrusion had no effect in ductility for the composites and unreinforced alloy specimens had no differences in the value at high temperature. More uniform distribution in the extruded specimens reduced the wear rate.

Similar observation of the wear rate of the composites has been reported by several investigators [15,16]. The composites show a higher resistance to wear as compared to the unreinforced alloy. The results reveal that the resistance to wear of the composites improved by increasing the weight percent of the reinforcement of the composites.

The results of the finite element simulations for Pb-Sn alloy matrix composites show good agreement with the experimental results . This result is consistent with that resulted by Chen J.M. et al. [17]. They proved that the prediction for the mechanical properties of the reinforced metal matrix composites as cast and as extruded by finite element simulation revealed good agreement with experimental data.

Neural network found successful in prediction of wear results. This result is consistent with that resulted by Necat altinkok et al. [18].

They proved that the prediction for the mechanical properties of the reinforced metal matrix composites by using the artificial neural network revealed a good accord with experimental data.

Conclusions This investigation on the extrusion of particle reinforced aluminum alloy was conducted by using finite element and neural network modeling, the principal conclusions can be summarized as follows: The addition of SiC particles to A355 and A356 alloy matrix composites are improve the strength of the alloy at room temperature, up to 10% SiC, then the strength decreases with further increase in the weight percentage of the reinforcement. Extruded composites generally followed a similar trend but with relatively higher values of strength. extrusion process reduces the porosity content of the as cast composites and causes redistribution of SiC particles clusters in a more uni2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

83

Experimentally Results

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

Predicted Results ( a)

( b)

3

3 2.5

2.5 2

2 1.5

1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5

0

0 5

15

25

35

45

5

55

15

25

35

45

55

35

45

55

( b)

( a)

2

3

1.8 1.6

2.5

1.4

2

1.2

1.5

0.8

1 0.6

1

0.4 0.2

0.5

0

0 5

5

15

25

35

45

15

25

55

( b)

( a)

3 2.5 2

3

1.5

2.5

1

2

0.5

1.5

0

1

5

15

25

35

45

55

0.5 0 5

15

25

35

45

2

55

(a )

1.8 1.6 1.4 (b )

2

1.2

1.8

1

1.6

0.8

1.4

0.6

Ram speed (mm/s)

1.2 1

0.4

0.8

0.2

0.6

0

0.4

5

0.2

15

25

35

45

55

0 5

15

25

35

45

55 (b)

3 2.5 ( a)

3

2

2.5

1.5

2

1

1.5

0.5

1

0

0.5

5

15

25

35

45

55

35

45

55

35

45

55

0 5

15

25

35

45

55 (b )

1.6 1.4

(a )

2

1.2

1.8

1

1.6 1.4

0.8

1.2

0.6

1

0.4

0.8

0.2

0.6

0

0.4 0.2

5

15

25

0 5

15

25

35

45

55 (a )

3

2.5

( b)

3

2

2.5

2

1.5

1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5

0 5

0 5

15

25

Figure 1

35

45

15

25

55

Liquid fraction (%)

www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

600

450

300

2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

84

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

form distribution of the SiC particles The tensile tests carried out at 150 0C, the extruded composites showed gradual increase in tensile strength with increasing the weight percent of SiC particles up to a value of 10%by weight. Further increase in the weight % of particles resulted in decrease in the strength.

Ram speed increased when the die angle and the percentage of the reduction in area decrease.

Ram speed increased when liquid fraction percentage increase. That result from the liquid phase flows easily for the free surface due to the contact force acting on the specimen www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

from the die.

Very good agreement is obtained between the predicted values from finite element simulation and experimental results for the Pb-Sn alloy matrix composite.

Very good agreement is obtained between the predicted values from neural network modeling and experimental results for the Pb-Sn alloy matrix composite.

The yield strength of matrix as cast and as extruded decreases with further increase in volume fraction of reinforcement References 2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

85

At Ra = 0.8

At Ra = 0.6

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

1.5

1.4 1

1.2 1

0.5

0.8 0.6

0

0.4

10

0.2

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1,4 1,2

1,4

1

1,2

0,8

1

0,6

0,8

0,4

0,6

0,2

Ram speed (mm/s)

0,4 0

0,2

10 1,4

0

20

30

40

50

60

70

60

70

80

90

80

90

1,2 10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1

1,4

0,8

1,2

0,6

1

0,4

0,8

0,2

0,6

0 10

0,4

20

30

40

50

1,4

0,2

1,2

0 10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1

1,4 0,8

1,2 1

0,6

0,8

0,4

0,6 0,4

0,2

0,2

0

0 10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Figure 3: Relation between liquid fraction, die angle and ram velocity for A355 alloy matrix composites at different reduction areas.

[1] G.L.Huyett ,"Engineering Handbook", Industrial Press inc., New York.(2002), pp 4-6 [2] Karl Ulrich Kainer " Basics of Metal Matrix Composites Metal Matrix Composites.

Custom-made Materials for Automotive and Aerospace Engineering", WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.(2006). pp 79 [3] M K Surappa," Aluminum Matrix Composites: Challenges and Opportunities" Sadhana India, Vol. 28, Parts 1 & 2, February/April (2003), pp. 319–334.

[4] M. Mares" Some Issues On Tailoring Possibilities For Mechanical Properties Of Particulate Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites" , Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, Vol. 3, No. 1, March (2001), p. 119 - 124 [5] M. M. Makhlouf, D. Apelian and L. Wang, www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

"Casting Characteristics Of Aluminum Die Casting Alloys", Advanced Casting Research Center, Metal Processing Institute. (2004), pp 61-65 [6] PK Mallick and Marcel Dekker “Composites Engineering Handbook”, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc, (1997), pp22-46.

[7] FL Matthews and RD Rawlings. Composite Materials: Engineering and Science, Woodhead, (1994), pp 12-21.

[8] W. S. Hwang and R. A. Stoehr, “Computer simulation for the filling of castings” AFS Transactions ,(1987) pp 44-46 [9] T. Nakagawa, “A Three dimensional simulation of a material casting using the finite element method in Modeling of Casting and Welding Processes", The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (1988), pp. 833 [10] Y. Ohtsuka, T. Ono, K. Mizuno, and E. Matsubara, “Computer simulation system of the molten metal flow in die casting” 15th Die Casting Congress, (1989) pp 33.

[11] Y. B. Li and W. Zhou "Numerical Simulation of Filling Process in Die Casting", MaLiquid fraction (%)

2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

86

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ 1,4

1 ,4

1,2

1 ,2

1

1

0,8

0 ,8

0,6

0 ,6

0,4

0 ,4 0 ,2

0,2

0

0 10

1,4

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

10

90

20

30

40

50

60

70

40

50

60

40

50

80

90

1,5

1,2 1 0,8

1

0,6 0,4

0,5

0,2 0 10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0

0,9

10

0,8

0,9

0,7

0,8

0,6

0,7

0,5 1,4

20

30

70

80

90

0,6

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 0,5

1,2 1

1,4

0,8

1,2

10

20

10

20

30

60

70

80

90

1

0,6

0,8

0,4

0,6

0,2

0,4

0

0,2

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0

Liquid fraction (%) Figure 4: Relation between liquid fraction, die angle and ram velocity for A356 alloy matrix composites at different reduction areas terials Technology, Vol. 18, (2003), pp. 36-41 [12] Aleksander and Morton, H. "An introduction to Neural Computing", 2nd edition, Chapman & Hill Great Britain, (1994), pp20-43 [13] O.P. Grover,U.C. Jindal "Extrusion characteristics of aluminum alloy/SiCp metal matrix composites" material science technology vol.15 , (1999), pp 443-445.

[14] B. S. Majumdar and A. B. Pandey " Deformation and fracture of a particle-reinforced aluminum alloy composite: Part II. Modeling".Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Springer Boston, (2007) pp. 937-950 [15] Martinez, M.,A. and Martin, A., and Liorca J., "Wear of Al-Si/SiC composites at ambient and elevated temperatures ", Scrip.

Metal. Mater. Vol.28, (1993), pp 207207-213.

[16] N. Natarajana, S. Vijayaranganb and I. Rajendran "Wear Behaviour Of A356/25 SiCp Aluminium Matrix Composites Sliding www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

30

40

50

600

450

60

70

80

90

300

Against Automobile Friction Material ", Wear, volume 261 issues 7-8, (2006) pp 812-814.

[17] Chen J.M.; Liu R.S.; Martin C.; Letouze F.; Raveau B.; Huang H.; Bush M.B. "Finite element analysis of mechanical properties in discontinuously reinforced metal matrix composites with ultrafine microstructure", Materials Science and Engineering: A, Volume 232.

(1997), pp. 63-66.

[18] Necat altinkok and Rasit Koker" Modelling of the prediction of tensile and density properties in particle reinforced metal matrix composites by using neural networks", Materials & Design, Volume 27, Issue 8, (2006), pp.

625-631

2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

87

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ Tensile properties of A355 unreinforcrd Test temperature

Condition

U.T.S (MPa)

Y.S. (MPa)

%Elong.

Room temperature

As-cast

226

140

2,3

Extruded

233

166

3,5

As-cast

251

150

1,9

Extruded

250

141

2,8

As-cast

202

120

4,2

Extruded

229

133

3,7

%Elong.

150 C 300 C

Tensile properties of A355 with 10% wt SiCp Test temperature

condition

U.T.S (MPa)

Y.S. (MPa)

Room temperature

As-cast

234

136

1,6

Extruded

242

128

2,5

As-cast

222

105

2

Extruded

234

131

1,5

As-cast

179

100

5,1

Extruded

218

121

4,7

150 C

300 C

Tensile properties of A355 reinforced with 15% wt SiCp Test temperature

Condition

U.T.S(MPa)

Y.S. (MPa)

% Elong.

Room temperature

As-cast

223

134

1,4

Extruded

238

124

1,9

As-cast

215

95

2

Extruded

230

111

3,2

As-cast

152

72

5,2

Extruded

164

97

4,9

150 C 300 C

Tensile properties of A355 reinforced with 20% wt SiCp Test temperature

Condition

U.T.S (MPa)

Y.S. (MPa)

% Elong.

Room temperature

As-cast

214

127

1,2

Extruded

227

115

1,8

As-cast

207

90

1,9

Extruded

215

105

2,4

As-cast

141

59

5,3

Extruded

153

81

4,6

150 C 300 C

Table 2: The predicted tensile properties of A355 alloy matrix composites www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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88

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ Tensile properties of A356 unreinforced Condition

U.T.S (MPa)

Y.S. (MPa)

As-cast

255

170

14,2

Room temperature

Extruded

297

192

19,3

150 C

As-cast

283

208

11,1

Extruded

281

200

11,3

As-cast Extruded

188 208

163 171

26,2 29,2

Test temperature

300 C

% Elong.

Tensile properties of A356 reinforced with 10% wt SiCp Condition

U.T.S (MPa)

Y.S. (MPa)

% Elong.

As-cast

259

220

10,2

Room temperature

Extruded

282

187

11,5

150 C

As-cast

227

130

11,8

Extruded

281

153

18,1

As-cast

165

73

24,1

Extruded

237

93

27,2

Test temperature

300 C

Tensile properties of A356 reinforced with 15% wt SiCp Test temperature

Condition

U.T.S (MPa)

Y.S. (MPa)

% Elong.

Room temperature

As-cast

245

155

8,3

Extruded

267

164

11,5

As-cast

167

83

11,7

Extruded

174

97

18,1

As-cast

183

63

25,1

Extruded

213

84

28,8

150 C 300 C

Tensile properties of A356 reinforced with 20% wt SiCp Test temperature

Condition

U.T.S (MPa)

Y.S. (MPa)

% Elong.

Room temperature

As-cast

230

137

7,3

Extruded

243

144

13,7

As-cast

145

66

12,9

Extruded

151

83

15,6

As-cast

163

55

29,7

Extruded

179

76

24,7

150 C

300 C

Table 3: The predicted tensile properties of A356 alloy matrix composites www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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89

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ We ar rate of A355/10 w t.%SiCp

W ear rate of A355

30 Wear rate(X10g/m)

Wear rate (X10 g/m)

44 42 40 38 36 34 32

25 20 15 10

30

5 0

1

2

3

1

4

2

Applied pressure MPa

80 75 70 65 3

4

Wear rate (X10 g/m)

Wear rate (X10 g/m)

85

2

30 20 10 0 1

2

85 80 75 70 65 3

4

50 40 30 20 10 0 1

Applied pressure MPa

W e a r r a te (X 1 0 g /m )

Wear rate (X10 g/m)

40 30 20 10 0 3

3

4

Wear rate of A355/20 wt.%SiCp

50

2

2

Applied pressure MPa

We ar rate of A355/15 w t.%SiCp

1

4

Wear rate of A355/10 w t.%SiCp Wear rate (X10 g/m)

Wear rate (X10 g/m)

Wear rate of A355

2

3

Applied pressure MPa

Applied pressure MPa

1

4

Wear rate of A355/20 w t.%SiCp

Wear rate of A355

1

3

Applied pressure MPa

4

Applied pressure MPa

40 30 20 10 0 1

2

3

4

Applied pressure MPa

Figure 6: wear rate of A355 alloy reinforced with different weight percentage of SiC particles at 100 0C and 200 0 C

www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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90

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ w e ar rate of A356

wear rate of A356/10 wt% SiCp W e a r r a te (X 1 0 g /m )

Wear rate (X10 g/m)

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

30 20 10 0 1

0 1

2

3

4

W ear rate (X 10 g /m )

W ear rate (X 10 g /m )

15 14 13 12 3

20 15 10 5 0 1

4

100 50 0 3

4

40 20 0 1

4

40 20 0 4

Applied pressure MPa

50 40 30 20 10 0

W e a r ra te (X 1 0 g /m )

W e a r r a te (X 1 0 g /m )

3

Wear rate of A356/20 wt.% SiCp

60

3

2

Applied pressure MPa

Wear rate of A356/15 wt.% SiCp

2

4

60

Applied pressure MPa

1

3

Wear rate of A356/10 wt.% SiCp W e a r ra te (X 1 0 g/m )

W e a r ra te (X 1 0 g/m )

Wear rate of A356

2

2

Applied pressure MPa

Applied pressure MPa

1

4

wear rate of A356/15 wt% SiCp

wear rate of A356/20 wt% SiCp

2

3

Applied pressure MPa

Applied pressure MPa

1

2

1

2

3

4

Applied pressure MPa

Figure 6: wear rate of A356 alloy reinforced with different weight percentage of SiC particles at 100 0C and 200 0C

www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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91

PONOMAREV N.K., PhD, Professor

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻴﺪ آﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺼﺪاﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﻌﻮب‬

New solution for Loyziansky

‫ﺣﻞ ﺝﺪیﺪ ﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻟﻴﻮﺳﻴﻨﺴﻜﻲ‬ HALABI S. M., PhD, Professor ‫ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﻋﻤﻴﺪ آﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺼﺪاﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﻌﻮب‬

In his paper [1] L.G. Loyziansky posed and solved a system of four partial differential equations for laminar twisted motion of viscous fluid in tube, opening to a space region filled with the same fluid. He found particle velocities and pressure as series depending on the lateral distance. The authors consider another solution where there is a wurf proportion among three components of fluid particle velocity. where

Notation.

In the following, the integration ∫ means

and ∫

f ( x , r ) dx

0

g ( x , r ) dr

stands

tube, r – point distance from the central line, u,v,w represent correspondingly lateral, radial

for

and transversal components of fluid particle

R

∫

fluid, p – pressure in its flow, x – point distance along the central line of a symmetric

x

∫

f ( x , r ) dx

are physical constants of the given

g ( x , r ) dr

0

, where x is distance along the

tube and R is tube’s radius.

velocity.

In the system (1) the fourth equation says that two following equalities hold:

Introduction From the paper [1] by L.G. Loyziansky it is known that laminar twisted motion of viscous fluid can be described by the following system of partial differential equations:

⎧∂ 2 ⎧∂ ⎡ ∂ ⎫ ∂ 2 ⎤ ∂ ⎪ r ⋅u⋅w + r ⋅v⋅w =υ⋅⎨ ⎢r⋅ (r⋅w)⎥−2⋅ (r⋅w)⎬ ∂r ⎦ ∂r ⎭ ⎩∂r ⎣ ∂r ⎪∂x ∂ ∂⎡ ⎛ ∂u⎞⎤ ⎪ r⋅ p+ρ⋅u2 + ⎢r⋅⎜ρ⋅u⋅v−µ⋅ ⎟⎥ =0 ⎪ ∂x ∂r ⎣ ⎝ ∂r ⎠⎦ ⎨ 2 ∂p w ⎪ =ρ⋅ ⎪ ∂r r ⎪ ∂(r⋅u) ∂(r⋅v) ⎪ + =0 (1) ∂x ∂r ⎩

(

) (

[(

)

)]

www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

u=

1 ∂Ψ ⋅ r ∂r

(2)

1 ∂Ψ v=− ⋅ r ∂x . (3)

Here is a certain differentiable function of x and r. Loyziansky searched and found epressions for the transversal velocity component w and pressure p.

1. The purpose of present work is also a search for the values w and p, but not in the form of infinite series and under different sufficiently general assumptions. In fact, if we consider a moving fluid particle, it must satisfy

2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

92

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ the Law of Energy Conservation in the well-

Under this the radius is a non-negative value

known form:

(it follows from the Law of Energy Conserva-

К+П=C

tion) and has a maximum as function of time t:

(4)

where K – its kinetic energy, П – its potential energy, С – a certain constant which is proba-

2 ⋅C m

0 ≤ R ≤

(10)

bly equal to zero. The kinetic energy expression has the form: K=

(

m ⋅ v 2 + u 2 + w2 2

) (5)

where the quadratic expressions of velocity components are understood as scalar products of their vectors: w

= w ⋅w

2

v2 = v ⋅v

,

u

2

= u ⋅u

,

. Let’s consider the potential en-

ergy of fluid particle as a given function of Fig.1. The Law of Energy Conservation of

time t:

fluid particle in the space of velocity compo-

П=П(t), t ∈ [0, ∞ ).

(6)

nents u, v, w.

In the simplest case consider it as a constant value. Taking into account the formulas (5)

2. Call “velocities wurf” W=W(u,v,w) the func-

and (6), the Law of Energy Conservation for a

tional expression

fluid particle can be written as :

(

m⋅ v +u +w 2 2

2

2

W = 1+

) + П (t ) = C (7)

u⋅w v ⋅ (u + v + w)

. (11)

Assume that there exists a wurf rule for the

Doing some obvious transformations obtain

three components of fluid particle velocity in

from the last formula :

the form W = D , (12)

v 2 + u 2 + w2 =

2 ⋅ [C − П (t )] m .

(8)

In the space of velocity components u,v,w the

where D – a certain constant. Doing simple transformations obtain from the last formula the following expression

equality (8) represents a circle (see Fig.1) with the radius: R =

v2 + u ⋅v + v ⋅w +

2 ⋅ [C − П ( t ) ] m

(9)

1 ⋅ u ⋅ w = 0 (13) 1− D

В пространстве скоростей u, v, w формула (13) будет задавать некоторую поверхность www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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93

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ второго порядка, вид которой представляет

same classification tells that (13) is the equa-

интерес. In order to define the type of this sur-

tion of a real cone.

3. In a particular case, when D=1, the

face, calculate the equation’s invariants I, J, Y,

wurf rule for velocity components of fluid par-

A, A' and obtain:

ticle (12) takes the form:

I = 1 (14) 1 1 − 2 4 ⋅ (1 − D

J = −

Y =

)2

1 1 − 4 ⋅ (1 − D ) 4 ⋅ (1 − D

u ⋅ w v ⋅ (u + v + w

(15)

)

= 0 (21)

i.e. the lateral and transversal components of

)2 (16)

velocity jointly or separately must turn to zero value. Consider all possible cases separately.

A=0 (17) A '=

3.1. u=w=0. Then the system (1) is re-

1 4 ⋅ (1 − D

duced to the following form:

)2 (18)

Consider two theoretically possible cases: 1) the invariant Y ≠ 0 ; 2) the invariant Y = 0 .

From the formula (16) follows the condition:

1 1 − D

−

(1

1 − D

)2

= 0

(19)

This equality is equivalent with the condition

(1

D −

D

)2

=

⎧ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ v + ⎪⎩

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂

p x p r

= 0 = 0

∂ v r ⋅ ∂ r

= 0

(22)

Since in the general case , obtain from (22) that p = const

0

(20)

(23)

i.e. the case 1) takes place under the condition

For the radial component of fluid particle ve-

that the constant D from the formula (12) is

locity obtain from the third equation of the

equal to zero, and the case 2) corresponds to

system (22) that

the case where D is zero.

Consider further the first case, i.e.

D=0. Since it follows from (15) that J<0, the invariant classification of second order surfaces allows to make a conclusion: (13) is the equation of a hyperbolic cylinder.

In the second case, i.e. for D ≠ 0 , the www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

v

=

α r

(24)

where α=const. Taking into account the formulae (23) and (24), get physically that a fluid motion along the tube is non-existent. In the tube section fluid particles are not twisted.

Pressure is constant everywhere, particles mo2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

94

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ tion takes place only in the radial direction and

3.3. w=0, u ≠ 0 . In the given case the

it diminishes with the increase of distance

system (1) can be rewritten in the form:

from tube’s center.

3.2. u=0, w ≠ 0 . In this case the sys-

From the third equation of system (29) it follows: there can be found such a function

tem (1) can be written as follows:

⎧∂ ∂ ⎡ ⎛ ∂u ⎞⎤ 2 ⎧∂ 2 ⎧∂ ⎡ ∂ ⎫ ⎪ ∂x r ⋅ p + ρ ⋅ u + ∂r ⎢r ⋅ ⎜⎝ ρ ⋅ u ⋅ v − µ ⋅ ∂r ⎟⎠⎥ = 0 ∂ ⎤ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪ r ⋅ v ⋅ w = υ ⋅ ⎨ ⎢r ⋅ (r ⋅ w)⎥ − 2 ⋅ (r ⋅ w)⎬ ⎪ ∂r ⎦ ∂p ⎩ ∂r ⎣ ∂r ⎭ ⎪ ⎪ ∂r =0 ⎨ ∂ ⎪ ∂r ( ) r p ⋅ = 0 ⎪ ⎪ ∂(r ⋅ u ) ∂(r ⋅ v ) ∂x ⎪ ⎨ + =0 2 p w ∂ ⎪ (29) ∂x ∂r ⎪ =ρ⋅ ⎩ ⎪ r ∂r ⎪ ∂ (25) Ψ = Ψ (x, r ) (r ⋅ v ) = 0 ⎪ that ∂r ⎩

(

[ (

)

)]

u

=

1 r

⋅

v

=

1 r

⋅

Analogically to the previous case the formula (24) is valid. From the second equation of sys-

∂ Ψ ∂ r ∂ ∂

Ψ x

(30) (31)

tem (25) obtain that fluid pressure p doesn’t

And from the second equation of system (29)

depend on the distance along the tube x:

it is clear that pressure doesn’t depend on r:

p=p(r)

p=p(x).

(26)

(32)

Then the first equation of system (29) can be Substituting this result to the third equation of

rewritten in the following form, giving the

system (25), obtain that the velocity compo-

value of pressure in the fluid, filling the tube,

nent w depends only upon the distance r:

in terms of the function Ψ :

w = w (r )

(27)

Then the fluid pressure inside the tube can be expressed as integral expression: w (r )2 p = ρ ⋅ ∫ ⋅ dr (28) r Physically these formulas mean such situation

when there is no motion along the tube, the

p=−

∂ ⎛ ρ ∂Ψ ∂Ψ µ ∂Ψ ∂2Ψ ⎞ 2 ⋅ ρ ∂2Ψ ∂Ψ ⋅∫ ⋅ ⋅ dx − ∫ ⎜⎜ ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ − µ ⋅ 2 ⎟⎟ ⋅ dx 2 r ∂r∂x ∂r ∂r ⎝ r ∂x ∂r r ∂r ∂r ⎠

Thus, physically, there is a fluid motion along the tube and in the radial direction without twisting and with pressure, lateral and radial velocity components, defined by a certain potential function.

acting pressure upholds the motion of fluid

4. Let D ≠ 1 . In the velocities space u,

particles in the radial direction (with the veloc-

v, w consider two cases for the equation (13)

ity, decreasing with distance from the tube’s

of second order surface: 1) D=0 (hyperbolic

axial line) with their twisting in the transversal direction. www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

(33)

cylinder) and 2) D ≠ 0 (real cone).

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95

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ 4.1. Let D=0. Then the equation (13), describing a hyperbolic cylinder, takes a simpler form:

(34)

v2 + u ⋅v + v ⋅w + u ⋅w = 0 Introduce a spherical coordinate system:

⎧ u = r ⋅ cos ψ ⋅ cos ϕ ⎪ ⎨ v = r ⋅ cos ψ ⋅ sin ϕ ⎪ w = r ⋅ sin ψ ⎩

(35)

Substitute now the formulae (35) to the equation (34), then after simple transformations obtain a dependency of the form:

sin 2 ψ = − 1 + cos 2 ψ

ϕ

sin

(36)

Using formulas (35) and (36), express u, v, w only through the parameters r and

ψ

here

π 2

≤ ψ ≤

(37)

. Put the formulae (37) to

sphere of Law of Energy Conservation in the form: 2 ⋅ [C − П (t ) ] m ⎛ sin 2ψ ⎞ cos 2 ψ ⋅ cos ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 2 ⋅ sin 2 ψ + 1 cos 2 ψ ⎝ ⎠

again

2

≤ψ ≤

(39)

From the third equation of system (1) with the

2

(40)

the help of formulas (30) and (31) obtain:

1 ⎡ ∂Ψ ⎤ ∂2Ψ 1 ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ ∂Ψ ⎞ ⎛ ∂2Ψ ⎞ ⎟ ⋅ dx − ∫ ⎢ρ + µ⎥ ⋅ 2 ⋅ dx − ρ ⋅ ∫ ⋅ ⎜ +1⎟ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜ r ⎣ ∂x r ⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ ∂r ⎠ ⎝ ∂x∂r ⎟⎠ ⎦ ∂r

(41) The expressions (40) and (41) allow to find pressure p as a sum of integrals 2

ρ ⎛∂Ψ⎞

∂3Ψ 1 ⎛∂Ψ⎞ 1 ⎛∂Ψ⎞⎛∂Ψ⎞ p=∫ 3 ⋅⎜ ⎟ ⋅dr+µ⋅∫ 3 ⋅dx+µ⋅∫ 2 ⋅⎜ ⎟⋅dx+ρ⋅∫ 2 ⋅⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟dx− r ⎝ ∂x ⎠ r ⎝ ∂r ⎠ r ⎝ ∂r ⎠⎝ ∂x ⎠ ∂r 2

⎛ ∂Ψ ⎞ ⎛ ∂Ψ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ + 2 ⋅⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ∂r ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠

(38) here

π 2

formula (34) obtain that w = −v .

∂p ∂3Ψ µ ⎛∂Ψ⎞ ρ ⎛∂Ψ⎞ ⎛∂Ψ⎞ 1 ⎡ ⎛∂Ψ⎞ ⎤ ∂2Ψ =µ⋅ 3 + 2 ⋅⎜ ⎟+ 2 ⋅⎜ ⎟⋅⎜ ⎟− ⋅ ⎢ρ⋅⎜ ⎟+µ⎥⋅ 2 − ∂x ∂r r ⎝ ∂r ⎠ r ⎝ ∂r ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ r ⎣ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ ∂r

for the hyperbolic cylinder of wurf rule and the

π

Find now solutions of the system (1). From the

From the second equation of system (1) with

obvious transformations the intersection lines

−

allel circles (marked as bold signs).

∂p ρ ⎛ ∂Ψ ⎞ = ⋅⎜ ⎟ ∂r r 3 ⎝ ∂x ⎠

the equation (8) and obtain in the way of

r=

cylinder and the sphere, which gives two par-

:

π 2

the hyperbolic

help of formulae (31) and (39) get:

⎧ ⎛ sin 2 ψ ⎞ ⎪ u = r ⋅ cos ψ ⋅ cos ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎝ 1 + cos 2 ψ ⎠ ⎪⎪ v = − r ⋅ sin ψ ⎨ ⎪ w = r ⋅ sin ψ ⎪ ⎪⎩ −

Fig.2. Upper view of the intersection between

. A general view of these

lines is given in Fig.2. www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

2

=

2⋅r2 ⋅ [C − П ( t ) ] m

(42) Consider now not an arbitrary function

Ψ = Ψ (x, r )

, but only such a one, which sat-

isfies at the same time the conditions (8) and 2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

96

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ (34). Substitute the formulae (30), (31) and (39) for the velocity components u, v, w to (8).

Then we obtain the first limitation in the form: −

ρ r

⎛ ∂ Ψ ⋅ ⎜ ⎝ ∂ r

2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ ∂ Ψ + 1 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ ⎠ ⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ ∂ x∂ r

⎞ ⎟⎟ ⎠

(43) Substitute now the formulae (30), (31) and (39) to the equation of hyperbolic cylinder (34) and obtain identical equality which is satisfied for any

Ψ = Ψ (x, r )

. Thus the only

limitation is the expression (43).

4.2. Let D ≠ 0 . In this case the equation (13), representing a real cone, has the form:

v2 + u ⋅ v + v ⋅ w +

1 ⋅u ⋅ w = 0 1− D

⎧ ⎡ ⎤ 1 z ⋅ ⎢ sin ϕ + ⋅ cos ϕ ⎥ ⋅ cos ϕ ⎪ (1 − D ) ⎦ ⎪u = − ⎣ ⎪ sin ϕ ⋅ (sin ϕ + cos ϕ ) ⎪ ⎡ ⎤ 1 ⎪ z ⋅ ⎢ sin ϕ + ⋅ cos ϕ ⎥ (1 − D ) ⎪ ⎦ v=− ⎣ ⎨ ( ) + sin ϕ cos ϕ ⎪ w= z ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩

Put the formulas (38) to the Law of Energy Conservation (8) and get the intersection of both surfaces in the space of u, v, w: 2 ⋅ [C − П (t ) ]⋅ (1 + sin 2ϕ ) m z=± ⎡ sin 2 ϕ ⎤ 1 2 sin 4 ϕ + ⋅ sin 2 + 1 + sin 2 ⋅ ϕ ϕ ⎢ (1 − D ) + 1⎥ 2 4 ⋅ (1 − D ) ⎣ ⎦

(35) (39)

In the space of u, v, w introduce cylindrical

A general view of these lines see in Fig.3.

coordinate system: ⎧ u = r ⋅ cos ⎪ ⎨ v = r ⋅ sin ⎪ w = z ⎩

ϕ ϕ

(36)

Substitute now the formulas (36) to the equation (35) and get the conic equation:

⎤ ⎡ 1 z ⋅ ⎢ sin ϕ + ⋅ cos ϕ ⎥ (1 − D ) ⎦ (37) ⎣ r = − sin ϕ ⋅ (sin ϕ + cos ϕ ) Then the surface (35) can be written, excluding the parameter r:

Fig.3. Intersection of real cone and sphere gives two circles which form boundaries of black circles.

(38)

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97

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ Find now a solution of the system (1). From the inequality (35) it follows

Now substitute the formulas (30), (31)

that :

and (41) to the dependency (8) in order to get a v ⋅ (v + u ) ⎡ ⎤ 1 ⎢ v + (1 − D ) ⋅ u ⎥ ⎣ ⎦

w = −

(40)

restriction on the function Ψ , following from the Law of Energy Conservation:

Taking into account formulas (30) and (31), following from the fourth equation of the system (1), one can rewrite (40) through the func-

2 ⎧ ⎛ ∂Ψ ⎞2 2 ⋅ D ∂Ψ ∂Ψ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎛ ∂Ψ ⎞ ⎫ ⋅ ⋅ + ⎢1+ ⋅ ⎟ ⎪ ⎪2 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ + 2 2⎥ ⎜ ⎛ ∂Ψ ⎞ ⎪ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ D −1 ∂x ∂r ⎣ (1− D) ⎦ ⎝ ∂r ⎠ ⎪ ⎛ ∂Ψ ⎞ + = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅⎨ ⎟ ⎜ ⎬ 2 2 ⎝ ∂r ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎪ ⎛ ∂Ψ ⎞ 2 ∂Ψ ∂Ψ 1 ⎛ ∂Ψ ⎞ ⎪ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⎪ ⎜⎝ ∂x ⎟⎠ 1− D ∂x ∂r (1− D)2 ⎜⎝ ∂r ⎟⎠ ⎪ ⎩ ⎭ 2

tion Ψ : ∂Ψ ⎞ ⎛ ∂Ψ + ⎜ ⎟ 1 ⎛ ∂Ψ ⎞ ∂r ⎠ ⎝ ∂x w = − ⋅⎜ ⎟⋅ r ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎡ ∂Ψ ∂ Ψ ⎤ (41) 1 + ⋅ ⎢ ∂x (1 − D ) ∂ r ⎥⎦ ⎣

Put (41) to the third equation of the system (1) and obtain:

=

2⋅r2 ⋅ [C − П (t )] m .

(45)

Substitute (30), (31) and (41) to the formula (35) and obtain, as easy to see, the identical null, i.e. in this case the restriction (45) is

⎛ ∂Ψ ∂Ψ ⎞ + ⎜ ⎟ ∂p ρ ⎛ ∂Ψ ⎞ ∂x ∂r ⎠ ⎝ ⋅ = 3 ⋅⎜ ⎟ ∂r r ⎝ ∂r ⎠ ⎡ ∂Ψ ∂Ψ ⎤ 1 ⎢ ∂x + (1 − D ) ⋅ ∂r ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ 2

(42)

unique for the function Ψ .

Conclusion For the system of L.G. Loyziansky of four par-

Substitute (30) and (31) to the equation (2) and

tial differential equations, describing laminar

get the partial derivative of pressure p through

twisted motion of viscous fluid in tube, open-

x:

ing to a space region, filled with the same

∂p ∂3Ψ ρ ∂2Ψ ∂Ψ µ ⎛1 ⎞ ∂2Ψ µ ⎛1 ⎞ ∂Ψ =µ⋅ 3 − ⋅ 2 ⋅ + ⋅⎜ −2⎟⋅ 2 − 2 ⋅⎜ −2⎟⋅ + ∂r r ∂r ∂x r ⎝r ⎠ ∂r r ⎝r ⎠ ∂r ∂x

fluid, there were found solutions, expressing

+

ρ ⎛

1 ⎞ ∂Ψ ∂Ψ ρ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ∂ Ψ ∂Ψ ⋅⎜ 2 − ⎟ ⋅ ⋅ − ⋅ ⎜1 + ⎟ ⋅ ⋅ r ⎝ r ⎠ ∂x ∂r r ⎝ r ⎠ ∂x∂r ∂r 2

lateral, radial and transversal components of fluid particle velocity and also pressure

2

Ψ = Ψ (x, r )

(43)

through a function

Combining (42) and (43), obtain the pressure

imposed on this function by the Law of Energy

calculation formula in the form:

Conservation, were discovered. In comparison

⎛ ∂Ψ ∂Ψ ⎞ + ⎜ ⎟ ρ ∂ 2 Ψ ∂Ψ ∂ 3Ψ ⎝ ∂x ∂r ⎠ ⋅ dr + µ ⋅ ∫ 3 ⋅ dx − ⋅ ∫ 2 ⋅ ⋅ dx + p = ∫ 3 ⋅⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ∂r r ∂r ∂x r ⎝ ∂r ⎠ ⎡ ∂Ψ 1 ∂Ψ ⎤ + ⋅ ⎢ ∂x (1 − D) ∂r ⎥ ⎣ ⎦

with Loyziansky’s solution through decompo-

ρ ⎛ ∂Ψ ⎞

2

µ ⎛1 ⎞ ∂2Ψ

µ ⎛1 ⎞ ∂Ψ

ρ ⎛ 1⎞ ∂Ψ ∂Ψ

+ ⋅⎜ −2⎟⋅∫ 2 ⋅ dx− 2 ⋅⎜ −2⎟⋅ ∫ ⋅ dx+ 2 ⋅⎜2− ⎟⋅∫ ⋅ ⋅dx− r ⎝r ⎠ ∂r r ⎝r ⎠ ∂r r ⎝ r ⎠ ∂x ∂r

−

. Restrictions,

sition into functional series and finding their coefficients, here it became possible to obtain direct analytical solutions in more simple differential and integral-differential forms. This

ρ ⎛

2 ⎞ ∂ 2 Ψ ∂Ψ ⋅ ⎜1 + ⎟ ⋅ ∫ ⋅ ⋅ dx r ⎝ r ⎠ ∂x∂r ∂r

came to be true due to the use of velocities (44)

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wurf and proportionality rule, connecting 2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

98

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ among them three components of velocity u, v

пространстве,

and w. This rule was chosen to satisfy the Law

жидкостью. // Прикладная математика и

of Energy Conservation which allowed to di-

механика. – Том XVII. – 1953. (in Russian)

minish the arbitrariness and impose restric-

2. Корн Г., Корн Т. Справочник по

tions on the function Ψ

математике для научных работников и инженеров.

References: 1.

Лойцянский

закрученной

Л.Г.

струи

Распространение в

безграничном

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затопленном

Определения,

той

же

теоремы,

формулы. – Москва: Наука, 1968. (in Russian)

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99

School of computer science , 7th April university , Zawia , Libya

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

Evaluation and Designing an ATM Host Network Interface for high speed lines (over Giga/bs) Mohamed A. Elbeshti

Demanding for high speed network is becomes part in many researches to satisfy the demand of the market. The use of the general processing as apart of the network interface one of these approaches, which can be very useful by providing many feature, such as simplicity, shorter developing cycle time and flexibility. In this paper I have presented and demonstrated a general purpose processing core for ATM network interface for both layers ATM Adaptation Layer AAL 3/4 and AAL 5. The embedded Reduce Instruction Set Computer (RISC) core can efficiently provide network interface with the processing that required for supporting a wide range of transmission line speed. A 70MHz RISC core can support the segmentation unit processing for up to 2.4Gbps transmission speed, while a core running at 85MHz is found to be suitable for the Reassembly unit processing for up to 1.2Gbps line speed. These results are based on the use of a specialized RISC core that I developed and simulated for ATM NI applications. Such core has three stages pipeline supported with forwarding mechanism, instruction set of only 11 instructions, a register file of 20 register for Segmentation and 28 for Reassembly. Also the result shown that the processing requirements for the data movement of the Segmentation and Reassembly units can be reduced by using Direct Memory Access DMA controller. Such controller must run at two to three times the speed of the embedded RISC could eliminate all RISC’s idle cycles.

Introduction In the past few years communication networks have been advancing rapidly in providing new services, improving their bandwidth and integrating new technology. Also, the network interfaces have been improved considerably. Such interfaces, capable of providing above Gbps speed, have been researched for different network protocols such as ATM, fibre channel and Gigabit Ethernet [5, 8 and11].

Improvements to the network interfaces have led to support a new generation of applications for videoconferencing, video telephone, multimedia, etc.

As the speed of the networks have exceeded the Gbps, the design and implementation of high-performance Network Interfaces (NI) have become very challenging. One of the main challenges is the processing core design that is required for network interface protocols.

The approach of partitioning the processing of the protocol by allowing some functions to be processed on the NI and leaving the othwww.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

ers for the host processor has reduced the amount of processing that the host processor usually does if NI is not used. As an example, the lower-level of the ATM protocol such as Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) are processed on NI and the higher level protocols are left to be processed by the host. This approach was proposed and used in much researches [3, 4,7,13, , and 14]. Other approach allows the NI to perform all the protocol processing without the host processing involvement [8].

Generally there are three possible methods that may be used to process the network interface protocols: 1.

General-purpose embedded processor [1,3].

2. Fully customised logic [14].

3. Programmable VLSI engines [4,8, and 13].

The general-purpose embedded processors may not provide the same level of performance as the other method offered, but they have better flexibility and they could easily accommodate protocol revision or even a new 2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ protocol. The wide availability of these processors has contributed to the low developing cost for network interfaces. Using these processors in designing the network interface makes the data path very simple and, hence makes their design simple too. An example of such network interface design is the one developed at Bellcore that supports 622 Mbit/sec ATM Network Interface for DEC TURBO channel which uses a pair of 33MHz Intel960 processor [3].

mentation and Reassembly protocol processing supporting the AAL3/4 and AAL5. the conclusion work ATM Network Interface architecture The NI model I proposed is partitioned into three parts: the communication line interface, the processing core, and the host bus interface (Figure 1).

The processing core performs the NI functions such as Segmentation and Reassembly, the PDUs, Virtual Connection Identifier VCI and

In this paper, we study and investigate the design of an ATM Network Interfaces (ANI) based on the use of the specialized emStatus of event bedded processor of a Reduced Instruction D Set Computer (RISC) M To / RBI A core type. Also, we theFrom host Cell Reassembly have analyzed the Buffer(CRB) Local Bus amount of processing required by the ATM Reassembly Unit interfaces for both outgoing and incoming mesHost Interface processing unit Line Interface sages.

Local Bus Cell The following steps Segmentation have been taken in this Buffer (CSB) D work: SBI M A NIC architecture model design and structure to support high speed line for Segmentation Unit ATM network Simulating the ANI Figure 1: ATM Network Interface Architecture model to support both ATM adaptation layer3/4 and AAL5 using SPIM S20 simuVirtual Path Identifier VPI for ATM Adoption lator to process the ATM Segmentation Layer AAL5, VCI and AAL3/4, linked list and Reassembly (SAR) protocols [6]. This scheme, cells copying and buffering. simulation is used to measure the amount of The model has the architecture that can supprocessing required for ATM protocols and port high-speed lines for both AAL 3/4 and data movement operations AAL 5 and it provides several features: Simulated the ANI model by using a high For data movements we used DMA. The use speed integrated circuit (VHSIC) hardware of DMA in NI is more efficient for NI applicadescription language (HDL) VHDL. tions than the programmed I/O. Therfore, a The RISC architecture was investigated to inDMA is used in our simulator for data movecludes the appropriate instruction set, pipement function [3, 4]. The DMA moves data line stage length and techniques to elimifrom one location to another using its data regnate data and branch hazard. ister. The data moved from a source to the The RISC clock rate was measured for SegBuffer State

FIFO1

FIFO2

FIFO3

RISC-CORE

FIFO4

ATM cell buffer 1

CAM

ATM cell buffer 2

ATM Cell buffer 1

FIFO5

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RISC-CORE

From ATM network

To ATM network

ATM cell buffer 2

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‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ DMA's register and then storing it in its appropriate location.

As the block of data is required to move between the Receiver Buffer Interface (RBI) and the Cell Reassembly Buffer (CRB), or between Cell Segmentation Buffer (CSB) and Sending Buffer Interface (SBI), the RISC core will initiate and control the DMA. Since the local bus of the Reassembly and the Segmentation units is shared between the DMA and the RISC core, the RISC core will have to release the local bus to DMA to perform the data block transfer. Each transfer of a word consumes two cycles. In the first cycle, the DMA read the source buffer to get the word to the DMA’s register. During the second cycle, the word will be moved from the DMA’s register to the destination buffer. The DMA state machine will provide the read and write signals to source and destination buffers. Also it increments the address for the next location, where the next data is located, and store it in the appropriate location in the destination buffer ( Figure 2) Two RISC-cores, one per direction (one for Segmentation unit and the other for reassembly unit), perform all functions related to the CRB

RISC-core

Moved Cell body

RBI Cell body buffer

Store the data from DMA's register to the CRB

ATM networ k

Load the data from the RBI into DMA 's i Note: In transmission approach DMA loads from CSB and store it in SBI DMA

Figure 2: Block diagram of RISC-core with DMA

AAL3/4 and AAL5[10].

Using Content Addressable Memory (CAM) for virtual channel traffic [8, 14], the CAM contains the active Virtual Connection(VC) or Virtual connection Identifier-MultiplexerID (VCI-MID) connections to help the RISC in the Reassembly unit to reconstruct incoming cells to their PDU using the link-list scheme.

The CAM was designed as a Look-Up table for VC or VCI-MID (VC for AAL5 and VCIMID for AAL3/4). With each CAM entry there are two pointers, a Start-address (head of the link-list) and End-address (the tail of the linked list). Figure 3 shows the CAM strucwww.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

ture. The schematic capture of the CAM locations in the NI To provide high flexibility in terms of ex-

change information between these RISC-cores and the host through the First-In-First-Out (FIFO) buffer. These FIFOs performed the following tasks: FIFO1 carries information to the host such as VC or VCI-MID and a Startaddress for each signaling message received.

FIFO2 carries important information to the host such as VC or VCI-MID and a Start-address for each received PDU. FIFO3 carries the new VC or VCI-MID from the host to the RISC core at the Reassembly unit.

FIFO4 carries the free pointer from the host to the RISC core at the Reassembly unit.

FIFO5 carries information to the RISC core at the Segmentation unit, that needed to generate an ATM header and/or AAL header.

NI buffers Receiver Buffer Interface (RBI) is used to buffer two arrival cells and to deliver them to their destination Cell Reassembly Buffer (CRB) is storing ATM cells (The payload part only).

Sending Buffer Interface (SBI) is similar to the RBI and it used to buffer up to two ATM cells until they delivered to the network.

Cell Segmented Buffer (CSB) is used to hold the PDU that it is received from the host. Such PDU will be segmented by the SEP and delivered to the SBI. 2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ 3- SPIM simulator In order to simulate the NI function in a very short period of time, I decided to use the SPIM S20 simulator [7]. It runs program for the MIPS R2000/R3000 RISC microprocessors where it can read and immediately execute files containing assembly language. The SPIM simulator is used in this work to process the ATM NI functions Figure 4. Since in real ATM NI, the Segmentation and Reassembly functions are generally processed in two different processors and both are run in parallel, the simulation for the Segmentation function has been performed independently from the Reassembly function.

Two methods are possible for data movement and can be used in our simulation approach [11, 6]. The first method is programmed I/O (PI/O). In this method, the embedded processor takes the complete responsibility for moving the data portion from one place to another. The second method is to use DMA. The DMA will take responsibility for moving data from one place to another and eliminate the need for an embedded processor intervention to do that function. As the SPIM simulator does not have a DMA unit, we only let the embedded processor core simulate the initialization of the control information for the DMA controller and not the data movement itself. That has made the simulation processing very close to reality where the processor needs only to initialize DMA. During the simulation, we have measured the amount of processing required for ATM net-

work interface protocols [9]. and for data movement. Different ATM cells have been delivered to the simulator and the number of instructions required for the Reassembly functions processing is measured for AAL3/4 and AAL5. The amount of the execution that the processor takes for different types of operations for ATM Reassembly has been analyzed during this simulation . The number of the Reassembly instructions needed to process an ATM messages Begging of message (BOM), continuation of message (COM) and End of message (EOM) for AAL3/4 are 21 for first cell while it needs 24 for the last cell. For AAL5 19 for first cell and last cell 20 instructions 4. NIC VHDL-based

The VHDL-based model for Segmentation and Reassembly function of both AAL3/4 and AAL5, is developed and described in this section . Two RISC cores have been used and supported with DMA in order to process all the AAL3/4 and AAL5 function.

The development of a specialized RISC core can generally be done in a short period of time and at lower cost than a general-purpose core.

The RISC core, required for ATM interfaces design, is optimized for this application.

Hence, some parts, which might be used in RISC core to support the general-purpose applications, may not be required for the ATM network interfaces design. For example, the Floating-Point Unit is not necessary for network interfaces. Also, the use of the data Host Interface (HI) buffer cache is not required since it will not help to improve the performance of the RISC core for Line Interface (LI) this application. The elimination of these units buffer will help to make the core simple to develop at a low cost. In addition, the limited number of instructions that are required to support the Circulation ATM interfaces processing can reduce the Buffer size of the control unit, improve the speed of such a core, and reduce its complexity.

Content Addressable

Embedded Processor Simulator

Memory (CAM)

Figure 4: ATM Network Interface Architecture (SPIMarchitecture)

Host - NI Communication (HNIC) buffer

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The CAM, DMA, RBI, SBI, FIFOs, CRB, SCB, and CB have been used to simulate the ATM line interface. After testing the VHDL model of each component, a complete NI has been designed based on the model that pre2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ sented before. All NI components are connected together with all the necessary connections, busses, and control lines (Figure A.1 in the appendix A). A testing process has been performed to check the functionality of the NI and to perform the performance evaluation that required for this research. We believe that by processing ATM cells with such RISC core based NI, we can measure the amount of RISC processing for different transmission line speeds.

5. RISC core The main idea of designing an embedded RISC core in our Ni to process the incoming and out going cell for ATM network is that The general-purpose cores are available and can be licensed and used in the NI . However these cores design are not optimized for NI application , where only portion of their power is required to perform the acual processing for the NI. In order to be able to use the RISC core for different types of network interface, the RISC core should be designed with the Hardware Description Language, VHDL, and that will make such porting operations possible and easy. The RISC-based NI can scalable where the RISC pipelines divide the execution of an instruction into a number of steps, or pipeline stages. The depth of a pipeline corresponds to the number of pipeline stages. The NI RISC core has been designed to execute one instruction in three-pipeline stage: The RISC fetches instructions which are used to run the ATM protocol program from local memory, Decoding and Executing stage is done to execute the running instruction that has been fetched by the first stage of the pipeline. The last stage of the RISC's pipeline is W/B, in which the data is written to the RISC's register. Some instructions such as Store instruction terminate at Decode/Execute stage.

During the SPIM simulation, we learn about the suitable instructions that are required for NI. These instructions have been represented in Table 1. The instruction format contains the op-code in the first five most significant bits to represent the type of instruction. instruction.

The sizes of register files for the Reassembly unit and for the Segmentation unit are shown www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

in Table 2. Clearly, the register file within RISC processor in the Reassembly unit is larger than the Segmentation unit because the Reassembly function has extra registers just needed to hold the specific information (during the setup operation). This information includes two registers to hold the CB's pointers (the head and tail of CB). The other registers to hold the address of the FIFOs (FIFO1, 2, 3 and 4).

F

Function

Register size

Reassembly

28 register

Segmentation

20 register

6

Table 2 Register file size for Segmentation and Reassembly units.

Simulation Results After we gathers all the parts to present our model to process ATM cells for Segmentation and reassembly function. First we will present the segmentation function simulation using the DMA's clock at the same speed as the RISC 's clock means the DMA needs 22 cycles to move one cell body from CSB to SBI for AAL3/4, where it needs 24 cycle for AAL5. While moving data, the DMA controls the local bus to move the cell body from CSB to the SBI. The RISC also needed to send the ATM cell header (if the transfer cell is AAL5 type) or send the ATM header, the AAL header and the AAL trailer (if the transfer cell is AAL3/4 type) from RISC's register to the SBI. In this case, the RISC has to wait until the DMA completes the data movement.

2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ Then, the RISC is able to control the local bus and transfer the data register to the SBI. The total instructions that were needed for Segmentation function, where the DMA's clock is the same RISC's clock cycle are shown in Table 3. The RISC has several idle cycles during the data movements and obviously is not able to send any of its data registers on the local bus.

Total of cells For AAL3/4

Total

instruc-

No. of idle

tions AAL5

AAL

cycls AA AAL

3/4

L5

3/4

and AAL5 Single Segment Mes-

26

26

17

13

sage (SSM) Beginning Of Mes-

26

26

18

14

sage (BOM) Continuation Of Mes-

26

26

22

18

found that pushing the DMA's clock to be triple RISC clock rate will element most of the clock idle cycle and increase the NI performance Table 4 For the Segmentation part of the network interface, we found that using a DMA controller faster than the RISC core will improve the performance. Because the RISC core can perform little processing while the DMA controller is moving the payload from the Cell Segmentation Buffer (CSB) to the Send Buffer Interface (SBI), the RISC core is forced to be idle for a few cycles until the DMA completes the payload transfer. Therefore, using a faster DMA will help to eliminate all idle cycles of the RISC core. We send different type of cell to our model to measure the rate of the embedded RISC as well as the clock rate of the DMA .

Figure 5 and 6 show the RISC speed for both AAL 3/4 and 5 respectively.

Reassembly part has more processing function than segmentation. In our simulation we start26 26 21 17 ing delivering different ATM cells to the simulated model and by investigating the wave(EOM) form generated from the simulator, we are able Table 3: Number of RISC instructions processed to find the number of instructions needed to and the idle cycles for Segmentation process a complete ATM cell for both AAL3/4 and AAL5. The results presented in Table 4.1 is for the NI when the DMA has the same Presenting this approach for deferent line RISC 's clock speed. The number of instrucspeed for AAL 3/4and 5 to see the amount of tions is dependent on the type of the cell, i.e. the RISC cloak rate to perfume and process BOM, EOM, COM, and SSM. The DMA cell with different line speed. needs 22 (11 load and 11 store) RISC instrucThe number of idle cycles is quite high and the tions in order to move one payload body for RISC wastes almost 70 % of its power. We AAL3/4 and 24 (12 load and 12 store) RISC tried to eliminate the number of idle cycles by cycle for AAL5. However, some of the RISC increasing the DMA's clock speed to be double processing instructions needed to use the local that of the RISC's, thus forcing the DMA to bus, in order to send the NULL value at the finish its job by moving the cell. Then we end of the cell body during the processing of pushed the DMA body within 11 instructions the link list mechanism. In this situation the for AAL3/4 and 12 instruction for AAL5. we RISC has to wait for sevTotal of cells For AAL3/4 Total instructions No. of idle cycles eral cycles until the DMA and AAL5 completes its job. The AAL5 AAL3/4 AAL5 AAL3/4 RISC wait cycles will reSingle Segment Message (SSM) 10 13 1 0 duce the NI performance Beginning Of Message (BOM) 10 12 2 0 by extending the execution Continuation Of Message 10 11 4 2 time for each ATM cells by number of the RISC’s (COM) wait cycles (Table 5).

End Of4: Message (EOM) 10 processed 11 and the5 Idle instruc3 Table Number of instructions To eliminate the RISC's tions for Segmentation messages where the DMA has triple the ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬ 2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ clock cycle of www.altariq.ps the RISC sage (COM) End Of Message

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ idle cycles, we forced the DMA to finish its processing cycle in a shorter period of time

225 200 175 150 125 MIPS100 75 50 25 0 51Mbps 155Mbps 622Mbps 1.2Gbps 2.4Gbps AAL3/4 1.45 4.386 17.6 33.96 67.92 DMA MHz 4.4 13.79LINE's 55.56 SPEED 106 213

Figure 5: ATM Segmentation for AAL3/4 using DMA for data movement (the DMA has triple than the RISC's clock rate)

No. of idle

AAL5

AAL

AA

AA

Single Segment Mes-

26

3/4 29

L5 0

L3/4 0

sage (SSM) Beginning Of Mes-

26

30

0

0

sage (BOM) Continuation

Of

26

30

0

0

Message (COM) End Of Message

28

30

0

0

(EOM) Table 6: number of instructions processed for Reassembly AAL5 and AAL3/4 messages (the DMA's clock has double speed of RISC's clock).

175 150 125 100 MIPS 75 50 25 0 AAL5

Total in-

Total of cells For AAL3/4 and AAL5

51Mbps 155Mbps 622Mbps 1.2Gbps 2.4Gbps 1.202 3.655 14.66 28.3 56

DMA MHz 3.605 10.96 43.92 84.9 169.8 LINE's SPEED

Figure 6: ATM Segmentation for AAL5 using DMA for data movement (the DMA has triple RISC's clock rate)

Total of cells For AAL3/4 and AAL5

Total

instruc-

tions

No. of idle cycles

AAL5

AAL

AA

AAL

Single Segment Mes-

38

3/4 40

L5 12

3/4 10

sage (SSM) Beginning Of Mes-

38

41

11

9

sage (BOM) Continuation Of Mes-

38

41

12

9

sage (COM) End Of Message

40

41

12

11

(EOM) Table 5: number of instructions processed for Reassembly AAL5 and AAL3/4 messages (the DMA's clock has the same speed as RISC's clock).

than the first approach where the DMA has the same RISC's clock cycle. Therefore, the DMA clock rate is increased to run faster than RISC www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

to allow the local bus to be available fro both DMA and RISC core. The DMA runs double the RISC's clock to complete moving 44 byte within 11 cycles and 12 cycles for 48 byte (Table 6) In this case, we eliminate all the idle cycles which could take almost 25% of the RISC's power Clearly, the number of instructions required to process the AAL5 is less than that for AAL3/4. This has made the RISC core process more cells/sec for AAL5 than for AAL3/4.

With the AAL5, there is no need to load and process the AAL header and AAL trailer.

Reassembly proceeding need higher clock rate that segmentation, and it clear that by increasing the DMA 'clock rate to be double speed than RISC core can sustain line speed 1.2 Gb/s with only 85 MIPS. Also can support line speed 2.4 Gb/s with higher RISC's clock rate.

Figure 7 and 8 presents the actual rate for the core to support different line speed fro AAL3/4 and 5 ATM network Conclusion The embedded RISC-core to process the ATM network cells for segmentation and reassembly function in the NI can be very useful and scalable. Also provide simplicity and low cost to NI [1,2]. using DMA for data movement will increase the performance of the NI to support high speed lines . This work shows that in the 2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

350 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0

MIPS

51Mbps155Mbps622Mbps1.2Gbps2.4Gbps 3.608 11 44.009 84.905 169.811

AAL3/4 DMA MHz

7.24

21.23

88.05

169.83 339.66

LINE's SPEED

Figure 7: ATM Reassembly for AAL3/4 using DMA for data movement (the DMA has double RISC's clock rate)

MIPS

300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 AAL5 DMA MHz

51Mbps 3.127 155Mbps622Mbps 9.504 38.14 1.2Gbps 73.58 2.4Gbps 147.17 6.272

19

76.6

147

294

LINE's SPEED

Figure 8: ATM Reassembly for AAL5 using DMA for data movement (the DMA has double RISC's clock rate) Segmentation function processing, the RISC processing speed is become less as we use the DMA with a higher speed (Triple RISC's clock) where all the idle cycle associated with the RISC core processing has eliminated. The VHDL simulation for the Segmentation unit of the network interface has shown that a 68 MHz processor can support 2.4 Gbps lines, when the DMA speed is 213 MHz (triple RISC's clock).

The VHDL simulation for the Reassembly unit of the network interface has shown that an 85MHz processor can support 1.2 Gbps lines supported by the 169 MHz DMA. Clearly, a cost effective RISC core can be used to processes 1.2 Gbps transmission line. Also it is clear that a higher RISC core clock rate could also be used to support higher transmission speed with extra cost. www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

References [1] A. Elkateeb and Mohamed. Elbeshti, "An Evaluation of the ATM Protocols Processing Requirements for Network Interfaces Design", proceeding of the 1999 symposium on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems, Chicago, July 1999. PP. 13- 16.

[2] A. Elkateeb & Mohamed. Elbeshti, " A Study of the Use of the RISC-Core for ATM Network ", Computer Communications Journal, Vol. 23 No. 2, February/March 2000.

[3] Bruce S Davie " The Architecture and Implementation of a High-Speed Host 2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ Interface" IEEE Journal on Selected Area in Communication, Vol. 11 No. 2, February 1993 [4] C. Kim and et.al. " Design and Implementation of A High-Speed ATM Host Interface Controller", Proceeding of ICOIN, 1998 PP 525-528 [5] Dittia, Zubin D.; Parulkar, Guru M.; and Cox, Jerome R.; "The APIC Approach to High Performance Network Interface Design: Protected DMA and Other Techniques," To appear in the Proceedings of IEEE Infocom 1997 [6] D. Patterson and J. Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design the Hardware/Software interface, Morgan Kaufmann Publisher Inc., 1998.

[7] Eric Cooper, Onat Menzilcioglu, Rebert Sansom, Francois Bitz " Host Interface Design for ATM LANs" IEEE 1991 [8] C. Georgiou and C. Li, "Scalable Protocol Engine for High-Bandwidth Communications " Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE international Conferences on communications, Montreal June 1997. PP1121-1126

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[9] ITUT-T Recommendation I.361 was revised by the ITU-T Study Group VIII (1988-1993) and was approved by WTSC ( Helsinki, March 1-12, 1993).

[10] ITU-T Study Group XVIII, "Recommendation I.363 - B-ISDN ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) Specification", ITU, March 1-12, 1993 [11] Larry Peterson & Bruce S. Davie " Computer network " A system Approach 1996 [12] Martin de Prycker " Asynchronous Transfer Mode Solution for Broadband ISDN" Printed and bound in Great Britain 1995 [13] Richard F. Hosbson, P.S. Wong " A Parallel Embedded-Processor Architecture for ATM Reassembly" IEEE/ACM Trans. On Networking, Vol. 7, No. 1 February 1999 [14] Traw, C.B.S, and Smith, J.M " Hardware/Software Organization of a high performance ATM Host interface" IEEEJSAC Vol.11 , No. 2 Feb 1993.

2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

BONDARENKO V.M., DSc, Professor, Academician of Russian Academy of Architecture and Engineering Sciences

BASHKATOVA M.E., MSc Moscow Institute of Municipal Economy and Building, Russia

INFLUENCE OF DESCENDING BRANCH OF REGIME FORCED RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE ON BEARING CAPACITY OF THE REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Experimental investigations of the deformations of the concrete models under the compression in the constraint deformations conditions shows the presence on the diagram «σ = ε» the descending section. This trajectory depends on the loading regime and demonstrates considerable exceed of the limited deformations εu with respect to the limited deformation εR , restricted by the raising section of the diagram (fig.1).

For example, for the description of the diagram «σ = ε» the follow functions are used [13]

σ

(ε ) =

σ (ε

)=

[

E εe

−

ε ε

⎛ R ∑ a ⎜⎜ ε ε i R ⎝

] ( )

R

⎞ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠

(1) i

(2)

[1 − ε (τ ) ] / ε R ε (τ ), (3) σ ε (τ ), t , t = E t , t ⋅ e 0 0

E (t , t

(t )

)

0 where is the linear temporary module of the deformation [1]:

⎡ t σ (τ ) ∂ C * (t , τ ⎢ E t,t = ⎢ 1 + C * (t , t ) − ∫ E (t ) 0 ∂τ M t σ (t ) ⎢⎣ 0

( )

Fig.1. Diagram «σ = ε» of compressed concrete

We suppose the dependences σ = σ ( ε ) and σS = σ ( εS) between the deformations and stresses for the concrete and reinforcement steel established with the help of the conditions of the continuity of the deformations of the compressed reinforсement (or other factors of the constraint) and compressed concrete. www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

⎤

)⎥

−1

⎥ ⎥⎦

In the formula (4) EM(t) is the module of the instantaneous deformation; C*(t,τ) is the initial measure of the concrete creep.

As the measure of the estimaition of the load bearing capacity of the bending reinforced concrete element, we accept in the correspondence to the [4] the bending moment M*, that can bear its cross-section, defined by geometrical and physical characteristics. For 2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

(4)

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ the simplicity we will consider the beam with the constant rectangular cross-section with the dimensions b and h (fig. 2) [4]. Lets accept the terms σf and εf as the current values of the fiber stresses and deformations; Nb and Ns are the resultants of the normal stresses in the compressed zone of the concrete and reinforcement; AS is the area of the cross-section of the tensed reinforcement; Y is the arm of the internal pair of forces; Y0 is the distance from the resultant of the normal stresses in the compressed zone of the concrete to the center of the reduced cross-section ( it’s possible to consider the distance with respect to h0 ).

If M0 is the moment of the compressed zone with respect to this axis, then: y =M N 0 0 b , (5)

depending on the characteristics of the concrete [1].

For the evaluation of M* the moments M are considered closed to M*, then If the height of the compressed zone X and = A

M

S

σ

S

(ε

S

[( 0

) h

N

=

b

M

0

x ∫ 0

b

x = b ∫ zσ 0

0

− x + M

0

N

and for the determination of the moment M one has the formula: M

=

N

b

( h

0

−

x ) +

M N

0

(7)

b

The influence of the tensed zone of the concrete to the rigidity of the bending elements might be estimated integrally with the correcting multiplier Ψ=Ψ(M/M*) to the module of the deformation Es of the tensed reinforcement and then the equations of the equilibrium become

N b = ψN S

. (8) In the accordance with equations (6) and (8) one can present M

(

⎡ ⎢ h = ψ N − x 0 S ⎢ ⎣

)+

⎤ 0 ⎥ N b ⎥⎦

M

N

b

]

are known,

( z )dz

σ

(11)

( z )dz

is

∞ , (12)

nσ = 1 − (1 − f 0 )( M

used

when

f0 = E / E K R

M *)

ε ≤ εR

, (13) [1].

Here

k 0

is the parameter of the nonlinearity, determined by the ratio of the tangent

(6)

b

0

The dependence

where

y = h

σ (z )

the function of the stresses then

σ (Z ) = (Z x )nσ σ

Fig.2. Calculated cross-section of the beam

)

− x + M

(9)

If M = M* , the multiplier ψ has the value ψ0 www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

ε >ε

R modules. The function σ(z) when does not have the form (12). Therefore the further consideration is based on the hypothesis of the plan sections, according to that one has

ε εf = z X

. (14) In accordance with a formula (14) we have

z=X

ε

ε

f

(15) and changing the variable z by ε in the equations (11) one can determine

bx 2

εf ∫ σ (ε )dε

N = b εf 0 bx 2

,

(16)

εf ∫ εσ (ε )dε

M = 0 εf 0

. (17) 2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

(10)

The parameter

u

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

ε

(ε

f

)= ∫

f

σ

(ε )d ε

/ ε

f

0

is the average stress on the cross-section.

Denoting the parameter ε

f

∫ εσ 0

(ε )d ε

/ ε

2 f

as V(εf), we obtain

M (ε f , x ) = bx (h − x )`e + bx 2V 0 . (18)

The point B(εf*,x*) of the the maximum of the function M(εf,x) can be found from the solution of the system of two equations

⎧h0и + 2x(V − и) = 0 ⎪ ⎪ ⎡ ⎛ ⎞ ⎤ ⎨ ⎢σ ⎜⎝ ε f ⎟⎠ ⎥ ⎛⎜ 2V − h и ⎪ 0⎢ ⎥ + x⎜ и − ε ε f f ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎝ ⎦ ⎩ ⎣

⎞ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠

(19)

x

*

=

h0u

(

2 u

− V

*

*

)

The

maximum bending moment is

M * (ε *f , x* ) = bx*2 [(h0 x* −1)и* + V * ]

. (20)

The break point state will be if bx * N * = b ε f

ε

f

*

∫ σ (ε )d ε 0

.

(21) According to the equation (8) one can write A* σ (ε * ) = N * S S S b , (22) and due to the hypothesis of the plan section we have

ε = (h0 x −1)ε f * s

*

of the load bearing capacity found from the equation (22) as A* = N * σ (ε * ) S b S S . (23) We can find a relation εf

xb ∫ σ (ε )dε 0

can be

ε f = Asσ s (ε s )

from the equation (8) and therefore ψ A σ ε x⎛⎜ ε , ε ⎞⎟ = 0 S S S b и ⎝ f S⎠ . (24) Substituting x(εf, εs) into the formulae (18) we obtain

( )

M ⎛⎜ ε , ε ⎝ f S

⎞= ⎟ ⎠ ⎡ ψ A 2 ⎤ ψ A h ⎛ ⎞ ⎢ 2 0 S S 0 0 ⎜ ⎟ (V − и )σ S ε S + σ (ε ) ⎥ =b ⎢⎜ bи ⎟ S S ⎥ b ⎠ ⎢⎣⎝ ⎦⎥

( )

The parameters u(εf) and V(εf) in the functions (1) – (3) are presented with εf . At first we obtain the equation for the determination of εf* and then *

M(εf*,x*),

*

The area of the cross section of the reinforcement, that is necessary for the guarantee

www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

(25)

The point N(εf*, εs*) of the the maximum of the function M(εf, εs) can be found from the solution of the system

⎧ εf εf ⎪ ⎪2ε f ∫ εσ (ε )dε − σ (ε f )ε f − ∫ σ (ε )dε = 0, ⎪ 0 0 ⎨ ⎪⎡ ψ 0 AS ⎞ 2 ψ 0 AS h0 ⎤ ⎛ ⎥σ s′ (ε S ) = 0. ⎪⎢2σ S (ε S )⎜ ⎟ (V − и ) + b ⎥ ⎪⎢ ⎝ bи ⎠ ⎦ ⎩⎣

(26, a,b) The value

εˆs*

found from the condition for

σ ′ (ε

)

s s the derive corresponds to the strength of the reinforcement Rs= σs(εs*). The εˆ*f values of must satisfy to the condition * εˆ f ≤ εu.

If in the result of the solution of the corresponding equation we have several values satisfying to this condition, it is necessary to

εˆs*

choose the maximum value of , because it characterize maximum possible output of the descending section of the diagram.

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‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ The compressed zone of the concrete is given by the equality.

x =ε *

* f

(ε

* f

+ε

* S

) . (27)

According to equations we can obtain the equality ε* f A* σ (ε * ) = b ∫ σ (ε )dε S S S 0

(21), (22), and (27)

⎛ε * + ε * ⎞ ⎜ f S ⎟⎠ ⎝

and due to it to determine (26,b) involves the condition h bи 2 0 σ ε = S S ψA (и − V ) S

εˆ

* f

(28)

. Equation

( )

permitting to determine

εˆ

* f

εˆs*

(29)

References 1. Bondarenko V.M., Bondarenko S.V. Engineering methods of nonlinear theory of concrete, Moscow, 1982, p. 345 2. Bambyra A.N. Diagram «stresses – deformations» for concrete under central compression, “Problems of strength, deformations, and crack resistance of reinforced concrete”, Rostov, 1980, p. 19-22.

3. Larionov E.A., Bondarenko V.M. The questions of force resistance compressed elements of reinforsed concrete constructions, International Readings «Problems and Decisions», Kyrsk, 2005, p. 45-49.

4. Shmukler.V.S., Luchkovsky I.A., Klimov.

Y.A. Nonlinear analysis of deformation a bent reinforced concrete element, Scientific Readings on the problems on theory of reinforced concrete, Moscow, 2005, p.134-143.

with the help of

found from (26, a)

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2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

ASSESSMENT OF PRINCIPAL REBAR FRETTING IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BARS BY VALUE OF CRACK OPENING IN PROTECTIVE CONCRETE LAYER

A.V. BENIN, PhD, Professor N.I. NEVZOROV, PhD, assistant professor Russia, Petersburg State Transport University

Introduction Corrosion (corrosion represents a spontaneous process of material destruction and products thereof under chemical effects of environment) of steel rebars is one of the main reasons leading to degrading of reinforced concrete bridge performance. Therefore, identification of corrosive wear degree becomes a critical and urgent task.

Precise identification of corrosion degree in rebars may be implemented by extraction of sufficient rebar samples with subsequent laboratory processing. However disturbance of integrity for at least one rebar results in noticeable loss of reinforced concrete structure capacity.

Therefore, indirect methods for identification of rebar corrosion value by visual symptoms on structural surface is of interest, for example, by value of longitudinal crack opening in protective concrete layer.

Similar procedure had been proposed in research study [1]; the gist is as follows. The volume of corrosion products exceeds the volume of corroded metal 2¸2.5 times (see [4]).

As a result, pressure on protective concrete www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

layer originates, which is simulated by constrained beam of rectangular section on two ends with a single thickness under effects of concentrated force applied in the middle of the span. Let us assume that the crack in protective concrete layer originates after concrete peeling from rebar at sufficiently long leg of corrosion development. Peeled off part is sufficiently accurately simulated by rectangular plate operating under conditions of cylindrical flexure, where normal stresses in direction perpendicular to rebars are similar to elementary beam stresses, thus confirming justification of beam scheme selection in a zone of protective concrete layer.

The height of beam section and beam length is selected based on statistical processing of insitu investigations without consideration of rebar diameter. Further, using material resistance methods we find thickness D of corroded metal layer, when a longitudinal crack originates in protective concrete layer and relation between crack opening value d and D are found based on simplest geometrical relations: ∆=

δ⋅l 8h

, (1) 2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ where h is a thickness , l is the beam length.

A formula (1) is suitable for practical applications and numerical results obtained are well matched with experimental data [3].

However during derivation of this formula, beam length and thickness were selected enough approximately. This study is exactly

ϕ = ϕ max

– point Q' and symmetrical point

Q'') 2

2

(ση )max = p d 2 + R 2 d −R

. (3) Maximum tensile stresses at the axis AX and d=R 3

on the cut-out outlines are equal if , maximum tensile stresses are obtained in the point A of semi-plane rectilinear facet if d<R 3

, and finally maximum tensile stresses are applied at the outlines of circular d>R 3

cut-out if .

Normally, thickness of protective concrete layer exceeds rebar diameter, therefore condid>R 3

Fig.1. Calculation scheme of semi-plane with circular cutout under applied pressure

concentrated on methods for analytical clarification for selection of above parameters.

At the first stage let us clarify the height of constrained beam transverse section and the value of rebar corrosive wear, when peeling of protective concrete layer starts. We use the following calculation model.

We have a round rebar with radius R, rebar centreline is located at depth d from the surface. Rebar corroded uniformly, rebar volume increased due to corrosion products, thus generating pressure p on the concrete. We may simulate this situation in the form of semiplane with circular cut-out, where uniformly distributed pressure is applied to the cut-out outlines (Fig.1).

Solution of this task is well known and is given in [2].

According to above solution, maximum tensile stress at axis Ax is obtained in point A:

(σ x )max = 4 p

R2 d 2 − R2

. (2) ση

Maximum circumferential tensile stresses applied in points of straight line contact AQ at the outline of circular cut-out (where www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

tion is met always, therefore, points Q' and Q'' of circumferential outlines are the most dangerous at depth h, where crack opening originates h=

d 2 − R2 d

. (4) Obtained theoretical result is completely confirmed by experimental data demonstrating that the point of protective layer break-off originates above the lowest point of rebar cross-section. This value h we select as the beam height.

Let us find ratio between pressure p and thickness of corroded metal layer. According to study [2], radial displacement of cut-out outline points are defined by expression ur = (1 + ν)

p R=∆ E

– uniform radial displacement, similar to a case of a plane with circular cut-out under applied uniform pressure, here n - coefficient of lateral strain (Poisson ratio), E – modulus of longitudinal elasticity. Therefore p=

E ∆ ⋅ (1 + ν) R

.

(5)

Thickness of corroded layer, according to [1], we accept equal to D (increase of rebar radius due to produced corrosion products).

Let us assess value Dn of increased rebar radius, when peeling of protective concrete layer starts.

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‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ Q′

Q′′

Dangerous are: points and in a hole outlines, where radial stresses are applied σy = −p

and 2

circumferential

stresses

2

(ση )max = p d 2 + R 2

solution proposed in [2], however, according to obtained numerical studies, it may be approximated with sufficient accuracy by a value of energy for a plane with circular cut-out under applied uniform pressure and in this case the formula accepts a simple and handy form

d −R

. According to the second hypothesis of strength, we assume equality of maximum positive elongation

ε1

and maxi-

εp

mum concrete tensility as a condition to start crack origination. From this condition, we obtain the following: ∆n =

(1 + ν) ⋅ R ⎛ d 2 + R2 ⎞ ⎜ + ν⎟ 2 2 ⎜d −R ⎟ ⎝ ⎠

εp

E ⋅ ∆2n 1+ ν

.

(8) By equating values of potential energy (7) and (8), we find the beam length l = 2h ⋅ 3

π ⋅ (1 + ν) 1 − (R / d )2

.

(9) At the third stage we find a value of corro. (6)

At the second stage we clarify the length of constrained beam. Let us consider the following model describing peeling of protective concrete layer. Potential energy of strain accumulated in a semi-plane with the circular opening under applied uniform pressure is consumed for origination of constrained beam of rectangular section at width b = 1 and height h when thickness of corrosion layer ∆

reaches value n (to be found according to formula (4)) under applied concentrated force P in the middle of the span.

Potential energy of the beam strain can be P 2l 3 Ub = (384 ⋅ EI )

written as .

The value of concentrated force P is numerically equal to projection to axis z of resultant pressure p applied to arc Q'Q'', where Q', Q'' are the points of probable crack origination (Fig. 1). Let us calculate P with consideration of a formula (5) knowing that beams of rectangular lateral section with the height h and a single width, and the moment of inertia I = h 3 / 12

, we obtain an expression for potential energy Ub =

Up = π

2 l 3 ⎛⎜ ⎛ R ⎞ ⎞⎟ 2 1 − ⋅ ∆n ⎜ ⎟ 8(1 + ν) 2 h 3 ⎜⎝ ⎝ d ⎠ ⎟⎠

E

.

(7) The value of potential energy being accumulated in semi-plane may be defined based on www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

∆

sive wear 1 , after protective layer peeling, when longitudinal crack originates in protective concrete layer. Procedure for identification is based in formulae of material resistance and is similar to a procedure given in study [1]. We assume that equality of maximum ε1

positive elongation

of maximum concrete

εp

tensility as a condition to start crack formation. As a result, ∆1 =

l2 εp 24h

and with consideration of (9) we receive: h ⎛ π ⋅ (1 + ν) ∆1 = ⋅ ⎜ 3 6 ⎜ 1 − (R / d )2 ⎝

2

⎞ ⎟ ⋅ε p ⎟ ⎠

.

(10)

Ratio between longitudinal crack opening value δ in protective concrete layer and addi∆

tional value of corrosion depth d is expressed by formula (1), which is found by authors of study [1]. Let us use ratio (9), and we receive ∆d =

δ π ⋅ (1 + ν ) ⋅3 4 1 − (R / d )2

.

(11)

For practical applications, all received expressions should be written through diameter D of rebar and thickness t of protective concrete layer. Assuming that

β=D

2t

we receive:

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‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ h=

sure, presence of so-called transient corrosion layer, effect of constraint, which accompanies presence of lateral rebars, etc). Consequently, results obtained due to accepted calculation model may be further clarified during detailed approach for selection of calculation model and methods.

1 + 2β ⋅t 1+ β

∆n =

, (1 + ν) ⋅ β ⋅ t

⎛ 1 + 2β + 2β 2 ⎞ ⎜ + ν⎟ ⎜ 1 + 2β ⎟ ⎝ ⎠

εp

,

h ⎛ π ⋅ (1 + ν) ⋅ (1 + β) 2 ∆1 = ⋅ ⎜⎜ 3 6 ⎜ 1 + 2β ⎝

∆d =

δ 3 π ⋅ (1 + ν) ⋅ (1 + β) ⋅ 4 1 + 2β

2

⎞ ⎟ ⋅ε p ⎟⎟ ⎠

Reference ,

2

.

Thus, to assess corrosive wear by value of longitudinal crack opening in protective concrete layer we receive enough simple and practically handy calculation formulae with consideration of rebar diameter and thickness of protective concrete layer.

To summarise, we may note that accepted calculation model based on elastic force resistance contains a number of simplifications (disregards mode changing of positive pres-

www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

1. A.I.Vasiliev Assessment of rebar corrosive wear in beams of motor-bridge frameworks, Concrete and reinforced concrete, 2000, No. 2, pp.20-23.

2. S.G. Gutman. Calculation of tunnels, News of Hydraulic Engineering Research Institute, 1939, V. XXV, pp. 148-168.

3. Andrade K. et al. Cover cracking and Amount of Rebar Corrosion. Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Corrosion, London 1996, pp.263-273.

4. S.N. Alekseev. Rebar corrosion and protection in concrete, M.: Gosstroyizdat, 1962, p.

187.

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‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

Modeling of stress-strained state of a thin plate on the heterogeneous viscoelastic basis K. S. Kurachka Gomel State Technical University, Gomel, Belarus Presented is the mathematical model of the complex spatial system consisting of reinforced concrete slab foundation on the small depth piles on the heterogeneous viscoelastic soil foundation . Submitted is the algorithm and the software solution for the research of mathematical model by methods of computer modeling on the basis of a finite-element method. Verification of the proposed methods, algorithm and software solution is executed.

Introduction In modern conditions of urban planning erection of buildings and structures is increasingly carried out on flood-lands or engineered territories containing, as a rule, buried biogenic soils with lower bearing capacity. Specifics of such soil foundations is ability to slowly deform over time under the constant stress. This imposes special requirements for the design of the building foundation.

In such conditions, application of foundations with reinforced concrete slab on the small depth piles is justified. Consideration of design features of such foundations and presence of soil layers with lower bearing capacity requires to view the foundation slab, piles and the heterogeneous viscoelastic soil foundation as a uniform complex spatial system.

This system allows uniform settlement of foundation of the whole building over a long period of time. One of the basic methods of research of similar systems is mathematical modeling on the basis of a finite-element method.

1. Problem Statement Considered a spatial system consisting of the heterogeneous viscoelastic soil foundation and the slab foundation on the reinforced concrete piles in compacted or drilled cylindrical shafts [1]. Settlements of a foundation as a result of vertical equally distributed loads are investigated. The posed problem is composed of maintenance of normative uniform settlewww.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

ment in the layout of the building.

The system will be investigated on the basis of the systematic approach according to which it is supposed, that the system may have structural representation, i. e. it may be dismembered into groups of elements with the identified connections between them. This partition is referred to as decomposition, and is maintained for the period of existence of the system. The specified groups of elements are referred to as modules. It’s accepted to speak about modular structure of system. Modules are formed based on principle of common properties, character of connection or other attributes. Thus, using the identified elements and the modules, the investigated system may be determined in a certain formal description which will represent a functional model.

2. Construction of mathematical model of the complex system While constructing the mathematical model we will use so called micro approach and principle of decomposition. It is possible to identify three typical elements of system: a reinforced concrete slab, a pile and an element of the soil foundation with identical physical properties across all the dimensions. The given typical elements will have identical structure of entrance, target parameters and external influences. In this system load and known boundary displacements will act as external influences affecting the slab base, and displacements of the elements will act as input 2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ and output parameters. Thus the core of mathematical model of the given elements, according to the principle of variations displacements, is {~g}T {R} = {~ε }T {σ}dV

∫∫∫ V

, (1)

{ε} , {σ} are vectors of displace{g}, {R}, ments, loads, strain, stress, the symbol “~” means variation of the vector, V is a volume of a finite element.

Consequently, at computer realization it is practical to describe each group of typical elements as a separate class. In this case, all elements of functional model will represent members of the given classes, and similar groups of elements can be described by a new class, which will be a successor of the earlier described base classes. Thus, if one identifies predetermined sets of classes of the elements of functional model, then the step of constructing the model can be carried out by the methods of the visual object-oriented designing.

This method includes constructing of the researched system on the computer screen using previously created constructive elements.

Let us determine hierarchical relations between elements of the functional model and enter the concept of a layer of the functional model. Thus, elements may be located at various layers of the model. The interaction between levels is consecutive, i. e. until all elements on the bottom layer are carried out, there is not transition to elements of the next layer. As a result, it is possible to suggest the following investigation phases of the mathematical model of the complex system: 1. Decomposition of the investigated system and identification of typical elements.

2. Construction of a functional model of the system by means of visual object-oriented modeling.

3. Construction of a mathematical model for each element of the functional model.

4. Development of virtual model of the system.

5. The automated construction of a numerical-analytical model of the whole system and the computer simulation of the system and the analysis of results. www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

3. Accepted hypotheses Let us consider consecutively the identified typical elements of the system.

The soil foundation represents a set of disperse solid matters, which includes layers with different physics properties. Furthermore it may contain inclusions. While under load each homogeneous layer of the soil basis may demonstrate viscoelastic properties. For the purpose of description of the process of viscoelastic deformation we will use the Boltzmann – Volterra linear viscoelastic theory. Assume, that at viscoelastic deformation of the soil foundation a volumetric strains will be elastic, then for viscoelastic bodies relations will be the following

sij = 2G* eij

σ = Kθ , (2) G* = G( t )( 1 − Γ ) ,

,

where t

Γψ = ∫ Γ( t ,ξ )ψ( ξ )dξ 0

σ= θ=

,

σx( t ) + σ y ( t ) + σz ( t ) 3

,

εx ( t ) + εy ( t ) + εz ( t )

sij ( t )

3

,

are сomponents of stress deviator,

components of strain deviator, of volume elasticity,

σx ( t ) nents,

,

σy( t )

εx ( t )

,

,

G( t )

σz ( t )

εy( t )

,

K( t )

eij ( t )

are

is the modulus

is the modulus of rigidity, are normal stress compo-

εz ( t )

are normal strain

t components, Γ is the operator of a creep in shear, is time.

Reinforced concrete slabs are thin, i. e. the ratio of size of a slab to its thickness is within the range of 10 to 100. Hence, for definition of the stress-strained state of the slab it is possible to use the theory of a bend of the thin plates, based on hypotheses of Kirchhoff G.R.: 1. At deformation thickness of the slab does not change.

2. After the bend of the slab the normal to 2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

its median plane is kept.

3. After the application of load all points of a median plane do not move along axes OX and OY. 4. Stress of pressing of horizontal layers of the slab against each other can be neglected.

Piles represent the volumetric linearelastic bodies.

Let us assume that during deformation between elements of the soil basis and the slab foundation the voids may not be formed. After the application of the load the borders between elements of the system remain strictly common. Consequently, the slab will replicate a configuration of a surface of the underlaying earth basis, or the ground will fill in all formed voids between the base and a surface of the earth basis. I. e. the reinforced concrete slab foundation will be deformed together with the earth basis over time under constant stresses.

4. Mathematical model of a pile The finite elements in the form of tetrahedrons are used for sampling. The nodal loads

{R } p

apply to each vertex of a tetrahedron. It

{ }

gp will correspond to nodal displacements .

For the tetrahedron it is possible to take linear functions for displacements: u = α1 + α 2 x + α 3 y + α 4 z

,

ϑ = α5 + α6 x + α7 y + α8 z

, w = α 9 + α10 x + α11 y + α12 z

or

{g } = [A ]{α } , p 0

p

p

(3)

where u, ϑ , w are displacements along axes OX, OY, OZ accordingly.

As expression (3) takes place for any point of the tetrahedron for its vertex will receive

{g } = [B ]{α } , (4) [B ] is a coordinate matrix. where p

p

p

p

Having assumed that a vector of displacements

{g } p

is known, we will derive from relation www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

{α } : p

(4) a vector of factors

{α } = [B ] {g } . p

p −1

p

(5) Components of strain are related to displacements by Cauchy equations: ∂w ∂u ε = ∂ϑ εz = εx = y ∂y ∂x ; ∂z ; ; ∂u ∂ϑ γ xy = + ∂y ∂x ; (6) ∂ϑ ∂w ∂u ∂w γ yz = + γ zx = + ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂x , ; τ xy ( t ) τ yz ( t ) τ zx ( t ) where , , are tangents γ xy ( t ) γ yz ( t ) γ zx ( t ) of stress, , , are shear strains.

Substituting relation (4) in equations (6) and differentiating, received

{ε} = [Cp ]{αp }

, (7) Hooke's law is correct for each element of the pile: {σ} = [E 0 ]{ε} , (8) where µE λ= ( 1 − 2µ )( 1 + µ ) is parameter Lam'e G., E is modulus of elasticity, µ is Poisson's ratio, ⎡ 2G + λ ⎢ λ ⎢ ⎢ λ [E 0 ] = ⎢ ⎢ 0 ⎢ 0 ⎢ ⎣⎢ 0

λ 2G + λ

λ λ

λ

2G + λ

0 0

0

0

G

0

0 0

0 0

0 0

G 0

0

0 0 0

0⎤ 0 ⎥⎥ 0⎥ ⎥ 0⎥ 0⎥ ⎥ G ⎦⎥

Substituting equations (5) in expression (7), and then expression (7) in expression (8), accordingly it is derived

{ε} = [Cp ][B p ]−1{g p }, {σ} = [E0 ][Cp ][B p ]−1 {g p }.

(9)

Substituting in relation (1) expressions (9), taking into 2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

{~g}

account randomness

τ

and the fact that in a

{g } p

p

p

−

(10)

0

is a stiffness matrix of a final element of a pile,

[D ] = [C ][B ]

.

Having executed matrix operations in expression (10), we will obtain a system of the linear algebraic equations. By solving it, after accounting for the boundary conditions, we will

(t ) =

+ λε 4 − 3 +

2 3

2 + 3

y

(2 G

{g } .

z

t

∫ Γ ( t , ξ )ε

x

∫

0

j =0 t j

n −1

t j +1

j =0

tj

[

η ∈ t j ; t j +1

As a point

]

η

n−1

t j +1

∫ Γ ( t , ξ )ε

z

j =0

tj

,

and t j +1 n−1 ⎡ ⎤ I = lim ∑ ⎢ε( t j ) ∫ Γ( t ,ξ )dξ⎥ n→∞ ⎥⎦ j =0 ⎢ tj ⎣ .

Core of creep will accepted as Γ( t,ξ ) = δGexp(−δ1( t − ξ )) . (12) Substituting (12) in the previous expression and integrating, we receive

(ξ ) d ξ + (11)

(ξ ) d ξ , K

I ≈

n − 1

∑

t

ε (t

j

j = 0

0

=

δ G δ 1

× (exp( − exp( www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

.

I ≈ ∑ ε( t j ) ∫ Γ( t ,ξ )dξ

0 t

,

approximately will taken one of tj borders of a segment, for example, . Then

(t ) −

Γ ( t , ξ )ε y ( ξ ) d ξ +

n −1

where

0 t

t j +1

t

I = ∑ ε( η ) ∫ Γ( t ,ξ )dξ

( t ) + λ )ε x ( t ) +

( t ) + λε

into n

.

According to the mean value theorem will receive

5. Mathematical model of the earth basis Elements of the earth basis will also be sampled by finite elements in the form of tetrahedrons. It will allow to provide strictly common discrete borders between elements of the modeled system. However, elements of the earth basis at deformation may show viscoelastic properties, i. e. for them expression (2) will be correct. From expression (2) it is simple to receive expressions for stress in the scalar form:

x

[0,t ]

I = ∫ Γ( t ,ξ )ε( ξ )dξ = ∑ ∫ Γ( t ,ξ )ε( ξ )dξ

p

σ

.

Let us divide the time interval intervals, then

p −1

find unknown displacements

(ξ ) d ξ ,K

xy

I = ∫ Γ( t ,ξ )ε( ξ )dξ

p

0

p

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

t

[K ] = V [D ] [E ][D ] p

Γ ( t , ξ )γ

xy

( t ) −

Expressions for other components of the stress vector may be similarly obtained.

Let us consider the integral from equality (11).

p

p T

∫

( t )γ

G

0

where p

xy t

considered case all the matrixes and do not depend on coordinates, calculating the certain integral in relation (1), for each finite element of a pile it is derived

{R } = [K ]{g } ,

( t ) =

)

j + 1

∫

t n − 1

∑ (ε j = 0

− δ − δ

1 1

Γ (t,ξ )d ξ

=

In

j

(t

j

(t − t

(t − t

(13)

) × j + 1 j

)))

)) −

)

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a

Γ( t ,ξ ) case if a core of creep takes in other form then integration in expression (13) may be calculated numerically.

Using expression (13) the first ratio from equality (11) can be transformed a form:

[E ] * ve

σ x ( t ) = (2 G ( t ) + λ )ε x ( t ) + + λε y ( t ) + λε z ( t ) − n −1 2δ − G ∑ ((2 ε x ( t j ) − ε y ( t j ) − 3δ 1 j=0

(14)

− ε z ( t j ) )(exp( − δ 1 ( t − t j + 1 )) −

− exp( − δ 1 ( t − t j )) )

Let us consider the last item in expression t =0 (14). It will be equal 0 for initial time 0 t and for time 1 we have: 2δ G (2 ε x ( t 1 ) − ε y ( t 1 ) − ε z ( t 1 ) )× 3δ1

× (1 − exp( − δ 1 ( t 1 − t 0 )) )

, for time

tm

:

2 δ m −1 G ∑ ((2 ε x ( t j ) − ε y ( t j ) − ε z ( t j ) )× 3δ 1 j = 0

× (exp( − δ 1 ( t m − t j +1 )) − exp( − δ 1 ( t m − t j )) ))

. Thus, similarly arguing, it is simple to write t out expressions for any moment of time i +1 for all components of the stress vector. In the matrix form it to become: {σ }i + 1 = [E 0 ]i + 1 {ε }i + 1 − −

2δ G 3δ1

where matrix ity (8),

[E

b ve

]

ij

∑ ([E ] {ε } ) i

b ve

j=0

[E 0 ] =

(15)

is determined as in equalij

[E

* ve

]

,

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− δ 1 (ti+1 − t

= exp(

ij

− exp(

j+1

)) −

− δ 1 ( t i + 1 − t j ))

Analyzing the obtained expressions, it is possible to notice that for a finding viscoelastic stress-strained state of an element of the earth basis it is necessary to know all back{ε}0 {ε}1 ground of straining, i. e. strains , , {ε}2 , … At the initial moment of time strains {ε}0 of an element of the earth basis may be found from the solution of the elastic task.

Similarly arguing as in case of a pile it is simple to derive the basic equation of a method of finite elements for the earth basis:

{R }+{R } = [K ] {g } b

b ve i+1

where

[K ] b

i +1

b

i+1

b

i+1

, (16)

[ ] [E ] [D ]

= V Db

T

b

0 i +1

is a stiffness matrix of a finite element of the earth basis,

[D ] = [C ][B ]

[C ]

{R } = [D ]

([ ] )

b

b −1

b

[B ]

b

b

, and are determined under similar formulas, as for a pile, b ve i+1

j

ij

,

Λ

Λ

⎡ 2 −1 −1 0 0 ⎢− 1 2 − 1 0 0 ⎢ ⎢− 1 − 1 2 0 0 =⎢ ⎢ 0 0 0 1.5 0 ⎢ 0 0 0 0 1.5 ⎢ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0 0

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ 0⎤ 0 ⎥⎥ 0⎥ ⎥ 0⎥ 0⎥ ⎥ 1.5⎥⎦

b T

2δ i b G∑ Eve ij {ε}j 3δ1 j=0

6. Mathematical model of reinforced concrete slab Accepting hypothesis of Kirchhoff G.R., will get, that strain and stress vectors will have three nonzero components

{ε}T = {ε x

σ y τ xy } , . Consequently, the plane tensed state is realεy

γ xy }

{σ}T = {σ x

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‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ized in a slab . Using Hooke’s law for this case, similarly arguing as in case of the earth basis, accepting a core of creep as expression (12), we obtain

{σ }i + 1 −

Similarly arguing, as well as in case of a pile, using expression (17), it is possible to receive the main equation of the finite elements method:

{R }+{R } = [K ] {g }

= [E ]i + 1 {ε }i + 1 −

δ G ∑ ([E sve δ1 j=0 i

]

s

{ε }j )

ji

×

⎡ ⎤ µ (t ) 0 ⎥ ⎢ 1 [E]i +1 = E (ti +1 )2 ⎢⎢µ (t ) 1 0 ⎥ ⎥ 1 − µ (t ) µ t − 1 ( ) ⎢ 0 ⎥ 0 2 ⎦ ⎣

[E

]

** ve

[E ] s ve

ji

= Λ

[E ]

0

s T m

θx

+ α 6 xy + α 7 x y + α 8 xy 2

+ α

x y + α 3

11

12

xy

2

+ α 9x

3

+α

10

y

2 3

3

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ij

−1 T

b

s

0

s

−1

s

s m

⎞ ⎟ ⎠

j

T

** ve

][C ]dxdy s

0

,

[Q ] s

i +1

∫ ∫ [C ] [E ] [C ]dxdy a b

=

T

s

s

i +1

0 0

,

[K ] s

θy }

+ α 2x + α 3y + α 4x2 + α 5y

[B ] [D ][B ] {g } s

a

For determination of a deflection surface is accepted the polynomial satisfying the homogeneous differential equation of the bent plate: 1

⎛Λ ⎜ ⎝

s

θ where w is displacement along axis OZ, x is a angular displacement concerning axis OX, θy is a angular displacement concerning axis ∂w ∂w θx = θy = ∂y ∂x .

OY, and ,

w (x, y) = α

i

∑

[D ] = ∫ ∫ [C ] [E

Let us consider the rectangular finite element working on a bend at action of the shear load. Each vertex of a finite element will have three ranges of discretion:

{g } = {w

, (18)

,

** ve

ij

i +1

j=0

0⎤ 0 ⎥⎥ 1 ⎥⎦

1

s m i+1

i+1

h3 δ = G × 12 δ 1

{R } s ve

− 1

s

where

(17)

Where

⎡ 1 = ⎢⎢ − 1 ⎢⎣ 0

s ve i+1

+ +

i +1

[ ] [Q ] [B ]

h3 = B 12

s

−1 T

s

i+1

s

−1

is a stiffness matrix of a finite element of a slab. Value of integrals in the last expressions may be easy exactly calculated.

7. Mathematical model of system of slab foundation on piles and viscoelastic earth basis In order to maintain the common sampling borders between various elements of system, it is suggested to divide the whole considered area into parallelepipeds. Let us assume that each such parallelepiped, assigned to the earth basis or pile, consists of six equal tetrahedrons representing the appropriate finite elements.

Parallelepipeds sampling slab foundation in mathematical model will be approximated by flat finite elements in the form of rectangulars.

Each vertex of such rectangular will have three ranges of discretion which will be calculated for a median layer of a parallelepiped. At composition of ensemble of finite elements for all system it is necessary to determine displacements for vertices of each parallelepiped of slab foundation. Thus, range of discretion of vertex of a slab should correspond to ranges of 2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ discretion of vertex of the soil basis and piles, i. e. ranges of discretion of any vertex of the system should be determined by a vector {u , ϑ, w} . Accepting third hypothesis of Kirchhoff G.R., we shall get for a median layer ∂w ϑ = − z ∂w u = −z ∂y ∂x , of the slab, that . Believing that the direction of axis OZ coincides with a direction of action of vertical forces, on the bottom face of the parallelepiped we shall have the following displacements:

{g } = [L ]{g } , s

s m

] [Z ] [Z ] [Z ] ⎤ ] [M ] [Z ] [Z ] ⎥⎥ ] [Z ] [M ] [Z ] ⎥ ] [Z ] [Z ] [M ]⎥⎦

⎡ [M ⎢ [Z [L ] = ⎢ ⎢ [Z ⎢ ⎣ [Z , ⎡ ⎢0 ⎢ [M ] = ⎢ 0 ⎢ ⎢1 ⎢⎣

h⎤ 2⎥ ⎥ 0⎥ ⎥ 0⎥ ⎥⎦

0 h 2 0

,

⎡0 [Z ] = ⎢⎢ 0 ⎢⎣ 0

0 0 0

0⎤ 0 ⎥⎥ 0 ⎥⎦

.

Then we have

{g

} = [L

s m

− 1

]{g } . s

(19)

Having substituted equation (19) in equation (18), we shall receive the main equation of the finite elements method in displacements for the bottom plane of a slab:

{R }+ {R } = ] [L ]{g } = [K s

s ve

s

i + 1

i + 1

−1

(20)

s

i + 1

On the basis of the equations (10), (16), and (20) the main equation of a finite elements method for all system as a whole is formed:

[K ]{g } = {R }+ {R } , (21) [K ] is a global stiffness matrix; {g} where G

ve

G

is a vector of displacements of whole system; {R} is a vector of vertical forces; {R ve } is www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

the vector of forces determined for finite elements of the earth basis and the slab.

Main equation (21) of the finite elements method for determination of the stress-strain state of the system is solved with account of the boundary conditions. At research of the mathematical model the boundary conditions are determined by values of displacements on borders of an active zone of the soil foundation and depend on boundary condition of the slab.

It is also assumed that in each vertex of any finite element known displacements or forces may be given.

8. Verification of the mathematical model and computing experiment For check of adequacy of the mathematical model, verification of algorithms and the software solution the real system of the slab foundation on the heterogeneous earth basis strengthened by the stuffed piles was considered [1]. The soil foundation is represented by fine sand with inclusion of friable layers with thickness of up to 1 m with the following charµ acteristics: E = 9 MPa, = 0.41. The size of slab foundations are 20 on 30 m and the thickness is 0.35 m with swell up to 0.65 m in places of a support of columns. The uniformly distributed load with the intensity q = 114 kPa is placed on the slab. The module of elasticity and Poisson's ratio for the slab µ = 0.33 is E = 27 000 MPa, and the corresponding characteristics of the pile is equal E µ = 0.2 = 24 000 MPa, . Diameter in the top part of a pile is equal 1.2 m, diameter in the bottom part is 0.5 m, the length is 2 m. At modeling cylindrical piles will be replaced by equal parallelepipeds.

The time period 1095 days with step interval of 12 hours was chosen. According to the experimental data, the relaxation parameters δ = 0.05 δ1 = 0.02 take values , .

Computer simulation of the specified system was carried out. By virtue of symmetry only the quarter of investigated system was examined. Slab foundations was sampled by 2400 finite elements in the form of the rectangular, the earth basis and piles was sampled by 2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ 460 800 finite elements. The quantity of vertex in discrete mathematical model of the system was 82 533. Dimension of the system of the linear algebraic equations (21) after the account of boundary conditions was 219 900 unknowns.

The adjoint gradients method was applied to the solution of the system of the linear algebraic equations. The criterion of conclusion of iterative process was applied when the difference between the previous and subsequent values in 70 % of points with the maximal displacements did not exceed the given accuracy.

Thus, for the considered problem at use of the specified criterion for a solving of the linear decision it was required about 3700 iterations of a adjoint gradients method, and time of a solving has made 3115 s.

For the iterative process of determination of the viscoelastic stress-strain state we use the solution obtained at the previous calculation step as the initial approximation of the adjoint gradients method. The time of a solving with the offered algorithm was approximately 12751 s.

Results of simulation were compared to the data of the full-scale investigation of the foundation of the constructed building [1, fig.

3]. The maximum value of instant displacement was in the centre of the slab foundation and consisted of the following values: as a result of research of mathematical model 1.53 mm and according to supervision 1.62 mm.

The minimum value of instant displacement was in the corners of the slab and had values of 0.2 mm that corresponded to experimental data. The stabilization settlement was achieved at a time point of 405 day and was 55.01 mm.

Divergences between the experimental data and results of the computer simulation did not exceed 9 %.

complex systems of heterogeneous viscoelastic disperse and solid physical bodies with various boundary conditions.

3. In case of acceptance of a hypothesis about a constancy in time of the Poisson's ratio µ and the module of elasticity E the global stiffness matrix on each step of the iterative process remains constant. The given assumption has allowed to speed up considerably process of the solving of the viscoelastic task and research of the mathematical model under various boundary conditions and operating external forces.

For this purpose on zero iteration (at finding instant deformations) it is possible to carry out any transformation of a matrix

[K ] . For example, we can find a matrix [K ] or carry out any factorization of G

G −1

the matrix. The factorization of the matrix is carried out once at the zero iteration.

Thus, time spent on solution at any step of the iterative process, appeared much less than the time required for performance of zero iteration, i. e. finding of instant deformations.

Conclusion 1. Based on the results of the simulation, the proposed mathematical model, algorithm and the software may be used for research of stress-strain state of complex systems of heterogeneous viscoelastic disperse and solid physical bodies.

2. Advantage of the offered mathematical model and the method of its research is the opportunity to examine stress-strain state of www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

Retaining structure and soil interaction during a pit excavation

ABU-MAHADI MOHAMED.

PhD assistant professor

HALABI SALEM MAHMUD , PhD, Professor

The computing procedure to determine the soil pressure on retaining structure and it’s displacements during earth excavation from a pit is developed. At the first stage the protecting construction (slurry wall, sheet piling, row of piles) is enclosed in a ground from the both sides, then the earth excavation from one side of the screen begins. The variations of soil pressure on the both sides of protecting screen are traced in the process of computing with proposed method.

The critical depth of a pit at the moment of failure is determined. The retaining structure in the calculating scheme is simulated as an elastic beam construction. The soil is presented as a nonlinear model, in which the modulus of rigidity decreases when the soil stress is nearing to the ultimate limit value. The mathematical procedure consists of iteration of sequential separate calculations by Gauss’s method

KEYWORDS: soil pressure, retaining structure, nonlinear model.

INTRODUCTION The determination of soil pressure on protecting structures is one of the most important engineering problem in designing of civil, industrial, transport and hydraulic engineering earthworks. In real constructions the large role is played by yielding (or pliability) of a protecting structure. The computing procedure evaluating soil pressure and displacement of a protecting construction should reflect mechanical interaction of retaining structure with soil.

Main principles and results of numerical experiments with the computing procedure reflecting interaction of a flexible protecting construction with soil during earth excavation from a pit is presented in this paper.

MODEL OF SOIL AND STRUCTURE INTERACTION

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The diagram of flexible retaining wall with applied forces is presented in fig.1. The soil pressure on a retaining structure (axis z) under the pit bottom (to left of z – in soil mass 1) is represented by a system of point forces Ri; the soil pressure behind the protection (to right of z – in soil mass 2) – by forces Рi.

The number of forces Рi is equal n (n = 7 in fig. 1); the number of forces Ri is equal (n-L) (L = 3 in fig. 1). Number L is determined by the depth of a pit h. The distance between the points of application of these forces is 2d, where d=H/2n.

When the number of applied forces n increases, the solution of this problem in discrete statement comes nearer to a solution in continuous functions.

The protecting construction is considered as flexible (yielding) beam or beam plate, which is conditionally divided into unit plots or elements a1, a2, …an (fig. 1).

Each element of a beam is considered as a final element subjected to bending by the mo2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ments Mb, Me and the transversal forces Qb, Qe applied at the beginning and extremity of an element (fig. 2). The relations between the beam sag S, deflection angle of it’s crosssection j and inner forces are expressed by the known formulas: j = - S′, M = - GS′′, Q = - GS′′′ , (1) where G = EJ - flexural rigidity of a beam; E – elasticity modulus of a beam material; Jmoment of inertia of the beam cross-section; the primes mean derivation with respect to x; x - centerline of a beam element directed from the beginning of an element to its extremity.

If to assume that there is no transversal distributed load between forces Pi and Ri, then from the equilibrium of an element follows: Qe = Qb = Q, Me = Qb + kQb (2) By means of an integration of the differential equation of the beam bent axis GS1V=0 within the limits of an element the following equalities can be obtained:

ϕ e =ϕ b+

se = sb +

a ⎛ Qba + M ⎜ G ⎝ 2

b

⎞ ⎟ ⎠

a ⎛ Qba Mb ⎞ ⎜− ⎟ − aϕb − 2 ⎟⎠ G ⎜⎝ 6

(3)

2

(4)

here Se, Sb, je, jb – the values of sag and turn angle of cross-sections at the extremity and the beginning of a beam element accordingly.

At the junctions of beam elements it is necessary to meet the conditions of sag continuity (beam is not torn), continuities of deflection angles (the beam does not break), equality of bending moments (element equilibrium condition if no external concentrated moments at the junctions). For transversal forces in the point of elements junction there is a difference T between forces P and R: T = P-R: Ti = Qi – Qi+1

(5)

From the equilibrium condition at the points of application of forces Ti follows: Mei = Mb (i+1)

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Taking into account (5) it is possible to define: i

Mb(i+1) = Mb1 + ∑Qj aj

(i = 1, 2, ….., n-1) (6)

j=1

where the values of Qb1 and Мb1 are considered known.

In this problem of soil interaction with a protecting wall there are: (n-1) unknown values of Q2, Q3, …, Qn; (n-1) - of Mb1, Mb2, …, Mb(n-1); n – of j1, j2, … jn; n - of S1, S2, … Sn, and also the sag Sb1 and turn angle jb1 of the upper point of a wall over the axis Z. It is assumed that in soil mass 1 and 2 (under the pit bottom and behind a wall) the shear stress txy = 0. Therefore, the stresses sx and sz are considered main. The stress sz is calculated as a sum of soil weight and pressure р on the surface behind a wall

σ z = −γz − p

(7)

here g is soil density.

From the equations of equilibrium when txy = 0 in a plane strain problem follows: ∂σ x ∂σ z =0 = −γ ∂x ; ∂z (8) The equations (7) and (8) show that sx and sz are functions of z.

In an elastic body the relation between strain ex and stresses sx and sz under the conditions of plane strain is of following type:

E (9) ε x = (1 − ν )σ x − νσ z 1 +ν here E - modulus of elasticity; n- Poisson's ratio.

It is assumed, that the array 1 is limited by the distance l1 from the wall. Outside l1 horizontal displacements of soil are equal zero, i.e. u (-l1) = 0. The wall displacement s to the left is positive (opposite to axis x), i.e. s = -u (0).

As sx , sz and ex according to (9) are func2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

n− L

Q M R j ( j + L − 1) − ∑ Pm ( m − 1) = 1 + н1 ∑ 2 2d j =1 m=2

tions of z, it is possible to define: 1 +ν [(1 −ν )σ x −νσ z ] = F (z ) E

Then ∂u εx = = F( z ) u = Fx + C1 ( z ) ∂x and

(10)

u (-l1) = 0; u (0) = -S. For these conditions with the formula (10) is received

]

(11)

In the soil mass 2 the similar vertical plane fixed in horizontal direction is located on a distance l2 from the wall, where u (-l2) = 0; u (0) = -Su. For these conditions with the formula (10) is received ES = (1 − ν )σ z − νσ l 2 (1 + ν )

z

(12)

p = − ( σ x )1 2 d p = − ( σ x ) 2 2d As , and , from the formulas (11) and (12) follows the equations, connecting P, R and S in different points of the wall

Pm u + Sm h = g(2m − 1) R ju − S j+L .h = g(2 j − 1)

h=

; (m = 1,2, …, n) (13) ; (j = 1, 2, …, n-) (14)

E l(1 + ν)

u=

1− ν 2d

g = νγd here ; ;.

Thus the full set of equations of the problem of soil interaction with a protecting wall in a ground will include: a) The equations of equilibrium: the sum of projections of forces on horizontal axes and sum of moments related to the point c (see fig.

1) are equal to zero: n−L

∑

j =1

R

j

−

n

∑

m =1

Qj +

j −1

∑

k =1

Pm = − Q 1

(15)

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Q j + ∑ Pk − k =1

M

⎫ ( j = 2 , 3 ,.., L + 1 ) ⎬ (17) ⎭

Pk = Q 1 ;

j −1

z

(16)

b) The equations (13) and (14); c)The equations derived from (3) - (6)

In the soil mass 1:

ES = − [(1 − ν )σ x − νσ l1 (1 + ν )

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

n

b ,i + 1

−

J − L −1

∑R m =1

i

∑

j=1

m

⎫ ( j = L + 2,..., n)⎬ (18) ⎭ (i =

= Q1

Q

j

a

j

= M

b1

+ a 1Q

(1,2, …, n-1)

(19)

ϕ1 − ϕ b1 = ccc

(20)

− S1 + S

b1

− a 1ϕ

b1

= ddd

− ϕi + ϕi −1 + ρiQi + χi M bi = 0 (i = 2,3.., n)

b1

(21) (22)

Si −1 − Si − δ i Qi − ρi M bi − aiϕi −1 = 0 , (i = 2,3, .., n)(23)

where: ρi =

a i2 2G i

,

a 3i δi = 6G i

χi =

,

ai Gi

a1 ⎛a1Q1 a 12 ⎛ a 1Q1 ⎞ ⎞ +Mb1 ⎟ ddd = ссс= ⎜ + M b1 ⎟ ⎜ 2G1 ⎝ 3 G1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎠ , In total we have (6n-L) equations with unknowns Pi, Si, ji (3n unknowns), Qi, Mbi (2(n1) unknowns), Ri ((n-L) unknowns), Sb1 and jb1. All these equations are linear and can be solved by Gauss’s method.

This method to determine the stress-strain values in soil has one disadvantage - the model, accepted in (9) is linear–deforming body, and do not quite correspond to real soil behavior. When stress-strain state of soil masses 1 and 2 come nearer to the extreme soil strength, the linear dependence (9) should be replaced by nonlinear.

With this purpose the authors have developed a nonlinear model of soil deformation with nonlinear relations between wall displacements and side pressure of soil. The ex-

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‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ treme state of soil was taken into account as Mohr- Coulomb strength condition: σ 3 = m σ1 + b (25) where s1 and s3 - main stresses, s1 ≤ s3 ; 1 − sin ϕ 2c. cos ϕ m= b= 1 + sin ϕ 1 + sin ϕ ; j - angle of internal friction of soil; c - cohesion.

These relations are approximated by the following formulas: In soil mass 1 (to left of the wall, see fig. 1) ⎧m + a. exp(βs) σ ψ 1 = x1 = ⎨ σ z1 ⎩ξ + b − b. exp(−αs)

s ≤ 0 (26) s≥0

if if

In soil mass 2 (to right of the wall) if ⎧ξ + b − b. exp(αs) σ ψ 2 = x2 = ⎨ if σ z 2 ⎩m + a.exp(−βs)

s≤0 (27) s≥0

here x - initial factor of side pressure accepted in the linear model; ;

b =

1 m

− ξ

;

β = −

ξ = ν /( 1 − ν ) A aσ

z

;

α = −

A bσ z

; ;

a = ξ − m A=

E ; l (1 − ν 2 )

E, n - modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio accepted in the linear model of soil; S - wall displacement (S> 0 to the left); L - breadth of soil regions 1 and 2.

The relations (26) and (27) correspond to the case of loose soil, when c = 0. For soils with cohesion, the similar formulas can be easily written.

The functions Y1, Y2 calculated with the formulas (26) and (27) for n = 0,3; E = 20 MH/ m2; g = 20 kH/m3; l = 10 m; are shown in fig.

3.

The similar diagrams for linear model of soil would be straight lines with the same inclination angle as the tangents for a curve Y1 and Y2 in a point where S = 0, y = x.

The calculations are conducted with iterative method.

At the beginning (first stage) the linear model is used. At the second stage the equations (13) and (14) of the full set of equations www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

of this problem (i.e. equations expressing relation between wall displacement and soil pressure on the wall in soil masses 1 and 2) are corrected.

The new equations look like: R

=

here

k =

Pξ

+ kS

Pξ = e p .ξ

(28) e p = − 2dσ z

;

(29)

R ( S ) − Pξ S

(30)

where R (S) = epY1, where Y1 is determined by (26), depending on the sign of S. For soil mass 2: P = Pξ + kS

(31)

where k is determined by (30), but now R (S) = epY2.

As the equations (28) and (31) are linear, at the second step of iteration the system of (6n-L) linear algebraic equations is solved again. The results of this step are used for determination of the values k in the formula (30), and the next step of iteration is done.

The examples of calculations with this method are shown in figures 4-6. With the above given mechanical properties of soil and retaining wall, the wall fails at the pit depth of 2.625 m, as it is shown in fig. 5.

CONCLUSION The developed method of determination the stress-strain parameters of retaining struccture during earth excavation from a pit takes into account interaction of flexing retaining wall with soil and also introduces nonlinearity of soil behavior when inner forces in soil are greater than elastic limit and Hook’s law does not hold.

REFERENCES Didukh B., Abu Mahadi M. Determination of parameters of nonlinear soil model in experimental soil tests with breaking load. // Modern Problems of theory and practice in 2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

Ψ

engineering research. Proceedings of the 35th Conference of Engineering Faculty. – Moscow, 235-237, (1999) (in Russian).

M. Nussbaumer & P.-A.Von Wolffersdortf.

Retaining structures and excavated slopes.

Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on soil mechanics and Foundation engineering, Hamburg, 22852289, (1997).

Simpson, В. Retaining structures displacement and design. Thirty-second Rankine Lecture, Geotechnique, 539-576, (1992).

Simpson, В. Partial factors of safety for the design of retaining walls. Geotechnique, 131-136, (1992).

Q b1

P1

c

1,2 1 0,8

Ψ1

x

0,4 0,2

S

0 -0,004

a1

d

Ψ1

0,6

-S

M b1

0

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

-0,003

-0,002

-0,001

0

0,001

0,002

0,003

d P2

h

a2

d

Fig 3. Function Y.

L =3

d

a3

P3

R1

P4

R2

P5

R3

P6

R n- L

pn

a4 H

-6

-4

0

2

0

2

M; (T.m)

1

1

an

h=1,125

d

l1

-2

h=1,625

z

Fig 1. Key diagram of flexible retaining wall

2

h=2,125

3

Mb

Me

4

х Qb

b

Qe

e

a

5 S e, ϕ e

Sb, ϕ b

Q > 0

M >0

h= 2,625

6 7

-S S > 0 d ow n

ϕ >0

H

x

Fig. 2. Beam element with rule of signs. www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

Fig. 6 Moment diagram for various depths.

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0,004

-65

-50

-35

-20

S, (cm) h=2,125

-9

-5 0

h=1,625

-7

-3

-1 0

1

3

5

7

9

σ x2,(T/m2)

1

h=0,125 2

2

h= 0,125

h=1,125

3

3

h=2,625

h= 1,125

h= 2,125

4

4

h=2,62

5

5

h= 2,625

6 7

-5

σx1 ,(T/m2)

1

h=1,125

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

H

Fig.5: Wall displacement for various depths.

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6 7

h=2,125 H

Fig.4: Side pressure on a wall for various depth of a pit.

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Design of a pipe-line for backfilling in case of underground mining Pronin V.I., PhD, Professor Peoples, Friendship University of Russia

Last years backfilling is wildly used in underground mining. Hydraulic fill has many advantages in comparison with other methods of slowing. Paste tilling is the new and the most perspective method of backfilling. In all cases the design of a pipe line for delivering of stowing materials may be done in accordance with the following method

Calculation of axailly loaded cylindrical solids (Lame problem) The image of the problem is pictured in Fig 1.

circular stresses

σθ(r)

E 2

1−µ

⎡

1 − µ⎤

⎣

r ⎦

⋅ ⎢C1 ⋅ ( 1 + µ) + C2 ⋅

2

⎥

For the given problem the constants C1, C2 are found from boundary conditions that have the form of

u ( r1)

0. σr ( r2)

−p

Since the pressure value is unknown, assume

p := 1.0 Pa If the boundary conditions are fullfiled, we get equations Ax = b where

Fig. 1 Let us introduce the given data

ORIGIN ≡ 1 , pi ≡ 3.14159, r1 := 0.1 m, 11

m,

E ≡ 2 ⋅ 10

6

Pa

σdp ≡ 180 ⋅ 10

µ := 0.3

Pa, Displacements and stresses are determined from the expressions given in Appendix 2: displacements

u ( r)

1 C1 ⋅ r + C2 ⋅ r

radial stresses

σr(r)

E 2

1−µ

⎡

1 − µ⎤

⎣

2

⋅ ⎢C1 ⋅ ( 1 + µ) − C2 ⋅

⎥ r ⎦

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1 ⎡ r1 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ r1 ⎥ A( p) := ⎢ ( ) − 1 − µ ⎢( ⎥ 1 + µ) ⎢ 2 ⎥ r2 ⎣ ⎦ 0 ⎡ ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ 2 b ( p) := ⎢ − 1 − µ ⎥ ⋅ p⎥ ⎢ E ⎣ ⎦

(

)

These equations can be solved with the help of procedure x = A^(-1)*b −1 x( p) := A( p) ⋅ b ( p) C1 ( p) := x( p) 1

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C2(p) := x(p)2 C1(p) = −3.15× 10− 12 m − 14

C2 ( p) = 3.15 × 10

m 2. Let us draw epures of displacement u(r) and (r) при p = 1.0. For this task we stresses r(r), need to introduce a ranked variable r

r2 − r1 dr := 100

⎛ ⎝

σ2 ( p) := y ( p) 2

1⎞ r⎠

⎡

2

y ( p) := sort ( σ ( p) )

σ1 ( p) := y ( p) 3

u ( r , p) := ⎜ C1 ( p) ⋅ r + C2 ( p) ⋅ E

Using procedure sort(x) we sort elements of array σ (p) in the order of increasing Let us put:

r := r1 , ( r1 + dr) .. r2

σr(r ,p) :=

0. ⎛⎜ ⎞ σ ( p) := ⎜ σr ( r1 , p) ⎟ ⎜ σθ ( r1 , p) ⎝ ⎠

⋅ ⎢C1p ( ) ⋅ ( 1 + µ) − C2p ( )⋅

1−µ ⎣

1 − µ⎤

2⎥ r ⎦

1 − µ⎤ ⎡ ⋅ ⎢C1p ( ) ⋅ ( 1 + µ) + C2p ( )⋅ σθ(r ,p) := 2 2⎥ r ⎦ 1−µ ⎣ E

σ3 ( p) := y ( p) 1 According to Saint Venant principle

σeq ( p) := σ1 ( p) − σ3 ( p) 4. Out of strength condition σ eq < σ dp we get acceptable pressure value pdp with the help of procedure root

pdp := root ( σeq ( p) − σdp , p)

0

m

1.5 .10 u( r , p)

8

pdp = 1.3 × 10

13

13 3 .10

4.5 .10

13

6 .10

13

5. Draw the final epures

r := r1 , ( r1 + dr) .. r2 0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

r m

⎛ ⎝

u(r , pdp) := ⎜ C1(pdp) ⋅ r + C2(pdp) ⋅

Fig. 2 Epure of displacement u(r) with p = 1.

σr(r,pdp) :=

0 0.25

Pa

σr ( r , p) σθ ( r , p)

Па

0.5

⎡

1 − µ⎤

1−µ ⎣

r ⎦

⎡

1 − µ⎤

1−µ ⎣

r ⎦

E

σθ(r,pdp) :=

0.75 1

2

⋅ ⎢C1pdp ( ) ⋅ ( 1 + µ) − C2pdp ( )⋅

E 2

⋅ ⎢C1pdp ( ) ⋅ ( 1 +µ) +C2pdp ( )⋅

1.25 1.5 0.08

0.1

0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

0.2

r m

Fig. 3. Epure of stresses σ r(r), σ θ (r) with p = 1.

3. Epures given above show that maximum stresses are obtained when r = r1 Let us introduce column matrix σ (р)

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1⎞ r⎠

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2⎥ 2⎥

0

m

5 2.5 .10

5 .10

u ( r , pdp )

5

5 7.5 .10

1 .10

4

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.16

0.18

0.2

r m Fig. 4. Epure of displacement u(r) with p = pdp

5 .10

7

7 8.75 .10

Pa

σ r ( r , pdp ) σ θ ( r , pdp )

8 1.25 .10 8 1.63 .10

2 .10

8

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14 r m

Fig. 5. Epures of stresses

r(r),

(r) with p = pdp.

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2008 - ‫ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬- ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر رﻣﻀﺎن ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬

‫آﺮة اﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫و ﻣﺴﻴﺮة اﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻴﻞ‬

‫ﻗﻴﻞ ﻗﺪی ﻤ ﺎ‪ ،‬أﻧ ﻪ ی ﺪرك ﺑ ﺎﻟﺼ ﺒ ﺮ ﻣ ﺎ ﻻ‬ ‫یﺪرك ﺑﻐﻴﺮﻩ‪ ،‬و أن اﻟﺘﺮاآﻢ ﻟ ﻺﻧ ﺠ ﺎزات‬ ‫و اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋ ﻠ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬ی ﻤ ﺜ ﻞ ﻗ ﻤ ﺔ اﻷداء‬ ‫اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﻮازن‪ ،‬ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺘ ﺄآ ﻴ ﺪ اﻟ ﺤ ﻔ ﺎظ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮة ﻣ ﺘ ﻮازﻧ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺎﻓ ﺔ ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‪ ،‬ﺕﻤ ﺜ ﻞ اﻟ ﺘ ﺤ ﺪي اﻷآ ﺒ ﺮ ﻷي‬ ‫ﺝﻬﺔ ﺕﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴ ﺎﺕ ﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫و ﺕﺴ ﻌ ﻰ إﻟ ﻴ ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺤ ﺎوﻟ ﺔ ﺥ ﻠ ﻖ أﻃ ﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟ ﺘ ﻨ ﻈ ﻴ ﻢ ﻋ ﻠ ﻤ ﻬ ﺎ؛ ﻻ‬ ‫یﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻌ ﻲ اﻟ ﻘ ﺎرئ اﻟ ﻜ ﺮی ﻢ أن ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﺽﻴﺎت ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺕ ﺄﺥ ﺬ ﺹ ﺒ ﻐ ﺔ ی ﻤ ﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻧﻬﺎ إﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﺎت‪ ،‬یﺠﺐ أن ﺕ ﻈ ﻬ ﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺽﻮح ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻬﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺕﻌﻤ ﻞ ﺽ ﻤ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻞ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺹﻮرﻩ‪ ،‬و‬ ‫إﻻ ﻓﻘﺪت أﻋﺰ ﻣﺎ ﺕ ﻤ ﻠ ﻚ و ﻣ ﺎ ﺕ ﺒ ﺎﻩ ﺑ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮهﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ هﻲ إﺣﺪى هﺬﻩ اﻟﻜ ﻴ ﺎﻧ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺕﺴﻌﻰ ﺝﺎهﺪة ﻣﻦ أﺝﻞ ﺥﻠﻖ ﺑ ﻴ ﺌ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺽﻤﻦ أﻃﺮ ﻣﺆﺳﺴ ﺎﺕ ﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬و ﻷﻧ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺕﻘﻮم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺕ ﻮﺝ ﻪ ﻏ ﺮ رﺑ ﺤ ﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬا یﻌﻄﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺥ ﺎﺹ ﺔ ﺝ ﺪا ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺶء و اﻟﺘﻜﻮیﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺪﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﻣ ﻌ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺳﻄﻮر‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ أﻋ ﺘ ﻘ ﺪ أﻧ ﻪ ی ﻤ ﺜ ﻞ ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺹﺔ‪ ،‬و ﻧﺴﺘﺸﻔﻪ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻲ‬ ‫اﻧﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﺎرئ و اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ اﻟ ﻜ ﺮی ﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑ ﻌ ﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺥﻔﺎیﺎﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﻠ ﻪ یﺸ ﺎرآ ﻨ ﺎ اﻟﺸ ﺠ ﻮن‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺪر ﻣﺎ یﺴﻌﺪﻩ أن یﺮى اﻟ ﻌ ﺪد اﻟ ﺘ ﺎﺳ ﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ و ﻗﺪ ﻧﺸ ﺮ إﻟ ﻲ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻮم‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻷﺣ ﺪاث اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﻮاﻟ ﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ و اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ذاﺕﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ أن ﺕﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺕﻴﺮة ﺵﺒﻪ ﻣﻨ ﺘ ﻈ ﻤ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺹ ﺪوره ﺎ‪ ،‬و‬ ‫ﺹﺪر ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺕﺴﻊ أﻋﺪاد‪ ،‬و أﻣﻜﻨﻬﺎ أن ﺕﺤﻘﻖ ﻧﺠﺎﺣﺎت ﻣ ﺘ ﻮاﻟ ﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟ ﻴ ﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺼﺪ اﻵن أن ﻧﺨﻮض ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺪار و ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻨ ﺠ ﺎح‪ ،‬ﺑ ﻞ ﻧ ﺮاﻩ ﺣ ﻠ ﻘ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺽ ﻤ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ‪ ،‬و ﺕﺘﻮیﺞ ﻣﺘﻮال ﻟﻤﺎ یﻘﻮم ﺑﻪ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻮن ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻦ أﺝ ﻞ اﻟ ﺘ ﻄ ﻮی ﺮ و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﺪیﺚ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻬﺎ؛ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺕﻘﻴﻢ هﺬا ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻚ ﻋﺰیﺰي اﻟﻘﺎرئ ادﻋﻮك ﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻟﻌﺪد اﻷول‪،‬‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺠﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ أﻣﺎم آﺮة ﺛﻠﺞ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ اﺥﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ آﺜﻴﺮا ﻋﻦ ذي‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻت‪ ،‬ﻋﺪدهﺎ و ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﺼ ﻤ ﻴ ﻢ اﻟ ﻌ ﺎم ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﺠ ﻠ ﺔ‪ ،‬اﻷﻗﺴ ﺎم و ﺕ ﺮﺕ ﻴ ﺒ ﻬ ﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠﺔ‪ ،‬و ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻮف ﺕﺸﺎهﺪﻩ ﺑﺠﻼء‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮیﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ‪ ،‬هﻮ اﻟﺘﻮﺝﻪ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ و اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‪ ،‬و ﺕﻔﺮض ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺥﻼل ﻣ ﺎ ﺕ ﻘ ﺪﻣ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺽﻤﻦ هﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ هﻨﺎ ﺑﺪأت اﻟﻤﺠ ﻠ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺕ ﺤ ﺪی ﺪ اﻟﺴ ﻴ ﺎﺳ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬و وﺽﻊ ﺽﻮاﺑﻂ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ و اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮاهﺎ اﻟﻌﺎم‪ ،‬هﺬا ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄآﻴ ﺪ ﻓ ﻴ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﻨﺎت‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﺪر ﻣﺎ یﺨﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎت‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺕﺤﻤﻞ ﺥﻠﻴﻄﺎ یﺒﺪوا ﻟﻠﻮهﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻏﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻷآﺎدیﻤﻴﺔ و ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ اﻟ ﺨ ﻔ ﻴ ﻒ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﺎدة اﻟ ﻌ ﻠ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬و أﺥ ﺒ ﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺝﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ یﺒﺪوا هﺬا ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻟﻮرﻗﻲ هﺠﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ ﺣ ﺪ آ ﺒ ﻴ ﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻠ ﻢ ﺕ ﻌ ﻬ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻼت اﻟﻤﺰاوﺝﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮیﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻦ آﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟ ﻜ ﻦ إن ﻋ ﻠ ﻢ اﻟ ﻘ ﺎرئ اﻟ ﻜ ﺮی ﻢ أن‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺕﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻧﻮاة ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺕﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ و اﻟﺘﻘ ﻨ ﻲ‪ ،‬و أن ه ﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻮع یﻬﺪف أﺳﺎﺳﺎ‪ ،‬إﻟﻲ اﻟﺨﻮض ﻓﻲ ﻏﻤﺎر ﺕﺠﺮﺑﺔ آﺎﻣﻠ ﺔ ﻗ ﺪر اﻹﻣ ﻜ ﺎن‪ ،‬و دراﺳ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت‪ ،‬و ﺕﻮﺣﻴﺪ اﻟﺮؤى‪ ،‬ﺳﻌﻴﺎ وراء ﻣﻜﺎﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﻮق و اﻹﺑﺪاع‪.‬‬ ‫إذا هﻞ یﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻟﻘﻮل أن ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺥﻼل اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺹﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺕ ﻜ ﻮﻧ ﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬ه ﻲ آ ﺎﻟ ﻜ ﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ وﺽﻌﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪایﺔ ﻃﺮیﻖ اﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻴﻞ‪ ،‬و أن اﻟ ﺨ ﻄ ﻮات اﻷوﻟ ﻰ ﻣ ﻦ ه ﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮیﻖ ﻗﺪ ﻗﻄﻌﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺝﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺥﻼل اﻷﻋﺪاد اﻟﺘﺴﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠﺔ‪ ،‬و ﻧ ﻨ ﺘ ﻈ ﺮ اﻟ ﻌ ﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺵﺮ ﻟﻜﻲ یﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﺵﺮ‪ ،‬و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ یﺘﻌﺎﻇﻢ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ و ﺕ ﻜ ﺒ ﺮ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺆوﻟ ﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﺎح ﻣﺮاﻓﻖ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬هﻨﺎ آﻘﺎرئ دﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﺮاﻗﺐ و ﻧﻨﺘﻈﺮ! آﺮة اﻟ ﻤ ﺠ ﻠ ﺔ و ه ﻲ ﺕ ﺘ ﻘ ﺪم‬ ‫ﺽﻤﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ هﻞ ﺳﺘﻜﺘﻔﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﺆال أﺕﺮك إﺝﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﻟ ﻜ ﻢ ﻋ ﺒ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ یﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮیﺪ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻨﺶء‬ ‫ﻣﺎ یﻤﻴﺰ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ ‪ ،‬أﻧ ﻬ ﺎ اﻟ ﻤ ﺠ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ ،‬و ﻟﻴﺲ اﻟﻤﺮاد ﺑ ﺎﻷوﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺮد ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑ ﻞ أﻗﺼ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ اﻟﺮیﺎد و اﻟﺴﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻢ ﺕ ﻈ ﻬ ﺮ ﻣ ﺠ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪2008 -‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬