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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﺷــــﺎرك ﻓـــﻲ هــﺬا اﻟـــﻌﺪد‬

‫ﻓـــــــﺮﻳﻖ اﻟـــــــــﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻋﻤﺮ اﻟﺘﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪adm@tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺋﺐ رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺼﺎم اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪info@tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺮﺗﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎن ﺧﻄﺎب‬ ‫‪edit@tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼن و اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻧﻮر اﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺣﻮا ص‬ ‫‪ads@tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮ اﻹداري‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﺟﻤﺎل ﻋﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫‪con@tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫أﻋﻀﺎء هﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫• اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ وﻓﺎء ﻓﺘﺤﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫• اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﻬﻨﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫• اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس هﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﻼل‬ ‫• اﻷﺳﺘﺎذة ﺳﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺑﻮ ﻏﺮارة‬ ‫• اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ آﺮم‬ ‫• اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﺳﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﺰهﺮاﻧﻲ‬ ‫• إﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ رﻣﻀﺎن‬ ‫• ﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد اﻟﻌﻤﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎرﻳﺔ‬ ‫رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس اﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺎدل اﻟﺪﻗﻲ‬ ‫‪corps@tech.nical.ly‬‬ ‫أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫•اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻬﺎﺷﻤﻲ‬ ‫•اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر رﻣﻀﺎن ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫•اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﺳﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺤﻠﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺪوﺑﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﻮاد ﺣﺴﻨﻲ اﻟﺸﺘﻴﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻋﻤﺎد ﺣﻤﺪي إﺑﺮاهﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس أﻳﻤﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺼﺪي‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮآﺔ اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪www.altariq.ps‬‬ ‫أﺳﺎرﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ واﻹﻋﻼن‬ ‫‪www.assaryprint.com‬‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺘﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﺮزوق‬ ‫م اﺣﻤﺪ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫م ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺼﺎم اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫م ﺟﻤﺎل ﻋﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫م ﻣﺠﺪي ﺧﻄﺎب‬ ‫أ‪.‬ﺳﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺑﻮﻏﺮارة‬ ‫م‪.‬ﻋﻤﺎد ﺣﻤﺪي إﺑﺮاهﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺮﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫م‪ .‬ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺣﻤﻮد اﻟﺰهﺮاﻧﻰ‬ ‫إﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ رﻣﻀﺎن‬ ‫‪Sura zaki assist.leacture‬‬ ‫‪Bahija khudaier shukur Assist.Prof‬‬ ‫‪Rimshin V.I‬‬ ‫‪.Shubin L.I‬‬ ‫‪M. rshdan. Ibrahim‬‬ ‫‪Eman Ebrahim Mohamed Nassar‬‬ ‫‪A.I. Diveуev‬‬ ‫‪E.A. Sofronova‬‬ ‫‪SVINTSOV A., DSc, Professor‬‬ ‫‪MALOV A., PhD, Professor‬‬ ‫‪BASOV Y., PhD, Professor‬‬ ‫‪HALABI SALEM MAHMUD, PhD,‬‬ ‫‪Professor‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻت واﻟﻤﻮاﺿﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮرة ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋ ﻦ أراء أﺻ ﺤ ﺎﺑ ﻬ ﺎ وﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة ﻋﻦ رأي اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﺪد وﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﺗﻌﻮد ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﺻﺤﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﺣﻘﻮق ﻧﺸﺮهﺎ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻌﺪد ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫آﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ وﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﻗ ﺘ ﺒ ﺎس ﻣ ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻠ ﺔ ﺑﺸ ﺮط اﻹﺷ ﺎرة إﻟ ﻰ اﻟ ﻤ ﺼ ﺪر ﻣ ﺮﻓ ﻖ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻌ ﺪد‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫هﺎﺗﻒ ‪00218925681415 :‬‬

‫‪00218255623051‬‬

‫زﻳﺎرة ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ‪www.tech.nical.ly :‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﺗـــﻘﺮؤون ﻓــﻲ هــﺬا اﻟــﻌﺪد‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ و اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫• ﻟﻘﺎءات وﻣﺤﺎور‬

‫• “ ﻗﻮﻗﻞ” ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻨﺪان اﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ وﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ اﻟﻘﻀﺎء‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ص ‪9‬‬ ‫• اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﻤﺒﺠﱠﻞ‪ " ..‬ﻗﻮﻗﻞ" ص ‪11‬‬

‫• اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ رؤﻳﺔ إﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻔﺎهﻴﻢ ﺗﻤﺲ واﻗﻊ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ‬

‫• ﺧﻤﺴﻮن ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺗﻤﺘﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎت ص ‪13‬‬ ‫• اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ص ‪15‬‬ ‫• اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ص ‪16‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫• ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ آﺎﺑﻮس اﻟﻌﺒﻮات اﻟﻨﺎﺳﻔﺔ ص ‪18‬‬ ‫• ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﻀﻮء ﺑﻬﺎﺗﻔﻚ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي ص ‪18‬‬

‫ص‬

‫ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫• اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ص ‪26‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫• اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ص ‪61‬‬ ‫• أهﻤﻴﺔ وآﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت ص ‪68‬‬

‫آﻴﻒ ﻳﺮاك اﻵﺧﺮون ص ‪37‬‬ ‫ﺟﻮدة ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ص ‪42‬‬ ‫ص ‪45‬‬ ‫واﻗﻊ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ واﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ص ‪50‬‬

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‫• اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎدات اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ وﻋﻘﺒﺎت اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬

‫ص ‪78‬‬

‫• ﺟﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻏﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ص ‪85‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪Research‬‬ ‫‪• Utilizing a FCM algorithm and RLE for YUV‬‬ ‫‪image compression page 87‬‬ ‫‪• Town-planning regulation and territorial plan‬‬‫‪ning of the Russian Federation page 101‬‬ ‫‪• Study the toughness behavior of aluminium‬‬ ‫‪A355 and A356 composites reinforced with SiC‬‬ ‫‪particles after the extrusion process page 109‬‬ ‫‪• Simulation of Settling, Casting Fluidity and‬‬ ‫‪Solidification of Aluminum SiC Particle Compos‬‬‫‪ites page 116‬‬ ‫‪• Method of network operator for synthesis of‬‬ ‫‪optimal control system page 130‬‬ ‫‪• L'INFLUENCE DE L'HUILE DE GRAIS‬‬‫‪SAGE MINÉRALE SUR LE BÉTON ET LE‬‬ ‫‪BÉTON ARMÉ page 144‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ‪Google‬‬

‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎدم ﺳﻴﺎرﺗﻚ ص ‪83‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﻗﺺ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﻧﻲ ص ‪ 83‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻣﻦ أي دي ام ذو ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﺎور‪ .‬ص ‪ 83‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺮد اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﻖ آﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺘﻞ ص ‪ 84‬‬

‫ﺟﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫• اﺻﻨﻊ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻚ ﺧﺪﻣﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ" ﻗﻮﻗﻞ "‬

‫ص ‪73‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻒ آﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬

‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬

‫أردﻧﺎ أن ﻳﻜﻮن هﺬا اﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎ ﻗﺪر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﺎع ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﻩ ‪،‬ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻧﻪ واﺧﺮاﺟﻪ‪ ،‬أردﻧ ﺎ‬ ‫أن ﻧﻘﺪم اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ آﺒﺼﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪاﻩ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﺪاد‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﻤ ﺔ ﺗ ﺒ ﻘ ﻰ ﻓ ﻲ ذاآ ﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮاء ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل ﻣ ﺎ ﺳ ﻮف ﻳ ﻘ ﺮؤوﻧ ﻪ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا اﻟﺼ ﻔ ﺤ ﺎت اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻓ ﻞ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻌ ﺸ ﺮات ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎن ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ أول ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺎدف اﻟﻘﺮاء‪ ،‬أﻻ وهﻲ اﻻﻓ ﺘ ﺘ ﺎﺣ ﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺒ ﺪﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮح ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺟﺪﻟﻲ ذات ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻘﻨﻲ آﻤﺎ ﺟﺮت اﻟﻌ ﺎدة ﻓ ﻲ ﺑ ﻘ ﻴ ﺔ اﻷﻋ ﺪاد‪ ،‬واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻘﻒ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻻﻓﺘﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﻞ هﻲ ﻣ ﺪﺧ ﻞ ﻟﺴ ﻠ ﺴ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ وﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ آﺈﺻﺪار واآﺒﻪ ﻣﺜﻴﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ آﻜﻴﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺮآ ﺰﻳ ﻦ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫هﺬا اﻟﻌﺪد ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻧﺮآﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﺎول ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻓﻲ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ وﺑﺄآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﻮي‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻄﺮﻗﻨﺎ إﻟﻲ “ ﻗﻮﻗﻞ” ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﺮح اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ وﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﻤﺒﺠﻞ” ﻗﻮﻗﻞ” ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻜﺒ ﻴ ﺮ ﻓ ﺪاء ﻳ ﺎﺳ ﺮ اﻟ ﺠ ﻨ ﺪي‪ ،‬إﻟ ﻲ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ ﻗﻮﻗﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻨﺪان اﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ و ﻣ ﻄ ﺮﻗ ﺔ اﻟ ﻘ ﻀ ﺎء‪ ،‬إﻟ ﻲ ﺷ ﺮح ﻣ ﻔ ﻀ ﻞ ﻷﺣ ﺪث‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻪ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻧﺘﺸﺮت آﺎﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻨﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻬ ﺸ ﻴ ﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل ﺧ ﺪﻣ ﺔ اﻧ ﺘ ﺸ ﺎر اﻟ ﻤ ﻮاﻗ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ذات اﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﺒﺴﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻃ ﺮﺣ ﻪ‪ ،‬اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻴ ﻖ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﻩ‪ ،‬أردﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل أن ﻧﻐﻴﺮ أﺳﻠﻮب ﻋﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎرئ اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻧﺘﻨﺎول أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﻮي ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل أﺑﻮاﺑﻨﺎ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫آﺎن ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮح أﺣﺪ أآﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺎﻟ ﻢ اﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬أﻻ وه ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻨﺎوﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺤ ﻠ ﻴ ﻞ واﻟ ﻌ ﺮض اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻤ ﻖ ﻟ ﻜ ﻴ ﻔ ﻴ ﺔ ﺗ ﺄه ﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت ﻟﻠﺠﻮدة‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ واﻷﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ هﺬا‪.‬‬ ‫أﺣﺪ أآﺜﺮ اﻷﺑﻮاب اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺘﺨﺮ هﻲ ﺑﺎب اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﻨ ﻔ ﺮد ﺑ ﺈﺻ ﺪاره ﺎ ﻣ ﺠ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻷول ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟ ﻌ ﺪد ﻣﺸ ﺎرآ ﺔ ﻣ ﺘ ﻤ ﻴ ﺰة ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻴ ﺮة اﻟ ﺒ ﺎﺣ ﺜ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻮﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ آﻜﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ آﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻋﺴﻰ أن ﻧﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ وﻓﻘﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺷﻲء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻟﻜﻢ‬ ‫رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ هﺎﻣﺶ ﻣﻌﺮض ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻت واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ)ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪(2008‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪورﻳﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻷهﻠﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ واﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺎرض اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ أآﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳ ﺒ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﺨ ﺘ ﻠ ﻔ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺮص ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآ ﺔ ﻓ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗ ﺘ ﺨ ﺬ ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﺔ ﺻﻴﻎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﻪ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎرض ﻣﻦ ﺑ ﻮﺗ ﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺠﺪﻳﺪهﺎ ﻣ ﻊ اﻟ ﺰوار ﻓ ﻲ ﺗ ﺠ ﺮﺑ ﺔ ﻣ ﺒ ﺎﺷ ﺮة‬ ‫واﺣﺘﻜﺎك ﻳﺤﺮص ﻋﻠﻴﻪ آﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎرض و اﻟﺰاﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟ ﺘ ﺄآ ﻴ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ إن ﺗﺤﺮص اﻟﻤﺠﻼت اﻟ ﻌ ﻠ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ ﺑ ﻤ ﺘ ﺎﺑ ﻌ ﺔ ورﺻ ﺪ ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻀﻊ اﻟﻘﺎري ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﺐ اﻟﺤﺪث ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣ ﻦ زاوﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻀﻊ اﻟﻌﺎرض أﻣﺎم اﻧﻄﺒﺎع اﻟﺰاﺋﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻘ ﺪﻳ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼت اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﻨ ﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻟ ﻤ ﺎ ﻋ ﺮض وﺗ ﻘ ﺪﻳ ﻢ ﺁراء‬ ‫واﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫آ ﺎن ﻟ ﻤ ﺠ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ ﺣﻀ ﻮرا ﺑ ﺎرزا ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﻌ ﺮض ﻟ ﻴ ﺒ ﻴ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻت واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ )ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ (2008‬اﻟﺬي ﻋ ﻘ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ ﻃ ﺮاﺑ ﻠ ﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ ‪ 24‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 2008-5-29‬ﻓ ﻲ دورﺗ ﻪ اﻟ ﺜ ﺎﻟ ﺜ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﻬﺪت ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺎ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎرﺿ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﺰوار‪ ،‬وﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻌ ﺮض ﺗ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ ‪ 2008‬أآ ﺒ ﺮ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺎرض‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﺤﺎول اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻴ ﻦ ﻋ ﻠ ﻴ ﻪ أن ﻳ ﺮﺗ ﻘ ﻮا ﺑ ﻪ إﻟ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎف ﻣﺘﻘﺪم دورة ﺑﻌﺪ دورﻩ‪ ،‬اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬآﺮ أن اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮض‬ ‫ﻓﻲ دورﺗﻪ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺷﻬﺪ إﻗﺒﺎﻻ ﺟﻤﺎهﻴﺮﻳﺎ واﺳﻊ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻮﻗ ﻊ أن‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻇﻢ اﻻهﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺸﺮآ ﺎت وﺑ ﺎﻷﺧ ﺺ أن زﻳ ﺪت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻼﺟﻨﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻊ اﻟ ﺤ ﺮص ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺗ ﻘ ﺪﻳ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت أﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺎرﺿﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼل ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺮض اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬آﺎن ﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎرآﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﺨ ﺘ ﻠ ﻔ ﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻘ ﺪ ﺷ ﺎرآ ﺖ ﻓ ﻲ إﺻ ﺪار اﻟ ﻨ ﺸ ﺮة‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ إﺻﺪاراهﺎ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ آﺎن ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺎرآﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻔ ﻌ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺎت اﻟ ﺜ ﻘ ﺎﻓ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﻠ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل ﻣﺸ ﺎرآ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺗﻴﻦ اﻷوﻟﻰ أﻟﻘﺎهﺎ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺘﻮﻣ ﻲ ﻋ ﻦ‬

‫واﻗﻊ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﻌﺮض ﻓﻴﻬﺎ أه ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ ه ﺬا اﻟ ﻨ ﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ وﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﺟﺮاء ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻣ ﺎ ﻳ ﺘ ﻴ ﺤ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ واﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻟﻮرﻗﻲ ﻣﻦ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎت ﻣﺨ ﺘ ﻠ ﻔ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛ ﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮة أﺧﺮى أﻟﻘﺘﻬﺎ اﻷﺳﺘ ﺎذة ﺳ ﺎﻣ ﻴ ﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﻋﻀ ﻮ ه ﻴ ﺌ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﻌ ﺮﺿ ﺖ ﻓ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫واﻗﻊ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ارآﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗ ﻘ ﻮم ﺑ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ رﻓﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ وﻣﺴﺎهﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗ ﻘ ﺪم اﻟ ﻮاﻗ ﻊ اﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫آﻤﺎ ﺧﺼﺼﺖ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨ ﻴ ﺔ أﺛ ﻨ ﺎء اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮض ﻗﺴ ﻤ ﺎ ﺧ ﺎﺻ ﺎ‬ ‫وآﺎﻣﻼ ﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺮض ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻳﻮﻣ ﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﻜ ﻞ ﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺺ اﻟﻤﻌﺮض‪ ،‬وﺷﻬﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺧﻼل هﺬﻩ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة إﻗﺒﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺎهﻴﺮﻳﺎ واﺳﻌﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬وﺧﻼل ﺣ ﻔ ﻞ اﺧ ﺘ ﺘ ﺎم اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮض‬ ‫وﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺟﻮاﺋﺰ اﻟﻤﻌﺮض‪ ،‬ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗ ﻜ ﺮﻳ ﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺮض اﺳﺘﻠﻤﻪ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻋ ﻤ ﺮ ﻣ ﺤ ﻤ ﺪ اﻟ ﺘ ﻮﻣ ﻲ‪ ،‬وﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻟﻪ ﻳﻘﻮل‪ ”:‬إن هﺬا اﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﻢ اﻟﺬي ﻧﻌﺘﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫أهﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ وﺻﻠ ﺖ ﻟ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﻜ ﺎﻧ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺪى ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻷوﺳﺎط ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺮض‪ ،‬وﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ أن هﺬا اﻟﺘﻜ ﺮﻳ ﻢ‬ ‫هﻮ داﻓﻊ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺑﺬل اﻟﻤﺰﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺠ ﻬ ﺪ ﻟ ﺮﻓ ﻊ ﻣﺴ ﺘ ﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ وﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻘﺮاء واﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ‪”.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬآﺮ أﻧﻪ ﺧﻼل ذات اﻟﻌﺎم ﺗﻢ ﺗﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ أﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﺧﻼل ﺣ ﻔ ﻞ ﺑ ﺘ ﻜ ﺮﻳ ﻢ اﻟ ﺠ ﻤ ﻌ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺬآﺎء اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

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‫اﻟﺪراﺳ ﺔ اﻟ ﻨ ﻤ ﺴ ﺎوﻳ ﺔ اﻟ ﺤ ﺪﻳ ﺜ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺣ ﺬرت ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮرة ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﺒﺤﺚ "ﺟﻮﺟﻞ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼ ﻮﺻ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪم وإﻣ ﻜ ﺎﻧ ﻴ ﺔ ﺗ ﺤ ﻮ ﻟ ﻪ إﻟ ﻰ أآ ﺒ ﺮ وآ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺒﺎرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺧﻄﺮًا ﻳﺠﺐ إﻳﻘﺎﻓﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ أﺷﺎرت اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ أﺟﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌ ﻪ ﺟ ﺮاﺗ ﺲ ﻋ ﺎﺻ ﻤ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﻪ اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ إﻟﻰ أن ﺟﻮﺟﻞ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫«اﻷخ اﻷآﺒﺮ »ﻓﻲ رواﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺸﻬﻴ ﺮ ﺟ ﻮرج‬ ‫أوروﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺮض هﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻓ ﻲ آ ﺜ ﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﺣ ﻴ ﺚ ُﺗ ﺠ ﺮي ﻧ ﺤ ﻮ ‪61‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ آﻞ ﺷﻬ ﺮ‪ ،‬وﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻮﻻﻳ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﺗﺘﻢ ‪ %57‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎت ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﻮﺳ ﻂ ﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ أن أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ %95‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪﻣ ﻲ اﻹﻧ ﺘ ﺮﻧ ﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن اﻟﻤﺤﺮك أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً‪ ،‬وأن ﻧ ﻔ ﻮذ ﺟ ﻮﺟ ﻞ ﺗ ﺘ ﺰاﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺣﺬر اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎوﻳﻮن أن ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺟﻮﺟﻞ ﻳﻤ ﻜ ﻦ‬ ‫أن ﻳﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ أآﺒﺮ وآ ﺎﻟ ﺔ اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺒ ﺎرات ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻟ ﻢ وذﻟ ﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻪ ﻋﺒ ﺮ ﺑ ﺮاﻣ ﺠ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬وأﺿﺎﻓﻮا أﻧﻪ ﺣ ﺘ ﻰ إذا ﻟ ﻢ ﺗﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪم ﺟ ﻮﺟ ﻞ ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﻄﺮ إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴ ﺘ ﻘ ﺒ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺣﻤﻠﺔ أﺳﻬﻤﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫وأآﺪت اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ أن ﺟﻮﺟﻞ ﺗﻌﺘﺪي ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﺨ ﺼ ﻮﺻ ﻴ ﺔ ﻷن‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ ﺗﻌﺮف أآ ﺜ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ أي ﻣ ﻨ ﻈ ﻤ ﺔ أﺧ ﺮى‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﻓﺮاد واﻟﺸﺮآﺎت‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟ ﻴ ﺴ ﺖ ﻣ ﻠ ﺘ ﺰﻣ ﺔ ﺑ ﻘ ﻮاﻧ ﻴ ﻦ اﻟ ﺒ ﻼد‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴ ﺎﻧ ﺎت ﺿ ﺨ ﻤ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل اﺳﺘﻐﻼل أدوات اﺳﺘﺨﻼص اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺜ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ "ﺟﻮﺟﻞ إﻳﺮث" أو اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ "ﺟﻲ ﻣﻴﻞ" ﻓﻲ‬ ‫إﻃﺎر وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫وأﺷ ﺎرت اﻟ ﺪراﺳ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ أن ﻣ ﺤ ﺮك ﺟ ﻮﺟ ﻞ ﻳ ﺆﺛ ﺮ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺎت اﻟﺪول ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻹﻋﻼﻧ ﺎت واﻟ ﻮﺛ ﺎﺋ ﻖ اﻟ ﻤ ﺮﺗ ﺒ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ وﻗﺎل إﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ وﻷﻏﺮاض ﺗ ﺠ ﺎرﻳ ﺔ أن‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻄﻲ أﻓﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺬﻳ ﻦ ﻳ ﺪﻓ ﻌ ﻮن‬ ‫رﺳﻮﻣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﺎل اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ هﻴﺮﻣﺎن ﻣﺎورﻳﺮ ورﺋﻴﺲ ﻣ ﻌ ﻬ ﺪ ﻧ ﻈ ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺟﺮاﺗﺲ اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎوﻳ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ اﻟ ﺬي ﻧﺸ ﺮﺗ ﻪ ﺻ ﺤ ﻴ ﻔ ﺔ اﻟ ﺮﻳ ﺎض‪ ،‬إن ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮرة أن ﻳﺴﻴﻄﺮ آﻴﺎن واﺣﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟ ﻮﺟ ﻞ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﻋ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻷﻣﺮ "ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻘ ﺒ ﻮل" ه ﻮ‬ ‫أن ﺟﻮﺟﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﻜﺜ ﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺨ ﺪﻣ ﺎت اﻷﺧ ﺮى‬ ‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﺢ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻻﻋﺒﻴﻦ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗﺨ ﻮف ﻣ ﺎورﻳ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ أن ﻏ ﻮﻏ ﻞ ﻗ ﺪ ﺗﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪم ﻣ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫«اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ »ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ أﺳﻮاق اﻷﺳﻬﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﻗﺎﻟﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ إن ﺧﻄ ﺮ وﺟ ﻮد واﻗ ﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻳﻒ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻏﻮﻏﻞ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻳﻠﻘﻲ ﺑﻈﻼﻟﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أآﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻴﺮة‬ ‫إﻟﻰ أن «ﻏﻮﻏﻞ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ اﻟﻮاﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻮاﻗﻌﻨﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻧﻮهﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ إﻟﻰ أن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻴﻮم ﺗ ﻌ ﺘ ﻤ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺸ ﻜ ﻞ ﻣ ﺎ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﻣ ﻮﻗ ﻌ ﻲ ﻣ ﺤ ﺮك "ﺟ ﻮﺟ ﻞ" وﻣ ﻮﺳ ﻮﻋ ﺔ‬ ‫"وﻳﻜﻴﺒﻴﺪﻳﺎ"‪ ،‬وإذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻌﺎن ﻳ ﻌ ﻜ ﺴ ﺎن اﻟ ﺤ ﻘ ﻴ ﻘ ﺔ ﻓ ﺈن‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻪ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ أﻣﺮًا ﻣ ﺤ ﺘ ﻤ ﻼً‪ ،‬ﻣﺸ ﻴ ﺮة ﻓ ﻲ ذﻟ ﻚ إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎهﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻴﺰة اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮة اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﺟ ﻮدة ﻓ ﻲ "وﻳ ﻜ ﻴ ﺒ ﻴ ﺪﻳ ﺎ"‪،‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻊ وﺟﻮد ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮات ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻮد ﺗ ﻌ ﺎون ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺟﻞ ووﻳﻜﻴﺒﻴﺪﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ زاﻟﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺼﻔ ﺤ ﻲ ﻣ ﻮاﻗ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ وﻣﺤﺮآﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺚ هﻲ ﻣﺤﻮر اه ﺘ ﻤ ﺎم اﻟ ﻌ ﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎت وﺑﻌﺾ ﺷﺮآﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﻘ ﻒ ﻓ ﻰ وﺟ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻦ ‪Google‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت ﻟﻤﻨﻊ آﺸﻒ أﺳﺮار ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻬﺎ إﻻ أن ﻓ ﻲ ﺑ ﻌ ﺾ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻴﺎن ﺗﺨﺮج اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻣﻦ أﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ وﻳﺘ ﻌ ﺮﺿ ﻮن ﻟ ﻠ ﻀ ﻐ ﻮط‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮن اﻟﺼﻤﻮد آﺜﻴﺮًا ﺧﺎﺻﺔ إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺔ اﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﻐﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺮ ﺗﻄﺎﻳﺮت وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻋﻼم ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳ ﺒ ﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﺄن ﻣﺤﻜ ﻤ ﻪ أﻣ ﺮﻳ ﻜ ﻴ ﺔ ﻗﻀ ﺖ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﺮآﺔ ﺟﻮﺟﻞ ﺑﺄن ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﺎدات اﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﺎه ﺪة ﻟ ﻜ ﻞ ﻣﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪم‬ ‫ﺷﺎهﺪ ﻓ ﻴ ﺪﻳ ﻮ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﻣ ﻮﻗ ﻊ "ﻳ ﻮﺗ ﻴ ﻮب" أآ ﺒ ﺮ ﺷ ﺒ ﻜ ﺔ ﻓ ﻴ ﺪﻳ ﻮ‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬وﻳﺄﺗﻲ هﺬا اﻟﺤﻜ ﻢ ﺿ ﻤ ﻦ ﻣ ﻌ ﺮآ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻮﺟﻞ وﻓﻴﺎآﻮم ﺣﻮل ادﻋ ﺎءات ﺑ ﺎﻧ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎك‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ وﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﺆﺳﺴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺤ ﺪود اﻟ ﺮﻗ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ "إي إف‬ ‫إف" اﻟﻘﺮار ﺑﺄﻧﻪ "اﻧﺘﻜﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﺤ ﻘ ﻮق اﻟﺴ ﺮﻳ ﺔ" ﺣ ﻴ ﺚ ﻳ ﺤ ﺘ ﻮى‬ ‫ﺳﺠﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪة اﻟﺬي ﺳﻴﺴﻠﻢ إﻟﻰ ﻓﻴﺎآﻮم اﺳﻢ اﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﺮﻳ ﻒ ﻟ ﻜ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم وهﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺘ ﺨ ﺪﻣ ﻪ وﺗ ﻔ ﺎﺻ ﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎدات اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪة ﻟﺪﻳﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫هﺬا وﻗﺪ أﻋﺮﺑﺖ ﺟﻮﺟﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻴﺒﻪ أﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻀﻴﻔ ﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻴﺎآﻮم ﺑﺎﺣﺘﺮام ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻟﻤ ﻮﻗ ﻊ‪،‬‬ ‫ورﻏﻢ أن اﻟﻤﻌﺮآﺔ اﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﺮي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة إﻻ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫أﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺳﻴﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﻳﻮﺗﻴﻮب ﻓﻲ آ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫وأآ ﺪت ﻓ ﻴ ﺎآ ﻮم اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﻤ ﻠ ﻚ "إم ﺗ ﻲ ﻓ ﻲ" و"ﺑ ﺎراﻣ ﻮﻧ ﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺘﺸﺮز" ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻮﺗﻴﻮب ﺑﺄﻧﻬ ﺎ ﺗ ﻤ ﺎرس اﻧ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎآ ﺎت ﺻ ﺎرﺧ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻘﻮق اﻟﻤﻠ ﻜ ﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺣ ﺪدت ﻧ ﺤ ﻮ ‪ 160‬أﻟ ﻒ ﺗﺴ ﺠ ﻴ ﻞ ﻏ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺧﺺ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﺸﺎهﺪﺗﻬﻤﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 1.5‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﻣﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﺎم ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻳﻮﺗﻴﻮب ‪-‬اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮك ﻟ ﺠ ﻮﺟ ﻞ‪ -‬ﻓ ﻮر رﻓ ﻊ اﻟ ﺪﻋ ﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺘﻜﻠﻒ ﻣﻠﻴﺎر دوﻻر ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺎت ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺤ ﺎوﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﻇﻬﻮر اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻘﻮق اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻧﺘﻘﺪت اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن اﻟﺼﺤﻔﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑ ﺪؤوا ﺑﺸ ﻜ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺰاﻳﺪ إﻋﺪاد ﺗﻘﺎرﻳﺮهﻢ اﻟﺼﺤﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺠﻮﺟﻞ وآ ﺬﻟ ﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻼب اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﻨﺴﺦ آﻢ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﻣ ﻦ ﺷ ﺒ ﻜ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺣﺬروا ﻣﻦ أن «ه ﺪف ﻏ ﻮﻏ ﻞ ﻣ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﺔ آ ﻞ ﺷ ﻲء ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض‪ ..‬وﻟﻴــﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺒ ﻮل أن ﻳ ﻜ ﻮن ﻟ ﺪى‬ ‫ﺷــﺮآﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﻘ ﻮة اﻟ ﻜ ﺒ ـ ـ ﻴ ﺮة إذ ﻳ ﻤ ـ ـ ﻜ ﻦ أن‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺘﺼﺐ وﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ وﺗﺤﺘﻜﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﺒﺠ‪‬ﻞ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻠﻢ‪ :‬ﻓﺪﺍﺀ ﻳﺎﺳﺮ ﺍﳉﻨﺪﻱ ﻧﻘﻼ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ(‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺔ واﻗﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ )ﻓﻼﻧﺔ اﻟﻔﻼﻧﻴﺔ( ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺘﻬ ﺎ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟ ﺠ ﺎﻣ ﻌ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﻓﺮﺣﺔ ﻣﺴﺮورة‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ أن أﻋﺪت اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻤﻄ ﻠ ﻮب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪة ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﺎدت ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺎء ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ ﺗ ﻘ ﺪﻳ ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ وهﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺪرﺟ ﺎت اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺔ واﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﺪﻳ ﺮ اﻟ ﺒ ﺎﻟ ﻎ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺪرﺳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬آ ﻴ ﻒ ﻻ وﻗ ﺪ ﺣﺸ ﺪت ﻓ ﻲ ﺑ ﺤ ﺜ ﻬ ﺎ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﺸﻮاهﺪ واﻷدﻟﺔ‪ ،‬وﻧﺴﻘﺘﻪ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺣﺎﺳﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﺟ ﻤ ﻴ ﻼ‪ ،‬وﻃ ﺒ ﻌ ﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ورق ﺻ ﻘ ﻴ ﻞ‪ ،‬وﺟ ﻠ ﺪﺗ ﻬ ﺎ ﺗ ﺠ ﻠ ﻴ ﺪا ﻓ ﺎﺧ ﺮاً‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻃﻠﺒﻬﺎ اﻟ ﻤ ﺪرس ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﻗ ﺮص‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻣﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ أﻋﺎد اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ اﻷﻗﺮاص ﻟﻠﻄﻼب واﻟ ﻄ ﺎﻟ ﺒ ﺎت‪،‬‬ ‫وﻗﺎل ﻟﻬﻢ‪ :‬درﺟﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺗﺠﺪوﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻗﺮاﺻﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﺳ ﺄﺣ ﺘ ﻔ ﻆ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻟﻮرﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺬآﺮى! ﻗﺎﻟﻬﺎ وه ﻮ ﻳ ﺒ ﺘ ﺴ ﻢ اﺑ ﺘ ﺴ ﺎﻣ ﺔ ذات‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺰى‪...‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺼﺪق ﻋﻴﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺷﺎهﺪت ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪث ﻟﺒﺤﺜﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻘ ﺪ وﺿ ﻊ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺎذهﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ آﻞ ﻓﻘﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﺮاﺗﻪ اﻟﺮاﺑﻂ اﻟﺬي )ﻟ ﻄ ﺸ ﺖ( ﻣ ﻨ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ اﻟ ﺒ ﺤ ﺚ ﻣ ﻼﺣ ﻈ ﺔ ﺗ ﻘ ﻮل‪ :‬ﺷ ﻜ ﺮا‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺎذ "ﻏﻮﻏﻞ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﺮف آﻴﻒ ﺳﺘﻮاﺟﻪ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺪ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜ ﻦ اﻟ ﺨ ﻄ ﺐ آ ﺎن‬ ‫أهﻮن ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺖ‪ ،‬ﻷن ﻣﻌﻈ ﻢ ﻃ ﻼب وﻃ ﺎﻟ ﺒ ﺎت ﺻ ﻔ ﻬ ﺎ ﻗ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﻮا ﻣﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺼﻨﻊ ﺑﻬﻢ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻣﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻋ ﻨ ﺪﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫دﺧﻞ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺼﻒ‪ ،‬آﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻬﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻻﺑ ﺘ ﺴ ﺎﻣ ﺔ ذات‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰى اﻟﺘﻲ ودﻋﻬﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪرس اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻴﻮم واﻷﻣﺲ‪...‬‬ ‫رﺣﻢ اﷲ أﻳ ﺎم زﻣ ﺎن‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋ ﻨ ﺪﻣ ﺎ آ ﻨ ﺎ ﻧ ﻤ ﻀ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻄ ﻮال ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺮآﺰ اﻟﺜﻘ ﺎﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌ ﺮﺑ ﻲ ﻓ ﻲ دﻣﺸ ﻖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﻻﺧ ﺘ ﻴ ﺎر اﻟ ﻤ ﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺤﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺛ ﻢ آ ﺘ ﺎﺑ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎ )ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻘ ﻠ ﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﺒ ﻌ ﺎً‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻦ آ ﺎن ﻣ ﻨ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻠ ﻢ ﺑ ﺤ ﺎﺳ ﻮب ﺗ ﻠ ﻚ‬ ‫اﻷﻳ ﺎم؟(‪ ،‬أﻣ ﺎ )ﻓ ﻼﻧ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻼﻧﻴﺔ( اﻟﺘﻲ أﻋﺮﻓ ﻬ ﺎ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﺣﺪث ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﺎ هﻲ وﻣﻦ ﻓ ﻲ ﺻ ﻔ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪوا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴ ﺮﻋ ﺔ واﻟﺴ ﻬ ﻮﻟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﻳ ﻮﻓ ﺮه ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮ واﺟﺒﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﺪراﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ أآﺎدﻳﻤﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎدوا‪ ،‬أو ﻗﻞ ﺣﺎوﻟﻮا اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﻬ ﺮب ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺎد اﻟﻤﺜﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ واﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺁﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻣﻴﺰة‪ ،‬وﻟﻮ أﻧﻬﻢ أﻣﻀﻮا ﻋﻠﻰ أﺑﺤﺎﺛﻬﻢ رﺑﻊ ﻣﺎ آ ﻨ ﺎ ﻧ ﻤ ﻀ ﻴ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ وﻗﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺑﺤﺎﺛﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺨﺮﺟﻮا ﺑﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﺎ آ ﺎن ﻟ ﻨ ﺎ أن ﻧﺼ ﻞ‬ ‫إﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﺤﺴﺒﻮا أﻧﻨﻲ أﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﺳ ﻮب أو‬ ‫ﻣ ﺤ ﺮآ ﺎت اﻟ ﺒ ﺤ ﺚ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻼ ﻳ ﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻋ ﺎﻗ ﻞ ﻳ ﻄ ﺎﻟ ﺐ ﺑ ﺤ ﺮﻣ ﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻌﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻜﻞ اﺧﺘﺮاع ﺣﺴ ﻨ ﺎت‬ ‫وﺁﻓﺎت‪ ،‬وﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ أﺑﻨﺎء هﺬا اﻟﺠﻴﻞ أﻧﻚ ﺗﺮى ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺗﺄﺛ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻵﻓ ﺎت وﻻ ﺗ ﻠ ﻤ ﺲ ﻋ ﻨ ﺪه ﻢ ﻓ ﻮاﺋ ﺪ اﻟ ﺤ ﺴ ﻨ ﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﻮﻏﻞ ﻻ ﻳﺤﻮي آﻞ ﺷﻲء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ أن هﺬﻩ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ اﻵﻓﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة ﻟﻤ ﺤ ﺮك اﻟ ﺒ ﺤ ﺚ‪ ،‬وﻟ ﻴ ﺴ ﺖ‬ ‫أﺧﻄﺮ اﻵﻓﺎت‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺠﺎد اﻟ ﻤ ﺠ ﺘ ﻬ ﺪ ﻳﺴ ﺘ ﻔ ﻴ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺴ ﻬ ﻮﻟ ﺔ وﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻀﺮر‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ هﻨﺎك ﻣﻦ اﻵﻓﺎت ﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﻔﻰ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺜ ﻞ ﻳ ﻘ ﻮل ﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﻲ أﻋﻈﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ أن اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺿﻮن أﻣﻮرًا ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮوﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﻠ ﻤ ﺎت‪ ،‬وﻣ ﺎ ه ﻲ آ ﺬﻟ ﻚ‪ :‬اﻷول أن ﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻳﺪون اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺣ ﺘ ﻤ ﺎً‪ ،‬واﻟ ﺜ ﺎﻧ ﻲ أن‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺳﻴﺪﻟﻬﻢ ﻋ ﻠ ﻴ ﻪ‪ ،‬واﻟ ﺜ ﺎﻟ ﺚ أن اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت إن‬ ‫وﺟﺪوهﺎ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﻮﺛﻮق ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎ اﻵﻓﺔ اﻷوﻟ ﻰ ﻓﺴ ﺒ ﺒ ﻬ ﺎ اﻋ ﺘ ﻘ ﺎد اﻟ ﻨ ﺎس أن آ ﻞ ﻣ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﻜ ﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬وهﺬا اﻷﻣﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴ ﺢ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻌ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﺮﻏ ﻢ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻀ ﺨ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻬ ﺎﺋ ﻠ ﺔ ﻟ ﻜ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﺟ ﻮدة‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺎ زاﻟ ﺖ اﻟ ﺪول‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤ ﻴ ﺔ ﺗ ﻮاﺻ ﻞ ﺟ ﻬ ﻮده ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻔﺎوت ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪ إﻟﻰ ﺑ ﻠ ﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫وهﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼدﻧﺎ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ أﻣﺮ ﻣﺎ زال أﻗﻞ آﺜﻴﺮًا ﻣﻦ ﻃ ﻤ ﻮﺣ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬وﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ هﺬﻩ اﻵﻓﺔ أن اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ إن ﻟﻢ ﻳﺠﺪ ﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﻳﻜﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬وﻋﺬرﻩ أن اﻟ ﻌ ﻢ "ﻏ ﻮﻏ ﻞ" ﻟ ﻢ ﻳ ﺠ ﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ إذن ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‪.‬‬

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‫ﻻﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬أﺧﺒﺮﻧ ﻲ أﺣ ﺪه ﻢ أﻧ ﻪ آ ﺎن ﻳ ﺠ ﻤ ﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ )اﻟ ﺤ ﺎل( ﻓ ﻲ اﻹﻋ ﺮاب‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻜ ﺎن ﻋ ﺪد اﻟ ﻨ ﺘ ﺎﺋ ﺞ‬ ‫آﺒﻴﺮاً‪ ،‬واﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺪﻳﺎت ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﺮر ﻓﻴﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة )ﻣﺮﺣﺒﺎ ﺷﺒﺎب‪...‬آﻴﻒ اﻟﺤﺎل(!!‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺪﻗﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫"ﺷﺒّﻴﻚ ﻟﺒّﻴﻚ"‪...‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﻇﻨﻬﻢ اﻟﺨﺎﻃﺊ أن آﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ أن ﻳ ﻔ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻩ‬ ‫هﻮ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر آﻠﻤﺔ أو آﻠﻤﺎت ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋ ﻦ ﻣ ﺎ ﻳ ﺒ ﺤ ﺜ ﻮن ﻋ ﻨ ﻪ‪ ،‬ﺛ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺒﺴﺔ واﺣﺪة‪) :‬ﺷﺒﻴ ﻚ ﻟ ﺒ ﻴ ﻚ ﻏ ﻮﻏ ﻞ ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ ﻳ ﺪﻳ ﻚ(‪ ،‬ﺳ ﻴ ﻀ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴ ﺎﺣ ﺮ "ﻏ ﻮﻏ ﻞ" اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ أﻳ ﺪﻳ ﻬ ﻢ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﻃ ﺒ ﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ذهﺐ!!‬ ‫ﻼ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﻟ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻢ‪..‬ﺳﻴﺠﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم آﻤًﺎ هﺎﺋ ً‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ أو آﻠﻤﺎت ﺑﺤﺜﻪ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ هﻞ هﻲ ﻓﻌ ﻼ ﻣ ﺎ ﻳ ﺒ ﺤ ﺚ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ؟‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم "ﻏﻮﻏﻞ" ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼدﻧﺎ اﻟ ﻌ ﺮﺑ ﻴ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫أن اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻢ وﻓﻦ‪ ،‬وأﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ آﺘﺐ وﻣﺆﻟﻔ ﺎت ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺒ ﺤ ﺚ‪،‬‬ ‫وأن هﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻗﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ وﺗ ﻤ ﻨ ﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﺷﻬﺎدات اﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻜﻼم أﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧ ﻨ ﺎ ﻻ ﻧ ﻄ ﺎﻟ ﺐ ﺟ ﻤ ﻴ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺄن ﻳﻨﺎﻟﻮا ﺷﻬﺎدات اﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬وﻟ ﻜ ﻦ‬ ‫هﻨﺎك ﺣﺪ أدﻧ ﻰ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻬ ﺎرة ﻻ ﺑ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ وﺟ ﻮده ﺎ ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ أي‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻤﺤﺮك اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬وﻧﻘﺘﺮح أن ﺗ ﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﻬ ﺎرة وأﺻ ﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺮرات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺪرﺳ ﻬ ﺎ ﻃ ﻼﺑ ﻨ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬا أﻧﻔﻊ ﻟﻬﻢ وأﺟﺪى ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫آﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﺮاﻩ ﻣﺤﺸﻮًا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺮرا ت ﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻴﻮم‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻮد إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ "ﻏﻮﻏﻞ" وإﻟﻰ ﻧ ﺘ ﺎﺋ ﺞ اﻟ ﺒ ﺤ ﺚ‪ ،‬اﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﻜ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻓﻲ "ﻏﻮﻏﻞ"‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ هﻲ ﻓ ﻴ ﻤ ﻦ ﻳ ﻈ ﻨ ﻮن أن ﻗ ﺎﺋ ﻤ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺼﻠﻮن ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ه ﻲ ﻏ ﺎﻳ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﺮاد‪ ،‬وه ﺬا ﻏ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬وﺑﻴﺎن ذﻟﻚ أن اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﻮد ﺑﻬ ﺎ "ﻏ ﻮﻏ ﻞ" إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺒ ﺎﺣ ﺚ ه ﻲ "ﻣ ﺎ اﺳ ﺘ ﻄ ﺎع ﻏ ﻮﻏ ﻞ اﻟ ﻮﺻ ﻮل إﻟ ﻴ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻮاﻋ ﺪﻩ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷهﻤﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬واﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻮم "ﻏ ﻮﻏ ﻞ" ﺑ ﺘ ﺮﺗ ﻴ ﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ ﺣﺴﺒ ﻬ ﺎ ﻣ ﻌ ﻘ ﺪة ﺟ ﺪًا وذآ ﻴ ﺔ ﺟ ﺪاً‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎ ﻋ ﺪد زوار‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬وﻣﺪى ﺗﻜﺮار آﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬وه ﻞ ﺟ ﺮى‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﺒﺤﺚ أم ﻻ‪ ،‬وأﻣﻮر أﺧﺮى آﺜﻴﺮة ﺟﺪًا‪.‬‬ ‫وﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺤ ﺘ ﻮى اﻟ ﻌ ﺮﺑ ﻲ‪ ،‬وﺑﺴ ﺒ ﺐ آ ﺜ ﺮة زوار‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺪﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن آﺜﻴﺮًا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﻦ وﻻ ﺗﻐﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮع‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ آ ﻼم أﺿ ﺎﻓ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن ﻋﺎدﻳﻮن‪ ،‬ﻳ ﻔ ﺘ ﻘ ﺮ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟ ﺪﻗ ﺔ واﻟ ﻤ ﺮﺟ ﻌ ﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻗ ﺪ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫أﻣﺎ اﻵﻓﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺻﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟ ﻤ ﻄ ﺒ ﻮﻋ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ آﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎ وﻧﺎﺷﺮوهﺎ‪ ،‬ودور اﻟﻨ ﺸ ﺮ ﻳ ﻜ ﺘ ﺴ ﺐ اﻟ ﻜ ﺜ ﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺪﻗﻴﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻪ وﺧﺒﺮﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ واﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺄﻳ ﻦ ه ﺬا‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ؟ وهﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣ ﺎ ﻳ ﻜ ﻔ ﻴ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺒﺮة ﻟﻴﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺪﻗﻴﺔ وﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻣ ﺎ ﻳ ﺤ ﺼ ﻞ ﻋ ﻠ ﻴ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﺒﺤﺚ؟‬ ‫ﻼ‪" :‬أﻧﺎ ﻣﺘﺄآ ﺪ‬ ‫أﺳﻤﻊ آﺜﻴﺮًا ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﺲ أﺣﺪهﻢ ﻳﻘﻮل ﻣﺜ ً‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬وﺟﺪﺗﻪ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ "ﻏ ﻮﻏ ﻞ"‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻴ ﺴ ﻠ ﻢ ﻟ ﻪ اﻟﺴ ﺎﻣ ﻌ ﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺤﺘﻪ وآﺄن ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ "ﻏﻮﻏﻞ" هﻲ أم اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ!!‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ اﻟﻜﻼم‪...‬اﻟﺴﻼح ﻓﻲ ﻳﺪ اﻟﺠﺎهﻞ ﻳﺠﺮﺣﻪ‪..‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻧﻌﻤﺔ آﺒﺮى‪ ،‬وﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻟ ﻜ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻮء اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﻌﺾ أﺑﻨﺎء أﻣﺘﻨﺎ ﻟ ﻤ ﺤ ﺮك اﻟ ﺒ ﺤ ﺚ‪ ،‬وﺟ ﻬ ﻠ ﻬ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮق اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ‪ ،‬واﺗﻜﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم اﻻﺗﻜﺎل‪ ،‬آﻞ ذﻟ ﻚ ﻗ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻣ ﻦ أن‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻪ آﺎﻟﺴﻼح ﻓﻲ ﻳﺪ اﻟﺠﺎهﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺆذي ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑ ﻪ ﺑ ﺪ ً‬ ‫ﻳﺪاﻓﻊ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻟﺌﻦ آ ﺎن ﻣ ﺤ ﺮك اﻟ ﺒ ﺤ ﺚ ﺑ ﺤ ﺮًا زاﺧ ﺮاً‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻴﺎد اﻟﻤﺎهﺮ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺮﻳﺪ‪ ،‬وأﻳﻦ ﻳﺼ ﻄ ﺎد‪ ،‬وآ ﻴ ﻒ‪ ،‬وﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫هﻲ أدواﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ أﺣﺪ ﻳﺼﻄﺎد اﻷراﻧﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺒ ﺤ ﺮ‪ ،‬واﻷﺳ ﻤ ﺎك‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬هﻮ ﺿﺮورة ﺗ ﻨ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ ﺛ ﻘ ﺎﻓ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﺪم اﻹﻋﺮاض ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻷﺧ ﺮى‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮهﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪث ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ أﻋﺮﻓﻬﻢ‪ ،‬وه ﻮ‬ ‫ﺻﺪﻳ ﻖ أﻣﻀ ﻰ اﻟﺴ ﺎﻋ ﺎت اﻟ ﻄ ﻮال ﻳ ﺠ ﻤ ﻊ ﻣ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت ﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﻬﺪ ودأب اآﺘﺸﻒ اﺑ ﻨ ﻪ‬ ‫أن آﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﻪ واﻟﺪﻩ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺒ ﻜ ﺔ ﻣ ﺄﺧ ﻮذ ﻣ ﻦ آ ﺘ ﺎب واﺣ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﻴﺮ هﻮ آﺘﺎب "اﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ اﻟﻮاﺿﺤﺔ"‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻔﺮق أن اﻟﻜﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻘﻖ وﻣﺪﻗﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن ﻣﺎ أﺧﺬﻩ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ آ ﺎن ﻣ ﻤ ﻠ ﻮءًا‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺧﻄﺎء!! واﻟﻔﺮق اﻵﺧﺮ أن اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻣﻮﺟ ﻮد ﻓ ﻲ ﺑ ﻴ ﺘ ﻪ ﻷن‬ ‫اﺑﻨﻪ ﻳﺴ ﺘ ﻌ ﻤﻠ ﻪ آ ﻤ ﺮﺟ ﻊ ﻣ ﺪرﺳ ﻲ ﻧﺼ ﺤ ﻪ ﺑ ﻪ أﺳ ﺘ ﺎذ اﻟ ﻠ ﻐ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪...‬ﻻ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﻤﺒﺠﻞ‪ ...‬ﻏﻮﻏﻞ"‪!!...‬‬

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‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺨﻤﺴﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺃﺘﻤﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻭﺠﺎﺕ!‬ ‫ﺒﻘﻠﻡ ‪ :‬ﺝ‪ .‬ﻭ‪ .‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﻫﻴﺭل ﻤﺎﻨﺸﺴﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ‪ :‬ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺭﺯﻭﻕ‬

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‫اﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ هﻮ اﻟﺸﺎه ﺪ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻌﻮد وﻧﻬﻀﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴ ﻘ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﻤ ﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻌﻴﺪ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف واﻟﺨﻴﻮط ) ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف (‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ : 1950‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ أول ﺣﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺒﺮﻣﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺸ ﺴ ﺘ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻦ ﻗ ﺒ ﻞ “وﻳ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎﻣ ﺰ و آ ﻴ ﻠ ﺒ ﻮرن” ) ‪Williams and‬‬ ‫‪ ،(Kilburn‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ زﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻔ ﺮﻏ ﺔ ﻣ ﻊ ﺿ ﻮاﺑ ﻂ‬ ‫إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ : 1960‬اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﺜﻘﺒﺔ ‪ .‬و اﻟﺘﻲ آﺎﻧ ﺖ ﺗﺴ ﺘ ﻐ ﺮق‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎت أو أﻳﺎﻣﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ : 1970‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ إدﺧﺎﻻت ﺑﺠﻬﺎز ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ اﻵﻟ ﺔ اﻟ ﻜ ﺎﺗ ﺒ ﺔ‬ ‫‪.teletype‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪: 1980‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺣﻮاﺳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻂ اﻟﺒﺪء و ﺣﺘ ﻰ ﻧ ﻘ ﻄ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ : 1990‬ﺣﻮاﺳﺐ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻠﻐﺎت ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺻ ﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ : 2000‬اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻜﺮة اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ ﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ واﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ اﺳﺘﻐﺮق اﻻﻧ ﺘ ﻘ ﺎل ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻄ ﻮة إﻟ ﻰ أﺧ ﺮى ﻋ ﺪة‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻮات‪ ،‬وآﺎن اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳ ﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم أو اﻟﺘﺄﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺗ ﻤ ﻮز ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم ‪ 1967‬ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﻤﺪ أول ﺧﻂ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎل ﻋﺒﺮ اﻷﻃﻠﻨﻄ ﻲ ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺸﺴﺘﺮ وﻧﻈﺎم اﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻨﺴﻴ ﺠ ﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ‪،MIT‬‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ آﻨﺎ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻌﺪة ﺳﻨﻮات ﻗ ﺒ ﻞ ﻧﺸ ﺮ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﺘ ﻜ ﻨ ﻮﻟ ﻮﺟ ﻴ ﺎ‬ ‫وإﺗﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ آﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟ ﺤ ﻮاﺳ ﺐ وآ ﺄﻧ ﻬ ﺎ ﻧ ﻮع ﻣ ﻦ اﻵﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳ ﻄ ﺎت أو اﻟ ﻤ ﺠ ﻤ ﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ آﻞ ﺑﺤﺚ‪ .‬وﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻓ ﻲ وﻗ ﺖ ﻻﺣ ﻖ أﺻ ﺒ ﺤ ﺖ‬ ‫أﺳﻠﻮﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺎ ﻹﻧﺠﺎز ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة أو ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻔ ﺼ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺮﺿﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﺤﺔ ﻃﺮﻗﺎ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺗ ﺠ ﺎﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎت ﻟﻴﺲ داﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ ﺎ وه ﻮ ﻳ ﻌ ﺎﻧ ﻲ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻇﺎهﺮة اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻧﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻃﺌﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻷدوات اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ آﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻨﺘ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ وﻟﻨﺘﻮﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻧ ﺘ ﺎﺋ ﺞ ﺻ ﺎدﻗ ﺔ‪ .‬وه ﻨ ﺎ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﻳﺠﺐ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎد وﺗﺠﺎوزﻩ‪ .‬ﻓ ﺎﻟﺼ ﻨ ﺎﻋ ﺎت اﻟ ﻨ ﺴ ﻴ ﺠ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺎ ﻣﺬهﻼ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬وﻟ ﻜ ﻦ آ ﺎن ﻻ ﺑ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ إدﻣﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻧﺘﺼﺎرات اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻮﺻ ﻮل إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ أﻓﻀﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺳﺠﻠﻨﺎ ﻗﻔﺰﺗﻴﻦ واﺳﻌ ﺘ ﻴ ﻦ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺮﺑ ﻊ اﻷﺧ ﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻘ ﺮن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ – 1‬اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻵﻻت ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب‪ ،‬آ ﻤ ﺎ ﺣﺼ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻻت اﻟﺤﻴﺎآﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ إﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻼﺑﺲ ﻣﻦ ‪ 3‬أﺑ ﻌ ﺎد‬ ‫وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺧﻴﻂ ﺗﺮﻳﻜﻮ واﺣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ – 2‬واﻵﺧﺮ آﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺎﻧﺸ ﺴ ﺘ ﺮ‪ .‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺎم ‪ ،1975‬ﻟ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ﻓﻜﺮة ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﻴﻦ وﻻ ﺳ ﻴ ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻠﻮن واﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬و ﻟ ﻜ ﻦ اﻟﺴ ﻴ ﺪ “ ﻳ ﺘ ﻴ ﺮ ﻏ ﺮﻳ ﻎ”‬ ‫‪Peter Grigg‬ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻮع إﻟ ﻴ ﻮت –‬ ‫‪ ،( Elliot 903 ) 903‬اﺳﺘﻐﻨﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ اﻟ ﺨ ﻄ ﻮط اﻟ ﻤ ﻼﺣ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻧﻈ ﺎم ‪ CAD‬ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﻨ ﺴ ﻮﺟ ﺎت‪ .‬وﻣ ﻨ ﺬ ﻋ ﺎم‬ ‫‪ 1980‬اﻧﺘﺒﻬﺖ ﻟﻪ ﺷﺮآﺔ ‪ TCS‬ودرﺳﺖ إﻣ ﻜ ﺎﻧ ﻴ ﺔ اﻻﺳ ﺘ ﻔ ﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬وهﻜﺬا أﺻﺒﺢ ﻧﻈﺎم ‪ CAD‬ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺎ واﻧ ﺘ ﺸ ﺮ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﻧ ﻄ ﺎق‬ ‫واﺳﻊ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮي ﻳﺠﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘ ﺮن ‪ 21‬أن ﻧ ﺮاﺟ ﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا ﻓﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺧ ﻤ ﺴ ﻴ ﻦ ﻋ ﺎﻣ ﺎ ﻣﻀ ﺖ‪ ،‬وأن ﻧ ﻄ ﻮر اﻟ ﻄ ﺮق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬وأن ﻧﺸﺠﻊ اﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﺎون اﻟ ﺨ ﻼق واﻻﺑ ﺘ ﻜ ﺎر ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻷآﺎدﻳﻤﻴﻴﻦ واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫إن أول ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻦ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺼ ﻒ اﻹﻧ ﺘ ﺎج وﻳ ﺒ ﺮﻣ ﺠ ﻪ‪ :‬ﻣ ﺮاﻋ ﺎة اﻟ ﺘ ﻮازن ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ اﻟ ﻘ ﻮة‬ ‫واﻟﺤﺮآﺔ‪ ،‬آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﻷوﻟﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬وهﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﺪة أﺳ ﺒ ﺎب‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬أهﻤﻬﺎ أن اﻟﻘﻮة واﻟﺤ ﺮآ ﺔ ه ﻲ آ ﻤ ﻴ ﺎت ﻣ ﺘ ﺒ ﺪﻟ ﺔ‪ .‬وه ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮض ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻔﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻣ ﻦ ﺳ ﺖ ﻣ ﻜ ﻮﻧ ﺎت‪ .‬ﻓ ﺎﻟ ﻄ ﺎﻗ ﺔ‬ ‫آﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎس وﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺘ ﺒ ﺴ ﻴ ﻂ‪ .‬وﻟ ﻮ أن ه ﻨ ﺎك ﻋ ﻼﻗ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ) ﻃﻮل وﻋﺮض وﻋﻤﻖ ﺳﻮى ذﻟﻚ ( ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﻨﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﺮى واﻟﺼ ﻐ ﺮى‪ ،‬آ ﻤ ﺎ ه ﻲ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎل ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺘ ﺒ ﺪﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬إن وﺻﻒ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻔﻴﺪا‪ .‬وﻟﻮ أن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺒﺪل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ‪ ،‬آ ﻤ ﺎ ه ﻲ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎل ﻓ ﻲ ﺁﻟ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺠﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻠﺠﻮء إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑ ﺤ ﺪوده ﺎ اﻟ ﺪﻧ ﻴ ﺎ‪ ،‬أو‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪأ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬و ﻳﻨﺼﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام وﺣ ﺪات اﻟ ﻜ ﺘ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫) اﻟﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﻮن ‪ /‬ﺗﻴﻜﺲ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ أن ﺗﻴﻜﺲ = غ ‪ /‬آﻢ‬ ‫‪ ،‬و اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺟﻮل ‪ /‬غ (‪ .‬هﺬا أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪر اﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑـ ) اﻟﺒﺎﺳﻜﺎل ( ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت إﻟﻰ أﻟﻴﺎف ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﺩ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺘﺄﻟﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ‪ 10‬ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺅﻫﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺘﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺒﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺇﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ –‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻫﻭﻙ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻪ ﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻫﺸﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻪ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ ﻋـﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌـﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒـﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻁﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺨﻴﻭﻁ ﺘﻭﺴﻁﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺤﻠﺯﻭﻥ ﺒﻠﻭﺭﻱ ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻤـﺤـﺩﻭﺩ ﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺅﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟـﻘـﻭل‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺴل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ .% 80‬ﻫـﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺩﻴل ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﻻ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻟﺒﺭﻤﺠﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺎﺴﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻟـﻜـﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ) ﻓﻭﺭﺘﺭﺍﻥ ( ﻴﻐﻁﻲ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻋﻥ ﻋـﻼﻗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻁ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻀﺎﻑ ﺤﺎﺴﺏ ‪BBC‬ﻤﺼـﻐـﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺩﻴل‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺤﻠﺯﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺼﻐﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻓـﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﺓ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺭﺓ ﻜـﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻀﺤﻪ ) ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ‪( 1‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺒﻤﻭﺩﻴل ﻤﺘﻜﺭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺼﻭﻴـﺭ ﺫﻟـﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ ﺒﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﺏ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻴﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻤﻭﺩﻴل ﺒﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺩﻴل ﺤـﺘـﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﻤﺒﺴﻁ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﺇﻨﻪ ﻴﻔﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ) ﺴﻭﻓﺕ ﻭﻴﺭ ( ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻜﺸﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ ﺒـﻴـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻷﺨﺹ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺜـﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺘﺩﺨل ﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻨﺤﻥ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺩﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤل ﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺇﺸﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻻ‬ ‫ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺭﻤﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﺴـﺘـﺠـﺎﺒـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺩ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻭﻁ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﻘـﺩﺓ‬ ‫) ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ‪. ( 2‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﺎﻣ ﻼن ‪ :‬اﺳ ﺘ ﻄ ﺎﻟ ﺔ رواﺑ ﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺒﺪل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ .‬و ﻳ ﻮﻓ ﺮ ﺣ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺎ ﺑ ﺮﻧ ﺎﻣ ﺞ ‪TK‬‬ ‫‪ Solver‬وهﻮ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪TexEng Software Ltd‬‬ ‫‪2005‬ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻓ ﻲ وﺻ ﻒ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﺎآ ﻞ‪ .‬وﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﺪد وإﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎت اﻟ ﺒ ﺮاﻣ ﺞ ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻣ ﻊ ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب و اﻟﺨﻼﻓﺎت ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ و اﻟ ﻤ ﺬه ﻞ ﻹﻣ ﻜ ﺎﻧ ﻴ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ و اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﺮ واﻟﺪﻗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫و أﺧﻴﺮا أﻧﻮﻩ أن ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة ﻳﻨﺴ ﺤ ﺐ أﻳﻀ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻴﻮط و اﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ‪ ،‬وهﺬا ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻻﺣﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .‬ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﻑ ﻏـﻴـﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ) ﻭﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻋـﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ ،( 1950‬ﻟﻡ ﻨﻜﻥ ﻨﺩﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟـﻘـﺸـﺭﺓ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫‪From Biological Macromolecules to Drape of‬‬ ‫‪Clothing: 50 Years of Computing for Textiles, by :‬‬ ‫‪J.W.S. Hearle, SCI, 2007‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﻤﻀﻤﻮن واﻟﺘﻮاﺟﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس أﺣﻤﺪ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺰاﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬وﺑ ﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺨﻤ ﺲ ﺳ ﻨﻮات اﻷﺧ ﻴﺮة‪،‬‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺪت اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت ﺣﻀﻮرا ﻗﻮﻳ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﻀﻤﻮن واﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮي ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻮاﺟ ﺪون ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴ ﺲ اﻟﻌ ﺮب‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﺎرق ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫دﻟ ﺖ اﻹﺣ ﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت أن هﻨﺎﻟ ﻚ ﺗﺰاﻳ ﺪا ﺑﻤﻌ ﺪل ﺟﻴ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺪد‬ ‫اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻧﺮﻳﺪ أن ﻧﺨﻮض ﻓﻴﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم‪ ،‬ﻷن ه ﺬا ﻟﻴ ﺲ ﻣ ﻀﻤﺎر ﻣﻮﺿ ﻮﻋﻨﺎ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻮﻗ ﻊ ﻟﻬ ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻت أن ﺗﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﺿﻄﺮاد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺻ ﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫أن ‪ 0.11%‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﺠﻤ ﻮع اﻟﻌ ﺮب اﻟ ﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻤﻠﻜ ﻮن هﻮاﺗ ﻒ‬ ‫واﻟﺒ ﺎﻟﻎ ‪ 5%‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﺠﻤ ﻮع اﻟ ﺴﻜﺎن أي ﻣ ﺎ ﻋ ﺪدﻩ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ﺎ ‪10‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم‪ ،‬وآﻤﻌﺪل ﻋﺎم ﻓﺎن اﻷرﻗﺎم ﺗﻘ ﻮل أن اﻟﺘﻮاﺟ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ ه ﻮ ‪ ،591,753‬وأﻗ ﺼﻰ ﺗﻮاﺟ ﺪ ﻟ ﻪ ‪538,541‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤ ﺎ أﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ ه ﻲ ‪ ، 644,966‬ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﻴ ﻦ أن اﻟﺘﻮاﺟ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺠﻠ ﻴﺰي آﻤﻌ ﺪل ‪ ،210,058,515‬وأﻗ ﻞ ﻗﻴﻤ ﻪ ﻟ ﻪ‬ ‫‪ 210,354,525‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤ ﺎ أﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻗﻴﻤ ﻪ ﻟ ﻪ ‪،209,762,505‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎرق ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄآﻴ ﺪ هﺎﺋ ﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻬ ﻢ أن ﻧ ﺸﻴﺮ إﻟ ﻲ أن ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫إﺣ ﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻌ ﻮد إﻟ ﻰ ﺳ ﻨﺔ ‪ ،2005‬وﻻ ﻳﻔﻮﺗﻨ ﺎ أن ﻧﻌ ﺮج ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫أزﻣﺔ اﻷرﻗﺎم ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻨ ﺎ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن ه ﺬا ﻗ ﺪ ﺗﺒ ﺪل ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺤ ﻮظ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل ﺧﺼ ﺼﺖ ﻗﻄ ﺎع اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت‪ ،‬وﺗﻨﺎﻓ ﺲ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا اﻟﻤﺠ ﺎل‪ ،‬ﻣﻤ ﺎ أدى إﻟ ﻲ اﻧﺨﻔ ﺎض‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻌﺎر وﻇﻬﻮر وﺳ ﺎﺋﻞ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺘ ﺼﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻬ ﺎﺗﻒ اﻷرﺿ ﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺨﻄﻮط ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أآﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬وهﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻄﺒ ﻖ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻏ ﻴﺮ اﻟﻌ ﺮب ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄآﻴ ﺪ‪ ،‬وﻧﻘ ﺼﺪ هﻨ ﺎ اﻟﻠﻐ ﺎت اﻷﺧ ﺮى ﻋ ﺪى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت دﻟ ﺖ ﻋﻠ ﻰ وﺟ ﻮد زﻳ ﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻀﻄﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﺒﻴﺮ آﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻜ ﺴﻪ ﺗﻮزﻳ ﻊ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻘﺎل‪.‬‬ ‫وﺳ ﻂ ه ﺬﻩ اﻷرﻗ ﺎم‪ ،‬ﺗﻈﻬ ﺮ اﻟﺤﺎﺟ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺳ ﺔ ﻟﺰﻳ ﺎدة ﺗﻌﺰﻳ ﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺟﻮد اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴ ﺔ ﻟﺨﺪﻣ ﺔ اﻟﻠﻐ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل‬ ‫ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻌ ﺎم‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ أوﻻ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻧﺖ آﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﺮﺑﻲ أن أردت اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻴ ﺔ وﺑ ﺎﻷﺧﺺ إن آﻨ ﺖ ﻣﺘﺨﺼ ﺼﺎ ﻓ ﺎن ه ﺬا ﻳﻌ ﻨﻲ أﻧ ﻚ‬ ‫ﺳ ﻮف ﺗ ﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﺘﺎه ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧ ﺎة‪ ،‬ه ﺬا ﻳﻌﻜ ﺲ ﻗﻠ ﺔ وﺿ ﻌﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮي‪ .‬هﺬا اﻷﻣﺮ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣ ﺎت أو اﻷﻓ ﺮاد‬ ‫ﺑﻞ هﻮ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ وﻳﺴﺎهﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ آﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺪر اﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣ ﻦ ﺑﻴ ﻦ أآ ﺜﺮ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻌ ﻞ اﻹﻗﺒ ﺎل ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺷ ﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﻴ ﺖ‪ ،‬ه ﻮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳ ﺐ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗ ﺼﻔﺢ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻵراء أن إﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻠﻐ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺣﺎﺟﺰا ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺎ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻜﺜ ﻴﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺨﺺ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻲ اﻟ ﺪﺧﻮل إﻟ ﻰ ﻋ ﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺠﻠ ﻰ ه ﺬا‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻹﻗﺒﺎل اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت ذات‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﺼﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺐ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق‪ ،‬ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮﻩ ﺟ ﺰء ﻣ ﻦ ه ﺬا اﻟﺘﻮﺟ ﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄآﻴ ﺪ ه ﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺘ ﻪ‪ ،‬وﻳﺤﺘ ﺎج إﻟ ﻲ اﻟﻜﺜ ﻴﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ اﻟﺘﻘ ﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻢ اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟ ﻲ أن اﻟ ﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎت اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﻮاﺟﻬ ﻪ ﻟﻴ ﺴﺖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺜ ﻪ و إن آﻨ ﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻘﻠ ﻞ ﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜ ﻦ أﺑ ﺮز اﻟ ﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﺟﻪ ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ هﻲ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘ ﺎم‬ ‫اﻷول ﻋﺮﺑﻴ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗ ﻢ اﻻﻗﺘﻨ ﺎع ﺑﺠ ﺪوى اﻟﻤ ﺸﺮوع ﻣ ﻦ ﻗﺒ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺒ ﻞ أن ﻳﻨﺘﻘ ﻞ إﻟ ﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻬ ﻮر‪ ،‬وﻳ ﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳ ﻊ‪ ،‬اﻟﻮﺻ ﻮل إﻟ ﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻄﻠ ﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺜ ﻴﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﻠ ﺺ ﻟﻤ ﻦ ﻳﺤﺒ ﻮن ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻠﻐ ﺔ‬ ‫وﻳﺤﺮﺻﻮن ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻳﻔﻮت أهﻤﻴ ﺔ أن ﻳﺮاﻓ ﻖ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ اﻟﺘﻘﻨ ﻲ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﻣ ﻦ ﻋﻤ ﻞ ﻣﺆﺳ ﺴﺎت‪ ،‬ﻧ ﺸﺮ اﻟﻮﻋ ﻲ ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻣﺘ ﺼﻔﺤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻬﻮر اﻟﻘﺮاء‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد اﻟﻌﻤﺮي‬

‫ﺗﻜﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫هﻲ وﻣﺎ أهﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ وﺷﺮﺣﻨﺎهﺎ ﺷﺮﺣﺎ واﻓﻴﺎ رﻏﻢ أﻧﻪ آﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮا أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﺋﻨﺎ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻨﺤﺎول ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺟﺰء ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺴﺪ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ دﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﺒﺪأ وﻧﺤﺎول أن ﻧﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﺮأ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم وﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﻴﻮم وﻟﻨﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺮاء ﻧﻌﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﺮأ وﻧﺪرك ﻣﺎ هﻮ وﻧﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﻘﻠﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻔﻌﻨﺎ وﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﺮﻧﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ أﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ وﻣﻊ ﻏﻴﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻧﺴﺘﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ وﺟﺰء ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺴﻬﻞ اﻟﺤﻮار وﻧﻔﻬﻢ اﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎ ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻤﺎ هﻮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﺟﺪا وﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎج ﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪات ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﻪ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﺤﻮاﺳﻨﺎ‬ ‫وﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﻮر وأﺻﻮات‬ ‫وأﺣﺎﺳﻴﺲ وﻟﻜﻦ آﻴﻒ ﻧﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪات آﻞ هﺬا ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮار ﻣﻊ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻔﻮق ﻧﻈﺎم ع ﺑﺎﻗﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻓﻴﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻷﺧﺮ‪ ،‬إذا اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺜﻼث اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ هﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-1‬ﻧﻈﺎم ﺑﺼﺮي‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﻤﻌﻲ‬ ‫‪-3‬ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ آﻴﻒ ﻧﻜﺘﺸﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺬي ﻳﻐﻠﺐ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺧﺮ؟‬ ‫هﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﻧﺨﺘﻠﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ وﻧﺴﺎل أﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ ﻋﺪة أﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻣﺎ هﻮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺬي ﻧﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫وآﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻚ هﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻴﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺳﻨﻮات ﻣﻦ اﻵن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫أوﺻﻒ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ؟‬ ‫أوﺻﻒ ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﻋﺰﻳﺰ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼث ﺳﻄﻮر؟‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﺗﺴﺄل ﻧﻔﺴﻚ أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ‪ ،‬واﻵن ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺴﺎءل ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻨﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻲ اﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬ ‫أﺟﻮﺑﺘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﻧﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻣﺎ هﻮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻔﻮق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬آﻴﻒ؟ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎرات واﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎهﺎ ﻓﻲ أﺟﻮﺑﺘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ هﻞ آﺎﻧﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات واﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺔ ؟‬ ‫أم ﺳﻤﻌﻴﺔ ؟ أم ﺣﺴﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻟﻮ آﺎن وﺻﻔﻚ ﻟﺼﺪﻳﻘﻚ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ أﺑﻴﺾ اﻟﺒﺸﺮة أو‬ ‫أﺳﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﻳﻞ أو ﻗﺼﻴﺮ‪ .‬اﻟﺦ ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺻﻔﺎت ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺤﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻮ وﺻﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺻﺎدق وﻣﺤﺒﻮب ﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﻓﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎت ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ واﻷﺣﺎﺳﻴﺲ‪ ،‬وﻟﻮ وﺻﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ هﺎدئ‬ ‫أو ﻣﺰج‪ ،‬ﺻﻮﺗﻪ ﺧﺸﻦ أو ﻧﺎﻋﻢ ‪..‬اﻟﺦ ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺻﻔﺎت ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺴﻤﻊ‪ ،‬وﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻧﺸﺮح آﻴﻒ ﺳﻨﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻨﺎ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ وﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻵﺧﺮ إﻟﻴﻜﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫آﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي ﻳﺨﺰن اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﻮر‬ ‫وأﺷﻜﺎل وﺗﻔﻜﻴﺮﻩ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺻﻮر ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ اﻟﻜﻼم واﻟﺤﺮآﺔ واﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮار‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ذو اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺴﻤﻌﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺰن اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ أﺻﻮات وﻳﺘﺬآﺮ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت‬ ‫واﻷﺻﻮات أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ أي ﺷﻲء ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﻤﻴﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻷﻣﻮر‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺤﺴﻲ ﻳﺨﺰن اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ‬ ‫وأﺣﺎﺳﻴﺲ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﺼﻮت ﺑﻄﺊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻼم ﻗﺮاراﺗﻪ ﺗﺘﺤﺪد ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮﻩ وأﺣﺎﺳﻴﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻈﻬﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ آﻤﺎ ذآﺮﻧﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ آﻞ إﻧﺴﺎن ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ آﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ هﻨﺎك ﻧﻈﺎم أو ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻳﻐﻠﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ آﻞ إﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫آﺄن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺼﺮي ﺣﺴﻲ أو ﺣﺴﻲ ﺳﻤﻌﻲ وهﻜﺬا‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا ﻧﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨﺎ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ أو ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻵﺧﺮ؟‬ ‫آﻤﺎ ذآﺮﻧﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨﺎ هﺬا ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ واﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻓﻠﻮ آﻨﺖ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺼﺮي‬ ‫ﺳﺄﻗﻮم ﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﺼﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ورﻗﺔ أو‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻴﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻖ أﺳﺮع وأﺳﻬﻞ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع أﻳﻀﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺤﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻵﺧﺮ ﺗﺴﻬﻞ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ وﺗﻘﺒﻞ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻩ وأﺳﻠﻮﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫إﻳﺼﺎل أﻓﻜﺎرﻩ وأﻳﻀﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ إن ﻧﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﻪ أﻓﻜﺎرﻧﺎ وإﻗﻨﺎﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﻨﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ اﻷﻣﺮ أآﺜﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻟﻮ أردت أن اﻗﻨﻊ ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻟﻮ آﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮي ﺳﺄوﺻﻒ ﻟﻪ اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ واﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﺬي ﺳﻨﺬهﺐ إﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺒﺎرات ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺔ آﺄﻧﻪ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ واﺧﻀﺮ واﻟﺴﻤﺎء زرﻗﺎء‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪..‬اﻟﺦ ‪.‬‬ ‫وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻮ آﺎن ﺳﻤﻌﻲ أو ﺣﺴﻲ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﺒﺎرات‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻌﻴﺔ أو ﺣﺴﻴﺔ ﻹﻗﻨﺎﻋﻪ ﺑﺼﻮرة أﻓﻀﻞ وﻟﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻳﺘﺨﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ وهﻜﺬا‪.‬‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﻘﻠﻚ ﻻآﺘﺸﺎف ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻚ وﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ,‬ذآﺮﻧﺎ ﻟﻖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫أﻧﺖ إن ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ وﺗﺴﺘﻐﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻘﺪرات ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﻤﺎ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ اآﺒﺮ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس هﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﻼل‬

‫ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ آﺎﺑﻮس اﻟﻌﺒﻮات اﻟﻨﺎﺳﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻴﻦ آﺒﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻘﻄﺎع ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟ ﺴﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ إﻧ ﺰال ﻣﻨﺘ ﺞ ﻳﻘ ﺪم ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤ ﻴﺰة‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻬ ﺎ ﺗﻌﻠ ﻢ إن ﻣ ﻦ ﺳ ﻮف‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻪ اﻟﺴﺒﻖ ﺳﻴﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﺎﺋﺪات ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة ﺟﺪا‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺎ أﺿﻴﻒ إﻟﻲ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗ ﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻴ ﺪﻳﻮ‪ ،‬وإﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴ ﺎت اﻟﻌ ﺮض اﻟﻤﻮﺳ ﻴﻘﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻤ ﻴﺰ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺟﺎء ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺠﺐ‪ ،‬اﻵن ﺣﺎن اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺎﺋﻂ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﻧﻮﻣ ﻚ أو ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﺟ ﺪار ﻣﻜﺘﺒ ﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘ ﺪ أﻋﻠﻨ ﺖ‬ ‫ﺷ ﺮآﺔ ‪Texas Instruments‬ﻋ ﻦ ﺳ ﻌﻴﻬﺎ ﻟ ﺪﻣﺞ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ‪ Projector‬إﻟﻲ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻮﻗ ﻊ ﺣ ﺴﺐ ﺗ ﺼﺮﻳﺤﺎت اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺔ أن ﺗﻈﻬ ﺮ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرﻳ ﺎ ﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳ ﺔ ه ﺬا اﻟﻌ ﺎم وﺗ ﺸﻬﺪ ﺷ ﺮآﺎت إﻧﺘ ﺎج اﻟﻬﻮاﺗ ﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟ ﺔ ﺳ ﺒﺎق ﻣﺤﻤ ﻮم ﻧﺤ ﻮ دﻣ ﺞ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﻪ اﻟﻌ ﺮض اﻟ ﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ هﻮاﺗﻔﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫أﻧﻬﺎ اﺣﺪي اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟ ﺘﻲ رأﻳﻨﺎه ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ آﺜ ﻴﺮ ﻣ ﻦ أﻓ ﻼم اﻟﺨﻴ ﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮاﻋﻖ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ آﺴﻼح رهﻴﺐ وﻣﺪﻣﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫هﺬا ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘ ﻮم ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳ ﺮﻩ ﺷ ﺮآﻪ “اﻧ ﻴﺮﺟﻴﺘﻜﺲ” ﺗﺤ ﺖ اﺳ ﻢ‬ ‫)ﺟﻴﺠﺎﻧﺘﻴ ﻚ( أو اﻟﻤ ﺴﺪس اﻟ ﺼﺎﻋﻖ واﻟ ﺬي ﻳﻤﺘﻠ ﻚ ﻗ ﺪرﻩ ﻋﻠ ﻲ‬ ‫إﻳﻘ ﺎف اﻟ ﺴﻴﺎرات وﺗﻔﺠ ﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﺒ ﻮات اﻟﻨﺎﺳ ﻔﺔ اﻟﻤﺰروﻋ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﻮر هﺬا اﻟﺴﻼح أﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﻴﻜﻮن ﺳﻼح ﻣﻀﺎد ﻟﻸﻓﺮاد وﻟﻜﻦ ﺗ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳ ﺮﻩ ﻣﺆﺧ ﺮا ﻟﻴﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﻀﺎدا ﻟﻠﻌﺮﺑ ﺎت واﻟﻌﺒ ﻮات اﻟﻨﺎﺳ ﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﻴﺶ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺮاق ﺑﻜﺜﺮة واﻟﺘﻲ ﻟ ﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺪي ﻣﻌﻬﺎ أي ﺣﻠﻮل ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن‪.‬‬ ‫آﻤ ﺎ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام اﻟ ﺴﻼح ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴ ﻒ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﺎت ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻧﻘ ﺎط‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴ ﺶ دون ﺗ ﺪﻣﻴﺮهﺎ ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﻳﻜ ﻮن ﻟ ﻪ ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ إﻳﻘ ﺎﻓﻲ ﻋﻠ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة إذا ﺻﻮب إﻟﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻤﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺟﺬاﺑﺔ ﺟﺪا وﻣﻬﻤ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺿ ﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ورﺟﺎل اﻷﻋﻤﺎل وﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﺗﻠﻘﻲ إﻗﺒﺎﻻ ﻣﻨﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻨﻈﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻮﻗ ﻊ ﺷ ﺮآﺔ ‪ Texas Instruments‬أن ﺗ ﺼﺒﺢ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻪ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﻪ وﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮة ﺑﻜﻞ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻋﺸﺮ ﺳﻨﻮات ﻣ ﻦ اﻵن‪ .‬ﻳ ﺄﺗﻲ ه ﺬا وﺳ ﻂ ﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳ ﺴﻤﻴﻪ اﻟﻜﺜ ﻴﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺮاﻗﺒﻴﻦ اﻧﺘ ﺸﺎر ﺣﻤ ﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻤ ﻮل ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺮاد‪.‬ﻓﺘﺮى ﻣﺎ ﺳﻮف ﻧ ﺸﻬﺪﻩ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫إدﻣ ﺎج ﺁﺧ ﺮ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺎت ﻟ ﻢ ﺗﻜ ﻦ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺿ ﻤﻦ اﻷﺟﻬ ﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫وﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﻳﺨﺮج هﺬا اﻟﺴﻼح إﻟﻲ اﻟﻨﻮر ﻓﻲ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺨﻤ ﺲ أو‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺖ ﺳﻨﻮات اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﻀﻮء ﺑﻬﺎﺗﻔﻚ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘ ﺒﺮ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻌ ﺮض اﻟ ﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﻣ ﻦ أآ ﺜﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺎت اﻟﻌ ﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﺤ ﺎول اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼ ﺼﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا اﻟﻤﺠ ﺎل‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل ﻣﺎ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺘﻴﺤﻪ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﺣﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻣ ﻦ إدﻣﺎﺟﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻊ اﻷﺟﻬ ﺰة اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘ ﺎت ﻣﺮﻧ ﺔ ﺟ ﺪا ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺑ ﺎﺋﻦ‪ ،‬اﺣﺘ ﺪﻣﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓ ﺴﺔ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ ﺷ ﺮس‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

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‫ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻀﻮء‬

‫اﺻﻨﻊ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻚ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ ‪Google‬‬ ‫م ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺼﺎم اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻵن أﺻﺒﺢ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ اﻣﺘﻼك ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻚ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻓﻲ دﻗﺎﺋﻖ دون‬ ‫أن ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻣﻮر اﻻﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ و اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ و ﺑﺪون اﻟﺤ ﺎﺟ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﻟﻐﺎت ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﻪ وﻻ أآﻮاد ‪ HTML‬و ﺑﺪون أن ﻳﻜ ﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﻚ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺧﺒﺮﻩ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ و ﻣ ﺠ ﺎﻧ ﺎ! ﻓ ﻘ ﺪ أﻋ ﻠ ﻨ ﺖ ﺷ ﺮآ ﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺟﻞ ﻋﻦ إﻃﻼﻗﻬﺎ ﺧﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة “ﻏﻮﻏ ﻞ ﺳ ﻴ ﺖ” واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻐ ﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ آﺴﻬﻮﻟﻪ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻠﻒ ‪ document‬و ﺗ ﻌ ﺪﻳﻠ ﻪ وﺑ ﺪون‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ أو ﻟﻐﺎت ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻪ أو ﺧﺒﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﻤﻢ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻚ و أﺿﻒ ﻟﻪ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻚ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻞ وﻳﻤﻜﻨ ﻚ إﺿ ﺎﻓ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت و ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘ ﺎت ﺟ ﻮﺟ ﻞ ﻟ ﻤ ﻮﻗ ﻌ ﻚ ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ‬ ‫‪ google Calendar‬و‪ google picasa‬و ﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳ ﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ‪ youtube‬اﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮ ﺑﻞ و إﻣ ﻜ ﺎﻧ ﻴ ﺔ إﺿ ﺎﻓ ﺔ أآ ﻮاد‬ ‫‪ HTML‬إذا أردت ذﻟﻚ ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗﺄﻣﻞ ﺷﺮآﻪ ﺟﻮﺟﻞ أن ﺗﻌﺰز اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺠ ﺪﻳ ﺪة ﻣ ﻦ إﻣ ﻜ ﺎﻧ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﺣﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺔ و ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﺖ و أن ﺗ ﻨ ﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة اﺳﺘﺤﺴﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺘ ﺨ ﺪﻣ ﻴ ﻦ ﺣ ﻴ ﺚ ﺳ ﻴ ﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺴﻴﺮة اﻟﺬاﺗﻴﺔ و ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ و اﻟ ﻌ ﺪﻳ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى و ﺳﺘﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ أرﺑﻊ إﺻﺪارات‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎص و اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت و اﻷآﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺎت و اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪.‬وﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳ ﻠ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺮح ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﺪى ﺳﻬﻮﻟﻪ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮاﺑﻂ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪http://Sites.google.com‬‬ ‫آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ و إﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮاﺑﻂ ‪http://sites.google.com/support‬‬ ‫و اﻵن ﻧﺄﺗﻲ ﻟﺸﺮح ﺧﻄﻮات إﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻮﻗﻌ ﻚ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ “ ﺟ ﻮﺟ ﻞ”‬ ‫وﺳﺘﺮون آﻢ هﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات ﺣﺘﻰ اﻧﻚ ﺳ ﺘ ﺴ ﺘ ﻄ ﻴ ﻊ‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻚ ﺧﻼل دﻗﺎﺋﻖ ‪.‬‬ ‫أوﻻ ‪ :‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﻔﺘﺢ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻔﺢ وأذهﺐ ﻟﻠﺮاﺑﻂ‬ ‫‪http://Sites.google.com‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫إذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻳﺪ )ﺣﺴﺎب( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟ ﻮﺟ ﻞ ﻓ ﻴ ﻤ ﻜ ﻨ ﻚ اﻟ ﺒ ﺪء‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ هﻨﺎ و أﺗﺒﻊ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت واﺧﺘﺎر اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫إﻣﺎ إذا آﺎن ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻳﺪ )ﺣﺴﺎب( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺟﻞ ﺳﺘﻘ ﻮم ﻣ ﺒ ﺎﺷ ﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫و آﺘﺎﺑﻪ آﻠﻤﻪ اﻟﺴﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ .sign in‬و ﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﺒ ﻞ اﻟ ﺪﺧ ﻮل ﺗ ﻮﻗ ﻒ ﻗ ﻠ ﻴ ﻼ و ﺗ ﺄﻣ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ أﺧﺬ ﺟﻮﻟﺔ ‪ tour‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻀ ﻐ ﻂ‬ ‫و ﻋ ﻨ ﺪه ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﺮاﺑ ﻂ ‪watch a short tutorial‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻗﺼﻴ ﺮ ﻳ ﻮﺿ ﺢ ﺑ ﻌ ﺾ ﻣ ﻤ ﻴ ﺰات اﻟ ﺨ ﺪﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺠﺪ‬ ‫و إذا ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻀ ﻐ ﻂ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ‪How it works‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰات اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ وهﻲ آﻤﺎ ذآﺮﻧﺎ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ و أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗ ﺤ ﺘ ﺎج‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﻟﻐﺔ ‪ HTML‬و اﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺑ ﺒ ﺴ ﺎﻃ ﻪ واﻟ ﺘ ﺤ ﻜ ﻢ‬

‫ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻪ و ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻪ ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﺸ ﺎه ﺪﻩ ﺑ ﻌ ﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻀ ﻐ ﻂ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ‪Example sites‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﻧﺸ ﺎﺋ ﻬ ﺎ آ ﻤ ﺎ ه ﻮ واﺿ ﺢ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫و اﺧﺘﺮﻧﺎ ﻣﺜﻼ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ أﺳﺮﻩ ﻣﺜﻼ‪:‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬اﻵن ﻟﻨﺒﺪأ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪Create site‬‬

‫و ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻤﻞ ) ﻣﺜﻼ ﻃﻠﺒﻪ ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﺘﺨﺮج‬

‫ﺳﺘﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﺑﺪأ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﺳﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ و ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺬآﺮ أن اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺳﺘﺨ ﺘ ﺎرﻩ‬ ‫أو ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﺑﻪ ( وآﻤﺎ ﺗﺮون ﺗﻢ وﺿﻊ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬

‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮن اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺬي ﻟﻦ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻩ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ‬ ‫واﻵن ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺴﺠﻴ ﻞ ﺑ ﺮﻳ ﺪك ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ” اﻟ ﺠ ﻰ ﻣ ﻴ ﻞ” واﻟ ﺪﺧ ﻮل‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫آﺘﺎﺑﺘﻚ ﻟﻼﺳﻢ‬

‫ﺳﻴﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺮاﺑﻂ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻨ ﻚ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼﻟ ﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎهﺪﻩ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪.‬واﻵن اﺑ ﺪأ ﺑ ﻮﺻ ﻒ‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ أن ﺧﻄﻮﻩ اﻟﻮﺻﻒ هﺬﻩ اﺧ ﺘ ﻴ ﺎرﻳ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻚ‬ ‫و ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﺠﺎوزهﺎ و ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﻴﺪك ﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮﻓ ﻪ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﻗ ﻊ وﻟ ﻤ ﺎذا‬ ‫أﻧﺸﺄﺗﻪ ﻷﻧﻨﺎ آﻤﺎ ﺳﻨﻌﻠﻢ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻋﻤﻞ أآﺜ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﻮﻗ ﻊ و‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪ أن ﺗﻜﺘﺐ وﺻﻔﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ ﻟﻜ ﻞ ﻣ ﻮﻗ ﻊ ﺗ ﻨ ﺸ ﺌ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﻟﻤﺎذا أﻧﺸ ﺄﺗ ﻪ ﻣ ﺜ ﻼ و ه ﻞ أآ ﺘ ﻤ ﻞ أم ﻻ وﻣ ﺜ ﻞ ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫هﻲ إﻣﺎ أن ﺗﺨﺘﺎر أن ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎر ‪Everyone in the‬‬ ‫‪ world can view this site‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻰ أن أي ﺷ ﺨ ﺺ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ رؤﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻚ أو اﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎر ‪only people I specify‬‬ ‫‪ can view this site‬و ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ رؤﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻚ إﻻ ﻋﺪد ﻣﺤﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑ ﺘ ﺤ ﺪﻳ ﺪه ﻢ ﻻﺣ ﻘ ﺎ‬ ‫وﻓﺎﺋﺪة هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴ ﺔ أﻧ ﻪ ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻨ ﻚ اﺧ ﺘ ﻴ ﺎر ﻋ ﺪد ﻣ ﺤ ﺪد ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﻗ ﻊ إذا آ ﻨ ﺖ ﺗ ﺮﻏ ﺐ ﻓ ﻲ ذﻟ ﻚ ﻣ ﺜ ﻼ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮوع أو ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﺑﻪ وﻻ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﻟﻶﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﻻﺿﻄ ﻼع ﻋ ﻠ ﻴ ﻪ أو‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﻄ ﻮة ﺣ ﺘ ﻰ اآ ﺘ ﻤ ﺎل ﺗﺼ ﻤ ﻴ ﻢ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﻗ ﻊ‬ ‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻧﺘﻬﻴﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ و أﺿ ﻔ ﺖ إﻟ ﻴ ﻪ اﻟﺼ ﻔ ﺤ ﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ إﻃﻼع اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻋﻠ ﻴ ﻪ ﻓ ﺎﻷﻣ ﺮ ﻳ ﻌ ﻮد‬ ‫إﻟﻴﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ آﺘﺒﻨﺎ أﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ و هﻮ ‪building a‬‬ ‫‪ site‬و ﻗﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ أﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ راﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ و آ ﺘ ﺒ ﻨ ﺎ وﺻ ﻔ ﺎ ﺛ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻠﻨﺎ اﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﺎح ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪create new page‬‬

‫ﺳ ﺘ ﻘ ﻮم ﺑ ﺈﺿ ﺎﻓ ﺔ‬

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‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪Navigation‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ و رؤﻳﺔ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﻗ ﻊ ‪ site map‬آ ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﻘﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ‪Attachments‬‬ ‫وﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ‬

‫و اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟ ﻤ ﻠ ﻒ ﺳ ﻮاء آ ﺎن ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻹﻧ ﺘ ﺮﻧ ﻴ ﺖ وﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎزك آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟﺼ ﻔ ﺤ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل‬

‫)ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ ﺗ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺎت ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻮان إذا أردت أو إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻼ ﺗ ﻘ ﻠ ﻖ ﻣ ﻦ ه ﺬﻩ‬

‫) ﻣﺜﻼ ﻟﺘﺬآ ﻴ ﺮك ﺑ ﻤ ﺎ ﺗ ﺮﻳ ﺪ ﻋ ﻤﻠ ﻪ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫‪comments‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ أو ﻣﺎ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﻪ أو أي ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻟﺪﻳﻚ (‪ .‬وﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ أﺧﺘﺮ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ‬

‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ( ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ أﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪create site‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻣ ﻮر ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ و رؤﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑ ﺈﻧﺸ ﺎﺋ ﻬ ﺎ ‪My‬‬ ‫‪ sites‬و أﻳﻀﺎ رؤﻳﺔ اﻟﻌ ﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺘ ﻄ ﺒ ﻴ ﻘ ﺎت ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ اﻟ ﺒ ﺮﻳ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ‪ Gmail‬و‪ Calendar‬وهﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺳﻬ ﻮ ﻟ ﻪ و‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﻪ اﻟﺬهﺎب ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘ ﺎت ﻏ ﻮﻏ ﻞ اﻷﺧ ﺮى ﻟ ﺪﻳ ﻚ ‪ .‬أﻣ ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح ‪More actions‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺴﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ اﻟﻘ ﺎﺋ ﻤ ﺔ‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﺣﺒﺎ ﺑﻚ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻚ !!‬ ‫أﻧﺖ اﻵن ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻚ و ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪا ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘ ﻪ اﻟ ﺘ ﺤ ﻜ ﻢ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﻮﻗ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻵن ﺗﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ و ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ إﻻ إﺿ ﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﺼ ﻔ ﺤ ﺎت وﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫آﻤﺎ ذآﺮﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻨ ﻚ إﺿ ﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﺰﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ create new page‬وﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﺳﺘﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫و ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺣﺬف وﻃﺒﻊ وﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﺼﻔﺤ ﺔ‬ ‫)ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ( ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓ ﺔ ﻹﻣ ﻜ ﺎﻧ ﻴ ﺔ ﺗ ﺒ ﻠ ﻴ ﻐ ﻚ‬ ‫“ﺑ ﺎﻹﻳ ﻤ ﻴ ﻞ “ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ ﺣ ﺪوث ﺗ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮات ﺑ ﺎﻟﺼ ﻔ ﺤ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻔ ﺘ ﻮﺣ ﺔ‬ ‫‪ subscribe to page changes‬ﺳﻮاء آﻨﺖ أﻧ ﺖ ﻣ ﻦ ﻗ ﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼت أو أﺣﺪ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻬﻢ هﺬا اﻟﺤﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻓﺘﺮاض اﻧﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻓﺖ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺄن ﻟ ﻪ إﻣ ﻜ ﺎﻧ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﺤ ﻜ ﻢ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﻮﻗ ﻊ‬ ‫)ﺳﻨﺄﺗﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ( أو إﺿﺎﻓﺔ أﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻪ إﺧﺒﺎرك ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث ﺗﻐﻴﺮات ﺑﺄي ﺟﺰأ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ‪subscribe to site‬‬ ‫‪ change‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﻟﺬهﺎب ﻣﻦ ﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﻗ ﻊ واﻟ ﺬه ﺎب‬ ‫ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ و اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫و اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻣ ﻮر ﻣ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎ راﺑ ﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ و اﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎت و هﻞ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ رؤﻳﺘ ﻬ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﻗ ﺎﺋ ﻤ ﻪ‬ ‫واﻟ ﻌ ﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻤ ﻴ ﺰات‬

‫اﻹﺑ ﺤ ﺎر ‪navigation‬‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى ‪.‬‬ ‫راﺑﻌﺎ ‪ :‬اﺑﺪأ ﺑﺈﺛﺮاء ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻚ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎت‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫وﺳﺘﺠﺪ هﻨﺎك اﺧﺘﻴﺎرات ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﺼ ﻔ ﺤ ﺎت اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ إﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ و هﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻗﻮﻩ و ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻋﺎدﻳﻪ أو ﻗﻮاﺋﻢ أو ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻟ ﻺﻋ ﻼن‬ ‫) ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺼ ﻔ ﺤ ﺎت ﺑ ﻨ ﻔ ﺴ ﻚ (‬

‫‪ .‬ﻗ ﻢ ﺑ ﺘ ﺤ ﺪﻳ ﺪ اﺳ ﻢ‬

‫‪ .‬أﺧﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ وﻣﺎ إذا آﻨﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﺪهﺎ أﺳﻔﻞ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ Home‬أو ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ أو ﻓﻲ أي ﻣ ﻜ ﺎن‬ ‫) ﻣ ﻼﺣ ﻈ ﻪ ‪ :‬ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ ﻓ ﻴ ﻤ ﺎ ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ ﺗ ﻐ ﻴ ﻴ ﺮ أﻣ ﺎآ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻳﺪﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎت و ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ أﺳ ﻤ ﺎﺋ ﻬ ﺎ ( ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ ذﻟ ﻚ اﺿ ﻐ ﻂ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻹﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺼﻔ ﺤ ﺔ ‪ .‬وﺑ ﻌ ﺪ ذﻟ ﻚ ﺗ ﻨ ﺘ ﻘ ﻞ‬ ‫‪Create page‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻤ ﻮﻋ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻬ ﺎم ﻣ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺠﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﻆ ‪ save‬و ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ format‬و إﻟ ﺤ ﺎق اﻟ ﻌ ﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻤ ﻜ ﻮﻧ ﺎت‪ insert‬وإﺿ ﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟ ﺠ ﺪاول ‪ table‬واﻟ ﻄ ﺒ ﻘ ﺎت‬ ‫‪layout‬و اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺣﺠ ﻢ‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﺠﺪ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﻪ أﺧﺮى‬ ‫وﻟﻮن و ﻧﻮع اﻟﺨﻂ و اﻟﺘﺮاﺟﻊ ﻋﻦ اﻟ ﺨ ﻄ ﻮة اﻷﺧ ﻴ ﺮة ‪undo‬‬

‫ﺳﻮاء ﻣﻦ” ﺟ ﻮﺟ ﻞ” ﻓ ﻴ ﺪﻳ ﻮ أو ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﻗ ﻊ اﻟﺸ ﻬ ﻴ ﺮ ﺟ ﺪا‬ ‫‪ youtube‬ﺷﺎهﺪ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫إﻣﺎ أن ﻳﻜ ﻮن راﺑ ﻂ‬ ‫آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ راﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻹﻧ ﺘ ﺮﻧ ﺖ ‪ web address‬أو ﻟﺼ ﻔ ﺤ ﻪ داﺧ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻚ ‪ Existing page‬ﺣﺘﻰ إن ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل أﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ و ﻋﻤﻞ راﺑﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﻀﻊ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﻬﺎ ! آ ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫اﻧﺘﻈﺮ ! ﻓﻬﺬا ﻟﻴﺲ آﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ إذا ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎر ‪More‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ‪ insert‬ﺳ ﺘ ﺮى ﻋ ﺎﻟ ﻢ ﺁﺧ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ أﻟﻌﺎب وﻣﺸﻐﻼت ﻣﻮﺳﻴ ﻘ ﻰ‬ ‫و رﻳﺎﺿﻪ و ﻏﻴﺮهﺎ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺴﻤﻪ إﻟﻰ أﻗﺴﺎم‪.‬‬

‫آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ آ ﻮد ‪ HTML‬ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل اﻟﻀ ﻐ ﻂ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬

‫وﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘ ﻌ ﺪﻳ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﻨ ﻮان اﻟﺼ ﻔ ﺤ ﺔ‬

‫وﻗ ﻠ ﺐ اﻟﺼ ﻔ ﺤ ﺔ‬

‫وﺣ ﺘ ﻰ إﺿ ﺎﻓ ﺔ ﻣ ﻠ ﺤ ﻘ ﺎت‬

‫و ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ‪. comments‬‬ ‫‪ attachment‬ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻚ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ‪ insert‬اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻴ ﺰات ﻣ ﻦ إﺿ ﺎﻓ ﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﺮاﺋﻌﺔ ﺟﺪا ) ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ﺟﻮﺟ ﻞ( واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻚ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﺣﺘﺮاﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ إﺿ ﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻠ ﻔ ﺎت‬ ‫و‪ calendar‬و ‪ picasa web slideshow‬وإﺿ ﺎﻓ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺮض ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻲ ‪ presentations‬و إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻟ ﻤ ﻮﻗ ﻌ ﻚ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﺮى ﻋ ﺮﺿ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪ preview‬أﻣﺎ إذا أﻋﺠﺒﺘﻚ وﺗﺮﻳ ﺪ إﺿ ﺎﻓ ﺘ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻓ ﻘ ﻤ ﺖ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻀ ﻐ ﻂ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﺳ ﻤ ﻪ أو أﺿ ﻐ ﻂ ‪ ok‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻗ ﺎﺋ ﻤ ﻪ‬ ‫‪ preview‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﺧﺘﺮت ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﺴﻤﻚ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻟﻤﻮﻗﻌﻲ ‪ fish‬و ﻟﺬي ﺳﺘﺠﺪﻩ ﻓﻲ ‪fun and games‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة أرى ﻋﺮض ﻣ ﺎ ﻗ ﺒ ﻞ اﻻﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام‬ ‫‪ preview‬ﻇﺎهﺮ أﻣﺎﻣﻲ آﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮرة‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫هﻨﺎك ﻣﻮﻗﻊ واﺣﺪ اﻵن وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ إﺿ ﺎﻓ ﺔ ﻣ ﻮاﻗ ﻊ أﺧ ﺮى‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻹﻳﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪create new site‬‬

‫ﺣﺘﻰ أن هﺬا اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﻪ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻨ ﻨ ﻲ اﻟ ﺘ ﺤ ﻜ ﻢ ﺑ ﻠ ﻮن ﺳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻜﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻩ و ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮن اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ! وﻏ ﻴ ﺮﻩ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﺜ ﻞ ﻓ ﻜ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻦ اﺧﺘﻴﺎرﻩ ﺳﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﻪ ﻟﻌﺮﺿﻪ واﻟ ﺘ ﺤ ﻜ ﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺠﺒﻚ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐ ﻂ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ‪ ok‬أﻣ ﺎ إذا ﻟ ﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺠﺒﻚ ﻓﺄﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ cancel‬ﺣﺘﻰ اﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إرﺳ ﺎل‬ ‫رﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﻪ ‪ communication‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮدة ﻓ ﻲ ﻗ ﺎﺋ ﻤ ﻪ‬ ‫‪ more‬اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﺟ ﻮدة ﻓ ﻲ ‪Insert--à more --- insert‬‬ ‫‪ àcommunication‬ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻚ ﺑﺘﺠﺮﺑﺘﻪ و ﺗﺠ ﺮﺑ ﻪ ﺑ ﺎﻗ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻔﻆ‬

‫أﻣﺎ إذا آﺎن ﻟﺪﻳﻚ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻓﺴﺘﺮى ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤ ﻮاﻗ ﻊ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫أﻧﺸﺄﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ “ اﻹﻳﻤﻴﻞ” ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ و ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﺧ ﺘ ﻴ ﺎر أي‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ و اﻟﺪﺧﻮل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ واﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ واﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﺤﺬف إن أردت‬

‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎ ‪ :‬أﻧﺖ اﻵن اﻧﺘﻬﻴﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ و ﻟﻜﻦ هﻨﺎك أﻣﻮر ﻣﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ‪ navigation‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺧ ﺘ ﻴ ﺎر ‪ site map‬ﻟ ﺘ ﺮى‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ و ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺗﻪ و أﻣﺎآﻨ ﻬ ﺎ و ﺗ ﻨ ﺴ ﻴ ﻘ ﻬ ﺎ آ ﻤ ﺎ ه ﻮ‬ ‫واﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮرة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ أﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﻟ ﺘ ﺤ ﻜ ﻢ ﺑ ﺨ ﺼ ﺎﺋ ﺺ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﻗ ﻊ ‪ site settings‬ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻮر ﻓﺎﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎر ‪ my sites‬ﻳ ﺬه ﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻚ ﻟﺼﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ أﻧﺸﺄﺗﻬﺎ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻄ ﺒ ﻊ ﺳ ﻴ ﻜ ﻮن‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫اﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﺑﺒﺮﻳﺪك‬

‫ﺛﻢ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻀ ﻐ ﻂ‬

‫وأﺧﻴﺮا إذا ﻣﺎ ﺷ ﻌ ﺮت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪invite these people‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻚ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ اﻵن إﺗ ﺎﺣ ﺘ ﻪ ﻟ ﻠ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﻴ ﻢ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻻﺧ ﺘ ﻴ ﺎر ‪Anyone in the world may‬‬

‫) اﻻﺳﻢ هﻨﺎ هﻮ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﺬي ﻳ ﺮاﻩ اﻟ ﻨ ﺎس أﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﻗ ﻊ وﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ و ﻟﺮاﺑﻂ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤ ﺪﻳ ﺪﻩ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺒ ﺪاﻳ ﺔ(‬ ‫وﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻮﺻﻒ أو ﺣﺘﻰ ﺣﺬف اﻟﻤ ﻮﻗ ﻊ إذا أردت ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل ‪ Delete this site‬و ﻻ ﺗﻨﺴﻰ ﺣﻔﻆ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات ‪save‬‬ ‫‪.changes‬‬

‫‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ أﻳﻀ ﺎ‬ ‫)‪view this site(make it public‬‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ‪ Appearance‬ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ و ﺗ ﻌ ﺪﻳﻠ ﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ آﺎﻟﺸﻌﺎر أو ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ‪ theme‬أو‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻷﻟﻮان ‪change color‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ اﻻﺧ ﺘ ﻴ ﺎر ‪other stuff‬‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻨ ﻚ ﺗ ﻌ ﺪﻳ ﻞ اﻻﺳ ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ‪ISO‬‬

‫م ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎن ﺧﻄﺎب‬ ‫أﻋﺰاﺋﻲ ﻗﺮاء ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺻ ﺎرت اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة اﻟ ﻴ ﻮم ﻣ ﻄ ﻠ ﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ هﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ واﻟﺸﺮآﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣ ﻘ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎ ﺑﺪأ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ أﻣﺪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻌ ﻴ ﺪ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺒﺪأ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ‪ ,‬ﻓ ﻠ ﺘ ﻄ ﺒ ﻴ ﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة ﺑﺄي ﺷﺮآﺔ أو ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ وه ﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮر ﻣﻠﻔﻨﺎ هﺬا ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ أن ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء ﻧﻈﺎم ﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺠ ﻮدة‬ ‫وهﻮ اﻟﺮآﻴﺰة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﺟ ﻮدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﺎﻟﻴﺔ وإﻳﻤﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﻨﻰ ﺑﺄهﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺎرآﺘﻨﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺠ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ هﻤﻮم ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ وﺟﺪت أﻧﻪ ﻟﺰاﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﺒﺮة ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻧﻈﺎم ﺿﺒﻂ ﺟﻮدة واﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻣﻦ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ‪ ,‬ﻟ ﺬا‬ ‫أﺿﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ أﻳﺪﻳﻜﻢ ﺧﺒﺮة ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟ ﻤ ﺠ ﺎل أﺗ ﻤ ﻨ ﻰ أن‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ أو ﺗﻀﻴﻒ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻤﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﻓﻌ ﻼ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‪ ,‬وﺳﻮف ﻧﺘﻨﺎول هﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺛ ﻼث‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎور أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ وهﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻷول وهﻮ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫‪ -2‬اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫‪ -3‬اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ إدارة ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻷول ) ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة(‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة ) ‪( QUALITY CONTROL‬‬ ‫ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة هﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت واﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻹﻧﺠﺎز‬‫وﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة هﻲ إﺟﺮاء أو ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺟﺮاءات‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ أو اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺘﺰم ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﺠﻮدة وﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺰﺑﻮن‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺑﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ أآﺜﺮ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة هﻲ آﻞ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل واﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫وﺧﻄﻮات وﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وأﺟﺰاﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺪءا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاردات ﻣﺮورا ﺑﻤﺮاﺣﻞ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﺻﻮﻻ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ‪ .‬وﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻬﺪف اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة هﻮ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت واﻟﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻷداء وﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﻐﺮض اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬

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‫‪2008‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ||اﻟﻌﺪداﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫||‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ||‪2008‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ||‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔاﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ||‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬

‫وﻳﺘﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻮاﻓﺮ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺔ دوﻟﻴﻪ أو ﻣﺤﻠﻴﻪ أو ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺔ ﺧ ﺎﺻ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪة ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻹدارة اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ أو اﻟ ﻤ ﺼ ﻨ ﻊ‬ ‫وﻳﺮاﻋﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴ ﺔ واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﺤ ﻘ ﻖ أداء‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺋﻢ ﻟﻠﻐﺮض وﺗﺮﺿﻰ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺰﺑﻮن‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪات ﻓﻨﻴﺔ )ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ رﺳﻮﻣﺎت وﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ أداء ﻣ ﺤ ﺪدة‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﻇﺮوف ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ(‬ ‫‪ -3‬أﺟﻬﺰة ﻗﻴﺎس وﻣﺤﺪدات ووﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﺧﺘﺒ ﺎر ﻣ ﻼﺋ ﻤ ﺔ‪ .‬ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﺄآ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت واﻟﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ اﻹﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ ﻟﻠﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ‬ ‫وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻘﺒﻮل واﻟﺮﻓﺾ وﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ وﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘ ﺞ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل ﻣﺮاﺣﻠﻪ‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﺧ ﻄ ﻂ ﺟ ﻮدة ﺧ ﺎﺻ ﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ ﺧ ﻼل ﻣ ﺮاﺣ ﻞ إﻧ ﺘ ﺎﺟ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﻌﺾ ﻃﺮق اﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻹﺣﺼ ﺎﺋ ﻲ ﻟ ﻠ ﺮﻗ ﺎﺑ ﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن ﻟﻀ ﺒ ﻂ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة ) ‪ ( QC‬إدارة ﺧ ﺎﺻ ﺔ داﺧ ﻞ إدارة‬ ‫اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة ﻣﺴ ﺌ ﻮﻟ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ ﺿ ﺒ ﻂ ﺟ ﻮدة اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺠ ﺎت وﺗ ﺤ ﻘ ﻴ ﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺮض اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة هﻮ ﺿﻤﺎن ﺿ ﺒ ﻂ ﺟ ﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻻ ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ ﺗ ﺤ ﻘ ﻴ ﻖ ذﻟ ﻚ إﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ واﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻠ ﻴ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ﺣ ﺪوث إﻧ ﺘ ﺎج‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺐ وﺧﺎرج اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‪ ,‬وﺗﻮﺟﺪ أرﺑ ﻊ ﺧ ﻄ ﻮات أﺳ ﺎﺳ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة وهﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﻤﻄﻠ ﻮب وﻳ ﺘ ﻢ ذﻟ ﻚ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل‬ ‫أﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﺴﻮق وﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ووﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ واﻟ ﻤ ﻮاﺻ ﻔ ﺎت وه ﺬا ﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ أﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺎت ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺛﻢ إﺟﺮاء‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻗﻴﺎس ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬ ﺎ وﻣ ﻘ ﺎرﻧ ﺔ اﻟ ﻨ ﺘ ﺎﺋ ﺞ ﻣ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣ ﺜ ﻴ ﻼﺗ ﻬ ﺎ اﻟ ﻤ ﺤ ﺪدة ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮاﺻ ﻔ ﺎت وﺗ ﺤ ﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻗ ﻴ ﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻷﺳﺒ ﺎب اﻟ ﻤ ﺆدﻳ ﺔ إﻟ ﻲ ه ﺬﻩ اﻻﺧ ﺘ ﻼﻓ ﺎت‬ ‫واﺗﺨﺎذ اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﺠﻮدة وهﺬا ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة ‪:‬‬ ‫وﺿﻊ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﻊ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﺑﺸﺮآﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﺣﺪدت إدارة ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻨ ﻮﻋ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ :‬א א ‪Attributes‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬ ‫وهﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﻟﻠﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﻻ ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻣﺜﻞ أﻋﺪاد اﻟﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤ ﻌ ﻴ ﺒ ﺔ أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮل واﻟﻤﺮﻓﻮض‬ ‫א ‪Variables‬‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬ ‫وهﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺨﺼ ﺎﺋ ﺺ اﻟ ﻤ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ ﺗ ﺤ ﺪﻳ ﺪه ﺎ ﻋ ﻦ ﻃ ﺮﻳ ﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻣﺜﻞ أﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ أو وزﻧﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ورﻏﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫وهﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ وﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﺑﻤﺜﻠﺚ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬

‫اﻷﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة داﺧﻞ اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻷﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻤ ﺴ ﺌ ﻮﻟ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة داﺧ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ ﺑﺪءا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺪدت إدارة ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻀ ﺒ ﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ‪: Specifications‬‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ واﻟﻤﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﻏ ﺒ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ أﻣﺎ اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻓﺄوﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ‪: Design‬‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮاﺻ ﻔ ﺎت وﻋ ﺪم إﺿ ﺎﻓ ﺔ أى‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ زﻳﺎدة ﺣﻴﺚ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻀﻴﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺖ واﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ‪: Production‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎت واﻟﻤ ﻮاﺻ ﻔ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ ورﻗﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة ‪: Inspection‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت وﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﺸﺎآ ﻞ‬ ‫وﻧﻘﺎط ﻋﺪم اﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ‪: Review Of Specifications‬‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻢ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﺮض ﻣﻮاآﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر ﻓﻰ رﻏﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﺣﺪدت إدارة ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻨﺪهﺎ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫أوﻻ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ‪Marketing‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﺴ ﺘ ﻮى ﺟ ﻮدة اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ اﻟ ﺬي‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻳﺪﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒ ﺎت اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة اﻷﺳ ﺎﺳ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻬﺎم اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘ ﺠ ﺎت أن‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ رﺿﺎء اﻟﻌﻤ ﻼء وذﻟ ﻚ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل ‪:‬‬ ‫• اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﺷﻜﺎوى اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬ ‫• ﺗﻘﺎرﻳﺮ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﻊ واﻟﻤﻮزﻋﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫• ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﻊ‬ ‫• ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻳﻘﻮم اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﻓﺮة ﻟﺪﻳﻪ وﺑﻨﺎءا ﻋ ﻠ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪد اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت وﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﻳﺘﺮﺟﻤﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺧﻮاص اﻷداء ) ﻣﺜﻞ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟ ﺒ ﻴ ﺌ ﻴ ﺔ واﻋ ﺘ ﺒ ﺎرات‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام واﻟﻤﻌﻮﻟﻴﺔ (‬ ‫• ﺧﻮاص ﺣﺴﻴﺔ ) ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻠﻮن واﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺐ وﻧﻮﻋ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺪه ﺎن‬ ‫وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ (‬ ‫• ﺧﻮاص ﺷﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫• ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت وﺗ ﻮﻗ ﻌ ﺎت اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻼء ه ﻲ‬ ‫أﺷﻴﺎء واﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴ ﻘ ﻬ ﺎ وﺗﺼ ﻤ ﻴ ﻤ ﻬ ﺎ وﺗﺼ ﻨ ﻴ ﻌ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮآﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت واﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ ﻴ ﺔ وﻣﺸ ﺮوﻋ ﺔ وﻻ ﻳ ﺘ ﺮﺗ ﺐ ﻋ ﻠ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ أي‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ أو ﺟﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• اﻋﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ واﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫• ﻳﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ دﻻﺋﻞ وﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺎت ﻋﻦ ﺻﺤ ﺔ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ وﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻮﻓ ﺎء ﺑ ﻤ ﺘ ﻄ ﻠ ﺒ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ‪Design‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺗﻘﻮم إدارة اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ دﻋﻢ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺟ ﻮدة اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻟﻠ ﺠ ﻮدة اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ إﻟ ﻰ ﺧ ﻮاص‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫• ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‪-:‬‬ ‫• ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ‬ ‫و ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد و اﻷوزان إﻟﻰ ﻏﻴﺮ ذﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫• أوﺻﺎف ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴ ﺘ ﻌ ﻤ ﻠ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ,‬اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ و اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺗﺤﺪد اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﻃ ﺮق اﻟ ﻘ ﻴ ﺎس و ﻧ ﻮﻋ ﻴ ﺔ اﻷﺟ ﻬ ﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ و اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟ ﻼزﻣ ﺔ ﻟ ﻪ و آ ﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ و ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮة هﺬﻩ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺤﺪد اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت و ﺻ ﻒ ﻃ ﺮق اﺳ ﺘ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎل‬ ‫•‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ و ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﺮهﺎ أﺛﻨﺎء اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ و ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻳ ﺠ ﺐ أن ﺗ ﺤ ﺪد اﻟ ﻤ ﻮاﺻ ﻔ ﺎت ﺣ ﺪود اﻟ ﺘ ﻔ ﺎوت‬ ‫‪ Tolerances‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮاص اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﻳ ﺠ ﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮات اﻟﻤﺰدوﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘ ﻔ ﺎوت ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺧﺼ ﺎﺋ ﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة وهﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻷﺟﺰاء أو اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺑـ‬

‫‪ Tolerances‬ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت أﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫• ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ آﻠﻤﺎ آﺎﻧﺖ ‪Tolerances‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة أهﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ أﻻ‬ ‫•‬ ‫وهﻮ ﻣﻘﺪرة اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ أن ﺗﻘﻮم إدارة اﻟﺘ ﺼ ﻤ ﻴ ﻢ ﺑ ﺎﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎت ﺳﺒﻖ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺘﻬﺎ وإﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗ ﺒ ﻞ وﻳﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪم ﻓ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﻧﻤﻄﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺗﺮاﻋﻰ إدارة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨ ﺘ ﺞ اﻟ ﻤ ﺼ ﻤ ﻢ أن ﻳ ﻜ ﻮن أﻣ ﻦ ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ وأن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟ ﻺ ﺻ ﻼح ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﺎل ﺗ ﻌ ﻄﻠ ﻪ وأن‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﺳﻬﻞ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻪ إذا ﻟﺰم اﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫‪ .5‬اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻷﺑﺴﻂ واﻷﻗﻞ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ وﻳﻔﻲ ﺑﻤ ﺘ ﻄ ﻠ ﺒ ﺎت اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻪ اﻷوﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .6‬ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺠﺐ اﻟﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣ ﻦ أن اﻟ ﺘ ﺼ ﻤ ﻴ ﻢ ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻨﻪ وﻳﻨﺎﺳﺐ وﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪ .7‬ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﻳﻮاﻓﻖ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴ ﻢ ﻣ ﺮاﺟ ﻌ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﺼ ﻤ ﻴ ﻢ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮح ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺎت ) ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻠ ﻮط‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺮي ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻹﺟﺮاء اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ .8‬ﺑﻌﺪ اﺟﺘﻴﺎز اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺎﻟ ﻠ ﻮط اﻟﺼ ﻔ ﺮي اﺧ ﺘ ﺒ ﺎرات اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة‬ ‫وﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻷداء واﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ ﻳ ﺘ ﻢ اﻟﺴ ﻤ ﺎح ﻟ ﻪ ﺑ ﺎﻹﻧ ﺘ ﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪ .9‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ آﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﻬﺬا ﻳ ﺠ ﺐ‬ ‫أﺧﺬ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ آﻤﺎ ﻳ ﺠ ﺐ أن ﻳ ﻜ ﻮن‬ ‫هﻨﺎك إﻋﺎدة ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ دورﻳﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ ﺑ ﻬ ﺪف اﻟ ﺘ ﺄآ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ أن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺰال ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎ وأﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ رﻏﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎت ‪Purchasing‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺘﻲ أﻋﺪت ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ إدارة اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ آﻤ ﺪﺧ ﻼت ﻹدارة اﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﺘ ﺮﻳ ﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋ ﻦ ﺗ ﻮﻓ ﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﻜ ﻮﻧ ﺎت ذات ﺟ ﻮدة‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣ ﺘ ﻄ ﻠ ﺒ ﺎت اﻟ ﺘ ﺼ ﻤ ﻴ ﻢ ﺣﺴ ﺐ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮاﺻ ﻔ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪ .2‬اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم إدارة اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻳ ﺎت ﺑ ﺘ ﻮﻓ ﻴ ﺮه ﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬ ‫• اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﺎم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺜﻞ ) ﻣ ﻮاد ﺣ ﺪﻳ ﺪﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫& ﻧﺤﺎس & ﻗﺼﺪﻳﺮ & زاﻣﻚ‪....‬وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ(‬ ‫• ﻣﻮاد ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ) ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺎرات اﻟﻨﺤﺎس اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ (‬ ‫• ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ آﺎﻣﻞ وﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗ ﺠ ﻤ ﻴ ﻊ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫• ﻣﺎآﻴﻨﺎت أو ﻣﻌﺪات أو أي أﺟﻬﺰة ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺗﻘﻮم إدارة اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎت ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﺎت دورﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﻮردﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﻮردة‬ ‫• ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت وﻓﻰ اﻷوﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬ ‫• أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻷوﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺸﺮاء ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻷﺟ ﻮد وﺑ ﺄﺳ ﻌ ﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺘ ﻤ ﺪة ﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻴ ﻴ ﻢ درﺟ ﺔ ﺟ ﻮدة اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺠ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮردة هﻮ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ زﻳﺎرة ﻣﺼﻨ ﻊ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮرد واﻟ ﻮﻗ ﻮف ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫إﺟﺮاءات ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠ ﻮدة ﻟ ﺪﻳ ﻪ ودراﺳ ﺔ إﺟ ﺮاءاﺗ ﻪ وﺗ ﺠ ﻤ ﻴ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ وﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ درﺟﺔ ﺟﻮدة ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ اﻻﻋ ﺘ ﻤ ﺎد ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ أﺳ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺐ أﺧ ﺬ اﻟ ﻌ ﻴ ﻨ ﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮة ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ وﻣﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻟ ﺘ ﺤ ﺪﻳ ﺪ ﺟ ﻮدة اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺠ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮردة‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﻗﺴﻢ أو إدارة اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎت ﺑ ﺈﺟ ﻤ ﺎﻟ ﻲ اﻟ ﺘ ﻜ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﻒ‬ ‫وﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻌﺮ‪ ,‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ اﻟﻤﻮرد ‪ A‬ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺳﻌﺮ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮرد ‪B‬‬ ‫إﻻ أن ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﻮرد ‪ A‬ﺗﻜﻮن أآﺒﺮ آﺜﻴﺮا ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺎدة اﻟﻤﻮرد ‪B‬‬ ‫راﺑﻌﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ‪Process Design‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬هﻲ اﻹدارة اﻟﻤﺴ ﺌ ﻮﻟ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ ﺗﺼ ﻤ ﻴ ﻢ وﺗ ﻨ ﻔ ﻴ ﺬ إﺟ ﺮاءات‬ ‫وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت إﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ذو ﺟﻮدة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺴ ﺌ ﻮﻟ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل أﻧﺸﻄﺔ وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫• اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳ ﺒ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﺠ ﺰء وﺗ ﻄ ﻮﻳ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫• ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻢ ﻣﺮاﺣﻠﻪ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫• أﻧﺸﻄﺔ دﻋﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺗﻘﻮم هﺬﻩ اﻹدارة ﺑ ﻤ ﺮاﺟ ﻌ ﺔ ﺗﺼ ﻤ ﻴ ﻢ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ ﻟ ﺘ ﻮﻗ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎآﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻮدة واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﻜ ﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎآﻞ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪ ,‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ إذا ﺗ ﻢ دراﺳ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼ ﻤ ﻴ ﻤ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ ﻗ ﺒ ﻞ‬ ‫وﻟ ﻴ ﻜ ﻦ ﻣ ﺜ ﻼ أﺣ ﺪ أﺑ ﻌ ﺎد ﺟ ﺰء ﻣ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ ووﺟ ﺪ أن‬ ‫‪Tolerance‬اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﻟﻬ ﺬا اﻟ ﺒ ﻌ ﺪ ﺿ ﻴ ﻖ ﺟ ﺪا وﻟ ﺪراﺳ ﺔ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ أﻧﺘﺎج هﺬا اﻟﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧ ﻜ ﻮن أﻣ ﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﺪة ﺧﻴﺎرات ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﺷﺮاء ﻣﻌﺪات وﻣﺎآ ﻴ ﻨ ﺎت ﺟ ﺪﻳ ﺪة ﺗﺴ ﺘ ﻄ ﻴ ﻊ أن ﺗ ﺤ ﻘ ﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎوزات اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫• ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ هﺬا ‪Tolerance‬اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب وﺗﻐﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫• ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫• ﻟﻤﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ‪Tolerance‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﻣﻊ رﻓﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻟﻠ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ إﻟ ﻲ ‪% 100‬‬ ‫وﻓﺮز اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﻗﺒﻮل اﻟﻤ ﻄ ﺎﺑ ﻖ ﻣ ﻨ ﻪ ورﻓ ﺾ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻴ ﺐ‬ ‫وهﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻏﻠﺐ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺗﻬﺘﻢ إدارة ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺑﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ووﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﻨ ﻔ ﻴ ﺬ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﻔﺎءة ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫‪ -4‬أﺣﺪ أهﻢ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ إدارة ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ه ﻮ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤ ﺪد ﻣ ﻘ ﺪرة اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺗ ﺤ ﻘ ﻴ ﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﺣﻴﺚ أﻧﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت ﻣ ﻘ ﺪرة اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﻗﺮارات اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ أو اﻟﺸﺮاء‬ ‫• ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺎآﻴﻨﺎت واﻟﻤﻌﺪات‬ ‫• اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﺴﺎرات اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺸﺎآﻞ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﺗﺤﺪد اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟ ﺤ ﺮﺟ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا اﻟ ﺘ ﺴ ﻠ ﺴ ﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ اهﺘﻤﺎم أﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ورﻗ ﺎﺑ ﺔ وﻓ ﺤ ﺺ ﺑ ﺪرﺟ ﺔ أآ ﺒ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﺗﻘﻮم إدارة ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻠ ﻴ ﺎت ﺑ ﺒ ﻌ ﺾ اﻷﻋ ﻤ ﺎل اﻷﺧ ﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات ووﺣ ﺪات اﻟ ﻔ ﺤ ﺺ وﺻ ﻴ ﺎﻧ ﺔ ﻣ ﻌ ﺪات‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ) ﻣﺜﻞ أﻗ ﻼم اﻟ ﻘ ﻄ ﻊ & ﺳ ﻜ ﺎآ ﻴ ﻦ اﻟ ﻔ ﺮاﻳ ﺰ & ﺑ ﻨ ﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻘﺐ ‪....‬وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ (‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎ‪ :‬اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ‪Production‬‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج هﻮ اﻹدارة اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ إﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻨ ﺘ ﺠ ﺎت ذات ﺟ ﻮدة‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﺗﺒﻨﻰ أهﺪاﻓﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ زرع أهﺪاف ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ ذو ﺟ ﻮدة‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل وأن ﻳﻜﻮن آﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺘﻪ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻻ ﻣﺴﺌ ﻮﻟ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻋﻦ ﺟﻮدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺠﻪ وأن ﻳﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Inspection and‬‬

‫ﺳ ﺎدﺳ ﺎ‪ :‬اﻟ ﻔ ﺤ ﺺ و اﻻﺧ ﺘ ﺒ ﺎر‬ ‫‪Testing‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ إدارة ﺿ ﺒ ﻂ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﻘ ﻮم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ واﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺗ ﻘ ﻮﻳ ﻢ اﻟ ﻌ ﻨ ﺎﺻ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮى أو اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ وإﻋﺪاد ﺗﻘﺎرﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻳﻠﺰم ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺪات ﻗﻴﺎس دﻗﻴﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﺗﻌﺎﻳﺮ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة ﻣﻦ وﻗﺖ ﻟﻶﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻂ ﻣﻌﻴﺮة ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ وﻋﻠﻰ إدارة ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة ﺗ ﻘ ﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌ ﺔ ﺣ ﺎﻻت ﻋ ﺪم اﻟ ﻤ ﻄ ﺎﺑ ﻘ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﻈ ﻬ ﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺟﺰاء واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘ ﺤ ﻠ ﻴ ﻞ اﻷﺳ ﺒ ﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺬرﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ وأﺧﺬ اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺘ ﺼ ﺤ ﻴ ﺤ ﻴ ﺔ واﻟ ﻮﻗ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ إدارة ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة أﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﻔ ﺤ ﺺ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت وﻳﺠﺐ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﺳﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺐ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺠﻮدة ) ‪( SPC‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ واﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﺮاﻗ ﺒ ﺔ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮآﺔ هﻮ ﻣﻀﻴﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺖ وﻟﻠﺠﻬﺪ واﻟﻤﺎل‪ ,‬إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻌﺎ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ واﻟﺸﺤﻦ ‪Packing and Shipping‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ واﻟﺸﺤﻦ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻻ ﻋ ﻦ رﻗ ﺎﺑ ﺔ وﺣ ﻤ ﺎﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮﻩ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ وﻃ ﺮق ﻣ ﻨ ﺎﺳ ﺒ ﺔ ﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﺒ ﺌ ﺔ‬ ‫وﺷﺤﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﺒ ﺌ ﺔ واﻟﺸ ﺤ ﻦ وﻳ ﻜ ﻮن‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔ ﺎت ﺷ ﺮح ﻟ ﻠ ﻈ ﺮوف اﻟ ﻤ ﻼﺋ ﻤ ﺔ ﻟ ﻄ ﺮق‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺤﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺜﻞ ) ﻣ ﺮاﻋ ﺎة اﻟﺼ ﺪﻣ ﺎت & ﺗ ﺄﺛ ﻴ ﺮ درﺟ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ & اﻟﻐﺒﺎر واﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ & ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻌ ﺪ‬ ‫إﺗﻤﺎم ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ إذا اﺣ ﺘ ﺎج إﻟ ﻰ ذﻟ ﻚ ‪.....‬وﻏ ﻴ ﺮه ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻷﺧﺮى (‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت آﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻄﺮق ﻣ ﻨ ﺎوﻟ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ أﺛ ﻨ ﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ واﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ واﻟﺸﺤﻦ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ واﻟﺸﺤﻦ إذا‬ ‫آﺎن هﻨﺎك ﻋﻘﺒﺎت أو ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎت ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ أﺛ ﻨ ﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺮورﻩ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻣﻨﺎ‪ :‬ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ‪Product Service‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻧﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺨﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ هﻨﺎ ﺑﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺎ ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ اﻟ ﺒ ﻴ ﻊ واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ أهﻢ رﻏﺒﺎت اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻴ ﻞ واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺴ ﻌ ﻰ اﻟﺸ ﺮآ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺎهﺪة إﻟﻰ أداﺋﻬﺎ وﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻣﻦ اﻷداء‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬وﺗﻘﺪم ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮرة ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﺷ ﺮاء‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﻪ أو اﻹﺻﻼح ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﺗﻮﻗﻔﻪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﺳ ﺘ ﺒ ﺪال أﺟ ﺰاء أو ﺣ ﺘ ﻰ ﺗ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ إذا ﻣﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ أن ﺑﻪ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ذﻟ ﻚ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ إذا آﺎن اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﻀﻤﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬وﻷهﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺪور اﻟﺬي ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑ ﻪ ﺧ ﺪﻣ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ ﻓ ﺈﻧ ﻪ ﻳ ﺘ ﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﺟﻮدة هﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺳ ﺮﻋ ﺔ اﻻﺳ ﺘ ﺠ ﺎﺑ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻬﺎ دور أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ راﺿﻰ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻴﻞ راﺿﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺳﻌّﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﻮآﻴﺪ اﻟﺠﻮدة ‪Quality Assurance‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ إدارة ﺗﻮآﻴ ﺪ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة ﻓ ﻲ داﺋ ﺮة ﻣﺴ ﺌ ﻮﻟ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس أﻧﻬ ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ أﺣ ﺪ اﻹدارات اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺎﻋ ﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗ ﺄﺛ ﻴ ﺮه ﺎ اﻟ ﻮاﺿ ﺢ ﻓ ﻲ ﻧ ﻈ ﺎم اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة‬ ‫وﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺗ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ه ﺬﻩ اﻹدارة ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺠﻮدة وﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ آﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺗﻘﻊ آﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘ ﻘ ﻮﻳ ﻢ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﻤ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺤ ﺪد ﻓ ﻌ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﻨ ﻈ ﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد وﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﺗﺤ ﺪد ﻣ ﻨ ﺎﻃ ﻖ ﻣﺸ ﺎآ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة أو ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤ ﻠ ﺔ وﺗ ﺪﺧ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺸﺎآﻞ أو ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴ ﺮه ﺎ وذﻟ ﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺗﺨﺎذ اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﻴ ﺔ أو اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺎﺳ ﺒ ﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ إدارة ﺗﻮآﻴﺪ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﻤ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫أداء اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄة أو اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ إدارة ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة ‪Quality Control‬‬ ‫وهﻰ اﻟﻬﺪف اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻣ ﻦ ه ﺬا اﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﺮوع وﺳ ﻮف ﻧ ﻮﺿ ﺢ‬ ‫آﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة آﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬أهﺪاف ووﻇﺎﺋﻒ إدارة ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫‪ .2‬اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻹدارة ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﻣﻔﺎهﻴﻢ وﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪاوﻟﻬﺎ ﺧ ﻼل ﻣ ﺮاﺣ ﻞ ﺿ ﺒ ﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫‪ .4‬اﻷﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫‪ .5‬إﺟﺮاء ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة واﻟﻤﺘﺒﻊ ﻟ ﻠ ﺮﻗ ﺎﺑ ﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎت‬ ‫وﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫‪ -1‬أهﺪاف ووﻇﺎﺋﻒ إدارة ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫اﻷهﺪاف اﻟﻮاﺿﺤﺔ واﻟﻤ ﺤ ﺪدة ﻟﻀ ﺒ ﻂ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة ه ﻰ ﺗ ﺤ ﻘ ﻴ ﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدى إﻟ ﻲ اﻟ ﺤ ﺼ ﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘ ﺞ ﻧ ﻬ ﺎﺋ ﻲ ﻣ ﻄ ﺎﺑ ﻖ ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﻮاﺻ ﻔ ﺎت وﻣﺴ ﺎﻋ ﺪة ﺑ ﺎﻗ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻹدارات ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ هﺬا اﻟﻬﺪف‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻹدارات اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗ ﺤ ﻘ ﻴ ﻖ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ آﻞ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ رﻏﺒﺎت وﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺮﺣ ﻠ ﺔ ﺗﺼ ﻤ ﻴ ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ واﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪ .3‬اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮاردات واﻟﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ اﻟﻤ ﻮاﺻ ﻔ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪ .4‬اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪ .5‬اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪ .6‬اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ وﺗﻐﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫‪ .7‬اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫‪ .8‬ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺧﺮوﺟﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪ .9‬إﻳﻘﺎف أي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻣ ﻮاﺻ ﻔ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ .10‬ﻹدارة ﺿ ﺒ ﻂ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة اﻟﺼ ﻼﺣ ﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻗ ﺒ ﻮل ﺑ ﻌ ﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮوط ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ ) ﻋ ﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ أداء اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ & ﻋﺪم ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮهﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻ ﻼﺣ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ & ﻋﺪم ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮهﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻣﺎن اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ (‬ ‫‪ .11‬ﻹدارة ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻘﻴﻢ درﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫‪ .12‬إﺟﺮاء اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻟﻠﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﺑ ﺎﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام أﺟ ﻬ ﺰة‬ ‫وﻣﻌﺪات ﻣﻌﺪة ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻐﺮض‬ ‫‪ .13‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮة أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻘﻴﺎس واﻟﻤﺤﺪدات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ إدارة‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة وﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻹدارات‬ ‫‪ .14‬دراﺳﺔ أﺳﺒﺎب رﻓ ﺾ اﻷﺟ ﺰاء واﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺠ ﺎت ﻣ ﻊ ﺑ ﺎﻗ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻹدارات واﺗﺨﺎذ إﺟﺮاءات ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪ .15‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻘﺎرﻳﺮ ﺗ ﻮﺿ ﺢ ﺣ ﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻷﺟ ﺰاء واﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺠ ﺎت ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫‪ .16‬وﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫‪ .17‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت اﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ واﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻟﻸﺟﺰاء ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌ ﺎون ﻣ ﻊ‬ ‫إدارة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج وﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫‪ .18‬اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﺪدات ﻗﻴﺎس اﻷﺟﺰاء‬ ‫‪ .19‬وﺿﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﺒﻮل واﻟﺮﻓﺾ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎت ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﺎون‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت واﻹﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪ .20‬ﺗﻤﻴﺰ اﻷﺟﺰاء واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫‪ .21‬ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﻜﻬﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ إﻟ ﻰ ﺿ ﺒ ﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫‪ .22‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﺎذج وﺗﻘﺎرﻳﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﺎون‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮآﻴﺪ اﻟﺠﻮدة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻹدارة ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫א‬ ‫وهﻮ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮل ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت واﻷﺟﺰاء واﻟﺘﺄآ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت واﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت واﻟ ﻬ ﺪف اﻟ ﻤ ﻄ ﻠ ﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ وهﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮل اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ وﻣﺸﺮﻓﻲ وﻣﺮاﻗ ﺒ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة ﺑﺎﻹدارة‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪ :‬وهﻲ اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨ ﺘ ﺞ‬ ‫أو ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد ﻟﻠﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌّﻮل‪ :‬وهﻮ ﺗ ﻤ ﺎﺳ ﻚ اﻷداء ﻋ ﺒ ﺮ اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﺖ أو ﻣ ﺘ ﻮﺳ ﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﻔﺸﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣـﺔ‪ :‬وهﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻹﺻﻼح‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣــــﺔ‪ :‬وهﻲ ﺛﺒﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﺎآ ﻞ واﻟﺸ ﻜ ﺎوي وﺳ ﻬ ﻮﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺻﻼح‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ إﻧﺴﺎن ﻹﻧﺴﺎن أﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻈﻬﺮ‪ :‬اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺐ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﻌﺔ ‪ :‬اﻷداء اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ واﻟﻤﻠﻤﻮﺳﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫و اﻟﺠﺪول ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﺮض أهﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎت‬

‫وهﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮل ﻋﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﻜ ﻠ ﻔ ﺔ إﻟ ﻴ ﻪ‬ ‫وﻳﻌﺎوﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺮﻓﻲ وﻣﺮاﻗﺒﻲ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫א‬ ‫وهﻮ رﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﻲ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫א א‬ ‫وهﻮ ﻣﻔﺘﺶ اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮل ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ وﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ اﻷﺟﺰاء أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ وهﻮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻤﺸﺮف اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮل ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫وهﻮ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺌ ﻮل ﻋ ﻦ ﻗ ﻴ ﺎس اﻻﺳ ﻄ ﻤ ﺒ ﺎت وآ ﺬﻟ ﻚ اﻷﺟ ﺰاء‬ ‫وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات أداء اﻟﻜﻮاﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﻜ ﻞ أﻧ ﻮاﻋ ﻬ ﺎ واﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺌ ﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﺪدات اﻟﻘﻴﺎس وﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮاﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﺷﺮاف ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺿﺒﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫א‬ ‫وهﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮل ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ واﻟ ﻤ ﻠ ﻔ ﺎت اﻟ ﺨ ﺎﺻ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺈدارة ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة واﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑ ﺄﻋ ﻤ ﺎل اﻟﺴ ﻜ ﺮﺗ ﺎرﻳ ﺔ اﻟ ﺨ ﺎﺻ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹدارة‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎهﻴﻢ وﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪاوﻟﻬﺎ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬

‫א‬

‫اﻷداء ‪:‬وﻧﻌ ﻨ ﻲ ﺑ ﻪ اﻟ ﺨ ﻮاص اﻷوﻟ ﻴ ﺔ " ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ وﺿ ﻮح‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎت‪ :‬وهﻲ اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ أو اﻟﺴﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓ ﺔ "‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻟﻮن "‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

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‫מ‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

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‫اﻟﻌﻴﺐ‬

‫هﻮ أي ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻋﺪم اﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام أو ﻋﺪم اﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬

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‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬

‫هﻲ واﺟﺐ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﺎﺷﺊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻴﻮب اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬

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‫ﻋﺮض " ﻣﻈﻬﺮ "‬

‫هﻲ ﻇﺎهﺮة واﺿﺤﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ " ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ " اﻟﻌﻴﺐ وأﺣﻴﺎﻧًﺎ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻌﺘﺎدًا وﺻﻒ اﻟﻌﻴﺐ‬

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‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ‬

‫وهﻮ أﺻﻞ ﺣﺪوث اﻟﻌﻴﺐ وﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺪد اﻷﺳﺒﺎب‬

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‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻬﻴﻤﻦ‬

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‫وﺻﻒ اﻟﻌﻴﺐ‬

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‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬

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‫ﻋﻼج‬

‫وهﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺎهﻢ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﻓﻲ وﺟﻮد اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ أو اﻟﻌﻴﺐ واﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻼﺟﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺒﻮط‬ ‫هﻮ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ ﻳﺸﺮح ﻣﺎ هﻮ اﻟﻌﻴﺐ أو اﻟﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ اﻷداء ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫هﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ دراﺳﺔ ﻟﻸﻋﺮاض ﺑﺠﻤﻊ وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت وإﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫واﻵﺛﺎر‬ ‫هﻮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻟﻸوﺿﺎع ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺘﻪ اﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻲ أو ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻌﻴﻮب وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن هﻨﺎك ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﺮوﺣﺔ‬

‫‪9‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﺒﻮل‪acceptation‬‬

‫هﻮ ﻗﺒﻮل اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫اﻟﺮﻓﺾ ‪reject‬‬

‫هﻮ رﻓﺾ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﺸﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﺒﻮل ﺑﻤﻮاﻓﻘﺔ‬

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‫اﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ‪inspection‬‬

‫هﻮ ﻗﺒﻮل اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ أو اﻟﺠﺰء وهﻮ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪم ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس اﻟﺠﻮدة واﻟﻤﻮاﻓﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ هﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻐﺮض اﻟﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت وﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﻷداء اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪13‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ‪traceability‬‬

‫ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ هﻮ اﻟﻤﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ أو ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ أو ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺸﺊ اﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎرى‪.‬‬

‫‪14‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ‪correction‬‬

‫هﻮ إﺟﺮاء ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﺑﻐﺮض اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪم اﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪ ,‬واﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺑﺎﻹﺻﻼح أو إﻋﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ أو إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ درﺟﺔ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫اﻹﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﻲ‬ ‫‪corrective action‬‬

‫هﻮ إﺟﺮاء ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﺑﻐﺮض إزاﻟﺔ أﺳﺒﺎب ﻋﺪم ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺗﻜﺮار ﺣﺪوﺛﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪16‬‬

‫اﻹﺟﺮاء اﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪preventive action‬‬

‫هﻮ إﺟﺮاء ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻹزاﻟﺔ أﺳﺒﺎب ﻋﺪم ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺪوﺛﻬﺎ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪17‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎوز ‪Concession‬‬

‫هﻲ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام أو اﻹﻓﺮاج ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة )اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت( وﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎوز ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﻓﻘﻂ أو ﻟﻔﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪18‬‬

‫اﻹﻓﺮاج ‪Release‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﻘﺎل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪19‬‬

‫اﻹﺻﻼح ‪Repair‬‬

‫هﻮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻘﺒﻮل ﻟﻺﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ أﺟﻠﻪ‬

‫‪20‬‬

‫إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ‪Rework‬‬

‫هﻮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬

‫‪21‬‬

‫إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫‪Regrade‬‬

‫هﻮ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ )اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى( ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺗﻜﻬﻴﻦ ‪Scrap‬‬

‫هﻮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻪ‪,‬وﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ إﻋﺪاﻣﻪ‪.‬‬

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‫اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر ‪Test‬‬

‫هﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ أو أآﺜﺮ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ أو ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ أو ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻹﺟﺮاء ﻣﺤﺪد‪.‬‬

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‫اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ‪Verification‬‬

‫هﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺄآﻴﺪ وإﻋﻄﺎء اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻤﻮس ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪,‬وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺄآﻴﺪ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ) ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‪,‬إﺟﺮاء اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات و اﺳﺘﻌﺮاض‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪,‬ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ وﺛﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻹﻓﺮاج ﻋﻨﻬﺎ(‪.‬‬

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‫اﻹﻗﺮار ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪Validation‬‬

‫هﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺄآﻴﺪ وإﻋﻄﺎء اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻤﻮس ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام أو اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ) اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟ ﺨ ﺎم & اﻷﺟ ﺰاء‬ ‫& اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ( ﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫وﺻﻮل أﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ إﻟﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ وﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫• رﻗﻢ أﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫• أﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫• ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺑﺪء اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫• ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻧﺘﻬﺎء اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫• اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫• اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء أو اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ واﻟ ﻤ ﺤ ﺪدة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻳﻘﻮم ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻋ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺘ ﻪ ﻹﻧ ﺘ ﺎج اﻟ ﺠ ﺰء أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب وﻳﻘﻮم آﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﺸ ﻐ ﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫وﺻﻔﺤﺎت اﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ واﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ وأﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺎﺳ ﺒ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﻳﺮاﻗﺐ ﻣﺮاﻗﺐ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧ ﺘ ﺎﺟ ﻴ ﺔ وﻳ ﺘ ﺄآ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺻ ﺤ ﺔ رﻗ ﻢ اﻟ ﺘ ﺸ ﻐ ﻴ ﻞ وﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت وﺻﻔﺤﺎت اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ واﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ وﻳ ﺘ ﺄآ ﺪ آ ﺬﻟ ﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺨﺎم أو اﻟﺠﺰء أو اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟ ﻰ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻴ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﻳﺠﻬﺰ ﻣﺮاﻗﺐ اﻟﺠﻮدة أدواﺗ ﻪ اﻟ ﺨ ﺎﺻ ﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺮﻗ ﺎﺑ ﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ وهﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫• اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﺰاء‬ ‫• دﻓﺎﺗﺮ وﺳﺠﻼت اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫• أدوات اﻟﻘﻴﺎس واﻟﻤﺤﺪدات وهﻲ ‪-:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬اﻟﻘﺪﻣﺔ ذات اﻟﻮرﻧﻴﺔ " اﻟﺒﻮآﻠﻴﺰ "‬ ‫‪.2‬اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮوﻣﻴﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪.3‬ﻣﺤﺪدات اﻟﻘﻴﺎس " ‪" Go – Not Go‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬آﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ اﻟﺠﺰء أو اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫أوﻻ‪ :‬اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻨﻈﺮي‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺮاﻗﺐ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻗﻮي اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ وﻳﻔﺤﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﺠ ﺰء أو اﻟﻤﻨﺘ ﺞ ﻓﺤ ﺺ ﻧﻈ ﺮي دﻗﻴ ﻖ ﻣﺮآ ﺰًا ﻋﻠ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻵﺗـــﻲ ‪-:‬‬ ‫• ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﺧﺪوش أو ﺧﺮﺑﺸﺔ‬ ‫• ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﺧﺒﻄﺎت أو ﺻﺪﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫• ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد “ راﻳﺶ” أو “ ﺷﺤﻮﻣﺎت” أو زﻳ ﻮت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء أو اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﺧﻼﺻﺎت زاﺋﺪة‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ أي ﺷﻲء ﻏﻴﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ أو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺄﻟ ﻮف ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺠ ﺰء‬ ‫أو اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺮﺳﻢ وﺻﻔﺤﺎت اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ واﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻘﻮم ﻣﺮاﻗﺐ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺘ ﻴ ﺶ ﻋ ﻠ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﻪ أو ﺻﻔﺤﺎت اﻟﺘﻔﺘ ﻴ ﺶ وﻋ ﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮوج ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴًﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ :‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺤﺪدات اﻟﻘﻴﺎس وﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺠﺰء ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪ Go‬وهﻲ ﺣﺎﻟــﺔ دﺧــﻮل اﻟﺠــﺰء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤـــــﺪد‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪ Not Go‬وهﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪم دﺧﻮل اﻟﺠﺰء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺪد‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺎآﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب وﺗﺤ ﻘ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت وﻳﺒﺪأ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧ ﺘ ﺎج وﻳ ﻘ ﻮم ﻣ ﺮاﻗ ﺐ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة ﺑ ﺄﺧ ﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج وﻳﻄﺎﺑﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاﺻ ﻔ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﻄ ﻠ ﻮﺑ ﺔ‬ ‫وإذا ﺗﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻ ﻔ ﺎت ﻳ ﻌ ﻄ ﻰ أذن ﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺘ ﺎج وإذا ﻣ ﺎ آ ﺎن اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ ﻏ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ وﻳﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺎآﻴﻨﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﺮاﻗﺐ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻋﻴﻨ ﺔ ﺛ ﺎﻧ ﻴ ﺔ وه ﻜ ﺬا ﺣ ﺘ ﻰ ﻳ ﺘ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺎآﻴﻨﺔ وﻳﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﺮاﻗﺐ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﻄ ﺎﺑ ﻘ ﺔ اﻹﻧ ﺘ ﺎج‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -7‬ﻳﻘﻮم ﻣﺮاﻗﺐ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﺑﺴﺤﺐ ﻋﻴﻨﺎت ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻓ ﺘ ﺮات‬ ‫زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﺑ ﺤ ﺠ ﻢ ﻋ ﻴ ﻨ ﺔ ﻣ ﺤ ﺪد وﻳ ﺘ ﺄآ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ أن‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﺎزال ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫‪ -8‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﺜﻼ آ ﻞ ﺳ ﺎﻋ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺻ ﻨ ﺪوق ﺧ ﺎص‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن آﺎﻓﻲ ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎب إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ وﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺮور ﻣﺮاﻗ ﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة وأﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺎت ووﺟﺪ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﺈن ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻹﻧ ﺘ ﺎج‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺪوق ﺁﺧﺮ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻖ وﻋﺎدة ﻳﻤﻴﺰ هﺬا اﻟﺼﻨﺪوق ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن اﻷﺧﻀﺮ‬ ‫‪ -9‬إذا وﺟﺪ ﻣﺮاﻗﺐ اﻟﺠﻮدة أن اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﺈﻧ ﻪ ﻳ ﻘ ﻮم‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻳﻘﺎف اﻟﻤﺎآﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻮرا وﻳﺒﺪأ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻹﻧ ﺘ ﺎج ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮز إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ وﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘ ﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺪوﻗﻴﻦ أﺣﺪهﻤﺎ ﻟﻮﻧﻪ أﺻﻔﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻐ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ وﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﺰل هﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻻﺗﺨﺎذ إﺟﺮاء ﻻﺣﻖ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -10‬ﻳﺘﻢ إﻋﺎدة ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺎآﻴﻨﺔ وأﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺎت ﻓﺈذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮم ﻣﺮاﻗﺐ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﺑﻌﻤﻞ إﺧﻄﺎر ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﺎآﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﺮض اﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس اﻹﻧ ﺘ ﺎج وﻣ ﻬ ﻨ ﺪس اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺆول ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻻﺗﺨﺎذ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮوﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ‬ ‫‪ -11‬اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻳ ﺘ ﻢ ﺗ ﻤ ﻴ ﺰﻩ ﺑ ﺒ ﻄ ﺎﻗ ﺔ ﻗ ﺒ ﻮل‬ ‫ﺧﻀﺮاء وﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -12‬اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻪ أرﺑﻊ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣ ﻌ ﻪ‬ ‫وهﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫• اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺒﻮل ﺑﻤﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ‪ :‬وهﻮ ﻋﺮض اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪس اﻟﺠﻮدة وﻣﻬﻨﺪس اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫وإذا ﻣﺎ رأوا أن ﻋﺪم اﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺪود ﻣ ﻘ ﺒ ﻮﻟ ﺔ وأﻧ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻦ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ أداء وﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨ ﺘ ﺞ ﻓ ﻴ ﺘ ﻢ ﺗ ﺤ ﺮﻳ ﺮ ﻃ ﻠ ﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ أن ﻳﻜﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﻤﺮاﺣ ﻞ ﻣ ﻊ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ آﺎرت ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ ﻟ ﻠ ﻌ ﻠ ﻢ واﺗ ﺨ ﺎذ‬ ‫إﺟﺮاءات اﺣﺘﺮازﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻪ‬ ‫• اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻹﺻﻼح ‪ :‬إذا آﺎن اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻤﻮاﻓﻘﺔ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ) إﻋﺎدة ﺗﺸﻐ ﻴﻠ ﻪ ﻣ ﺮة ﺛ ﺎﻧ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫أ& إﺻﻼﺣﻪ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ( ﻓﻴﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺤ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ وﺗﺤﺮﻳ ﺮ ﻃ ﻠ ﺐ إﺻ ﻼح ﻓ ﻲ آ ﻠ ﺘ ﺎ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻟ ﺘ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫وﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻹﺻﻼح اﻟﻤﻨ ﺎﺳ ﺐ وذﻟ ﻚ ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻩ ﺑﺒﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺪم ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ) ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺻ ﻔ ﺮاء ( وﻣ ﺘ ﺎﺑ ﻌ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫• اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻘﻴﻢ درﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ‪ :‬وﻏ ﺎﻟ ﺒ ﺎ ﻣ ﺎ ﺗ ﺘ ﻢ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ واﻟﺬي ﻳﺨﻔﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴ ﻖ‬ ‫آﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ واﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﻔﺾ درﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻓ ﻤ ﺜ ﻼ‬ ‫ﺑﺪل ﻣﻨﺘﺞ درﺟﺔ أوﻟﻰ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺪرﺟ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﻣ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ درﺟ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ أو ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ ﻣ ﻮﺟ ﻬ ﻪ ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﺼ ﺪﻳ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﻬﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ وهﻜﺬا‪,‬وﻓﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻳ ﺘ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ درﺟﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ وﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣ ﺪﻳ ﺮا‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﺠﻮدة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -13‬اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ﺗﻜﻬﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪ :‬وهﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪم اﻟ ﻤ ﻄ ﺎﺑ ﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﺣﺪوث ﻋﻴﺐ ﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻳ ﺆدى إﻟ ﻰ اﺳ ﺘ ﺤ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ‪ ,‬ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ رﻓﺾ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ أو اﻟﺠﺰء ﻧ ﻬ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻗﺮار ﺑﺈﻋﺪاﻣﻪ وﺗﻜﻬﻴﻨﻪ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ رﻓﺾ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﺗﻤﻴﺰﻩ ﺑﺒﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻜﻬﻴﻦ ) ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﻤﺮاء (‬ ‫‪ -14‬ﻳﻘﻮم آﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج وﻣﺮاﻗﺐ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺘ ﺴ ﺠ ﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺎرﻳﺮ وﺳﺠﻼت اﻹﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗ ﻮﺿ ﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج وﺿﺒﻂ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ ﺧ ﻼل ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ - 15‬ﺗﺘﺴﻠﻢ إدارة ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ اﻟ ﺒ ﻴ ﺎﻧ ﺎت‬ ‫وﺳﻜﺮﺗﻴﺮ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﻳﺮ واﻟﺴﺠﻼت وﻳﺒﺪأ ﻓﻲ إدﺧ ﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻜﻮﻣﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪا ﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺿ ﺒ ﻂ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺟﺮاء اﻹﺣﺼﺎءات واﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت واﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﻼص ﻧ ﺘ ﺎﺋ ﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎت واﺳ ﺘ ﻜ ﺸ ﺎف اﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﺎآ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﺪوث واﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﻴﺔ واﻟﻮﻗ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺴﺠﻼت واﻟﺘﻘ ﺎرﻳ ﺮ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪﻣ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ إدارة ﺿ ﺒ ﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮذج إﺧﻄﺎر ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ واردات‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫م‪ /‬ﺟﻤﺎل ﻋﺮﻓﻪ‬

‫آﻴﻒ ﻳﺮاك اﻵﺧﺮون‬ ‫هﻰ ﺻﻮرﺗﻚ أﻧﺖ ‪ ..‬ﻓﺎرﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺳﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎع اﻷول ‪ ،‬وأﻧﻪ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ‬

‫آﺜﻴﺮًا‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ وﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻗﺪ ﺗﻄﻮل‪ ،‬وإذا ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻧﻨﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻧﻄﺒﺎع أول ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﺪى ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ـ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﻠﻨﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ـ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄآﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺑﺬل ﺟﻬﺪ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ هﺬا اﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎع وﻧﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة ذهﻨﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪة ﻋﻨﺎ ﻟﺪى ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ وﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬ ‫رؤﺳﺎﺋﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﻣﺮؤوﺳﻴﻨﺎ وزﻣﻼﺋﻨﺎ وﻋﻤﻼﺋﻨﺎ ‪ ،‬وآﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻨﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ هﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻬﺎرة ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ اﻷهﻤﻴﺔ وهﻰ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ذهﻨﻴﺔ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺪى اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫وﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰهﺎ دوﻣًﺎ ﺳﻮاء ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻌﻤﻞ أو ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﻲ أﻧﻨﺎ إذا ﻟﻢ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﺰﻣﺎم اﻟﻤﺒﺎدرة ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ هﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وإذا ﻟﻢ ﻧﻜﻦ ﻧﺤﻦ اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ رﺳﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﺮك ﻟﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺼﺐ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎﺗﻬﻢ وﺁراﺋﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﺎ واﻟﺘﻲ رﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ أو ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮاﺗﻬﻢ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺗﻨﺎ وأﻓﻌﺎﻟﻨﺎ وﻟﻐﺔ أﺟﺴﺎدﻧﺎ ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ أﻳﻀًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﻤﻠﻮﻩ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻗﺒﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻲ أو ﻋﻘﻠﻲ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫وﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺣﻮال ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻣﻄ ﺎﻟ ﺒ ﻮن ﺑ ﺄن ﻧ ﻜ ﻮن ﻧ ﺤ ﻦ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ وﻳﺨﺘﺎر اﻷﻟﻮان ﻋﻨﺪ إﻧﺸﺎء ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺳﻤﻬﺎ اﻵﺧﺮون ﻓﻲ أذهﺎﻧﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﺎ وﻋﻦ ﺷﺨﺼ ﻴ ﺘ ﻨ ﺎ وﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻨﺠﺰﻩ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺬهﻨﻴﺔ )اﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎع(‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻌّﺮف اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺬهﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ هﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ واﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﺬاﺗﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺁراء واﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻨﺎ وﻣﺪى‬ ‫آﻔﺎءﺗﻨﺎ وﻗﺪرﺗﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺠﺎز ‪ ،‬وهﺆﻻء اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﺎ هﻢ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ وﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻨﺎ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء واﻟﺮؤﺳﺎء واﻟﻤﺮؤوﺳﻴﻦ واﻟﺰﻣﻼء‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺟﺪًا اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺬهﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أن ﻳﺮاك اﻵﺧﺮون ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ وﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻳﺄﻣﻠﻮن أن ﻳﺮاهﻢ اﻵﺧﺮون ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ أﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎهﺮون ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻬﻢ ‪ ،‬أﻗﻮﻳﺎء اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮن ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺘﺰام‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻋﻤﺎل‪ ،‬وﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺎرآﻮن ﻓﻴﻪ ‪ ،‬وﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻬﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﺑﻬﺎ ‪ .‬اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎس ﺗﺤﺐ أن ﻳﺮاهﺎ اﻵﺧﺮون ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﻢ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎت ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ ﻻ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻀﻌﻒ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺎب ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻴﺮهﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ اﻷهﻤﻴﺔ وهﻮ ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫وهﻨﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺴﺄل ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﺳﺆا ً‬ ‫أرﻳﺪ أن ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮا ﻋﻨﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ أﻏﺎدر اﻟﻤﻜﺎن أو ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم؟‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬا اﻟﺴﺆال ﺗﺠﺴﺪ اﻟﺸﻖ اﻷول ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺆال وهﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺬهﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻮة ‪(Desired professional‬‬ ‫)‪image‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻵﺧﺮ اﺳﺄل ﻧﻔﺴﻚ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي أﺧﺸﻰ أن ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺎﺑﻲ؟‪ ،‬واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬا اﻟﺴﺆال ﺗﺠﺴﺪ اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﺬهﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺒﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ‪(Undesired professional‬‬ ‫)‪ image‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ أن ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻋﻨﻚ ﻟﺪى اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺣﻮال ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ أن ﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻨﻪ‬ ‫اﻵﺧﺮون ﺑﻚ ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ هﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﻚ ‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺨﺒﺮك اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺮون ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ أﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎول هﺬﻩ اﻵراء ﺑﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﺬر ﻓﺮﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن هﻨﺎك أﻏﺮاض‬ ‫أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ وراء ﺗﻠﻚ اﻵراء اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻀﻠﻠﺔ ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ أن ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻋﻨﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ‪ ،‬وﺑﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﺪى رؤﺳﺎﺋﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻴﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮآﻞ إﻟﻴﻚ وآﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎت واﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫هﺬﻩ اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة وﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﺗﺸﻜﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ‬ ‫آﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﺪى ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺬهﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﺻﻠﺔ ‪Perceived‬‬ ‫‪ professional image‬واﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴًﺎ ﻋﻨﻚ ﻟﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫آﻴﻒ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ اﻵراء اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺬهﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻳﻮﻣﻴًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻴﺌﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺎﺣﺐ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ازدﻳﺎد أهﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻟﺰاﻣًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪة أن ﻳﻮاﺟﻪ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺎت آﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرة إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ ﻟﺪى اﻟﺰﻣﻼء اﻟﺠﺪد ‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ أﻧﻪ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن هﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﻓﺠﻮة ﻟﺪى اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺮﻏﺒﻮن أن ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﻢ ‪ ،‬وﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻓﻌﻠﻴًﺎ ﻓﻲ أذهﺎن اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬وهﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﺁﺛﺎرهﺎ ﻟﻔﺘﺮات ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرة إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻤﻦ أﺳﺒﺎب هﺬﻩ اﻟﻔﺠﻮة ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ رﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ أوﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻷﺧﻄﺎء‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ أو ﻣﻬﻨﻴﺔ ارﺗﻜﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﺊ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ أو ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎت آﺎن ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ ‪ ،‬وأﺻﺒﺤﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ ﺑﺬآﺮ هﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ واﻧﺘﺸﺮت ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ إﻟﻰ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻪ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ‪ ،‬ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺨﻠﺼﻪ هﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﻄﺎء واﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎت وأﺳﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺎزاﻟﺖ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺟﻬﺪ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻌﺪل ﺻﻮرﺗﻪ اﻟﺬهﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺬهﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪة ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أو ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ أو ﺷﻌﺐ ﻣﺎ ‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ أن ﻣﺜﻞ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎت ﻳﻮاﺟﻬﻪ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﻓﻲ آﻞ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻧﻚ ﺗﺠﺪ اﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋًﺎ ﻧﻤﻄﻴًﺎ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺑﺄن اﻟﺰﻧﻮج هﻢ اﻷﻗﻞ ذآﺎ ًء‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﺪًا ﻟﺪى ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎن ﻣﺜ ً‬ ‫ﻼ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻮك اﻻﺟﺮاﻣﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ هﻨﺎك اﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋًﺎ ﺳﺎﺋﺪًا‬ ‫واﻷآﺜﺮ ﻣﻴ ً‬ ‫ﻋﻦ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎن ﻣﻦ أﺻﻮل ﺁﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻋﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﺎرة اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻰ اﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎج‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﻢ ‪ .‬وﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻌﻴﺪﻧﺎ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ آﺜﻴﺮًا ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﺟﻪ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺎت ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎت آﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ إﺛﺒﺎت آﻔﺎءﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻼ أو‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻧﻄﺒﺎع ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ آﺴﻮل ﻣﺜ ً‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺷﻌﺐ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ أﻣﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬وﺣﺘﻰ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ذاﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫هﻨﺎك اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﻞ ‪ ،‬وﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﺪم‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ وهﻜﺬا ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪة ﻋﻦ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﺒﺌًﺎ إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻼء ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻮاﻓﺪ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ـ واﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻬﺎدة إدارة اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ‪ MBA‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ـ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻌﻮن ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى أداء ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺣﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﻔﺎءة ﻓﻲ ذات اﻟﺤﻴﻦ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺘﺎج هﻮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺒﺮات اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎﺗﻬﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﻠﻖ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻔﺠﻮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺛﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وهﻜﺬا ﻳﺠﺪ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﻤ ﻮن إﻟ ﻰ ﺗ ﻠ ﻚ اﻟﺸ ﻌ ﻮب أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت أﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ ﺗﺤ ﺪﻳ ﺎت إﺿ ﺎﻓ ﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﻴ ﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﻢ ﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻟ ﺪى اﻟ ﻤ ﺤ ﻴ ﻄ ﻴ ﻦ ﺑ ﻬ ﻢ ‪،‬وﻳ ﺠ ﺪون أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﺬل ﻣﺠﻬﻮدات إﺿﺎﻓﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﺟ ﻞ ﺗ ﻜ ﻮﻳ ﻦ وﺗ ﻌ ﺰﻳ ﺰ‬ ‫اﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﺳﻮاء آﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ‬

‫إدارة اﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻳﻘﻮدﻧﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺿﺮورة اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎهﻴﺔ إدارة‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت)‪(Impression Management‬وﻣﺎ هﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻮد ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﻣﺎرﺳﻨﺎهﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫وآﺬا اﻟﻤﺤﺎوﻟﺔ اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻹﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﺬات واﻟﻜﻔﺎءة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ إﻻ أن إﺗﺒﺎع اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ إدارة اﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆدى إﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ذهﻨﻴﺔ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﻦ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺣﺘﺮام واﻻﺣﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫وهﻨﺎ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ وﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺬهﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻈﻬﺮ واﻟﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎت واﻹﺷﺎرات اﻟﺴﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﺪﻧﻴﺔ وﻣﺪى اﻻﻟﺘﺰام اﻟﺴﻠﻮآﻲ واﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ وﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث‬ ‫واﻟﻨﻄﻖ ‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ودرﺟﺔ ارﺗﻔﺎع واﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮت ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‪.‬‬ ‫إﻻ أﻧﻪ ﺑﺠﺪر اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ أهﻤﻴﺔ أﻻ وهﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام إدارة اﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎع اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ ) ‪social‬‬ ‫( ‪،identity-based impression management‬‬ ‫وهﻨﺎك إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺘﺎن ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ إدارة اﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ ؛ أوﻻهﻤﺎ ﺗُﺪﻋﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻴﺰ اﻻﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ وهﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻄﺮق ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻬﻮﻳﺘﻚ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬وﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬وذآﺮ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ وأﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺎت اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ واﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ أن هﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ إدارة اﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎع ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ أو اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ وﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ أو اﻷﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرة ذهﻨﻴﺔ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ هﻮﻳﺘﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﻚ ﺗﺤﻞ ﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ذﻟﻚ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرﺗﻚ أﻧﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻴًﺎ وﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﻄﺒﺎع اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى وهﻰ إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺰل ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻢ إﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل وﺟﻮد ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎت ﺗﻘﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪة ﻷﺳﺒﺎب ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ ذاﺗﻬﺎ أو ﺑﻌﺪم اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرة إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬أو ﺑﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫اﻋﺘﻘﺎد راﺳﺦ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﻚ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻼ ‪ ،‬وﻓﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫هﻮﻳﺘﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ أﻳﺪﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜ ً‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪء ﻓﻰ ﻋﺰل ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺎم ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮارق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺎت أو اﻟﻔﺠﻮات ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء هﻮﻳﺘﻚ اﻟﺬاﺗﻴﺔ وﻣﺼﺪاﻗﻴﺘﻚ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﺪى اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن اﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋًﺎ ﺳﺎﺋﺪًا ﻋﻨﻚ ﺑﺄﻧﻚ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ اﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻘﻞ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ وﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮرﺗﻚ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫و ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص إﺗﺒﺎع ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ واﻟﺠﻬﺎت أو اﻷﺷﺨﺎص‬ ‫ﻼ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮن ﻣﻌﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺜ ً‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺎت اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء أو اﻟﺰﻣﻼء‬ ‫اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺜﻤﻨﻮن ﻏﺎﻟﻴًﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻤﺎء إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﻃﻦ أو أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻮن ﻋﻦ آﻔﺎح أو اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻤﺸﺮف ﻷﺻﺤﺎب هﺬﻩ اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ أﺧﺮى ﻳﺘﻢ اﻻﺑﺘﻌﺎد ﻋﻦ اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ أﺧﺮى ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺪﻳﻦ أو ﻧﻮع اﻟﺠﻨﺲ أو‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ أو اﻟﺨﺒﺮة ﻟﻠﻔﺖ اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺑﻌﻴﺪًا ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻟﻼﻧﻄﺒﺎع اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ‪ .‬وإﺗﺒﺎع هﺬا اﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ أن ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻪ هﻮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺘﻠﻮن أو ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺄآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ وﺟﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ اﺑﺘﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ هﻮﻳﺘﻪ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻨﺼﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺊ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻋﺰﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻴﺪًا ﻋﻦ ﺑﺆرة اهﺘﻤﺎم اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻻن‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ اﻗﺘﻀﺖ ذﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺣﻮال ﻓﺎن اﺳﺘﺨﺪام إدارة اﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮى اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ واﻻﺣﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆدى إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﺗﻌﺰز وﺟﻮدك ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن وﺗﺨﻠﻖ ﺻﻮرة إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﻚ ﻟﺪى اﻟﺰﻣﻼء واﻟﻌﻤﻼء وآﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﻚ ﻣﻤﺎ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺮﺳﺦ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻘﺔ واﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎدﻳﺔ وﺗﻘﻮى روح اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻼء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻓﺎن اﺳﺘﺨﺪام إدارة اﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت ﺑﻄﺮق‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ اﻟﻤﺼﺪاﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫آﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄآﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻮف ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻼء واﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪاﻗﻴﺔ واﻷﺻﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺻﻮرة ذهﻨﻴﺔ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﻚ ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪ إﺗﺒﺎﻋﻚ‬ ‫ﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ إدارة اﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت ﻓﺎﻧﻚ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ أن ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺷﻴﺌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ذات اﻟﻮﻗﺖ وهﻤﺎ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﺼﺪاﻗﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﺎﻟﺔ ‪ .‬وهﻨﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻌﻠﻢ أﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻈﺎهﺮ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﺼﺪاﻗﻴﺔ واﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﺎﻟﺔ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺘﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺻﻮرة إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﺪاﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أﻻ ﺗﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻚ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺐ داﺋﻤًﺎ أن ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪ .‬وهﺬا اﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺪﻗﻴﻖ واﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ذات اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﺟﺐ أن ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ودﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﺼﺪاﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﻚ ‪ ،‬وآﺬﻟﻚ اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻚ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ اﻷﺻﻴﻠﺔ ذات اﻟﺼﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ‬ ‫أوﺟﻪ اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬وآﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫أوﺟﻪ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻖ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ إﻟﻰ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺼﻮرة ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻧﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻴﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻬﺪوء اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ وﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﻼم إﻻ ﻟﻠﻀﺮورة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﻮى ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻟﻈﺮوف ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺧﺎرﺟﺔ ﻋﻦ إرادﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ آﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن‬ ‫إﺟﺮاء ﺣﻮارات ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻣﻼت واﻟﺤﻮارات اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ رﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﺿﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﺴﺐ ﺛﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ‪ ،‬هﺬا اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻳﺠﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺔ أﺻﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ‪ ،‬اﻋﺘﺎد ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫وأﺣﺒﻬﺎ وهﻰ ﺻﻤﺘﻪ وهﺪوﺋﻪ ‪ ،‬وﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﻬﺎ أﻳﻀًﺎ ‪ ،‬وﺑﻨﺎء ذاﺗﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪ .‬هﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺬل ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺪاﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة وﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ آﺎن ﻳﺤﺐ أن ﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ هﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﺻﻮرة إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺲ زاﺋﻔﺔ أو واهﻴﺔ ؟‬ ‫هﻞ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ اﻟﻜﺬب واﻟﺨﺪاع واﻟﻈﻬﻮر ﺑﻤﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻘﺔ اﻟﺰﻣﻼء واﻟﺮؤﺳﺎء واﻟﻌﻤﻼء ؟‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻣﺮت ﺑﻨﺎ ﺗﺠﺎرب ﻋﺪة رأﻳﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ أﻧﺎس أﺗﻘﻨﻮا ﺗﻠﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﻔﺴﻬ ﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ وﻧﺠﺤﻮا ﻓﻲ ﺧﺪاع ﻣ ﻦ ﺣ ﻮﻟ ﻬ ﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣ ﺘ ﻰ رؤﺳ ﺎﺋ ﻬ ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪد أﻋﻄﻮهﻢ آﺎﻣﻞ ﺛﻘﺘﻬﻢ ‪ .‬وﻟﻜ ﻢ ﻣ ﻊ ﻣ ﺮور اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﺖ ﺑ ﺪأت‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﺸﻒ اﻷﻗﻨﻌﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺑ ﺪأت اﻟﺼ ﻔ ﺎت اﻷﺻ ﻴ ﻠ ﺔ ﺗ ﻈ ﻬ ﺮ‪ ،‬وﺑ ﺪأ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻬﻢ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ واﻟﻤﺒﺎدئ ﻳﻨﺤﺴﺮ ﺗ ﺪرﻳ ﺠ ﻴ ًﺎ ﻣ ﻊ ﺗ ﻌ ﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ واﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟ ﻜ ﻼم ﺑ ﻞ ﻳ ﺘ ﺤ ﺘ ﻢ‬ ‫رﻏﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﻬﻢ أن ﻳﻈﻬﺮوا ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺪن اﻟ ﺤ ﻘ ﻴ ﻘ ﻲ‪ ،‬وﻳ ﻨ ﻜ ﺸ ﻒ‬ ‫روﻳﺪًا روﻳﺪًا اﻓﺘﻘﺎرهﻢ اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟ ﻘ ﻴ ﻢ واﻟ ﻤ ﺒ ﺎدئ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫آﺜﻴﺮًا ﻣﺎ ﺣﺎوﻟﻮا اﻟﻈﻬﻮر ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ واﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺪاﻗﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺼﻠ ﺢ أن ﻳ ﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﺠ ﺮد آ ﻠ ﻤ ﺎت‬ ‫ﻼ ﺗ ﺆآ ﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻼ وﻋ ﻤ ً‬ ‫ﻧﺮددهﺎ هﻨﺎ وهﻨﺎك ﺑﻞ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳ ﻜ ﻮن ﻓ ﻌ ً‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ وﻳﻈﻬﺮﻩ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ ‪.‬‬

‫هﺬا اﻟﺴﺆال ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﻧﺬآﺮ أﻧﻚ ﺑﺪﺧﻮﻟﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺒﺪون ﺷﻚ ﺳﻮف ﻳﺮﺳﻢ اﻵﺧﺮون ﻋﻨﻚ اﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت وﺻﻮر‬ ‫ذهﻨﻴﺔ ﺳﻮف ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻣﺤﻮهﺎ أو ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮهﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼً‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻼ ﺗﺪع اﻷﻣﻮر ﺗﺨﺮج ﻋﻦ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺗﻚ ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎدر أﻧﺖ ﻟﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻷهﻢ ﻓﻲ رﺳﻢ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻮرة ‪ ،‬وآﻦ ﺳﺒﺎﻗًﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫إدارة اﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﺴﺘﺮﺷﺪ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻨﺼﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

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‫وﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪواﺋﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ أﻋﻼﻩ ﻧﺠﺪ أن اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮن أن ﻋﻨﺪهﻢ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﻴﺎت ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻴﻖ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة أآﺜﺮ ﻟﻨﺠﺪ أن ﺑﻌﻀًﺎ ﻣﻦ هﺆﻻء هﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺤﺎول أن‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻨﻘﻬﺎ وﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﻮﻓﻖ أﺣﻴﺎﻧًﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﺨﻔﻖ أﺧﺮى ‪ ،‬وﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻴًﺎ وﻣﻊ وﺿﻮح اﻟﻬﺪف واﻹﺻﺮار ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﺗﻀﻴﻖ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة أآﺜﺮ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ هﺆﻻء اﻟﺼﻔﻮة اﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺴﺪون ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬وﻳُﺬآﺮون ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗُﺬآﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮاء‬ ‫آﺎﻧﻮا أﺷﺨﺎﺻًﺎ أو ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎت ‪.‬‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ﺑﻞ واﻟﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻳﺬﺧﺮ ﺑﻬﺆﻻء اﻟﺬﻳﻦ هﻢ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺗﻤﺸﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض ‪ ،‬وﺳﻮف أدع ﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻟﺘﺬآﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﻣﻦ هﻮ‬ ‫ﻼ ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ هﻮ ﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﺼﻔﺢ واﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ هﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﻌﺪل ﻣﺜ ً‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل اﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ واﻟﺼﺪق ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ هﻮ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﺬى ﻳﻀﺮب ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻰ اﻻﺗﻘﺎن ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻖ واﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪاﻓﻊ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻪ إذًا وأﻧﺖ ﻓﻰ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻚ ﺑﻞ‬ ‫وﻓﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ آﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ أن ﺗﺴﺄل ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﺑﺼﺪق ‪ ..‬ﻓﻰ أى‬ ‫داﺋﺮة أﻧﺎ؟ وﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﻲ أؤﻣﻦ ﺑﻬﺎ وﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ أن أﺗﺮﺟﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻣﺒﺎدئ ﺛﻢ إﻟﻰ أﻓﻌﺎل‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ أآﻮن )أﻧﺎ( ﺗﺠﺴﻴﺪًا ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬ ‫إﻣﻀﺎءات ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫واﻵن ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺮﺷﺎد ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرة إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪ ،‬وﻗﺒﻞ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

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‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ أﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺆال هﺎم ؛ وهﻮ هﻞ أﻧﺖ ﻣﻬﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ وﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ؟‬ ‫هﻞ أﻧﺖ ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺻﻮرﺗﻚ واﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻨﺎس‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻚ ؟‬ ‫هﻞ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻮة اﻟﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ واﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺬهﻨﻲ اﻟﺬي ﺳﻮف ﺗﺒﺬﻟﻪ أﺛﻨﺎء وﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫واﻵن ﺣﺪد اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮد أن ﺗﻈﻬﺮ اﻧﺘﻤﺎءك‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪك ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرة إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻚ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ أﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﺮن ﺑﻚ وﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﺎﺋﻘًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ هﺪﻓﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ هﻲ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءات اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ هﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم اﻟﺬي ﺗﻮد أن ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻋﻤﻠﻚ‬ ‫وﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﺑﺪأ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺻﻮرﺗﻚ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺛﻘﺎﻓﺘﻚ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫وهﻮﻳﺘﻚ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﺑﺪأ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﻚ واﻟﻤﻨﺎخ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻚ‬ ‫واﺗﺠﺎهﺎت ﻋﻤﻼﺋﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﺪد آﻴﻒ ﻳﺮاك اﻵﺧﺮون اﻵن‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻞ اﻟﻔﺠﻮة ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﻣﻞ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ أﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ وآﺬا ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎخ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻚ‬ ‫اﺑﺪأ ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺳﺐ واﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻮى اﻹﻗﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻬﺎراﺗﻚ وﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﻚ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺪء ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﺪون اﻓﺘﻌﺎل‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪم إﺣﺪى اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ أﺷﺮﻧﺎ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬أو ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫وازن ﺑﺤﺮص ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺎوﻻﺗﻚ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻣﺼﺪاﻗﻴﺘﻚ ‪ ،‬وﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻚ اﻷﺻﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺰ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ ﺟﻬﻮدك وأدر ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﺮوﻳﺔ‬ ‫راﻗﺐ ﻣﺪى اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﻚ‬ ‫راﻗﺐ ﺑﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺗﻚ واﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫آﻦ أﻣﻴﻨًﺎ وﺷﻔﺎﻓًﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﻷﻗﺼﻰ درﺟﺔ وﻻ ﺗﺨﺪﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻨﺎﻋﺎت أو ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ وهﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫وأﺧﻴﺮًا ﺗﺬآﺮ أﻧﻚ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ وﺣﺪك ‪ ..‬ﺑﻞ هﻨﺎك ﺁﺧﺮون‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻴﻄﻮن ﺑﻚ ‪ ،‬وﻳﻔﻜﺮون ﻓﻴﻚ ‪ ،‬وﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮن اﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت وﺁراء‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻚ ‪ ،‬وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت واﻵراء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫آﻠﻪ ‪ ،‬وهﺬﻩ اﻵراء واﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄآﻴﺪ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ وﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻋﻤﻠﻚ‪ ،‬وﺗﺬآﺮ أﻧﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ آﺜﻴﺮًا ﻣﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة واﻻﺣﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻨﺎول ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ إدارة اﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺪ ‪ ،‬وآﻦ أﻧﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ اﻷول ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرﺗﻚ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﻚ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻌﺎل أو ﺗﻈﺎهﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ اهﺘﻢ ﻓﻰ اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬واﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﺄس ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻨﺠﺢ أﺣﻴﺎﻧًﺎ وﺗﺨﻔﻖ أﺣﻴﺎﻧًﺎ أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻹﺻﺮار ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﻬﺪف ﺳﻮف ﺗﺘﺤﻮل ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻴًﺎ إﻟﻰ أن‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺼﻔﻮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﺗُﺒﻄﻦ ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ وﺗُﺬآﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳُﺬآﺮ اﻻﻟﺘﺰام واﻟﺜﺒﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺪأ ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪهﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﺼﺪاﻗﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪهﺎ أﻳﻀًﺎ ﺳﻮف‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ آﺜﻴﺮًا اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻚ ورﺳﻢ ﺻﻮرﺗﻚ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أذهﺎﻧﻬﻢ وﻗﻠﻮﺑﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻟﻚ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮدة ؛ ﺻﻮرة‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫م ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺼﺎم اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﺛﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ)*( ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ " ﺟﻮدﻩ ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ " واﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺘﻲ أدت ﻟﻈﻬﻮرﻩ و وﺿﺤﻨﺎ آﻴﻒ أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات وﻷﺟﻬﺰة هﻮ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ و دﺧﻮل ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺬآﺎء ﺑﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻔﺎرﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ذآﺮﻧﺎهﺎ آﻴﻒ أن أآﺜﺮ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ و ﺗﺄﺛﺮا ﺑﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ واﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﺬي ﺑﻪ هﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ هﺬا اﻟﺘﻠﻮث ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ! ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪات إﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺎت اﻟﻘﻮى‬ ‫)‪ (power Electronics‬واﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﻓﺮة وا‪Motor‬‬ ‫‪ drives‬و ﻏﻴﺮهﺎ و أﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺷﻜﺎل‬ ‫هﺬا اﻟﺘﻠﻮث وﺻﻮرﻩ وأهﻢ أﺳﺒﺎﺑﻪ وﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻪ ﻧﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ أﻃﺮاف اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ وآﻴﻒ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ آﻞ ﻃﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫و آﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﺤﻴﻂ أآﺜﺮ ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺄﺗﻲ ﻷﻃﺮاف اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ وﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻟﻘﻮل أن هﻨﺎك ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻃﺮاف‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ آﻞ ﻃﺮف ﻣﻦ زاوﻳﺘﻪ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ وﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ وهﺬﻩ اﻷﻃﺮاف هﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫• اﻟﻄﺮف اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ) ﻣﺤﻄﺎت ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ (‬ ‫• اﻟﻄﺮف اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ) و هﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﺮآﺰ أآﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻩ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻷﺑﺮز‬ ‫واﻷآﺜﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﺮا ﻷن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ وأﻋﻨﻰ‬ ‫هﻨﺎ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻔﺮد أو اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ هﺬا ﻻ ﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ آﻮن اﻷﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫آﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻟﻜﺜﺮﺗﻬﺎ و ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺬآﺎء و ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻮﺛﻪ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫) أﺟﻬﺰﻩ آﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪ ،‬اﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﻓﺮة‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى (‬

‫• اﻟﻄﺮف اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل أن هﻨﺎك ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻟﺠﻮدﻩ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫أﺿﻼﻋﻪ هﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ و اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ و ﺻﺎﻧﻊ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ ‪1‬‬

‫آﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ ‪1‬‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻻهﺘﻤﺎم آﻞ ﻃﺮف ﻧﺠﺪﻩ آﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ) ﻣﺤﻄﺎت ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ (‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎج وﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪Utilities‬‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺪ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار اﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﺬي ﻳﻮﻟﺪﻩ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ و ﻣﺪى‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ هﺬا اﻟﺘﻠﻮث ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪاﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪات‬ ‫وأﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺟﺪا وﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪهﺎ ﺟﻴﺪا و اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻬﺎ وﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ هﺬا اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺘﻪ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ﻷن ﻟﺸﺮآﻪ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء اﻟﺘﺰام ﺗﺠﺎﻩ‬

‫*ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻚ ﻋﺰﻳﺰي اﻟﻘﺎرئ اﻻﻃﻼع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷول ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎل ﺟﻮدة ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﻴﻤﻬﻢ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻃﺎﻗﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻻ ﻳﻘﻮم أﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺘﻬﺎك هﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت وﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ وهﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرة) ‪( power Factor‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻠﺰم ﺷﺮآﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ ﺑﻀﺮورة أﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄة‬ ‫أو اﻷﺣﻤﺎل ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ) آﻤﺎ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ وهﻮ‬ ‫‪ ( 0.85‬و إﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎ وﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻏﺮاﻣﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪدهﺎ اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ أﻟﻘﺪرﻩ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻬﻼآﻪ وﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻨﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ وﺿﻊ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻮدﻩ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ وآﻴﻔﻴﻪ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ وﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻤﺪى ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻷﺿﺮار اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﻬﺎ وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺤﺪود‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ آﻤﺎ ذآﺮﻧﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫أﺳﺒﺎب ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺣﺪوث ﺧﻄﺄ " ‪ " Faults‬أو ﺿﺮﺑﺎت ﻟﻠﺒﺮق‬ ‫‪ lightning strikes‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﻮط ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ أو‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ ‪transmission lines or feeders‬‬ ‫• ﺳﻘﻮط ﺷﺠﺮة أو ﻓﺮع ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء أوﻗﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﺻﻒ " رﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن هﺬا ﻇﺎهﺮ أآﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺜﻼ أو ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت أو اﻷﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث ﻓﺸﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪات واﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫• ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻت ‪starting, energizing of‬‬ ‫‪transformers‬‬ ‫• أﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت إدﺧﺎل اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎت أو ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪" capacitor or feeder switching‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎت ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرة"‬ ‫• ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ "اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺎت اﻟﻘﻮى‬ ‫واﻷﺟﻬﺰة ‪USP‬وال ‪ drives motor‬و ﻏﻴﺮهﺎ‬ ‫• ﺑﺴﺒﺐ دﺧﻮل أو ﺧﺮوج اﻷﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ‪switching‬‬

‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻓﻨﺠﺪﻩ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ وﻣﺪى ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺟﻮدﻩ ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ وﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﺿﺮار اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ و ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆدى ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻟﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات أو اﻟﻜﺮوت‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ أو ﺧﻠﻞ ﻓﻲ وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ آﺄن ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ أو ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻗﺮاءات ﻏﻴﺮ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬ ‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻷﺿﺮار اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻮث ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﻪ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (mitigation techniques‬ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻳﻘﻮم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺑﺸﺮاء ﺑﻨﻮك اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎت‬ ‫‪ capacitor Banks‬ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫وأن ﺗﻈﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻨﻊ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ و هﻮ ﻣﺼﻨﻊ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة ﻓﻴﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺰﺗﻪ و ﻣﻌﺪاﺗﻪ ﻟﺘﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺣﺪود ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻮث ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ وآﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﻗﺪر اﻹﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪاﺗﻪ أو اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻬﺎ و ﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺪود اﻵﻣﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺼﻞ ﻟﻬﺎ و ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة ﺑﺄﻣﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺤﺪود‬ ‫وآﻴﻒ ﺳﻴﺮاﻋﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎت أﺟﻬﺰت‬ ‫" ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬآﺮ أﻧ ﻪ ﻻ ﻳ ﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻟ ﻶن ﺣ ﺪود ﻣ ﻌ ﻴ ﻨ ﻪ أو‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻳﺠ ﺐ أن ﺗ ﻠ ﺘ ﺰم ﺑ ﻬ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﻮﺿ ﻮع‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻮث ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ "‬ ‫ﻣﻦ هﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ اﺗﺴﺎع اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ واﺧﺘﻼف اهﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎت آﻞ ﻃﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﻃﺮاف وﺑﺼﻔﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆدى‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺪوث ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻪ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫‪of large loads‬‬

‫اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬

‫و اﻵن ﻟﻨﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ و اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻬﺎو‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻘﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أآﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ و هﻲ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﺤﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﺪول ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرة ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرة أﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ أو ﺟﻴﺐ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ و اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ q‬هﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ و ﻣﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬ ‫و ﻟﻜﻦ هﺬا اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻤﺼﺪر و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﺪوث ﺗﻐﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ و اﻟﺘﻴﺎر ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫أن ﺟﻴﺐ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ و اﻟﺘﻴﺎر ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻳﺴﺎوى ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﻪ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ أﺻﺒﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻳﻨﺪرج ﺗﺤﺖ أﺳﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻹزاﺣﻰ‬ ‫) أي ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻹزاﺣﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻴﺎر ( )‪ Displacement power factor (DF‬أﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ )‪True power factor ( TPF‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺟﻌﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮف اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻪ و هﻮ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺪرة‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﻓﻰ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﺨﻄﻴﻪ ﻧﺠﺪ أﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﻴﻦ أﻣﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﻴﻪ ﻻ ﻧﺠﺪهﻢ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﻴﻦ و ﻧﺠﺪ أن ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرﻩ اﻹزاﺣﻰ ) ﺟﻴﺐ اﻟﺰاوﻳﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮﻟﺖ و اﻟﺘﻴﺎر (‬ ‫وهﺬا ﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ آﻴﻒ أن ﺗﻠﻮث ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻮر اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﻪ و آﻴﻒ اﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫اﻹهﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﻬﺬا اﻷﻣﺮ و أهﻤﻴﺘﻪ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎل اﻟﻘﺎدم ﺑﺈذن اﷲ ﻧﺒﺪأ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮب و‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻴﻰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻋﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺘﻠﻮث و ﻣﺎ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫واﻗﻊ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﺿﺮهﺎ وﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻤﻊ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻄ ﻮر اﻟﻬﺎﺋ ﻞ اﻟ ﺬي ﺷ ﻬﺪﻩ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻔﻌ ﻞ ﺛ ﻮرة‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺻ ﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت‬

‫آﻮاﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ أه ﻢ ﺻ ﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ وه ﻲ ﻓ ﻲ ﻧﻔ ﺲ اﻟﻮﻗ ﺖ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ‪ -‬اﻷﺳ ﺎس اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﻘ ﻮم ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ ﺛ ﻮرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت‬ ‫واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬

‫أ‪.‬ﺳﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺑﻮ ﻏﺮارة‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ؟‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ه ﺬا اﻟﺘ ﺴﺎؤل ﺳ ﻨﺘﻨﺎول ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻋ ﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ آﺄهﻤﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت وأهﻢ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺛﻢ اﻟﻮﺿ ﻊ‬

‫اﻹدارﻳﻴﻦ واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻌ ﺮب أن ﻳﻮﻟ ﻮﻩ اهﺘﻤ ﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻴﻤ ﺎ ﻳﺨ ﺺ‬

‫اﻟﺮاهﻦ ﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ وآ ﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﺤ ﺪﻳﺎت اﻟﺘ ﻲ‬

‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻮاﺟ ﻪ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ وأﺧ ﻴﺮًا‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮص اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ أﻣﺎم ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‪ -‬ﺛﻢ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ -‬اﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﻦ وﻗﻴﺎس ﻣﻌ ﺪل إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬ ﻢ‬

‫ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻋﻜ ﺲ ﻣ ﺎ ﻳﺒ ﺪو ﻷول وهﻠ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن اﻻﺳ ﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺎل‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰم ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ وﺿﻊ ﻣﻌ ﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺗﻘﻴﻴ ﻢ اﻷداء‪ .‬وه ﻮ‬

‫إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﺿ ﺨﻢ وﻣﻜﻠ ﻒ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﺮﻏﻢ ﻣ ﻦ أن‬

‫ﻣ ﺎ ﻳﻤﺜ ﻞ ﻧﻘﻠ ﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴ ﺔ هﺎﻣ ﺔ ﻟ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺟ ﻮدة اﻹﻧﺘ ﺎج‪،‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ‪ -‬وﻣ ﻦ ﺛ ﻢ‪ -‬ﺳ ﻮق اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت ﺳ ﺮﻳﻊ اﻟﺘﻄ ﻮر إﻟ ﻰ ﺣ ﺪ‬

‫وﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻠﻬ ﺎث‪ ،‬إﻻ أن إﻧﺘ ﺎج اﻟ ﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻳﺤﺘ ﺎج ﻟﻮﻗ ﺖ ﻃﻮﻳ ﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬ ﺎ‬

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‫ﻣﻦ أهﻢ اﻟﻘﺮارات اﻹﺳ ﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﻴ ﻦ ﻋﻠ ﻰ إدارة‬

‫ﻣ ﻦ ﻓﻜ ﺮة إﻟ ﻰ ﻧﻤ ﻮذج أوﻟ ﻰ ﺛ ﻢ ﻣﻨﺘ ﺞ ﻧﻬ ﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬ﺑ ﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫اﻹﻧﺘ ﺎج اﺗﺨﺎذه ﺎ ﺑﺤ ﺮص اﺧﺘﻴ ﺎر اﻷدوات واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺎت‬

‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺠﻬﺪ واﻟﻮﻗﺖ واﻟﻤﺎل ﻹﻧﺠ ﺎح ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻠﻴ ﺲ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳ ﺒﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘ ﺎج‪ ،‬ذﻟ ﻚ أن ﺗﻜ ﺎﻟﻴﻒ اﻟﻘ ﺮارات اﻟﺨﺎﻃﺌ ﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﺤﻠﻢ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻮرة‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﺎهﻈﺔ‪ .‬وﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻹدارة أن ﺗﻜ ﻮن واﻋﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺟ ﺎت‬

‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ أن ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎت ﻧﺠﺎح هﺬﻩ اﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻴ ﺴﺖ ﺑﻌﻴ ﺪة اﻟﻤﻨ ﺎل‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪ ،‬وﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺳﻊ‪ ،‬واﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻤ ﻞ‬

‫وﻧﻌﺮض ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر واﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘ ﺒﺮ ﺗﺮﺟﻤ ﺔ‬

‫ﺣﺎﺳ ﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻷﺧ ﺮى‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠ ﻪ ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠ ﺎت اﻷﺧ ﺮى‪،‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﻮﻣﺎت ﻧﺠﺎح هﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫وإﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺒ ﻪ‪ .‬وﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ أﻳ ﻀًﺎ أن ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻟﻬ ﺎ ﻧﻈ ﺮة‬

‫اﻟﺪور اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ واﻹداري‬

‫ﻣ ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻓ ﻰ ﻗ ﺪرة اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠ ﺔ ﻷدوات اﻹﻧﺘ ﺎج‬

‫ﺗﻌﻴ ﻦ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠ ﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت أن ﻳﺒ ﺎدروا إﻟ ﻰ ﺗﻌﻠ ﻢ إدارة‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ وﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻹﻧﺘ ﺎج وﻣﻤﺎرﺳ ﺘﻪ‪ .‬وﻓﻴﻤ ﺎ ﻳﻠ ﻲ ﻧﻤ ﺎذج ﻟﻤ ﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐ ﻲ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬

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‫اﻟ ﺴﻴﻄﺮة اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﻴﺔ واﻹدارﻳ ﺔ‪.‬ﻻﺑ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ وﺳ ﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

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‫اﻻهﺘﻤ ﺎم ﺑﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳ ﺐ اﻟ ﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻗﻘ ﺪ اﺳ ﺘﻐﺮق ه ﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

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‫اﻻهﺘﻤ ﺎم ﻃﺎﻗ ﺎت آﺜ ﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺘ ﺼﻴﻦ ﻓ ﻰ اﻟ ﺴﻨﻮات‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺒﺤ ﻮث اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﻈ ﺮ‬

‫اﻟ ﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣ ﻊ ه ﺬا هﻨ ﺎك آﺜ ﻴﺮًا ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻘ ﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘ ﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻃﻔﺮات ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت إﻻ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬

‫ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻗﺪ أهﻤﻠﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘ ﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺤﻠ ﻮل اﻟ ﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﺤﺜ ًﺎ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻻ ﺗ ﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﻞ اﻷﺳﺮع‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺧﻼل ﺳﻮق ﻣﺤﺪود ‪ -‬أن ﺗﻘﺪم ﻋﻮﻧ ًﺎ ﻓ ﻰ ه ﺬا‬

‫ﺻﺪرت اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻳﺰو)‪ (ISO‬ﺑﺨﺼﻮص‬

‫اﻟﻤﺠ ﺎل‪ ،‬وإﻧﻤ ﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﻤ ﻞ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣ ﺎت اﻟﻌ ﺐء آﻠ ﻪ‪ .‬وﻋﻠ ﻰ‬

‫إﻧﺘﺎج وﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت ﻋﺎم ‪ .1991‬واﻟﻘﺮاءة‬

‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت أن ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ اﻷﺟﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳ ﺎء‬

‫اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺗﺆآﺪ أن هﻨﺎك اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ‬

‫واﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ ﺔ وهﻨﺪﺳ ﺔ اﻟﻠﻐ ﺔ واﻟ ﺬآﺎء اﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ وﻏﻴﺮه ﺎ ﻣﻤ ﺎ‬

‫إﻧﺠﺎزﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺑﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺮب ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز ﻗ ﺪرات اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻ ﺔ‪ .‬وﺣﺒ ﺬا ﻟ ﻮ ﺣ ﺪث ﺗﻌ ﺎون‬

‫واﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ وآﺴﺐ ﺛﻘﺔ‬

‫ﻣ ﺸﺘﺮك ﺑﻴ ﻦ اﻟﺠﻬ ﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘ ﺼﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ أﻻ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ هﺬا اﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮآﻮﻻت ﺷ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺪور اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ واﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ‬

‫دورﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وإﻧﻤﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺒﺎدل ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ وﺧﺒﺮاﺗﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣ ﺎت اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ دور أﺳﺎﺳ ﻲ ﻟ ﺪﻓﻊ ﻋﺠﻠ ﺔ ﺻ ﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺐ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت‪ ،‬أﻋﺘﻘ ﺪ أن اﺷ ﺘﺮاط اﻟﺠﻬ ﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﺮارات اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳ ﺔ وأﻳ ﻀﺎ ﻟﻠﺘ ﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻣ ﻊ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت ﻋﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ أو ﻣﻌﺮﺑ ﺔ ﺳﻴ ﺴﺎهﻢ‬

‫درﺟﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻷهﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳ ﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻤ ﻮ‬

‫آﺜ ﻴﺮًا ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﺤﻔ ﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﻄ ﻮرﻳﻦ اﻟﻌ ﺮب ﻟﻼهﺘﻤ ﺎم ﺑﻘ ﻀﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺜﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ اﺿ ﻄﺮار اﻟﻤﻨﺘ ﺞ اﻷﺟﻨ ﺒﻲ ﻟﻼهﺘﻤ ﺎم ﺑ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ُ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗ ﺸﺠﻴﻊ اﻻﺑﺘﻜ ﺎر ﺑﻐ ﻴﺮ ﺣ ﺪود‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺻ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت اﻟ ﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﻣﺜ ﻞ ﻧﻈ ﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت‬

‫ﻓﻤ ﻦ ﻗ ﺎل إن اﻻﺑﺘﻜ ﺎر ﻻ ﻳﻜ ﻮن إﻻ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ؟ واﻹﺑ ﺪاع‬

‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺢ اﻟﺠ ﻮى واﻻﺳﺘ ﺸﻌﺎر ﻋ ﻦ ﺑﻌ ﺪ‪ ،‬أو‬

‫واﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎر ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻳﺨﺺ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎع أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺨ ﺺ‬

‫ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت‪ .‬وآﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ اﻟﻨﻈ ﺮ إﻟﻴ ﻪ ﺑﺒ ﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ أﻧ ﻪ ﺗﺤﻮﻳ ﻞ‬

‫‪ .4‬وﺿﻊ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت وﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻼﻣ ﺼﺎدر إﻟ ﻰ ﻣ ﺼﺎدر‪ ،‬و إﻳﺠ ﺎد ﻗﻴ ﻢ ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪة وﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ‬

‫ﻋﻠ ﻰ أن ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻗﺮاراﺗﻬ ﺎ ﻣﻠﺰﻣ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻷﻗ ﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣ ﺎت‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ "ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺎ“ ﻟ ﻢ ﻳﻌﺮه ﺎ أﺣ ﺪ اهﺘﻤﺎﻣ ًﺎ إﻟ ﻰ ”أداة“‬

‫واﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳ ﺴﺘﻔﺎد أﻳ ﻀًﺎ ﺑﺨ ﺒﺮة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻴ ﻦ‬

‫أو ”ﻣ ﺼﺪر“‪ ،‬أو ﺑﺠﻤﻌﻬ ﻢ ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻋ ﺪد ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣ ﺔ‬

‫وﺗﺠﺎرﺑﻬﻢ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺎد ﺑﺄﻳﺔ ﺟﻬ ﻮد دوﻟﻴ ﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻨﺘﺠﻮا ﻣﺎ آﺎن ﺑﻌﻴﺪًا ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺎل ﺗﻘﻴﻴ ﻢ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت‪ .‬وه ﻮ ﻣ ﺎ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻼء ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﺘﻤ ﺎد ﻋﻠ ﻰ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻ ﻔﺎت ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴ ﻢ‪ .‬وﺿ ﻊ ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳ ﺮ اﻟﺘ ﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ واﻻهﺘﻤ ﺎم ﺑﺤﻘ ﻮق اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪.6‬ﺗﻐﻄ ﻲ ﺣﺮﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻔﻜ ﺮ واﻟ ﺮأي ﺟﻮاﻧ ﺐ ﻋﺪﻳ ﺪة ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨ ﺎ‬ ‫وﺳ ﻴﻈﻞ أي ﺣ ﺪﻳﺚ ﻋ ﻦ ﺻ ﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت ﻋﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﺟ ﺎدة‬ ‫وﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻣﺠﺮد أﺣ ﻼم ﻣ ﺎ ﻟ ﻢ ﺗﻮاآﺒ ﻪ ﻧﻬ ﻀﺔ ﺗ ﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳ ﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﺮ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ ﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻ ﺔ ﻟﻤ ﺼﻨﻔﺎت اﻟﺤﺎﺳ ﻮب‪ ،‬ﺿ ﺮورة‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫اﻻهﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﺘﺄهﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎﺗﻲ ﻷﺻ ﺤﺎب اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻ ﺎت ﺧﺎﺻ ﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺪروﺳﺔ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ أن هﻨﺎك ﻋﺪدًا ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻜ ﺒﺮى‬

‫ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺻ ﻌﻴﺪ آﻠﻴ ﺎت اﻟﺤﻘ ﻮق واﻟﻘ ﻀﺎء‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤ ﺎ ﺗﻔﻬﻤ ﺖ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺣﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺰة ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳ ﺘﺮﻓﻊ‬

‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣ ﺎت أهﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻘ ﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤ ﻲ ﺣﻘ ﻮق وﺗﺮاﺧﻴ ﺺ‬

‫ﻋ ﻦ آﺎهﻠﻬ ﺎ ﻋ ﺐء اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳ ﺐ واﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗ ﻪ‪ ،‬وﺳﺘ ﻀﻤﻦ ﺳ ﻮﻗُﺎ‬

‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻓﺈن ﻗﻴﻤﺔ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﺗ ﺰداد‪ .‬ﻣﻤ ﺎ ﻳﺆﺛ ﺮ إﻳﺠﺎﺑ ﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬

‫ﻋﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﺿ ﺨﻤﺔ‪ ،‬وﺳ ﺘﻨﻔﺬ اﻟﻜﺜ ﻴﺮ ﻣ ﻦ أﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬ ﺎ ﺑﺘﻜﻠﻔ ﺔ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟ ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻤﻄ ﻮرة ﻟﻠ ﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫وﻓ ﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑ ﻞ ﻓ ﺈن اﻟﺠﺎﻧ ﺐ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ ﺳﻴ ﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﺰﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫ﺟﻬﺔ أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬

‫اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻰ‪ ،‬وﺳﻴﻀﻤﻦ اﻟ ﺴﻮق اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ ﺑﺮاﻣ ﺞ‬

‫اﻟﺪور اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻐ ﻴﺮات اﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ ﺔ ودراﺳ ﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺒ ﺪﻳﻬﻲ أﻧ ﻪ ﻹﻧﺠ ﺎح ﻣﻔﺎﺟ ﺊ‬ ‫وﻻ ﻓ ﺸﻞ ﻣﻔ ﺎﺟﺊ إﻻ ﻧﺘﻴﺠ ﺔ ﺗﻐ ﻴﺮ ﻗﻴ ﻢ اﻟﻨ ﺎس اﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.،‬آﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﺗﻌﺒﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌ ﺎت اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وأن ﻳﻜ ﻮن هﺪﻓﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤ ﻊ ﻻ إﺛﺒ ﺎت ﻗ ﺪرات اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻔﻨﻴ ﺔ‪ .‬و ﻳﺠ ﺐ أن‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف هﺬﻩ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت ﻋﺒﺮ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺔ وﻣﺪروﺳﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ دراﺳﺎت ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺛﻘ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب وﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ وﺣﺎﺟﻴﺎﺗﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪.4‬‬

‫اﻻهﺘﻤ ﺎم ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘ ﺎج اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺸﺘﺮك‪ .‬ه ﺬا أﻣ ﺮ ﺗﺄﺧ ﺮ‬

‫آﺜﻴﺮًا‪ .‬وﻳﻨﺘﻈﺮ أن ﻳﺤﻘ ﻖ اﻟﺘﻌ ﺎون اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ‪/‬اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺸﺘﺮك‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎﺣﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﻮرة آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻌ ﺮب أن ﻳﻮﻟ ﻮا‬ ‫أﻣ ﺮ اﻟﺒﺤ ﺚ ﻋ ﻦ ﻣ ﺼﺎدر ﺗﻤﻮﻳ ﻞ ﻏ ﻴﺮ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳ ﺔ اهﺘﻤ ﺎﻣﻬﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﻼع اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﺮى‪ ،‬أو ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﺠ ﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ واﻹﻋﻼن ﻣﻦ ﺧ ﻼل اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت‪ ،‬آﻤ ﺎ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ إﻧ ﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﺷﺮآﺎت ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﺑﺮة ﻟﻸﻗﻄﺎر ﺗﺘﺤﺴﺲ اﺗﺠﺎهﺎت اﻟﺴﻮق ﻓﻲ‬ ‫آﻞ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮة ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺎت ﺳﻮق اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻈﻬﻮر ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﺟﺪا ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺎت‬ ‫هﻮ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ اﻟﻤﺎدي اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺎز اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﻮد إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺼﻨﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺮاﻣﺞ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﻮل اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ اﻟﻤﺎدي اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺎز ﻓﺈﻧﻨ ﺎ ﻧﻌ ﻨﻲ ذﻟ ﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﻌ ﻼً‪ ،‬ﻟﺪرﺟ ﺔ إن اﻟ ﺪﺧﻞ اﻟ ﺴﻨﻮي ﻟﺒﻌ ﺾ اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت ﻳﻔ ﻮق اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ دول اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬وﺷﺮآﺔ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺧﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ذﻟ ﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄرﺑﺎﺣﻬ ﺎ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ أﺻ ﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﺤ ﺴﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻮاﻧ ﻲ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺸﺎآﻞ واﻗﻌﻴﺔ وإﻳﺠﺎد اﻟﺤﻠﻮل ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻨﻈ ﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺄﻣ ﻞ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ ،‬وﻧﻘﻠﻬ ﺎ إﻟ ﻰ ﺑ ﺆرة اﻻهﺘﻤ ﺎم‪ .‬ﺛ ﻢ اﻟﻨﻈ ﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺒﺘﻜﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗ ﺴﻌﻰ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻧﺠﺎﺣﺎت ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬اﻟ ﺸﺮاآﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ ﺔ ‪ .‬إن اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺸﺘﺮآﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﻤﺎرﺳ ﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺠ ﺎح اﻟﻬﻨ ﺪ واﻟﺒﺮازﻳ ﻞ وﻓ ﻖ ﺧﻄ ﻂ ﻗﻮﻣﻴ ﺔ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫وﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت أواﻻﻳﺎم‪ ،‬وﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ وﺣ ﺪهﺎ ﺑﻬ ﺬا‬

‫ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻋ ﺸﺮة ﻣﻠﻴ ﺎرات دوﻻر ﻋ ﺎم ‪ 2004‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗ ﻊ أن ﺗﺒﻠ ﻎ ‪20‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎك اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎآﻠﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺮﺑﺤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻴ ﺎر دوﻻر ‪ 2008‬ﺑﻌ ﺪ أن آﺎﻧ ﺖ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌ ﺪى ‪ 1.5‬ﻣﻠﻴ ﺎر‬

‫اﻟ ﺘﻲ دﻓﻌ ﺖ اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺎت ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺘﻮﺟ ﻪ إﻟ ﻰ ﺗ ﺼﻤﻴﻢ وﺗﻄﻮﻳ ﺮ‬

‫دوﻻر ﻋ ﺎم ‪ ، 1989‬ﺗﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻬﻨ ﺪ ‪ 46‬ﺷ ﺮآﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت ﻳﻠﻮح ﻓﻲ اﻷﻓﻖ أﺳﻤﺎء ﻟﺸﺮآﺎت ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ دﺧﻠﺖ ه ﺬا‬

‫ﺣﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎدﻳﺔ‬

‫‪CMM‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒ ﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻣ ﺴﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫اﻟﺴﻮق إﻻ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﺖ ﻣﻜﺘﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ وإﻋﺪاد ﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ‬

‫أﺻ ﻞ ‪ 80‬ﺣ ﻮل اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬أﻳ ﻀًﺎ ﺗﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻬﻨ ﺪ ‪ 286‬ﺷ ﺮآﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌ ﺪ إن واﺟﻬ ﺖ اﻷﻣ ﺮ اﻟﻮاﻗ ﻊ اﻟ ﺬي ﻓﺮﺿ ﺘﻪ اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺎت‬

‫ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت ﺣﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻬﺎدة ‪ISO9002‬ﺣﻴﺚ اﻋﺘﻤﺪت ﻓﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗ ﺔ اﻷﺧ ﺮى ﺑ ﺪون أن ﺗﻠﻘ ﻰ اﻟ ﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﻄﻠ ﻮب ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫ه ﺬا اﻟ ﺸﺄن ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗﻮﻓ ﻴﺮ ﺟﻴ ﺶ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺨ ﺒﺮاء اﻟﻤﺨﺘ ﺼﻴﻦ ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮاﻓﺮ اﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ واﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ إﻻ أن اﻟﻌ ﺮب‬

‫أن اﻻﻟﺘﺰام ﺑﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳ ﺔ ﻳ ﺴﻬﻢ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗ ﺸﺠﻴﻊ‬

‫ﻟﻴ ﺴﻮا ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺧﺮﻳﻄ ﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ ﺔ وهﻨ ﺎك اﻟﻜﺜ ﻴﺮ ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫ﺻ ﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت داﺧ ﻞ اﻟ ﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ‪ ،‬إﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ ﻰ‬

‫اﻟﻤ ﺸﺎآﻞ اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﻮاﺟ ﻪ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ‪ .‬ﻓ ﺎﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﺤﺘ ﺎج رﻏﺒ ﺔ‬

‫اآﺘﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﺛﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﺮى اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ وﺗ ﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺻ ﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت وﺑﺨﺎﺻ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻇ ﻞ‬

‫ﺿﺮورة اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺪءًا ﻣﻦ اﻻه ﺘ ﻤ ﺎم ﺑ ﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﻴ ﻢ اﻟ ﻄ ﻔ ﻞ‬

‫ﺗﻮاﻓ ﺮ اﻟﻘ ﺪرة اﻟﺒ ﺸﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺤ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ إﻧ ﺸﺎء ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ إﻟ ﻲ اﻟ ﻮﺻ ﻮل ﻹﺳ ﺘ ﺮاﺗ ﻴ ﺠ ﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﺘ ﻜ ﺎﻣ ﻠ ﺔ ﻻآ ﺘ ﺴ ﺎب‬

‫ﻋﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت ﺗﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗﻐﻄﻴ ﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟ ﺎت‬

‫اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات‪ .‬آ ﺬﻟ ﻚ ﻳ ﺠ ﺐ اﻻه ﺘ ﻤ ﺎم ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺒ ﺮﻣ ﺠ ﻴ ﺎت ﻣ ﻔ ﺘ ﻮﺣ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت ﺛ ﻢ ﻳﺘ ﻢ دﺧﻮﻟﻬ ﺎ ﻟﻸﺳ ﻮاق اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ ﺔ‪،‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر آﺤﺠﺮ زاوﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺗ ﻨ ﺎ اﻟ ﻐ ﺮﺑ ﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻐ ﻴ ﺎب‬

‫وﺿ ﺮورة اﻟﺘﺮآ ﻴﺰ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳ ﺮ اﻟﻌ ﺮض واﻟﻄﻠ ﺐ وﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺠﺎري ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻳﺰﻳﻞ ﻋ ﻘ ﺒ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻐ ﻴﺮات اﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ ﺔ آﺎﻗﺘ ﺼﺎد هﻨﺪﺳ ﺔ‬

‫هﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺒﺎت اﻟ ﺘ ﻄ ﻮﻳ ﺮ ﺑ ﻤ ﺎ ﺑ ﻼﺋ ﻢ ﺣ ﺎﺟ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪم‬

‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت واﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎد اﻟﺮﻗﻤ ﻲ واﻟ ﺬي ﻳﻌﺘ ﺒﺮ اﺣ ﺪ اﻟﻔ ﺮوع‬

‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ‪.‬وأﺧﻴﺮا ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻬ ﻢ اﻻﻧ ﺘ ﺒ ﺎﻩ إﻟ ﻰ إن ﻏ ﻴ ﺎب اﻟ ﺒ ﻌ ﺪ‬

‫اﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎدﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜ ﺔ واﻟ ﺘﻲ أﻟﺰﻣﺘﻬ ﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻐ ﻴﺮات اﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎري ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻳﺰﻳﻞ ﻋﻘﺒ ﺔ ه ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺮاهﻨﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴ ﺎن أدوار ﺟﻤﻴ ﻊ أﺻ ﺤﺎب اﻟﻤ ﺼﻠﺤﺔ "اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣ ﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺒﺎت ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮهﺎ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻼءم ﺣﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪.‬‬

‫واﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤ ﺎت اﻷهﻠﻴ ﺔ واﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ واﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴ ﺔ وﻗﻄ ﺎع اﻷﻋﻤ ﺎل"‪.‬‬ ‫آ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠ ﺐ رﺑ ﻂ اﻹﻋﻔ ﺎءات اﻟ ﻀﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤ ﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﻀﺎﻓﺔ وإﻳﺠ ﺎد ﺁﻟﻴ ﺎت ﺗﻤﻮﻳ ﻞ ﻣﺒﺘﻜ ﺮة ﻟﺪﻋ ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫آﺪﻋﺎﻣﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ وﻣﺠﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺎت اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮورة ﺗﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻻزدهﺎر هﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ واﻻهﺘﻤ ﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪ ،‬وهﺬا ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺠﻬ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻷوﺿ ﺎع اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ واﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻹﻋ ﺪاد اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤ ﻊ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻬﻨ ﺪ اﻟﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻮض ﻏﻤﺎر هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻧﻀﺮب ﻣﺜ ً‬ ‫وﺻﻠﺖ ﺻ ﺎدراﺗﻬﺎ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت واﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴ ﺎت ﺑﻤ ﺎ ﻳﺰﻳ ﺪ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ واﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫م‪.‬ﻋﻤﺎد ﺣﻤﺪي إﺑﺮاهﻴﻢ‬

‫ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ واﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ وأهﻤﻴﺘﻪ واﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﺪى اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت واﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﻟﻜ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ازدﻳﺎد اﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻔﺎدﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷرواح واﻻﻣﻮال اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪم اﻻهﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ واﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻬ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ آ ﻌ ﻨ ﺼ ﺮ ه ﺎم‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎهﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ واﺿﺢ وﻣﻠﻤﻮس ﻓﻲ اآﺘﻤﺎل ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﻣﻦ هﻨﺎ ﻧ ﺒ ﺪأ ﺑ ﺈﻳﻀ ﺎح ﻣ ﻔ ﻬ ﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ واﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ وﻧﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ آﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ واﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﻳ ﻬ ﺘ ﻢ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺤ ﻔ ﺎظ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺳ ﻼﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫وﺻﺤﺔ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﺌﺎت ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻮادث أو اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺎت أو اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﻤﻬﻨ ﻴ ﺔ ‪ ،‬أو ﺑ ﻌ ﺒ ﺎرة‬ ‫أﺧﺮى هﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺟﺮاءات واﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ واﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻓﻲ إﻃﺎر ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﺗﻬﺪف إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻹﻧﺴ ﺎن ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻄ ﺮ اﻹﺻ ﺎﺑ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ اﻟﺘﻠﻒ واﻟﻀﻴﺎع ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻢ‬

‫وﺗﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ واﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨ ﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ آ ﻞ ﻣ ﺠ ﺎﻻت اﻟ ﺤ ﻴ ﺎة‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء أو اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ اﻟ ﻜ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ ﻏﻨﻰ ﻋﻦ أﺗﺒﺎع ﻗﻮاﻋ ﺪ اﻟﺴ ﻼﻣ ﺔ وأﺻ ﻮﻟ ﻬ ﺎ وﻋ ﻨ ﺪ ﻗ ﻴ ﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات أو ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﺴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻮارع ﻓﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺤﺘﺎج إﻟ ﻰ أﺗ ﺒ ﺎع‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ وأﺻﻮل اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ وﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ أﻧﻪ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺼ ﺎﻧ ﻊ وأﻣ ﺎآ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ أﻧﻨﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻟﻘﻮل ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻷدوﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌ ﻼج‬ ‫أو اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻟﻨﻤﻮ أﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻓﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ أﺗﺒﺎع ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﻀﺢ أهﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ واﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﻮﺿﺢ أهﺪاﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻷهﺪاف اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ واﻟﺼ ﺤ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻬ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟ ﺒ ﺸ ﺮي ﻣ ﻦ اﻹﺻ ﺎﺑ ﺎت اﻟ ﻨ ﺎﺟ ﻤ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺨ ﺎﻃ ﺮ ﺑ ﻴ ﺌ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ وذﻟ ﻚ ﺑ ﻤ ﻨ ﻊ ﺗ ﻌ ﺮﺿ ﻬ ﻢ ﻟ ﻠ ﺤ ﻮادث‬ ‫واﻹﺻ ﺎﺑ ﺎت واﻷﻣ ﺮاض اﻟ ﻤ ﻬ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘـ ﻮﻣ ﺎت اﻟ ﻌ ﻨ ﺼ ﺮ اﻟ ﻤ ﺎدي اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﻤ ﺜ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت وﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻬﺰة وﻣﻌﺪات ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﻒ واﻟﻀﻴﺎع‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻮادث ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ وﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ آﺎﻓﺔ اﺷﺘﺮاﻃﺎت اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ واﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻬ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻔﻞ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺑﻴ ﺌ ﺔ ﺁﻣ ﻨ ﺔ ﺗ ﺤ ﻘ ﻖ اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﺎﻳ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﺨ ﺎﻃ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي واﻟﻤﺎدي ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪف اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ واﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ آﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻋﻠﻤ ﻲ ﺗ ﺜ ﺒ ﻴ ﺖ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻵﻣﺎن واﻟﻄﻤﺄﻧﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﻮب اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﺑ ﺄﻋ ﻤ ﺎﻟ ﻬ ﻢ‬ ‫واﻟﺤـﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﻖ واﻟﻔﺰع اﻟﺬي ﻳﻨﺘﺎﺑﻬﻢ وهﻢ ﻳ ﺘ ﻌ ﺎﻳﺸ ﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺿﺮورﻳﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻣﻊ أدوات وﻣﻮاد وﺁﻻت ﻳﻜ ﻤ ﻦ ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻨﺎﻳﺎهﺎ اﻟﺨﻄﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘ ﻬ ـ ﺪد ﺣ ﻴ ﺎﺗ ﻬ ﻢ وﺗ ﺤ ﺖ ﻇ ﺮوف ﻏ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺄﻣﻮﻧﺔ ﺗﻌﺮض ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ وﻗﺖ‬ ‫وﺗﺘﺴﻊ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ اﻷﻣﺎن واﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺎن ﻧﺬآﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫‪ .5‬اﻷﻣﺎن اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮد واﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬ ‫‪ .6‬ﺳﻼﻣﺔ وأﻣﺎن اﻟﺰوار ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻟﻸﻣﺎن ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ أن ﻧ ﺘ ﺒ ﻊ ﻣ ﺠ ﻤ ﻮﻋ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات ﻧﺬآﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻷﻣﻦ واﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻹﻃﺎر اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ اﻷﻣﻦ واﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺪرب ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻷزﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ واﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﺿﺢ ﺧﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻗﻴﺎس اﻷداء اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺘﻬﺎ واﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻢ أداء اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺬ اﻹﺟﺮاء اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻓﻲ آﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﺔ‬ ‫وآﻤﺎ ذآﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻧﻪ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ رأس هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪهﺎ وﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫أن ﻧﺤﺪد ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟ ﺨ ﻄ ﺮ وﻧ ﻘ ﺼ ﺪ ﺑ ﻤ ﺼ ﺎدر اﻟ ﺨ ﻄ ﺮ أي‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر ﻳﻜﻮن ﺳﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ أن ﻳ ﺆدي إﻟ ﻰ أذى أو ﺿ ﺮر ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺎآﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺨﻄﺮة واﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫وﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺨﻄﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫هﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮن ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻌ ﺮض‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮات ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟ ﺰاﺋ ﺪة أو اﻟ ﺮﻃ ﻮﺑ ﺔ أو‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮودة اﻟﺰاﺋﺪة أو اﻹﺿﺎءة ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳ ﺒ ﺔ أو اﻟﻀ ﻮﺿ ﺎء أو‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة أو ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐ ﻂ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮى واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﺆدى‬ ‫إﻟ ﻰ ﺣ ﺪوث أﺿ ﺮار ﺻ ﺤ ﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﺨ ﺘ ﻠ ﻔ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎل‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻟﺤﺮارة وﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﻤﻠ ﻪ ﻣ ﻤ ﺎ ﻳ ﻌ ﺮﺿ ﻪ ﻟ ﻤ ﺨ ﺎﻃ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪة ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻮﻓ ﺎة ﻣ ﺮﺣ ﻠ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎ اﻷﺧ ﻴ ﺮة ‪ ،‬وﺗ ﻘ ﺎس آ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑ ﻮﺣ ﺪة ﺗﺴ ﻤ ﻰ اﻟ ﻜ ﺎﻟ ﻮرى أو اﻟﺴ ﻌ ﺮ وه ﻰ آ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة آﻴﻠ ﻮ ﺟ ﺮام ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﺎدة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ واﺣﺪة ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳ ﺘ ﻌ ﺮض ﻓ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎل ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﺄﺛ ﻴ ﺮات اﻟﻀ ﺎرة‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة هﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻌ ﺮاء ﺗ ﺤ ﺖ ﺗ ﺄﺛ ﻴ ﺮ ﺣ ﺮارة اﻟﺸ ﻤ ﺲ‬‫ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ﺗ ﺤ ﺖ ﺳ ﻄ ﺢ اﻷرض ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺎﺟ ﻢ واﻷﻧ ﻔ ﺎق‬‫ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ ﺑ ﺠ ﻮار اﻷﻓ ﺮان واﻟ ﻤ ﻮاﻗ ﺪ ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ ﺻ ﻨ ﺎﻋ ﺔ اﻟ ﺤ ﺪﻳ ﺪ‬‫واﻟﺼﻠﺐ واﻟﻤﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻬﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن وﻓﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺎت ﺗ ﻘ ﻄ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺒ ﺘ ﺮول وﻓ ﻰ ﺻ ﻨ ﺎﻋ ﺔ اﻷﺳ ﻤ ﺪة‬ ‫ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ﺑ ﺠ ﻮار اﻟ ﻐ ﻼﻳ ﺎت وأﻣ ﺎم اﻷﻓ ﺮان واﻟ ﻤ ﺨ ﺎﺑ ﺰ‬‫اﻷﺿﺮار اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ ﺗ ﻌ ﺮﺿ ﻬ ﻢ ﻟ ﺪرﺟ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ اﺿﻄﺮا ﺑﺎت ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ وﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ وﺷﻌـﻮر ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻴﻖ وﻳﻈﻬﺮ ذﻟﻚ‬‫ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮرة زﻳ ﺎدة اﻷﺧ ﻄ ﺎء ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ وزﻳ ﺎدة اﺣ ﺘ ﻤ ﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ وﻧﻘﺺ اﻟ ﻘ ﺪرة ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﺘ ﺮآ ﻴ ﺰ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ‬ ‫ اﻟﺸﻌﻮر ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺐ واﻹرهﺎق‬‫• ﺗﻘﻠﺼﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌ ﻀ ﻼت اﻹرادﻳ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺴ ﺎﻗ ﻴ ﻦ وﺟ ﺪار‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻄﻦ‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﺤﺮاري وﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻤ ﺪد اﻷوﻋ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺪﻣ ﻮﻳ ﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺠ ﻠ ﺪ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫واﻧﺪﻓﺎع اﻟﺪم أﻟﻴﻬﺎ وزﻳ ﺎدة ﻋ ﺪد ﺿ ﺮﺑ ﺎت اﻟ ﻘ ﻠ ﺐ ‪ ،‬اﻟ ﺪوﺧ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺪاع‪ ،‬اﻟﻘﻲء ﺛﻢ اﻹﻏﻤﺎء‬ ‫ ﺿﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ وﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﺮض ﻟ ﺪرﺟ ﺎت ﻋ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻊ‬‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻞ اﻟﺠ ﺴ ﻢ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟ ﺘ ﺨ ﻠ ﺺ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻪ وﻳﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﺎب ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪاع اﻟﺸ ﺪﻳ ﺪ ﺛ ﻢ ﺗ ﺒ ﺪأ درﺟ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع وﻳﻠﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺘ ﺸ ﻨ ﺠ ﺎت اﻟ ﻌ ﺼ ﺒ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫وﻓﻘﺪ اﻟﻮﻋﻲ وإذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﻌﻒ اﻟﻤﺼﺎب ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼج ﺗﺤﺪث‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻓﺎة‬ ‫ اﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺠﻠﺪ واﻟ ﻌ ﻴ ﻮن وﻳ ﺤ ﺪث ذﻟ ﻚ ﻧ ﺘ ﻴ ﺠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﺮض‬‫اﻟﻤﺰﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘ ﻌ ﺮض ﻟ ﺪرﺟ ﺎت اﻟ ﺤ ﺮارة اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺔ‬‫ أﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺄﻣﺮاض اﻟﻘﻠﺐ واﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ‬‫ﻓ ﻲ اﻷﻣ ﺎآ ﻦ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﺮﺗ ﻔ ـ ﻊ ﺑ ﻬ ﺎ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺤ ﺮارة‬ ‫ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻟﺘﺒﺎدل اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌ ﺮﺿ ﻮن ﻟ ﻠ ﺤ ﺮارة ﻓ ﻲ‬‫ﻼ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣ ﺠ ﻤ ﻮﻋ ﺔ أﻣ ﺎم اﻷﻓ ﺮان ﺛ ﻢ ﺗ ﻨ ﻘ ﻞ‬ ‫أﻣﺎآﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﻓﻤﺜ ً‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻮرش وﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ اﻟ ﻮرش أﻣ ﺎم اﻷﻓ ﺮان‬ ‫وﺑ ﺬﻟ ﻚ ﻧ ﻘ ﻠ ﻞ ﻣ ﻌ ﺪل اﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﺮض ﻟ ﻠ ﺤ ﺮارة‬ ‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻬﻤﺎت اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺸ ﺨ ﺼ ﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎل ﻟ ﻠ ﻮﻗ ﺎﻳ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ آﻤﻴﺎت آﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ واﻷﻗﺮاص اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫أﻣﻼح ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻘﺪﻩ اﻟﺠﺴ ﻢ ﻣ ﻦ ﺳ ﻮاﺋ ﻞ وأﻣ ﻼح‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ ﻋﻤﻞ آﺸﻒ ﻃﺒﻲ اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ودوري ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﻴﻦ‬‫ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﺎب إﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎن ﺑﺎرد وﻋﻤﻞ اﻹﺳﻌﺎﻓﺎت اﻷوﻟ ﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﻪ‬‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺿﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫‪ -2‬اﻟﺒﺮودة‬ ‫وﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺤ ﺮارة إﻟ ﻰ اﻟ ﺤ ﺪ اﻟ ﺬي‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ وﻳ ﻌ ﺮﺿ ﻪ ﻟ ﻌ ﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻮﻇﺎﺋﻔﻪ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب وﻳﺘﻌﺮض ﻟ ﻤ ﺨ ﺎﻃ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻮﻓﺎة‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﺮض ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮات اﻟﻀﺎرة ﻟﻠﺒﺮودة‬ ‫هﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺜﻼﺟﺎت وﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ اﻟﺜﻠﺞ واﻟﻤﺜﻠﺠ ﺎت وﻏ ﻴ ﺮه ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺎآﻦ اﻟﺒﺎردة‬ ‫ اﻷﻣﺎآﻦ اﻟﺒﺎردة ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫اﻷﻋﺮاض اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌ ﺮﺿ ﻬ ﻢ ﻟ ﺪرﺟ ﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮودة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺷﺤﻮب اﻟﻠﻮن وﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات ﺿﺎرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺻ ﺎﺑ ﻊ واﻷﻃ ﺮاف‬‫‪ -‬اﺿﻄﺮاب ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺪورة اﻟ ﺪﻣ ﻮﻳ ﺔ وه ﺒ ﻮط ﺣ ﺎد ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻘ ﻠ ﺐ‬

‫إﺿﺎءة ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ وأن ﺗﺘﺨﺬ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟ ﺘ ﺠ ﻨ ﺐ اﻟ ﻮه ﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮ واﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫ ارﺗﺪاء ﻣﻬﻤﺎت اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟ ﻨ ﻈ ﺎرات اﻟ ﺨ ﺎﺻ ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻠﺤﺎم واﻟﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﻟﻮان اﻟﺪه ﺎﻧ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺎﺳ ﺒ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﻮﻓ ﺮ اﻹﺿ ﺎءة‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬

‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ -4‬اﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء‬

‫ أﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ اﻟ ﻤ ﺼ ﺎﺑ ﻴ ﻦ ﺑ ﺄﻣ ﺮاض اﻟ ﻘ ﻠ ﺐ ﻋ ﻦ‬‫اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ اﻷﻣ ﺎآ ﻦ اﻟ ﺒ ﺎردة‬ ‫ إﻋﻄﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ داﻓﺌ ﺔ ﻟ ﺮﻓ ﻊ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة اﻟ ﺠ ﺴ ﻢ‬‫ ارﺗ ﺪاء اﻟ ﻤ ﻼﺑ ﺲ اﻟ ﻮاﻗ ﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺒ ﺮودة‬‫‪ -‬ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﺎب إﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎن داﻓﺊ وﻋﻤﻞ اﻹﺳﻌﺎﻓﺎت اﻷوﻟ ﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﻪ‬

‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻮات واﻟﺬي ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ أو ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺎرع اﻟﻌﺎم ﺣ ﻴ ﺚ ﻳ ﺆﺛ ﺮ ﻋ ﻞ ﻧﺸ ﺎط اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎل‬ ‫ﻼ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﺛﻪ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻋﻞ اﻟﻤﺪى اﻟﻄ ﻮﻳ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻨﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﻢ ﻓﻀ ً‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺴﻤﻊ رﺑﻤﺎ اﻧ ﺘ ﻬ ﻰ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﺼ ﻤ ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻻ ﻋﻮد ﻓﻴﻪ‬

‫‪ -3‬اﻹﺿﺎءة‬ ‫وﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة أو اﻟﻨﻘ ﺺ ﻓ ﻲ ﺷ ﺪة اﻹﺿ ﺎءة ﻋ ﻦ اﻟ ﺤ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻤ ﻄ ﻠ ﻮب ﺑ ﻤ ﺎ ﻳ ﺆﺛ ﺮ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺳ ﻼﻣ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﻴ ﻦ‬

‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء ‪:‬‬

‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﺮض ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻟﻀﻌﻒ اﻹﺿﺎءة‬ ‫ ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺎﺟ ﻢ واﻷﻧ ﻔ ﺎق واﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ﺗ ﺤ ﺖ ﺳ ﻄ ﺢ اﻷرض‬‫‪ -‬ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﺾ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘ ﺼ ﻮﻳ ﺮ واﻷﺷ ﻌ ﺔ وﻏ ﻴ ﺮه ﺎ‬

‫ ﺿ ﻮﺿ ﺎء ﻣﺴ ﺘ ﻤ ﺮة ) ﺁﻻت اﻟ ﻐ ﺰل واﻟ ﻨ ﺴ ﻴ ﺞ (‬‫ ﺿﻮﺿﺎء ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻌ ﺔ ) أﺻ ﻮات اﻟ ﻤ ﻄ ﺎرق واﻻﻧ ﻔ ﺠ ﺎرﻳ ﺎت(‬‫ اﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ ) اﻟﺼﺪاﻣﺎت واﻻرﺗﻄﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺔ (‬‫ اﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء اﻟﺒﻴ ﻀ ﺎء ) اﻧ ﻄ ﻼق اﻟ ﺒ ﺨ ﺎر ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻐ ﻼﻳ ﺎت (‬‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳ ﺘ ﻌ ﺮض ﻓ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎل ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﺄﺛ ﻴ ﺮات اﻟﻀ ﺎرة‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺿﺎء‬

‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﺮض ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻟﺸﺪة اﻹﺿﺎءة‬ ‫ اﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﺮض ﻟ ﻠ ﻮه ﺞ أﺛ ﻨ ﺎء ﻋ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎت اﻟ ﻘ ﻄ ﻊ واﻟ ﻠ ﺤ ﺎم‬‫ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻺﺿﺎءة اﻟﻤﺒﻬﺮة آﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻗ ﺎﻋ ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎ واﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮن ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺷﺪة إﺿ ﺎءة آ ﺎﻣ ﻴ ﺮات اﻟ ﺘ ﺼ ﻮﻳ ﺮ‬

‫ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻐ ﺰل واﻟ ﻨ ﺴ ﻴ ﺞ وﻋ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎت اﻟ ﺤ ﺪادة واﻟﺴ ﻤ ﻜ ﺮة‬‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟ ﻄ ﺤ ﻦ واﻟ ﻐ ﺮﺑ ﻠ ﺔ ﻟ ﺘ ﻨ ﻘ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺎدن واﻷﺣ ﺠ ﺎر‬‫ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻄﺎرات ﻋﻨﺪ أﻣﺎآﻦ ه ﺒ ﻮط وﺻ ﻌ ﻮد اﻟ ﻄ ﺎﺋ ﺮات‬‫‪ -‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻵﻻت اﻟﻤﺤﺮآﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات واﻟ ﺪﻳ ﺰل‬

‫اﻷﺿﺮار اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗ ﻌ ﺮﺿ ﻬ ﻢ ﻟ ﻺ ﺿ ﺎءة‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬

‫اﻷﺿ ﺮار اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﻳ ﺘ ﻌ ﺮض ﻟ ﻬ ﺎ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎل ﻧ ﺘ ﻴ ﺠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﺮض‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺿﺎء‬

‫ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺷﺪة اﻹﺑﺼﺎر‬‫‪ -‬ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ‬

‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﺎﻃﺐ واﻟﺸﻌ ﻮر ﺑ ﺎﻟﻀ ﻴ ﻖ‬‫واﻟ ﻌ ﺼ ﺒ ﻴ ﺔ وﻧ ﻘ ﺺ اﻟ ﻘ ﺪرة ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﺘ ﺮآ ﻴ ﺰ‬ ‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات ﺳﻤﻌﻴﺔ وهﻰ ﺗﺼﻴﺐ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺴﻤﻌ ﻲ وﺗ ﺆدى إﻟ ﻰ‬‫اﻟﺼﻤﻢ وﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات ﺳ ﻤ ﻌ ﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﺆﻗ ﺘ ﺔ‪ ،‬وه ﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺴﻤﻊ وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺰول ﺑﻤﺠﺮد اﻧﺘﻬﺎء اﻟﺘ ﻌ ﺮض ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات ﺳﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ‪ :‬وهﻰ ﺗﺤـﺪث ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﺨ ﻼﻳ ﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ وﻳﺼﺎب اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻤﻢ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻹﺿﺎءة اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺠﺮى ﻣ ﺰاوﻟ ﺘ ﻪ‬‫ﺳﻮاء آﺎﻧﺖ إﺿﺎءة ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ أو ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﻳﺮاﻋﻰ ﻓ ﻲ ذﻟ ﻚ أن‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺬ واﻟﻤﻨﺎور وﻓﺘ ﺤ ﺎت اﻹﺿ ﺎءة اﻟ ﻄ ﺒ ﻴ ﻌ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻀﻮء ﺗﻮزﻳﻌًﺎ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴًﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻈ ﻤ ًﺎ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ أﻣ ﺎآ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﻳﻜﻮن زﺟﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﻴﻔ ًﺎ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺪاﺧ ﻞ واﻟ ﺨ ﺎرج ﺑﺼ ﻔ ﺔ‬ ‫داﺋ ﻤ ﺔ وإﻻ ﻳ ﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﺤ ﺠ ﻮﺑ ًﺎ ﺑ ﺄي ﻋ ﺎﺋ ﻖ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة أن ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺼـﺎدر اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ أو اﻟﺼ ﻨ ﺎﻋ ﻴ ﺔ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﻨﻊ اﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪرهﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺤ ﺴ ﻴ ﻦ ﺗﺼ ﻤ ﻴ ﻢ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎآﻴﻨﺎت واﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ اﺳﺘﺒﺪال ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎت اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﻳﺼ ﺪر ﻋ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎ ﺿ ﻮﺿ ﺎء‬‫ﺑﺄﺧﺮى ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺿﺎء ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻠﺤﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮس اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫أو ﺑﻠﻬﺐ اﻷآﺴﺠﻴﻦ واﻻﺳﺘﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻠﺤﺎم ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻄ ﺮق‬ ‫) اﻟﺒﺮﺷﺎم (‬ ‫ ﻋﺰل اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﻳﺼ ﺪر ﻋ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎ اﻟﻀ ﻮﺿ ﺎء ﺑ ﻮاﺳ ﻄ ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗ ﻘ ﻠ ﻴ ﻞ ﻣ ﺪة ﺗ ﻌ ﺮض اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎل ﻟ ﻠ ﻀ ﻮﺿ ﺎء‬‫ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎت ﺑﺘﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺎآﻴﻨﺎت ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﻗ ﻮاﻋ ﺪ ﻣ ﺎﺻ ﺔ أو‬‫ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻮت‬ ‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺼ ﻮت ﻓ ﻲ اﻷﺳ ﻘ ﻒ واﻟ ﺠ ﺪران‬‫ﻟ ﻺﻗ ﻼل ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻀ ﻮﺿ ﺎء ﻏ ﻴ ﺮ اﻟ ﻤ ﺒ ﺎﺷ ﺮة أو اﻟﻀ ﻮﺿ ﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫ زﻳ ﺎدة اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺎﻓ ﺔ ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻞ وﻣﺼ ﺪر اﻟﻀ ﻮﺿ ﺎء‬‫ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﻄﺒﻲ اﻻﺑ ﺘ ﺪاﺋ ﻲ واﻟ ﺪوري ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻠ ﻴ ﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺿﺎء ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ ﺑ ﺪء‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎد ﻣﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬ ﻢ ﻋ ﻴ ﻮب ﺳ ﻤ ﻌ ﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺎآﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺿﺎء‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺼ ﻨ ﺎﻋ ﺎت ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺰل واﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ وﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ واﻟﺪﺑﺎﻏﺔ وﻏﻴﺮه ﺎ ﺣ ﻴ ﺚ ﺗ ﻜ ﺜ ﺮ اﻟﺴ ﻮاﺋ ﻞ وﺗ ﺤ ﺪث‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪة أﻣﺮاﺿًﺎ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ وروﻣﺎﺗﺰﻣﻴﺔ وﺁﻻﻣًﺎ ﻋﺼﺒ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ زﻳﺎدة رﻃﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﻮ أو ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ أو اﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ‬ ‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﻮ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟ ﺘ ﺄآ ﺪ أن ﻧﺴ ﺒ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮ ﻻ‬‫ﺗ ﺘ ﻌ ﺪى اﻟ ﺤ ﺪود اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺴ ﺘ ﻠ ﺰﻣ ﻬ ﺎ اﻟﺼ ﻨ ﺎﻋـ ﺔ‬ ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﻞ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺨ ﻠ ﺺ ﻣ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎ ﻋ ﻦ‬‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ ﺗ ﻘ ﻠ ﻴ ﻞ ﺿ ﺮره ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺰوﻳﺪ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟ ﻨ ﻔ ﺎذة ﻟ ﻠ ﺴ ﻮاﺋ ﻞ آ ﺎﻟ ﻘ ﻔ ﺎزات‬ ‫واﻟ ﻤ ﻼﺑ ﺲ وآ ﺬﻟ ﻚ اﻷﺣ ﺬﻳ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﺼ ﻨ ﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻄ ﺎط‬ ‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳ ﺒ ﺔ داﺧ ﻞ أﻣ ﺎآ ﻦ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ﺳ ﻮاء‬‫آﺎﻧﺖ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ أو ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -7‬اﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ داﺧﻞ أﻣﺎآﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺳﻮاء آ ﺎﻧ ﺖ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ أو ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -8‬اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎت‬

‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻬﻤﺎت اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤ ﺎل ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ ) ﺳ ﺪادات‬‫اﻷذن ‪ -‬ﺳﻤ ﺎﻋ ﺎت اﻷذن ‪ -‬اﻟ ﺨ ﻮذات اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﻐ ﻀ ﻲ اﻟ ﺮأس‬ ‫واﻷذﻧﻴﻦ (‬ ‫‪ -5‬اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻧﺘ ﻴ ﺠ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ أﺟﻮاء ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ أو ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎل ﻣ ﻌ ﻴ ﻨ ﺔ ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ داﺧ ﻞ اﻷﻧ ﻔ ﺎق أو أﻋ ﻤ ﺎل اﻟ ﻐ ﻄ ﺲ أو اﻟ ﻄ ﻴ ﺮان‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﺮض ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع إﻟﻰ ﻃﺒ ﻘ ﺎت اﻟ ﺠ ﻮ اﻟ ﻌ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎ داﺧ ﻞ اﻟ ﻄ ﺎﺋ ﺮات‬‫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎل ﺣﻔﺮ اﻟﺨﻨﺎدق واﻷﻧﻔﺎق إﻟﻰ أﻋﻤﺎق آﺒ ﻴ ﺮة‬‫ ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ اﻟ ﻘ ﻴ ﺎم ﺑ ﺄﻋ ﻤ ﺎل اﻟ ﻐ ﻄ ﺲ إﻟ ﻰ أﻋ ﻤ ﺎق آ ﺒ ﻴ ﺮة‬‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬

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‫هﻲ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ) ﺣﺮارﻳﺔ أو ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ أو آﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ أو‬ ‫ذرﻳﺔ (‬ ‫ اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ ‪ :‬اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺼ ﺪر ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﺸ ﻤ ﺲ واﻟ ﻨ ﺎر‬‫واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻬﺮة وﺗﺴﺒﺐ أذى ﻟ ﻠ ﻌ ﻴ ﻦ وﺗﺴ ﺒ ﺐ ﺗ ﻠ ﻒ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮرﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﺘﻌﺘﻢ وﺗﺤﺠﺐ اﻷﺑﺼﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫ اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎت ﻓﻮق اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪ :‬واﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﻌ ﺮف ﺑ ﺎﻷﺷ ﻌ ﺔ ﻓ ﻮق‬‫اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴ ﺔ واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﺸ ﻤ ﺲ وﺑ ﻌ ﺾ اﻟ ﻤ ﺼ ﺎﺑ ﻴ ﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ وهﺬﻩ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﻬﺮ آﻤ ﺎ ﺗﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪم ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺼ ﻨ ﺎﻋ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﻘ ﻴ ﻢ اﻟ ﻤ ﻴ ﺎﻩ أو اﻟ ﻤ ﻮاد اﻟ ﻐ ﺬاﺋ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﺤ ﻔ ﻮﻇ ﺔ‬ ‫ اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ ‪ :‬وهﻰ ﺛ ﻼﺛ ﺔ أﻧ ﻮاع ﺗ ﺘ ﻔ ﺎوت ﻓ ﻲ ﻗ ﻮة‬‫ﻧﻔﺎذهﺎ واﺧﺘﺮاﻗﻬﺎ ﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن وﺗﺴ ﺒ ﺐ اﻟ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎﺑ ﺎت ﺟﺴ ﻴ ﻤ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪﻳﻦ واﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ وﺗﺂآﻞ اﻷﻇﺎﻓﺮ واﻟﻌﻈ ﺎم واﻟ ﻤ ﻔ ﺎﺻ ﻞ آ ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدى إﻟﻰ ﻗﻠﺔ آﺮات اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء واﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء وﻗ ﺪ ﺗ ﺆدى إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎط ﻧﺨﺎع اﻟﻌﻈﺎم ﻓﻲ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻜﺮت اﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء إﻟﻰ اﻟ ﺤ ﺪ اﻟ ﺬي‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻧًﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺪم‬

‫ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺼﻌﻮد اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺠﻲ ﻟ ﻠ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻞ‬‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻨﺎدق واﻷﻧﻔﺎق إﻟﻰ ﻏﺮف ﻣﻜﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ وﻳﺒﻘﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺪدًا ﺗﻄﻮل آﻠﻤﺎ ﻗ ﻞ اﻟﻀ ﻐ ﻂ ﺣ ﺘ ﻰ ﻳﺼ ﻞ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﻀ ﻐ ﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮى اﻟﻌﺎدي‬

‫ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻄﺒﻲ اﻟﺪوري اﻟﺸﻬﺮي ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤ ﻌ ﺮﺿ ﻴ ﻦ ﻟ ﻬ ﺬﻩ‬‫اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪ -6‬اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬

‫‪ -‬اﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ واﻟﻨﻘﻞ واﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻓ ﻲ إﻃ ﺎر ﻗ ﻮاﻋ ﺪ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﺨ ﺎﻃ ﺮ اﻷﺷ ﻌ ﺔ وآ ﻴ ﻔ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﺎﻳ ﺔ ﻣ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎ‬‫وارﺗﺪاء أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﺘﺮاﻃﺎت اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ ﺗﻮاﻓﺮه ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻠ ﻴ ﻦ ﻟ ﻠ ﻮﻗ ﺎﻳ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -10‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗ ﻜ ﻮن اﻟ ﺘ ﻬ ﻮﻳ ﺔ داﺧ ﻞ أﻣ ﺎآ ﻦ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ آ ﺎﻓ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺳﻮاء آﺎﻧﺖ ﻃ ﺒ ﻴ ﻌ ﻴ ﺔ أو ﺻ ﻨ ﺎﻋ ﻴ ﺔ وﻳ ﺠ ﺐ اﺗ ﺨ ﺎذ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﻜﻔﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴ ﻦ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺴ ﺘ ﺪﻋ ﻰ ﻃ ﺒ ﻴ ﻌ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﻌـﺮض ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة أو ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮى‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ واﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ أﻣ ﺎآ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔـﻞ وﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴ ﻌ ﻴ ﺔ وه ﻰ‬ ‫آﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣـﻞ وﺻ ﺤ ﺘ ﻪ ﻧ ﺘ ﻴ ﺠ ﺔ ﺗ ﻌ ﺮﺿ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ﺧﻄﺮ أو ﺿﺮر ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮارة أو رﻃﻮﺑﺔ وﺗﻬﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫وإﺿ ﺎءة وﺿ ﻮﺿ ﺎء واه ﺘ ﺰازات وإﺷ ﻌ ﺎﻋ ﺎت وﺗ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮات‬ ‫اﻟﻀ ﻐ ﻂ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮى وﺟ ﻌ ﻠ ﻬ ﺎ ﺿ ﻤ ﻦ اﻟ ﺤ ﺪود اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﻤ ﻮح ﺑ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻘﺔ‬

‫‪ -11‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻹﺿﺎءة اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ اﻟ ﻤ ﺰاول‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء آﺎﻧﺖ ﻃ ﺒ ﻴ ﻌ ﻴ ﺔ أو ﺻ ﻨ ﺎﻋ ﻴ ﺔ وﻳﺴ ﺘ ﺮﺷ ﺪ ﺑ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﻮﻳ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻹﺿ ﺎءة اﻟ ﻤ ﺄﻣ ﻮﻧ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﺿ ﺤ ﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺠ ﺪول اﻟ ﻤ ﺮﻓ ﻖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ أﺟﻬﺰة ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺒﻌًﺎ ﻟﻨ ﻮع اﻟ ﻨ ﺸ ﺎط اﻟ ﻤ ﺰاول وإﺟ ﺮاء اﻟ ﻘ ﻴ ﺎﺳ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺪورﻳﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ وﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ وﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ دورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -12‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗ ﻮﻓ ﻴ ﺮ اﻻﺣ ﺘ ﻴ ﺎﻃ ﺎت اﻟ ﻜ ﻔ ﻴ ﻠ ﺔ ﺑ ﻤ ﻨ ﻊ أو ﺗ ﻘ ﻠ ﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء واﻻهﺘﺰازات ذات اﻟﺨﻄﻮرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺷ ﺪة اﻟﻀ ﻮﺿ ﺎء وﻣ ﺪة اﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ـ ﺮض ﻟ ﻬ ﺎ ﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻳﺠﺐ أﺟﺮاء اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻄﺒﻲ اﻻﺑ ﺘ ﺪاﺋ ﻲ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ آ ﻞ ﻋ ﺎﻣ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺘﺤﻖ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻳﻌﺮﺿﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻻآﺘ ﺸ ﺎف أي ﺣ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻇﺎهﺮة أو آ ﺎﻣ ﻨ ﺔ ﺗ ﺆﺛ ﺮ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣـ ﻞ ﺑﺸ ﺪة ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻪ ﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ وﻳﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟ ﻄ ﺒ ﻲ ﺑ ﻤ ﻠ ﻒ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻟ ﻤ ﻘ ﺎرﻧ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎ ﺑ ﻨ ﺘ ﺎﺋ ﺞ اﻟ ﻔ ﺤ ﻮص اﻟ ﻄ ﺒ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺔ‬

‫‪ -13‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﻜﻔﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﻤ ﺎﻳ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻠ ﻴ ﻦ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ واﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺆﺑﻨﺔ وﺗ ﻮﻓ ﻴ ﺮ وﺳ ﺎﺋ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎس اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺆﺑﻨﺔ آﺄﻓﻼم اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ وﻳﺴﺘﺮﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺤ ﺪود‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺄﻣﻮﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﻳ ﺠ ﺐ إﺟ ﺮاء اﻟ ﻔ ﺺ اﻟ ﻄ ﺒ ﻲ اﻟ ﺪوري ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻠ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻻآﺘ ﺸ ﺎف أي ﻣ ﺮض ﻣ ﻬ ﻨ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻜﺮًا ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻬﺎ وﻟﻠﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻟ ﻴ ﺎﻗ ﺔ ﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﻤﺎت اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻃـﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣ ﻊ ﻃ ﺒ ﻴ ﻌ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ اﻟ ﺬي‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﻪ وان ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻰ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ‬ ‫وآﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ -7‬ﺗﺠﻨﺐ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ داﺧﻞ أﻣﺎآﻦ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ وان‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻊ ﻃ ﺒ ﻴ ﻌ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ وﻣ ﻘ ﺪار اﻟ ﺠ ﻬ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺬول ﻓﻲ أداﺋﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﻠﻞ اﻷﺳﻮد‬ ‫‪ -8‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑ ﺔ اﻟ ﻨ ﺴ ﺒ ﻴ ﺔ داﺧ ﻞ أﻣ ﺎآ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪80 %‬‬

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‫‪ -9‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ ﺗ ﻌ ﺮض اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻠ ﻴ ﻦ ﻻﻧ ﺨ ﻔ ﺎض ﻓ ﻲ درﺟ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﻼﺟﺎت أو ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺮاء ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺎﻃ ﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎردة أن ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻬ ﻤ ﺎت اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﺎﻳ ﺔ اﻟﺸ ﺨ ﺼ ﻴ ﺔ ﺑ ﺤ ﻴ ﺚ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﻄﻰ آﺎﻓﺔ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ وآﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ أﻣﺎآﻦ ﻣﺰودة ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﻓﺌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺬي ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ واﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻣﻦ أهﻢ ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟ ﻄ ﺎﻗ ﺔ واﻟ ﻘ ﻮى اﻟ ﻤ ﺤ ﺮآ ﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ أوﺟﻪ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻮاﺋ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮة ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء إﻻ إﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤ ﺨ ﺎﻃ ﺮ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻹﻧﺴ ﺎن‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮاد إذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻷﺻﻮل اﻟﻔﻨ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺴ ﻠ ﻴ ﻤ ﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ أن أي ﺗ ﻬ ﺎون‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت اﻵﻣﺎن واﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﺎء ﻗ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻳ ﺆدى إﻟ ﻰ ﺣ ﻮادث ﺟﺴ ﻴ ﻤ ﺔ ﻟ ﻸﻓ ﺮاد وﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﻨ ﺸ ﺂت ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻧﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ ﻳ ﺠ ﺐ أن ﻧ ﻌ ﻠ ﻢ أن‬ ‫هﻨﺎك ﻧﻮﻋﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء هﻤﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء اﻟﺘﻴﺎرﻳﺔ ) اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴ ﺔ ( وه ﻲ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ ﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪات اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳ ﺎت ﺑ ﺄﻧ ﻮاﻋ ﻬ ﺎ اﻟ ﻤ ﺨ ﺘ ﻠ ﻔ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة ﺗﻴﺎر آﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺘ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮ ) ﻣ ﺘ ﺮدد ( أو ﺗ ﻴ ﺎر ﻣﺴ ﺘ ﻤ ﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻳﺴﺮي اﻟﺘﻴ ﺎر اﻟ ﻜ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﺎﺋ ﻲ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺴ ﺎﻟ ﻚ ﻣ ﺤ ﺪدة آ ﺎﻷﺳ ﻼك‬ ‫واﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼت‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء اﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴ ﻜ ﻴ ﺔ وه ﻲ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﻨ ﺸ ﺄ ﻋ ﻦ اﺣ ﺘ ﻜ ﺎك‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻤﻴﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء أو ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ‪,‬ﺁﺧ ﺮ ﻏ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ‪ ،‬وﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺎت ﻣ ﺨ ﺘ ﻠ ﻔ ﺔ ﺗ ﺘ ﺠ ﻤ ﻊ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫أﺳﻄﺢ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات واﻟ ﺘ ﺠ ﻬ ﻴ ﺰات اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء هﻲ اﻟﺴﻴﻮر اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤ ﺮآ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻴﻮر اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮآﺔ واﻟ ﺨ ﻼﻃ ﺎت اﻟ ﻜ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺠ ﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﻮﻳﺎت وأﺣﺒﺎر اﻟﻄ ﺒ ﺎﻋ ﺔ وﺣ ﺮآ ﺔ ﺑ ﻌ ﺾ اﻟﺴ ﻮاﺋ ﻞ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ وأﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺸﺤﻦ واﻟ ﺘ ﻔ ﺮﻳ ﻎ ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﻮاد اﻟ ﺒ ﺘ ﺮوﻟ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫واﺣﺘﻜﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ أﻧﻮاع اﻟ ﻤ ﻼﺑ ﺲ اﻟ ﻤ ﺼ ﻨ ﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺨ ﻴ ﻮط‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺠﺴﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻜﻬ ﺮﺑ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ ﺣﺴ ﺐ ﺗ ﺄﺛ ﻴ ﺮه ﺎ إﻟ ﻰ ﻗﺴ ﻤ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻹﻧﺴ ﺎن‪ :‬ﻧ ﺘ ﻴ ﺠ ﺔ ﻣ ﻼﻣﺴ ﺘ ﻪ ﻷﺟ ﺰاء‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ أﺛﻨﺎء وﻗﻮﻓﻪ ﻓﻮق اﻷرض أو ﻣﻼﻣﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻌﺾ أﺟﺰاء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﻨﻰ وﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﻳ ﻜ ﻤ ﻞ اﻟ ﺪاﺋ ﺮة اﻟ ﻜ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫وﻳﺴﺮى ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ وﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫أ‪ -‬ﺻﺪﻣﺎت آﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆدي ﻟﻠﻮﻓﺎة وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺪة اﻟﺼ ﺪﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﻳ ﺘ ﻌ ﺮض ﻟ ﻬ ﺎ اﻹﻧﺴ ﺎن ﻋ ﻠ ﻲ ﻋ ﺪة ﻋ ﻮاﻣ ﻞ ﻣ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺷﺪة وﻧﻮع اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻤﺎر ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺴﻢ )ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ أﻗﻞ ﺗﺄﺛ ﻴ ﺮًا‬‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ(‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺪة ﺳﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﺘﻴﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻜ ﻠ ﻤ ﺎ زادت ﻣـ ﺪة ﺳ ﺮﻳ ﺎن‬‫اﻟﺘﻴﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ زاد ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻩ اﻟﻀﺎر ‪.‬‬ ‫ اﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺮى ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر ﻓﺎﻟﺠﻬ ﺎز اﻟ ﻌ ﺼ ﺒ ﻲ واﻟ ﻘ ﻠ ﺐ‬‫أآﺜﺮ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﺗﺄﺛﺮًا ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ ‪ -‬ﻓﺎﻟﺠﻠﺪ اﻟﺠﺎف أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ اﻟﺮﻃﺐ‪.‬‬

‫وﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻗ ﺪ ﺗ ﺤ ﺪث اﻧ ﻔ ﺠ ﺎرات وﺣ ﺮاﺋ ﻖ أو ﺗ ﻠ ﻒ‬ ‫ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺪات ﺑﺴ ﺒ ﺐ ﺳ ﻮء اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام اﻟ ﻜ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﺎء وﻟ ﻘ ﺪ دﻟ ﺖ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ أن أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺤﻮادث اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ اﺳﺘ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺼﻮر اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬‫ اﺳ ﺘ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎل ﻣ ﻌ ﺪات أو ﻣ ﻬ ﻤ ﺎت آ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ ﺗ ﺎﻟ ﻔ ﺔ‬‫ ﺳ ﻮء اﻻﺳ ﺘ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎل ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﻌ ﺪات واﻟ ﻤ ﻬ ﻤ ﺎت اﻟ ﻜ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ‬‫ ﻟﻤﺲ أﺟﺰاء ﻣﻜﻬﺮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬‫ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة واﻟﻤﻌﺪات ﺑﺎﻷرﺿﻲ ﺷﻤﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺼ ﺎدر‬‫اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺔ واﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ اﻷﺳﻼك اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ ﻷﻏ ﺮاض اﻹﻧ ﺎرة أن‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺰوﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪاﺧــ ـ ﻞ وﻻ ﻳ ﺠ ﻮز ﺗ ﺮآ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺴﺮب إﻟﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ أو ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة‬ ‫وﺗﺆدى إﻟﻰ ﻗﺼﺮ آﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻳﺠﺐ أﻻ ﻳﻌﻘﺪ اﻟﺴﻠ ﻚ اﻟ ﻤ ﺪﻟ ﻰ ﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﺼ ﻴ ﺮﻩ أو ﻳ ﺪق ﻋ ﻠ ﻴ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤ ﻮاﺋ ﻂ وﻷﻏ ﺮاض اﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﺼ ﻴ ﺮ ﻳ ﻘ ﻄ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﻘﺎس اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗ ﻜ ﻮن اﻷﺳ ﻼك واﻟ ﻜ ﺎﺑ ﻼت اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪﻣ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻼت اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘ ﻴ ﺎر اﻟ ﻤ ﺎر ﺑ ﻬ ﺎ وﺗ ﻮﺻ ﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎآﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻷرض ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﺪم ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ أي ﻣﻘ ﺒ ﺲ آ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﺎﺋ ﻲ زﻳ ﺎدة ﻋ ﻦ ﺣ ﺪﻩ‬ ‫وﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ أي ﺳ ﺨ ﻮﻧ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﻔ ﺎﺗ ﻴ ﺢ أو اﻟ ﺘ ﻮﺻ ﻴ ﻼت‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ إﺑﻼغ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺘ ﺺ ﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ اﻟ ﻼزم وﻳ ﺠ ﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺄي أﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻼت آﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ أو إﺻ ﻼﺣ ﺎت إﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﺪى ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة واﻟﻤﻌﺪات ﺑ ﻤ ﺠ ﻤ ﻊ ارﺿ ﻲ اﺳ ﺘ ﺎﺗ ﻴ ﻜ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺁي ﺷﺤﻨﺎت ﻓﻮر ﺗﻮﻟﺪهﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ب‪ -‬ﺣﺮوق ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﻣ ﻦ ﺣ ﺮوق ﺑﺴ ﻴ ﻄ ﺔ ﺗ ﻨ ﺸ ﺄ ﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﺎرات ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺮوق ﺷ ﺪﻳ ﺪة ﺗ ﻨ ﺸ ﺄ ﻋ ﻦ ﺗ ﻴ ﺎرات ذات‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﻟﻤﻌﻈﻢ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﺠﻠﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -6‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗ ﻜ ﻮن اﻷﺳ ﻼك واﻟ ﻜ ﺎﺑ ﻼت اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪﻣ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻼت اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘ ﻴ ﺎر اﻟ ﻤ ﺎر ﺑ ﻬ ﺎ وﺗ ﻮﺻ ﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎآﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻷرض‪.‬‬

‫ج‪ -‬اﻧﺒﻬﺎر اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ‪ :‬ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺼﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﺘﻤ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ آﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺪﺧﻮل أو ﺳﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫وﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺮض اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻮﻣﻴﺾ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ اﻟ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎﺑ ﺎت آ ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻠﺤﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -7‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﺪم ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ أي ﻣﻘ ﺒ ﺲ آ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﺎﺋ ﻲ زﻳ ﺎدة ﻋ ﻦ ﺣ ﺪﻩ‬ ‫وﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ أي ﺳ ﺨ ﻮﻧ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﻔ ﺎﺗ ﻴ ﺢ أو اﻟ ﺘ ﻮﺻ ﻴ ﻼت‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ إﺑﻼغ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺘ ﺺ ﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ اﻟ ﻼزم وﻳ ﺠ ﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺄي أﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻼت آﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ أو إﺻ ﻼﺣ ﺎت إﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت واﻟﻤﻮاد‪.‬‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫‪ -8‬ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ ﺗ ﺮآ ﻴ ﺐ أي أﺟ ﻬ ﺰة آ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ آ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﺤ ﻮﻻت أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺗﻮرات أو اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻲ أي ﻣ ﻜ ﺎن ﻳ ﺠ ﺐ أن‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن هﺬﻩ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ آﺬﻟﻚ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -9‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﻨﻊ أي اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻟﻠﻤﺲ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺻﻼت اﻟﺤﺎﻣ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎر ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -10‬ﻳﺠﺐ وﺿﻊ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻗﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣ ﻤ ﻜ ﻨ ﺔ‬ ‫أو ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﺮة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ,‬وإذا وﺿ ﻌ ﺖ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻌ ﺮاء ﻓ ﻴ ﺠ ﺐ‬ ‫إﺣﺎﻃﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻮاﺟﺰ اﻟﻮاﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ اﻻﻗﺘﺮاب ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -11‬ﻳ ﺠ ﺐ وﺿ ﻊ ﺗ ﻌ ﻠ ﻴ ﻤ ﺎت ﺗ ﺤ ﺬﻳ ﺮﻳ ﺔ ﺑ ﺠ ﺎﻧ ﺐ اﻷﺟ ﻬ ﺰة‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮﺻﻼت اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺗ ﺒ ﻴ ﻦ ﻣ ﻘ ﺪار اﻟ ﻔ ﻮﻟ ﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎر ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺗ ﻴ ﺎر ذي‬ ‫ﺿـﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ‪ 0‬وﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜ ﻮن ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﻴ ﻤ ﺎت واﺿ ﺤ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻗﺮاءﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -12‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺼﻴ ﺎﻧ ﺔ ﻟ ﻸﺟ ﻬ ﺰة‬ ‫ﻻ ﻓﻨﻴﻴﻦ وﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻻ ﺗﺠﺮى أﻳﺔ إﺻﻼﺣﺎت أو‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﺎ ً‬ ‫ﺗﺮآﻴﺒﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ أﻻ ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ اﻟ ﺘ ﺄآ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﻋ ﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﺮور اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ وﺗ ﻮﺻ ﻴ ﻠ ﻬ ﺎ ﺑ ﺎﻷرض وﻳ ﺠ ﺐ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻬﻤﺎت اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪ -14‬ﻳﺠﺐ أﺟﺮاء ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ دورﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ وﻋ ﻨ ﺪ‬ ‫اآﺘﺸﺎف أي ﻋﻄﺐ أو ﺁﻳﺔ ﻣﺨﺎﻃ ﺮ ﻳ ﺠ ﺮى إﺻ ﻼح اﻟ ﻌ ﻄ ﺐ‬ ‫وإزاﻟﺔ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻓﻮرًا‬ ‫‪ -15‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋ ﺪم ﺗ ﻌ ﺮﻳ ﺾ اﻷﺳ ﻼك اﻟ ﻜ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻐ ﻄ ﺎة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻄﺎط أو اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻟﻠﺸ ﻤ ﺲ أو اﻟ ﺤ ﺮارة ﺣ ﺘ ﻰ ﻻ ﻳ ﺘ ﻠ ﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎط إذا ﺗﻌﺮض ﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺪة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ -16‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﺪم ﻟﺼﻖ اﻷوراق اﻟ ﻤ ﻠ ﻮﻧ ﺔ أو اﻷﺷ ﺮﻃ ﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻼك ﻓﻲ اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻻت أو ﺑﻐﺮض اﻟﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺳﺒﺒًﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﻘﺎط اﻟﻨﺎر ﻣﻦ ﺁي ﺷ ﺮر ﻳ ﺤ ﺪث أو ﻧ ﺘ ﻴ ﺠ ﺔ ﻣ ﻼﻣﺴ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎح ﺳﺎﺧﻦ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -17‬ﻳ ﺠ ﺐ أن ﻳ ﺮاﻋ ﻰ ﻓ ﻲ وﺿ ﻊ ﺻ ﻨ ﺎدﻳ ﻖ اﻷآ ﺒ ﺎس‬ ‫) اﻟﻤﺼﻬﺮات ( وﻟﻮﺣﺎت اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻤ ﻔ ﺎﺗ ﻴ ﺢ اﻟ ﻜ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ أن‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻐﺮف اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮى ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ أﺑ ﺨ ﺮة أو أﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺔ أو‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد أو ﻏﺎزات ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻌﺎل‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -18‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺨ ﺼ ﻴ ﺺ ﺻ ﻨ ﺪوق أآ ﺒ ﺎس )ﻣﺼ ﻬ ﺮات( ﻟ ﻜ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻼت وﺳﻜﻴﻦ ﻟﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺘ ﻴ ﺎر ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﻻﺿﻄﺮارﻳﺔ وﻳﺠﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ اﻷﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫) ﺳﺮآﺖ ﺑﺮﻳﻜﺮ ( وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻜﻬ ﺮﺑ ﺎء ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺪوث‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎس آﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪.‬‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫‪ -19‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ داﺧﻞ ﻣﺨﺎزن اﻟﻤ ﻮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﻤﻌﺰول اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺖ ﻟﻠﺸﺮر اﻟﻤﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻬﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺮض‬ ‫‪ -20‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻗﻄﻊ اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋ ﻦ ﺟ ﻤ ﻴ ﻊ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺸ ﺂت ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ إﺧﻼﺋﻬﺎ آﺎﻟﻮرش واﻟﻤﺨﺎزن ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ اﻧ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎء اﻟ ﺪوام وﻋ ﻨ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻳ ﺠ ﺐ ﻓﺼ ﻞ اﻟ ﺘ ﻴ ﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺎدرة اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﻟﻤﺪة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ آﺎﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﻣﺜ ً‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -21‬ﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﻣﻨﻌًﺎ ﺑﺎﺗًﺎ رﺑﻂ أو ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴ ﺢ اﻟ ﻜ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺋﻂ واﻷﺳﻘﻒ أو أي ﻣﺎدة ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﻴ ﺎر ﻣ ﺒ ﺎﺷ ﺮة ﻻن‬ ‫هﻨﺎك اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻗﻮى داﺋﻤًﺎ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻷﺳﻼك اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﺟ ﻮدة ﺧ ﻠ ﻒ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺰوﻟﺔ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻓﺘﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻠﺮﻃـــ ﻮﺑ ﺔ وﻳ ﻨ ﺠ ﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎس آﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪوث ﺣﺮﻳﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ آﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌ ﺮض ﻟ ﻪ اﻟ ﻌ ﻨ ﺼ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮى ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ اﻻﺻ ﻄ ﺪام أو اﻻﺗﺼ ﺎل ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻤﻪ وﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺻﻠﺐ وﻳﻜﻮن ذﻟ ﻚ أﺛ ﻨ ﺎء ﺣ ﺮآ ﺔ أﺣ ﺪه ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫‪0‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض ﻳﻜﻮن ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﺮآ ﺔ ﺑ ﻴ ﻨ ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫اﻷرض ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ‪ ،‬آﺬﻟﻚ اﻟ ﺮاﻳ ﺶ اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﻨ ﺎﺛ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﺨ ﺮﻃ ﺔ أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﻘﺎب واﻟﺬي آﺜﻴﺮًا ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴ ﺒ ﺐ أﺻ ﺎﺑ ﻪ اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻞ وﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ أن‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن اﺗﺼﺎل ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻞ ﺑ ﺠ ﺰء ﻣ ﺘ ﺤ ﺮك ﺳ ﺒ ﺒ ًﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮًا ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ آﺈدﺧﺎل اﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ اﻟ ﺘ ﺮوس أو اﺗﺼ ﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺑﺲ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑ ﺠ ﺰء داﺋ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ اﻵﻻت آ ﺄﻋ ﻤ ﺪة اﻟ ﻤ ﺤ ﺎور‬ ‫ﻓ ﻴ ﻨ ﺠ ﺬب اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻞ إﻟ ﻰ اﻵﻟ ﺔ وﺗ ﺤ ﺪث اﻹﺻ ﺎﺑ ﺔ‬ ‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺼﺮ اﻟﺤﺮآﺎت اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼث أﺷﻜﺎل هﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ اﻻﻧﺰﻻﻗﻴﺔ أو اﻟﺘﺮددﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻧﻘﻂ ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺤﺘﻮى اﻵﻻت ﻋﻠﻰ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺎﺳ ﺒ ﺔ ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺟﺰ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺳﻮاء ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ أو ﻣﺘﺤﺮآﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ ﺔ اﻵﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫وﻳ ﺠ ﺐ أن ﺗ ﺘ ﻮﻓ ﺮ ﺑ ﻬ ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﺤ ﻮاﺟ ﺰ اﻟﺸ ﺮوط اﻟ ﺘ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ أن ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﺼ ﺼ ﺔ ﻟ ﺘ ﻼﻓ ﻴ ﻪ ‪.‬‬‫ أن ﺗﺤﻮل دون وﺻﻮل اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻞ أو ﺟ ﺰء ﻣ ﻦ ﺟﺴ ﻤ ﻪ إﻟ ﻰ‬‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﺮ‬ ‫ أن ﻻ ﺗ ﻜ ﻮن ﺳ ﺒ ﺒ ًﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗ ﻌ ﻄ ﻴ ﻞ اﻹﻧ ﺘ ﺎج‬‫ أن ﻻ ﺗ ﺆدى إﻟ ﻰ ﻋ ﺮﻗ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻋ ﻦ ﺗ ﺄدﻳ ﺔ ﻋ ﻤﻠ ﻪ‬‫ أن ﺗﻘﺎوم اﻟﺼﺪأ واﻟﺤ ﺮﻳ ﻖ وأن ﺗ ﻜ ﻮن ﺻ ﻴ ﺎﻧ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎ ﺑﺴ ﻴ ﻄ ﺔ‬‫ أﻻ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﻮادث أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻟ ﺘ ﺠ ﻨ ﺐ وﻗ ﻮع اﻟ ﺤ ﻮادث واﻹﺻ ﺎﺑ ﺎت ﻣ ﻦ اﻵﻻت واﻟ ﻌ ﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻴﺪوﻳﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ أﺗﺒﺎع ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺼ ﻌ ﺐ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻹﻧﺴ ﺎن اﻹﺣﺴ ﺎس ﺑ ﻬ ﺎ أو ﺳ ﺮﻋ ﺔ‬ ‫اآﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ‬

‫ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻀ ﺮورﻳ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ واﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام آ ﻞ أداة ﻓ ﻲ‬‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ اﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺪد واﻵﻻت اﻟﻴﺪوﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ واﻟﺘ ﺄآ ﺪ‬‫ﻣﻦ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﻄ ﺮق اﻟﺼ ﺤ ﻴ ﺤ ﺔ واﻟ ﻤ ﺄﻣ ﻮﻧ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﺪد واﻵﻻت اﻟﻴﺪوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ إﻋﺪاد دواﻟﻴﺐ وأرﻓﻒ وﻟﻮﺣﺎت ﻣﻨﺎﺳ ﺒ ﺔ ﻟ ﺤ ﻔ ﻆ أو ﺗ ﻌ ﻠ ﻴ ﻖ‬‫اﻟﻌﺪد واﻵﻻت‬ ‫ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﻤﺎت اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ وآ ﻞ‬‫ﺁداﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ أن ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻣﻦ أﻣ ﺎآـ ﻦ ﺗ ﻮاﺟ ﺪه ﺎ ﻳ ﻮﺳ ﻊ‬‫ﻗ ﺎﻋ ﺪة ﺗ ﺄﺛ ﻴ ﺮه ﺎ وﻣ ﺎ ﺗ ﺤ ﺪﺛ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ أﺿ ﺮار‬ ‫ أن وﺟﻮد هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻳﺆدى إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪم اﻻﺗﺰان وﺗﺆﺛ ﺮ‬‫ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ آ ﻔ ﺎءة ﺑ ﻌ ﺾ أﻋﻀ ـ ﺎء اﻟ ﺠ ﺴ ﻢ‬ ‫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﺪث ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮًا ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌ ﺾ أﺟ ﻬ ﺰة وﻣ ﻌ ﺪات اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ‬‫اﻟﺼﺪأ أو اﻟﺘﺂآﻞ واﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر واﻟﺤﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻌﺐ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮاد اﻟ ﻜ ﻴ ﻤ ﻴ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ دورًا آ ﺒ ﻴ ﺮًا ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﻴ ﺎة اﻷﻓ ﺮاد‬ ‫واﻟﺸﻌﻮب ﺣﺘﻰ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ رﻓﺎهﻴﺔ وﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﺸ ﻌ ﻮب ﺗ ﻘ ﺎس ﺑ ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ إﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ اآﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﺳﺘ ﺨ ﺪاﻣ ﻬ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺘﻰ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ ﺳ ﻼح ذو‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﺄذا أﺣﺴﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ آﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮﺟ ﻪ اﻟ ﻤ ﻀ ﻲء‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ أﻣﺎ إذا أﺳﺊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺼﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﻘﺒﻴﺢ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺒ ﺐ دﻣ ﺎر اﻟ ﺒ ﺸ ﺮﻳ ﺔ وﻳ ﻬ ﺪر ﺣ ﻴ ﺎة‬ ‫اﻷﻓﺮاد وﺗﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺑ ﻴ ﺌ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ إﺣ ﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ اﻟﻐﺎزات واﻷﺑﺨﺮة‬‫ اﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ ) ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ‪-‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ (‬‫ اﻟﺴ ﻮاﺋ ﻞ) اﻷﺣ ﻤ ﺎض ‪ -‬اﻟ ﻘ ﻠ ﻮﻳ ﺎت ‪ -‬اﻟ ﻤ ﺬﻳ ﺒ ﺎت(‬‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴ ﻤ ﻴ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ أﺷ ﺪ وأﺧ ﻄ ﺮ ﻣ ﺎ ﻳ ﻮاﺟ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻷﺳﺒﺎب آﺜﻴﺮة ﻧﺬآﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ أن اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺘﻮاﺟ ﺪ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬‫ﺻﻮرة ) ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ‪ -‬ﻏﺎزﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﺻﻠﺒﺔ (‬ ‫ أن ﻗﺪرة ﻧﻔﺎذهﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺴﺪ اﻹﻧﺴ ﺎن ﺳ ﺮﻳ ﻌ ﺔ وﻋ ﻦ ﻃـ ـ ﺮﻳ ﻖ‬‫) اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ واﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ وﻣﻼﻣﺴﺔ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ (‬ ‫ أن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮهﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﺪ ﻳ ﺘ ﻢ ﺑ ﺘ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻠ ﻬ ﺎ ﻣ ﻊ ﺑ ﻌ ﺾ‬‫أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮًا ﺳﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗ ﻠ ﻴ ﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﺔ وﺗﺴﻤﻢ اﻟﺪم‪.‬‬ ‫ أن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﺎد اﻟﺬي ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺴﺪ ﻗ ﺪ‬‫ﻳﺤﺪث ﻓﻮر دﺧ ﻮﻟ ﻬ ﺎ ﻟ ﻠ ﺠ ﺴ ﺪ أو ﻳ ﺤ ﺪث ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ ﻓ ﺘ ﺮة زﻣ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬أن ﺑﻌﺾ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤـﻮاد ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻃ ﻌ ﻢ وﻻ ﻟ ﻮن وﻻ راﺋ ﺤ ﺔ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﺷﺘﺮاﻃﺎت اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ واﻟﺼ ﺤ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻬ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﻮاﺟ ﺐ ﺗ ﻮاﻓ ﺮه ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻳ ﺠ ﺐ ﺗ ﻮﻓ ﻴ ﺮ اﻻﺣ ﺘ ﻴ ﺎﻃ ﺎت اﻟ ﻜ ﻔ ﻴ ﻠ ﺔ ﺑ ﺤ ﻤ ﺎﻳ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﻴﻦ ﻟﺨﻄﺮ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴ ﻤ ﻴ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء أآﺎﻧﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟ ﻐ ﺎزﻳ ﺔ أو اﻟﺴ ﺎﺋ ﻠ ﺔ أو‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ وﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﻤ ﻮح ﺑ ﻬ ﺎ واﻟ ﻤ ﻮﺿ ﺤ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻖ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻳﺠﺐ أﺟﺮاء اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻄﺒﻲ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎل ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﺎﻗﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻳﻌﺮﺿﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤ ﻴ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ ﻻآ ﺘ ﺸ ﺎف أي‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻇﺎهﺮة أو آﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌ ﻤ ﺎل ﺑﺸ ﺪة ﻋ ﻨ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻮث اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ وﻳﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟ ﻜ ﺸ ﻒ اﻟ ﻄ ﺒ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺑ ﻤ ﻠ ﻒ اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻟ ﻤ ﻘ ﺎرﻧ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎ ﺑ ﻨ ﺘ ﺎﺋ ﺞ اﻟ ﻔ ﺤ ﻮص اﻟ ﺘ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻳ ﺠ ﺐ أﺟ ﺮاء اﻟ ﻔ ﺺ اﻟ ﻄ ﺒ ﻲ اﻟ ﺪوري ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻻآﺘﺸﺎف أي ﻣ ﺮض ﻣ ﻬ ﻨ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻜﺮًا ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻬﺎ واﻟﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻟﻴﺎﻗ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ اﻟ ﻔ ﻌ ﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﻮﻗ ﺎﻳ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻀﺎرة ﻣﺜﻞ اﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻟﻌﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎت اﻟﺼ ﻨ ﺎﻋ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻮادًا ﺿﺎرة ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺑﺄﺧـ ﺮى ﻏ ﻴ ﺮ ﺿ ﺎرة أو أﻗ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﺮرًا‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻋﺰل اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺼ ﻨ ﺎﻋ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻀ ﺎرة ﺑ ﺎﻟﺼ ﺤ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ أﻣ ﺎآ ﻦ‬‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﻴﻦ ﻣ ﻊ ﺗ ﺪﺑ ﻴ ﺮ وﺳ ﺎﺋ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﺎﻳ ﺔ ﻟ ﻬ ﺬا اﻟ ﻌ ﺪد اﻟ ﻘ ﻠ ﻴ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎل‬ ‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺎآﻴ ﻨ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﻘ ﻔ ﻠ ﺔ ﺗ ﻤ ﺎﻣ ًﺎ واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﻻ ﻳ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ ﻋ ﻦ‬‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ أي ﺷﻮاﺋﺐ وﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻟﻤﻼﻣﺴﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻠ ﻴ ﻦ ﻟ ﻤ ﻜ ﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻀﺮر آﻠﻤﺎ أﻣﻜﻦ ذﻟﻚ ‪.‬‬ ‫ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻵﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪار ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴ ًﺎ وﻻ ﺗ ﺤ ﺘ ﺎج ﻟ ﻸ ﺷ ﺮاف‬‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ إدارﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻤ ﻜ ﻦ ﺗﺸ ﻐ ﻴ ﻠ ﻬ ﺎ ﻣ ﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺄﻣﻮن ﺣ ﺘ ﻰ ﻻ ﻳ ﺘ ﻌ ﺮض ﻻﺳ ﺘ ﻨ ﺸ ﺎق‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎزات أو اﻷﺑ ﺨ ﺮة أو اﻷﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺔ اﻟﻀ ﺎرة أوﺑ ﺨ ﺎر اﻟﺴ ﻮاﺋ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎآﻴﻨﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ أو اﻟﺘﺮﻃﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺔ‬‫أو اﻷدﺧﻨﺔ اﻟﻀﺎرة‬ ‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘ ﻬ ﻮﻳ ﺔ ﺳ ﻮاء آ ﺎﻧ ﺖ ﺗ ﻬ ﻮﻳ ﺔ ﻋـ ﺎﻣ ﺔ أو ﺗ ﻬ ﻮﻳ ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺠﻮار ﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻐﺎزات واﻷﺑﺨﺮة أو اﻷدﺧﻨ ﺔ‬ ‫أو اﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻀﺎرة ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ واﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎ ﻗ ﺒ ﻞ أن ﺗﺼ ﻞ‬ ‫إﻟ ﻰ ﻣ ﺤ ﻴ ﻂ ﺗ ﻨ ﻔ ﺲ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎل‬ ‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﻨﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻔﻂ أو ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺮﻃﻴﺐ ﻹزاﻟﺔ اﻷﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺔ أو‬‫اﻟﺸﻮاﺋﺐ ﻣﻦ أﻣﺎآﻦ ﺗﺮﺳﺒﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻬ ﻮاء ﻣ ﺮة‬ ‫أﺧﺮى وﻳﺴﺘﻨﺸﻘﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل إذا اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻜﻨﺲ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻳ ﺠ ﺐ إﺟ ﺮاء اﻟ ﻘ ﻴ ﺎﺳ ﺎت اﻟ ﺪورﻳ ﺔ اﻟ ﻼزﻣ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﺨ ﺎﻃ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺒﻌًﺎ ﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﻤﺰاول وﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺼ ﻔ ﺔ دورﻳ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﺄآ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ أﻧ ﻬ ﺎ ﺿ ﻤ ﻦ اﻟ ﺤ ﺪود‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﻤﺎت اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻠ ﻴ ﻦ واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮا ﺑﻪ وان ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣ ﻄ ﺎﺑ ﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -7‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻏﺘﺴﺎل أو اﻻﺳﺘﺤﻤﺎم ﻟﻠ ﻌ ﻤ ﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻧﺘﻬﺎء اﻟﺪوام وﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻐﺎدرﺗﻬﻢ ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻹزاﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌ ﻠ ﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎت آﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺿﺎرة ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻓ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ) اﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮن واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺷﻒ وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ ( وﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ أد ﺷ ﺎش‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﻮارئ ﻓﻲ أﻣﺎآﻦ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ﺑ ﺤ ﻴ ﺚ ﻳﺴ ﻬ ﻞ اﻟ ﻮﺻ ﻮل إﻟ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -8‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎن ﺧﺎص ﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪال ﻣﻼﺑﺲ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺑﻤﻼﺑﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ أو اﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ أن ﺗ ﻜ ﻮن ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺎآﻦ ﺑﻌﻴﺪة ﻋﻦ أﻣﺎآﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض‬ ‫‪ -9‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ أﻣﺎآﻦ ﻟﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻟﻠﻄﻌﺎم ﺑﻌﻴﺪًا ﻋﻦ أﻣ ﺎآ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ) اﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﺮض( وﻳ ﻤ ﻨ ﻊ ﺗ ﻨ ﺎول اﻟ ﻄ ﻌ ﺎم أو اﻟﺸ ﺮاب أو‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺪﺧﻴﻦ داﺧﻞ أﻣﺎآﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫‪ -10‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻠ ﻴ ﻦ ﺑ ﻤ ﺨ ﺎﻃ ﺮ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮاد اﻟ ﻜ ﻴ ﻤ ﻴ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴ ﺌ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ وآ ﻴ ﻔ ﻴ ﺔ ﺣ ﻤ ﺎﻳ ﺔ أﻧ ﻔ ﺴ ﻬ ﻢ ﻣ ﻨ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫واﻻﻟﺘﺰام ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻬﺎت واﻟﺘﺤﺬﻳﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﺪر ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﺸ ﺮآ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -11‬ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ داﺧ ﻞ اﻟ ﻤ ﺨ ﺎزن أﺗ ﻤ ﺮ ﻳﻀ ﻤ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺨﺰوﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻓ ﻲ اﻻﻋ ﺘ ﺒ ﺎر ﻣ ﺮاﺟ ﻌ ﺔ‬ ‫وﺳﺎﺋﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺎ وﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ إﻃﺎر ﻗﻮاﻋ ﺪه ﺎ اﻟ ﻔ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫‪ -12‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻧﺴﻜﺎب أﻳﺔ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻠﺘﻬﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ ﻼﺑﺴ ﻚ أو اى ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫أﺟﺰاء ﺟﺴﻤﻚ ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام ﺗ ﻴ ﺎر ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻣ ﻊ ﺳ ﺮﻋ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﺨ ﻠ ﺺ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻼﺑ ﺲ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺔ وﻋﺪم اﻻﻗﺘﺮاب ﻣﻦ أﻣﺎآﻦ اﻟ ﻠ ﻬ ﺐ اﻟ ﻤ ﻜ ﺸ ﻮف وذﻟ ﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮرﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ -13‬أﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﻬﻴﺪروآﻠ ﻮرﻳ ﻚ واﻟ ﻨ ﺘ ﺮﻳ ﻚ واﻟ ﻜ ﺒ ﺮﻳ ﺘ ﻚ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ذات اﻟﺼ ﻔ ﺎت اﻟ ﺨ ﺎﺻ ﺔ ﻟ ﺬا ﻳ ﺠ ﺐ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ او اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ -14‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﻤﺸﺎر إﻟﻴﻬ ﺎ ﻳ ﺮاﻋ ﻰ إﺿ ﺎﻓ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎء وﻟﻴﺲ اﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻨ ﻌ ﺎ ﻟ ﺤ ﻮادث اﻻﻧ ﻔ ﺠ ﺎرات ودرء أﺣ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴ ﺒ ﺒ ﺎت اﻟ ﺤ ﺮاﺋ ﻖ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﺨ ﺘ ﺒ ﺮات اﻟ ﻜ ﻴ ﻤ ﻴ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫‪ -15‬ﻳﺤﻈﺮ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروآﻠﻮرﻳﻚ ﺑﺠ ﻮار ﺣ ﺎﻣ ﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ او أﻳﺔ ﻣﻮاد أﺧﺮى ﻗﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺄآﺴﺪ‬ ‫‪ -16‬ﻳﺤﻈﺮ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ اﻟ ﻨ ﻴ ﺘ ﺮﻳ ﻚ‬ ‫أو ﻣﻊ أﻳﺔ ﻣﻮاد آﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺻﻔ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﺒ ﺨ ﺮ أو ﺗﺸ ﺘ ﻤ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺆآﺴﺪة ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺮوآﺴﻴﺪ وﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -17‬اﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام اﻟ ﺮﻣ ﺎل واﻟ ﺘ ﺮاب ﻻﻣ ﺘ ﺼ ﺎص اﻷﺣ ﻤ ﺎض‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻜﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض ﻣﻦ اﻧﺴﺐ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ وﺟ ﻬ ﺔ ﻧ ﻈ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪ -18‬ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﻤ ﺴ ﻜ ﻮﺑ ﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻷرض ﺑ ﻜ ﻤ ﻴ ﺎت‬ ‫وﻓﻴﺮة ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﺎء أو ﻣ ﺎدة ﻗ ﻠ ﻮﻳ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻮﺳ ﺎﺋ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ واﺟﺒﺔ اﻹﺗﺒﺎع‬ ‫‪ -19‬اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﺤﻠﻮل آﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺼﻮدا اﻟﻤﺮآﺰ ﺑ ﻨ ﺴ ﺒ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫‪ 10‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 20‬ﻣﻦ اﻧﺴﺐ اﻟ ﻮﺳ ﺎﺋ ﻞ ﻟ ﺘ ﻨ ﻈ ﻴ ﻒ اﻷرﺿ ﻴ ﺎت ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺣ ﻤ ﺎض اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﻜ ﻮﺑ ﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﻴ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -20‬ﻣﻨﻊ دﺧﻮل ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﻴﻦ إﻟ ﻰ داﺧ ﻞ ﻣ ﺨ ﺰن اﻟ ﻤ ﻮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ وﻓﺮض اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻣﺎآﻦ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺁﻣﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ﻏ ﺎﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻷهﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -21‬إﺗﺒﺎع ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت اﺳﺘﻼم وﺗﺴﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ ﺑ ﺈﺛ ﺒ ﺎﺗ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺠﻼت اﻟﻤﻌﺪة ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ اﻟﻔ ﻘ ﺪ واﻟﻀ ﻴ ﺎع أﻣ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻳﺔ اﻷهﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -22‬ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ واﻟ ﺘ ﺪرب ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫آﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻮاﺟﺒﺔ اﻹﺗﺒﺎع‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -23‬ﻳﺘﻔﺎدى ﺳﻘﻮط اﻟﻌﺒﻮات اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -24‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﺪم اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﻮاس اﻟﻠﻤﺲ أو اﻟﺸﻢ أو اﻟﺘﺬوق ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮف اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ -25‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺤﻔﻆ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ أﻣﺎآ ﻦ ﺑ ﺎردة‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟ ﺘ ﺠ ﻬ ﻴ ﺰات اﻟ ﻜ ﻬ ﺮﺑ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ او اﻟﺸ ﺮارات‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻼﺷﺘ ﻌ ﺎل ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ اﻷﺧﺸ ﺎب ‪ ،‬اﻟ ﻘ ﺶ‪ ،‬اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺴ ﻮﺟ ﺎت‪ ،‬اﻟ ﻤ ﻮاد‬ ‫اﻟ ﺪه ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟ ﺰﻳ ﻮت ﻧ ﻈ ﺮًا ﻷﻧ ﻬ ﺎ ﻣ ﺎدة ﻣ ﺆآﺴ ﺪة ﻗ ﻮﻳ ﺔ‬

‫‪ -26‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ واﻟ ﻜ ﻴ ﻤ ﻴ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﻮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮات وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﺧ ﻮاص‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘ ﻔ ﺎﻋ ﻼت وﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺿ ﻮﺋ ﻬ ﺎ ﻳ ﺘ ﻢ اﺧ ﺘ ﻴ ﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎت اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈ ﺎرات وآ ﻤ ﺎﻣ ﺎت وﻗ ﻔ ﺎزات‬

‫‪ -37‬ﻻ ﺗﻄﻔﺄ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳ ﺪ اﻟ ﻌ ﺒ ﻮة‬ ‫ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺨ ﺎرج واﻟ ﻌ ﺒ ﻮات اﻟ ﻘ ﺮﻳ ﺒ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻌ ﺒ ﻮة اﻟ ﻤ ﺸ ﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﺔ‬

‫‪ -27‬ﻳﺠﺐ ارﺗﺪاء اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻒ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮات اﻟ ﻜ ﻴ ﻤ ﻴ ﺎﺋ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء إﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب وﺣﻈﺮ ارﺗﺪاء اﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ اﻟﻔﻀﻔﺎﺿﺔ أﻣﺮ‬ ‫هﺎم ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺣﺪوث إﺻﺎﺑﺎت او ﺣ ﻮادث داﺧ ﻞ اﻟ ﻤ ﺨ ﺘ ﺒ ﺮات ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -28‬ﻳﺠﺐ ان ﺗﻜﻮن أﻋﺪاد اﻟﻄﻼب داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﻤﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﺮد ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫‪ -29‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻠ ﺒ ﺔ اﻻﻟ ﺘ ﺰام ﺑ ﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﻴ ﻤ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻢ وذﻟ ﻚ‬ ‫ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻨ ﺴ ﺐ ﻟ ﺨ ﻄ ﻮات إﺟ ﺮاء اﻟ ﺘ ﺠ ﺎرب‬ ‫‪ -30‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ آﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻴ ﻤ ﺎت اﻟﺴ ﻼﻣ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﻳ ﺤ ﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ إﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ إﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﻮاﺟﺪهﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺨﺘ ﺒ ﺮ واﻟ ﺘ ﺄآ ﻴ ﺪ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬهﺎ‬ ‫‪ -31‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻐ ﺎز‬ ‫وان ﻳﻜﻮن ﺳﻬﻞ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ أﻣ ﺎﻣ ﻪ ﻋ ﻮاﺋ ﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮارئ‬ ‫‪ -32‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺣﻔﻆ اﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮر اﻷﺑﻴﺾ واﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻊ اﺷﺘﻌﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﺘﻌﻞ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﻮاء‬ ‫‪ -33‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺮات ﻓﻰ ﻣﻜﺎن ﺟﺎف ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﻌ ﻴ ﺪًا ﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻤ ﻮاد اﻟ ﻌ ﻀ ﻮﻳ ﺔ أو اﻟ ﻤ ﻮاد اﻟ ﻘ ﺎﺑ ﻠ ﺔ ﻟ ﻼ ﺷ ﺘ ﻌ ﺎل‬ ‫‪ -34‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺣﻔﻆ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮم واﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم وﻣﺴﺤﻮق اﻷﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﻴ ﻮم‬ ‫داﺧﻞ أوﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ اﻟﻐﻠﻖ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻨﻔﺎذ اﻟ ﻤ ﺎء إﻟ ﻰ داﺧ ﻠ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮًا ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء وﻳﺼﺤﺐ ذﻟﻚ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻓﻲ درﺟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺤ ﺮارة أو ﺗﺼ ﺪر ﻏ ﺎزات ﻗ ﺎﺑ ﻠ ﺔ ﻟ ﻼ ﺷ ﺘ ﻌ ﺎل‬ ‫‪ -35‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺣﻔﻆ اﻷآﺴﻴﺪ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻌ ﻀ ﻮﻳ ﺔ ﺑ ﻤ ﻜ ﺎن ﻣ ﻈ ﻠ ﻢ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ 24‬درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ وﻳﺤﺬر إﺷﻌﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎر أو اﻟﺘﺪﺧﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺎن‬ ‫‪ -36‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ آﻠﻮرﻳﺖ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺎف وﻋﻨﺪ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺤ ﺮارة اﻟ ﻌ ﺎدﻳ ﺔ )ﻓ ﻰ ﺣ ﺪود ‪15‬درﺟ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪ 0‬وﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻻ ﺗﻼﻣﺲ اﻟﻤﺎدة أي أﺣﻤﺎض أو ﻣﻮاد ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫‪ -38‬إذا ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻟﺤﺎﻣ ﺾ ﻗ ﻮى ﻳ ﻨ ﻄ ﻠ ﻖ ﻏ ﺎز ﺛ ﺎﻧ ﻲ‬ ‫أآﺴﻴﺪ اﻟ ﻜ ﻠ ﻮر وه ﻮ ﻏ ﺎز ﺳ ﺎم ﺟ ﺪا وﻳﺴ ﺒ ﺐ ﺗ ﺂآ ﻞ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ وﻗﺪ ﻳﺆدى اﻟﻰ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠ ﻴ ﺘ ﻪ ﻟ ﻼ ﺷ ﺘ ﻌ ﺎل إذا‬ ‫زاد ﺗﺮآﻴﺰﻩ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠ ﻮ وﻟ ﻬ ﺬا ﺗ ﺨ ﺰن ﺑ ﻌ ﻴ ﺪا ﻋ ﻦ اﻷﺣ ﻤ ﺎض‬ ‫‪ -39‬ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﺮض أى ﺟ ﺰء ﻣ ﻦ أﺟ ﺰاء اﻟ ﺠ ﺴ ﻢ ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﻮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ ﻳﻐﺴﻞ ﺟﻴﺪًا ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء وﺗﻌﺮض اﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﻄ ﺒ ﻴ ﺐ‬ ‫ﻹﺟﺮاء اﻹﺳﻌﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ -40‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻀﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﺤ ﻠ ﻮل ﺑ ﻴ ﺮوآﺴ ﻴ ﺪ اﻟﺼ ﻮدﻳ ﻮم ﻳﻀ ﺎف‬ ‫اﻟ ﺒ ﻴ ﺮوآﺴ ﻴ ﺪ ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﺎء ﻣ ﻊ اﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻠ ﻴ ﺐ وﻟ ﻴ ﺲ اﻟ ﻌ ﻜ ﺲ ‪0‬‬ ‫‪ -41‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺑ ﻴ ﺮﺳ ﻠ ﻔ ﺎت اﻻﻣ ﻮﻧ ﻴ ﻮم ﺑ ﻌ ﻴ ﺪا ﻋ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ أو اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼ ﺷ ﺘ ﻌ ﺎل‪0‬‬ ‫وﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة ﻋﺪم ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﻮاد ﻣ ﻨ ﺸ ﻄ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﺤ ﻠ ﻞ ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ واﻟﻨﺤ ﺎس واﻟ ﺮﺻ ﺎص‪00‬اﻟ ﺦ وﻳ ﺠ ﺐ ﻋ ﺪم ﻣ ﻼﻣﺴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة أو ﻣﺤﺎﻟﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﺪ أو اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺣ ﻴ ﺚ إﻧ ﻬ ﺎ ﺗﺴ ﺒ ﺐ ﺣ ﺮوق‬ ‫آﻴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ وﺣﺮارﻳﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪة وﻳﺮاﻋﻰ ﻟﺒﺲ ﻣﻬﻤﺎت اﻟ ﻮﻗ ﺎﻳ ﺔ ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎرات ‪ -‬اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺘﻰ ‪ -‬وإذا ﺗﻌﺮض اﻟﺠﺴﻢ أو اﻟﻤ ﻼﺑ ﺲ ﻟ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺴﻞ ﺟﻴﺪا ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪ -42‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻧ ﻴ ﺘ ﺮﻳ ﺖ اﻟﺼ ﻮدﻳ ﻮم ﺑ ﻌ ﻴ ﺪا ﻋ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮاد‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻌﺎل أو اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ أو أﻣ ﻼح اﻷﻟ ﻤ ﻮﻧ ﻴ ﻮم‬ ‫وﻋﺪم ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﺪرﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ -43‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ آﻠﻮرات اﻟﺼ ﻮدا أﺛ ﻨ ﺎء اﻟ ﺘ ﺪاول أو‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام أو اﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻵي أﺣﻤﺎض ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ أو ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺨ ﺘ ﺰﻟ ﺔ أو‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻌﺎل ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ آﻠﻮرات ﻳﺮاﻋﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺎء ﺑﺎرد وﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺳ ﺎﺧ ﻨ ﺔ ﺣ ﺘ ﻰ ﻻ ﺗ ﺤ ﺪث‬ ‫اﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫‪ -44‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻴﻚ ﺑﻌﻴﺪا ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫أو اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘ ﻌ ﺎل ‪ ،‬وﻧ ﻈ ﺮا ﻟ ﺨ ﻮاﺻ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻀﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺆآﺴﺪة ﺗﺮاﻋﻰ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﻮﻗ ﺎﻳ ﺔ اﻟﺸ ﺨ ﺼ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺎدة ﺳﺎﻣﺔ وﺁآﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﺪ وﻳﺆدى وﺻ ﻮﻟ ﻬ ﺎ إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ أو اﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎت ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪Biological hazards‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺪﺧﻴﻦ وﻏﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫هﺬا ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﺨﻄﺮ أﻣﺎ اﻟﺨﻄﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻬﻮ اﻟ ﺬي ﻳ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ هﺬا اﻟﻤﺼﺪر واﻟﺬي ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆدي إﻟ ﻰ ﺣ ﻮادث رﺑ ﻤ ﺎ ﺗ ﻜ ﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺘﺔ أو ﺣﻮادث ﻟﻬﺎ أﺿﺮار اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﻮت واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺴ ﺒ ﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وآﻔﺎﺋﺘﺔ وﺗﺪي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ وﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻄ ﺒ ﻊ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ اﻻﺳ ﺘ ﻬ ﺎﻧ ﺔ ﺑ ﺠ ﻤ ﻴ ﻊ أﻧ ﻮاع اﻟ ﺤ ﻮادث أﻳﻀ ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗ ﺤ ﺪﻳ ﺪه ﺎ ﻣ ﻔ ﻬ ﻮم ‪unsafe act‬‬ ‫واﻟﺬي ﻳﺸﻤﻞ آﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﻞ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺎن وﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ هﻮ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺒ ﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺪون ﺳﻠﻄﺔ وﻋﺪم اﻻﻟﺘﺰام ﺑﻤ ﻼﺑ ﺲ وﻣ ﻌ ﺪات‬ ‫واﻷﻣ ﺎن وﻣ ﻔ ﻬ ﻮم ‪unsafe conditions‬واﻟ ﺬي ﻳﺸ ﻤ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ أرادة اﻹﻧﺴ ﺎن ﻣ ﺜ ﻞ ﺣﺼ ﻮل ﻋ ﻄ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﺎرج ﻋﻦ إرادة اﻹﻧﺴ ﺎن ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺪة أو اﻧ ﻬ ﻴ ﺎر ﻓ ﻲ اﺣ ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪات وﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎب ﻣﺄﺗﻢ ﺷﺮﺣﻪ ﻧﺴ ﺘ ﻌ ﺮض ﺑ ﻌ ﺾ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ وﻧﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ آﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻴﻪ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻜ ﺮارﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺨﻄﻮرة وﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺨﻄﺮ‪.‬‬

‫اﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ .4‬اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ‪ .‬وﺁﺧﺮ ﻷﺧﻄﺎر ﻓﺎدﺣﺔ‬

‫‪* Use forklift‬‬ ‫‪* Check load‬‬ ‫‪* Check health of labor‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻷول‬ ‫‪Hazard description:‬‬ ‫‪Person carry over load that will cause‬‬ ‫‪muscle strain‬‬ ‫‪Un Balance‬‬ ‫‪Hazard type:‬‬ ‫‪Ergonomic‬‬ ‫‪Un safe act‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬا ﺧﺘﺎﻣﺎ أؤآﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺼﺤﺔ واﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻬ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺬي ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ اﺟﻞ ﻧﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻨ ﺘ ﺎﺋ ﺞ اﻟ ﻤ ﺮﺟ ﻮة ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫أهﺪاﻓﻬﺎ أن ﻧﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ واﻟﻬﺎدف ﻷﺳﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺎت ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ اﻟﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ هﺬا اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪ .3‬اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﺲ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺮﺗﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت اﻟ ﻘ ﻮة اﻟ ﺪاﻓ ﻌ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﺤ ﻮﻻت‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﺮﺻﻪ ﺟﻴﺪﻩ إﻣﺎم اﻟﺪول ﻟﻠ ﺘ ﻘ ﺪم ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺑﺪون اﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎج ﻓﻲ ﺛﻮرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ .‬إن اﻟ ﻔ ﺮق ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺬﻳﻦ "ﻳﻤﻠﻜﻮن" واﻟﺬﻳﻦ "ﻻ ﻳﻤﻠﻜ ﻮن" اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت ﻳ ﺰداد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺿﻄﺮاد‪ ،‬ﺳﻮاء ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺪول ﺑﻌﻀ ﻬ ﺎ اﻟ ﺒ ﻌ ﺾ أو ﻓ ﻲ داﺧ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة واﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري إن ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎب اﻟ ﻌ ﺪﻳ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻮر ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت إدﺧﺎل ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺪول‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﺌﻮن اﻻﺳ ﺎﺳ ﻴ ﻪ أوﻻ ﺑ ﺄول ﻟ ﺘ ﻠ ﺒ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻷﻓﺮاد رﺟﺎﻻ وﻧﺴﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫آﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴ ﺎت اﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﻴ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻜ ﻴ ﻒ ﺑﺴ ﺮﻋ ﺔ ﻣ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻄﻮرات اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ؟ ﻣﺎ هﻮ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﻟ ﻲ ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﻴ ﻢ؟ وأﻳ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ إن ﻧﻮﺟﻪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻴ ﻢ ﺣ ﺘ ﻰ ﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ؟‬ ‫ﻧ ﻌ ﺮض ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﻮرﻗ ﺔ اﻟ ﺒ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﺤ ﺘ ﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ودورهﺎ ﻓﻲ إﻋﺎدة هﻴﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﻴ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻟ ﺮﻓ ﻊ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﺴ ﺘ ﻮى اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻴ ﺸ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل ﺧ ﻠ ﻖ ﻣ ﻮارد‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻩ أو اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ آ ﻠ ﻔ ﺔ اﻟ ﺨ ﺪﻣ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﻘ ﺪﻣ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻧﺴﻠﻂ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ أهﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬وﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﻠ ﻴ ﻢ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻟ ﻢ وﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرهﺎ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮة اﻟﺘﻄﻮر ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ‪ ،‬ﺁﻻت اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺼﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ‪،‬اﻷﺷﺮﻃﺔ‬ ‫)اﻟﻔﺎآﺲ(‪،‬اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﻴﺐ‪،‬اﻻﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻜﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻮري‪ ،‬واﻷﻗﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺧﻄﻮط اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ ‪،fiber optics‬‬ ‫وﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬وأﺟﻬﺰة اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺎﺳﺤﺎت‪،‬‬ ‫وﺁﻻت اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ‪،‬واﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺎت‪ .‬إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز اﻟﻤﻌﺪات‬ ‫واﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‪ ،‬أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‪ .‬وهﻨﺎك اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ ذاﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻨﻬﺎ أو ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ أو‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺗﺴﺠﻴﻼت اﻟﺼﻮت واﻟﺼﻮرة‪ ،‬وأرﺷﻴﻒ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت‪ ،‬أو وﺳﺎﺋﻂ أﺧﺮى‪ .‬وهﻨﺎك أﻳﻀﺎ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫واﻷﻋﺮاف‪ ،‬ووﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ‪ interfaces‬وﺷﻔﺮات اﻟﺒﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻬﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت وﺗﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت‬ ‫واﻷﻣﺎن ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت‪ .‬وأهﻢ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫آﻠﻪ " اﻹﻧﺴﺎن" اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫واﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﺮوري ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺎت اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إن ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻼج ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪، telemedicine‬إذ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺑﻂ اﻷﻃﺒﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎت ﻣﺎدﻳﻪ اآﺒﺮ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺎور ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﺺ اﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﺎت اﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈذا ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺟﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳﻮب ورﺑﻂ ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺤﺜﻴﻪ‬ ‫واﻻﺳﺘﻔﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺒﻴﺮ اﺳﺘﺸﺎري‪ ،‬وإذا ﺗﻮﻓﺮت‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺎت ﺧﻴﻮط ﺑﺼﺮﻳﻪ ‪fiber optic‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﻟﺒﻌﺪﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إن ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬وﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫آﻬﺬﻩ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ هﺒﺔ ذات ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﻷﻃﺒﺎء اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إن ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ أآﺜﺮ‬ ‫آﻔﺎءة‪،‬وﺗﻌﺠﻴﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻮاد ﺟﺪﻳﺪة وﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻓﻀﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻓﺘﺢ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة وأﺳﻮاق ﻣﺘﺠﺪدة‪ ،‬وازدﻳﺎد اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ اﻧﺴﻴﺎب اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ .‬وﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﺔ اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮاﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺧﻠﻖ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮات‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎرآﺔ اﻟﺤﺮة واﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮف اﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ واﻟﻘﺪرات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﺎدة ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﺮآﺰﻳﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻳﺮهﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ وﻳﺸﺘﺮك ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮآﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ واﻷﻋﺮاف اﻵﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ اﺳﺘﻐﻼل آﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﺬهﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت هﻲ ﺗﺠﺴﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﻴﻪ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 1‬ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ .‬وﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ واﻷﻋﺮاف‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪ .‬اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة هﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﺤﺪد‬ ‫أو ﻣﺒﺪأ أو دﻟﻴﻞ إرﺷﺎدي وﺿﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮف ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺮض‬ ‫إﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻖ وﺗﻨﺎﻏﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ واﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ روﺗﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻻﻧﺠﺎز اﻟﻤﻬﺎم ﺑﻤﺠﺎل ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﻴﺎرات اﻟﻼﻣﺮآﺰﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ‬

‫وﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﺔ أﻳﺔ ﻗﺪرات ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ أو اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬وﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪،‬وﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‪،‬وﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‪،‬واﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮات اﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ‪video conferencing‬‬ ‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﺔ ‪ ،‬اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﻪ ﻣﺤﺪدﻩ‪ ،‬إذ إن اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﺔ هﻮ إﻳﺠﺎد أرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﻪ أو ﺧﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺗﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﺋﺢ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة وﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺰة اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﻮب ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬

‫ﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﻪ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﻪ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﻪ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﻪ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‪،‬‬ ‫وﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‬

‫اﻟﻘﺪرات اﻟﺬهﻨﻴﻪ‬

‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ واﻻﻋﺮاف‬

‫ﻻﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﻪ او‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ واﻷهﺪاف اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺪوﻟﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻤﻠﻲ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت آﻴﻔﻴﺔ اآﺘﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﻮارد‬ ‫وإدارﺗﻬﺎ أو اﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‪ ،‬أﺳﻠﻮب ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺰج ﻣﻬﺎرات‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن )اﻟﺬهﻨﻴﺎن( اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎء واﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ذات ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻐﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ )‬ ‫‪ . (c++, Pascal‬ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺗﻘﺪم ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت دﻟﻴﻞ إرﺷﺎدي ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ آﻞ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺬهﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ أﺳﻠﻮب ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت وآﺬﻟﻚ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﺪدﻩ )ﻟﻐﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﺔ هﻲ ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺬهﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻮاﻋﺪ واﻹرﺷﺎدات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻴﻔﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ‪.‬‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﺘﻲ أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻴﺰات اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫إن اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﻪ هﻲ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻت و اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎهﺮة و اﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ know how‬و ﻗﻮة اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﻴﻦ و‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺪاﻋﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫وإﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت وهﻴﻜﻠﻲ وﻗﺪرﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻗﻄﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮآﺒﺔ )أو اﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ( ورﻳﺎدةة ﻣﻮآﺐ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎرة اﻻﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‪ ،‬وﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ أهﺪاف‬ ‫وﻃﻤﻮﺣﺎت ‪ ،‬وﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت أﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﻪ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى ﺑﺎﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‪ .‬إذ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫دور اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬وﻳﺠﺐ إن ﻷﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر إن ﻧﻈﺎم اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫ﻗﻄﺎع ﻟﻠﺮﺑﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ ذاﺗﻪ وﻟﻜﻨﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻳﺠﺐ إن ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻻآﺎدﻳﻤﻴﻪ واﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻴﻪ ‪ ،‬وان ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪاﺧﻞ واﻟﺨﺎرج‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻨﻴﻦ واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ إن ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻖ ﻓﺮص ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻩ وﻗﻮة ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﻳﻌﺪ إﻋﻔﺎء أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب وﻣﻠﺤﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ وﻣﻌﺪات اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﺒﺎء اﻟﺠﻤﺮآﻴﺔ اﺣﺪ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﻮاﻓﺰ‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺗﻌﺪ اﻟﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮﻳﺔ دوﻟﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬ ‫ذات اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ واﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة إن ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت إذ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﻬﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﺮى اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮآﺎت وﺗﺸﺎرآﻴﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ وﻣﻊ ﻏﻴﺮهﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼل ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻳﻌﺪ هﺬا داﻓﻌﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻩ ‪ ،‬وهﺬا ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫إن ﻳﺒﺮز اﻧﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إن‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ اﻧﻔﺮادي إن‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮا آﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫رﻏﻢ إن ﺗﺒﻨﻲ اﻷﺳﺲ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻮر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺟﺪا ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ آﺎﻣﻞ اﻷهﺪاف‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈن هﺬﻩ اﻹﺟﺮاءات وﺣﺪهﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ آﺎﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫اﻷهﺪاف‪ .‬وﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ أو‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت أﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري إﻃﻼع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫وﻃﻤﺄﻧﺘﻬﻢ ﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺎزﻟﻬﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﻬﻢ وﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎرآﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﺄﻣﺎن ‪ ،‬وﺑﺪون‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ أي ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫واﻟﺸﺮآﺎت واﻟﺘﺸﺎرآﻴﺎت واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻷهﻠﻴﺔ إن ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﺗﻀﻢ آﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى أﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ واﻹﻃﺎر اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻌﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﻃﻨﻴﻦ‪ .‬وﻳﺒﺪأ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻨﻮن ﺑﺎدراك أهﻤﻴﺔ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ إذا ﻣﺎ رأوا ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ رﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ‪ .‬وهﺬا اﻹدراك هﻮ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح ﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت وﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ أﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻌﺎم ﺗﻜﺮﻳﺲ اﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮدات‬ ‫ﻹﺷﺮاك اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت )إﻓﺮاد وﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﻪ أو ﺧﺪﻣﻴﺔ( ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت أﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺌﻮن اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ واﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪة ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج وﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻓﻲ إﻃﺎر اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺰداد ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﻩ‪ ،‬وﺗﺄهﻴﻞ آﻔﺎءات‬ ‫وﻣﻬﺎرات ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰة ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‪ ،‬وﻣﻨﺢ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻃﻼع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ آﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺪى ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺼﺎء واﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ وﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ اﻷرﺻﺎد‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت أﻟﻌﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮازات واﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﻃﻨﻴﻦ وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ آﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﺮد ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺤﺪاﺛﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺷﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ واﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إن ﻳﻨﺘﺞ آﻤﺎ هﺎﺋﻼ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﻳﻘﺪم ﺑﺪﻳﻼ ارﺧﺺ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫‪.2‬إﻧﺸﺎء ﺷﺒﻜﺎت ﺣﺎﺳﻮب ﺗﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻜﻴﻦ ﺑﻠﻮغ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة واﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺸﺎرآﻴﺎت‬ ‫رﺑﻂ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت وﻣﺮاآﺰ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻤﻜﻴﻦ أﻋﻀﺎء هﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ واﻟﺨﺒﺮاء ﺑﻤﺮاآﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﻮث ﻣﻦ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﺨﺒﺮات واﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ أو اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬إذ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وأدوات ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫وﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﻌﺪات ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ازدﻳﺎد اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﻟﺸﻴﻜﻪ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وﺑﺪء ﻇﻬﻮر اﻟﻌﺪﻳ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻗ ﻮاﻋ ﺪ اﻟ ﺒ ﻴ ﺎﻧ ﺎت واﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻤﺠﺎﻻت ﻣ ﻌ ﻴ ﻨ ﻪ ﻳ ﺒ ﺮز أه ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ اﻷدوات اﻟ ﺨ ﺎﺻ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎآﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﺳﺘﺠﻼﺑﻬﺎ واﺳﺘ ﻘ ﺮاء ﻣ ﻌ ﺎرف ﺟ ﺪﻳ ﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺬآﺎء اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ وﺗﺒﺮز آﺬﻟﻚ أه ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ واﻷﻣﻦ أﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻮازن اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺰداد إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﺪول اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ آﻞ ﻳﻮم وﺗﻄﻔﺢ‬ ‫ﺳﻮق اﻷﺳﻬﻢ ﺑﺈرﺑﺎح ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ‪.‬أﻧﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت‬ ‫وﻳﻔﺘﺤﻮن ﻣﺴﺎرات ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪،‬واﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء واﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬هﻨﺎك ﺣﺎﺋﻂ ﻋﺎزل ﻳﻔﺼﻠﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻼﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻣﺎ زاﻟﻮا ﻳﺘﻌﺜﺮون ﻓﻲ زراﻋﺎت ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﻪ‬ ‫وﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎت أﺳﺎﺳﻴﻪ واﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺎت هﺰﻳﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺪر ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت إن ‪ 350‬ﺑﻤﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ واﻏﻠﺒﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻤﻮن ﺑﻤﻘﺪرات ﺗﻌﺎدل ‪ %45‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ هﺬا اﻟﺘﻜﺪس ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺮوة ﺑﻌﺪد ﺻﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﻳﺪي إﻟﻰ اﻧﻘﻼب اﻟﻔﻘﺮ اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ إﻟﻰ أﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﻮﺿﻮﻳﻪ ﺿﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ اﻟﺤﻀﺎرة اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺷﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﻄﺎف واﻟﻤﺴﺎوﻣﺔ واﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬إن ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺰﻳﺪ ﺣﺘﻤﺎ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪا وﺳﻮءا‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ان اﻟﻔﺠﻮة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻪ ﺗﺰداد ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻤﻠﻜﻮن‬ ‫واﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻﻳﻤﻠﻜﻮن ﻣﺆدﻳﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻻزدﻳﺎد ﻓﻲ اﻧﺴﻴﺎب اﻟﻘﻮﻩ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫اﻻﻏﻨﻴﺎء اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻤﻠﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﻮة اﻵن وﻣﻀﻌﻔﺔ اوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ هﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ واﻟﺬي ﻗﺪ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮة وﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺮ أوﺳﻊ وآﻮارث اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة ﺑﻨﺎء ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ آﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻨﺤﺪر وﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ إن آﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻵن‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫آﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ‪ 6‬ﺑﻠﻴﻮن )‪ 6‬أﻻف ﻣﻠﻴﻮن( إﻧﺴﺎن ﻣﻨﺬ ﺳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدﺳﺔ وﺣﺘﻰ وﻓﺎﺗﻪ ؟‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺘﺢ آﻞ أﺳﺒﻮع ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬ ‫ﻃﻼب ﺟﺪد ﻟﺘﻠﻘﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم واﻟﻤﻌﺎرف‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ هﺬا ﻏﻴﺮ آﺎف‪.‬‬ ‫إذا ﻧﺤﻦ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻤﺎذج ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻩ‪ .‬إن هﺬا‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ إن اﻟﻤﺪارس واﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﺑﻮﺿﻌﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ وﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ إن ﻧﺘﺤﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫إﻳﺠﺎد اﻟﺤﻠﻮل ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺸﺎآﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺪأ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺮر اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻟﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ اﻟﻄﻼب‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ وﻳﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻜﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ هﻮ اﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ إن ﻳﺪرس اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺧﺘﻼف اهﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﻄﻼب‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺎت وﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﻔﺮدي ﺻﻌﺐ‪ ،‬وهﺬا ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺒﻪ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺬري اﻣﺮ ﻻ ﻣﻔﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﻔﺘﺮض اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ إن ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻪ هﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺰوﻳﺪ اﻟﻄﻼب ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫اﻵن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮات هﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻵﺧﺮ‪ .‬وﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺬآﺮ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ‪،‬‬ ‫ورﺑﻤﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﻋﺒﻪ اﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ هﻨﺎ اﻏﻔﺎل اﻟﻄﻼب اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻤﻮا او اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻮا ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻻﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫)اﺳﻠﻮب ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت(‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرهﻢ ﻟﻴﺴﻮا اذآﻴﺎء او ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺘﻐﻠﻮا ﺑﺠﺪﻳﺔ آﺎﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ ﺗﻬﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﻪ واﻟﻤﻬﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﻟﺬا ﻓﺈن ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﻪ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إن ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ او ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻼب‪ ،‬وﻣﻌﻠﻢ آﻔﺆ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﻠﻢ آﻬﺬا‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬اﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺪم ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻠﻮب ﻟﻜﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﻪ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﺮد ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت آﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ إن ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ‪ .‬وﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺼﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﻷﻋﺪاد‬ ‫آﺒﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻼب وهﺬا اﻣﺮ ﺿﺮوري ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﻰ اﺳﻠﻮب ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ذو آﻔﺎءة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ إن ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﻼب اﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ إن ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻤﻮا أي ﺷﻲء ‪،‬ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﻜﺎن‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ أي‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫إن ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻢ واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ اﻣﺮ ﺿﺮوري‪ ،‬وهﻨﺎ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ إن ﻧﺬآﺮﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ إن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻠﺴﺎ آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎدﺛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ إن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻮار ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﻴﻦ آﺎﻟﺴﺆال واﻟﺠﻮاب ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﻴﺪﻩ ورﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺎدﺛﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة وﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺬآﺮ اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺬآﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎدي )اﻻﻧﺴﺎن(‬ ‫اﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎآﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﻪ ﻟﻄﻼﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ هﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺘﻔﻈﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﺠﻼت ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ اداء اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ واﺳﺘﺨﺪام هﺬﻩ اﻟﺴﺠﻼت ﻻﺗﺨﺎذ ﻗﺮارات‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻪ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﻤﺢ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻼب ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ إن ﻧﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻼب وﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻟﻬﻢ‪ .‬اﻟﻜﻞ ﻳﺠﺐ إن ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫وهﺬا هﻮ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬وهﻮ ﺿﺮوري ﻟﺒﻘﺎء اﻟﺠﻨﺲ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‪.‬‬ ‫اﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ إن ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺪون اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب‪.‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻌﺪ هﺬا‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻠﻮب ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺎ ﺟﺪا ﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎس وﺣﺘﻰ اذا ﻣﺎ آﺎن هﺬا‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺎ ﻣﺎدﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﻮن اﻻآﻔﺎء ﻟﻜﻞ اﻟﻄﻼب‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺮر وﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺮز اﻟﺤﺎﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻻﻋﺎدة ﺑﻨﺎء ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻨﺎ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬إن هﺬا ﻳﺪﻋﻮ اﻟﻰ إن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ " ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺪى اﻟﺤﻴﺎة" وهﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻣﻘﺪرات اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ وراء اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﻪ ﻟﺘﻀﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل و اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻪ واﻟﺸﺮآﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻻﺧﺮى‪ .‬وهﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻳﻀﺎ إن اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻟﺘﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻔﺮص اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ إن اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺨﻠﻖ ﻓﺮص ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻩ اآﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﻠﻐﻲ وان اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ teleworking‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ او اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻼﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬وان اﻟﺤﺮﻳﻪ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ إن ﺗﺼﺎن‬ ‫ﺿﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻔﻠﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮا ﻻن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺟﺪا ﻓﺎن اﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ اذا ﺻﺎر ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت " ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﺎة" ‪ .‬وﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻓﺎن اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات واﻟﻤﻮاهﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮة ﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻳﻨﻤﺎ آﺎﻧﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻳﺠﺪر ﺑﻨﺎ هﻨﺎ إن ﻧﺬآﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻮﻗﺎت ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺮات‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﻪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫• اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ وﺗﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺪور ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﻋﺪم اﻟﻤﻘﺪرﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ اﻻﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﻬﺰة واﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪارس واﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫•اﻟﺘﺤﺪي اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻬﺎرات‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺠﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﺮر‬ ‫آﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﺮز اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺆآﺪ اﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري إن ﻳﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ‪teacher-centeredness‬‬ ‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻢ ‪ .learner-centeredness‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮاﺟﻬﻨﺎ هﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﺨﺪام إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬وﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ إﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻨﺎهﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ )اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت(‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﺰوغ ﻇﺎهﺮة اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪-‬اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎدي واﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ هﻨﺎك ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻜﻞ اﻷﻓﺮاد وﺑﻜﻞ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﺎن او اﻟﻤﻜﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻐﻼل ﻗﺪراﺗﻬﻢ ﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻃﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ‪ ،‬وهﺬا ﻳﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﺖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ وهﺬا ﻳﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻘﺪرات‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺪاﻋﻴﻪ ﻟﺪى اﻷﻃﻔﺎل واﻟﻄﻼب واﻟﺬي ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ إن ﻳﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺬي ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻔﺮص اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻐﻼل ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت آﺄداة‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻲء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺬر وﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺣﻴﺎة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎس أآﺜﺮ آﻔﺎءة وﺛﺮاء‪ .‬اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ )اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ( ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت هﻲ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻴﻮد اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬وهﺬا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﻮارد اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ واﻟﻔﺮص اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺋﻢ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ‬ ‫آﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ واﻟﻤﻬﺘﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮات اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻧﻌﺰال اﻻﻓﺮاد‪ ،‬وﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻻﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﻪ‪ ،‬واﻻﻓﺘﻘﺎر إﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﺒﺮات اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻧﺘﺸﺎر وﺗﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺆذﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﺸﺎآﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺎت واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮي آﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﺎن آﻞ ﻣﻮاﻃﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺘﺎع ﺑﻔﻮاﺋﺪ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري‬ ‫إن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﺮد اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻐﻼل ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫وهﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺿﺮورة ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺒﺎرﻳﻪ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺑﺬل ﻣﺠﻬﻮد اآﺒﺮ ﻻﻃﻼع اﻟﺮاﺷﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وآﺒﺎر اﻟﺴﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﻢ اﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻻﻗﺘﻨﺎء ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻮارد ﺑﺸﺮﻳﻪ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺪﻓﻊ ﺑﺜﻮرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻦ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻼب ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ اﻟﻠﻴﺒﻲ واﻟﺬي ﺳﻴﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺪاﻓﻌﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺘﻘﺪم‪.‬‬ ‫وهﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﺘﺮح إﻧﺸﺎء ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻴﻪ )ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻷﺛﻴﺮ(‬ ‫آﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻪ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻓﺮص اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮاﺷﺪﻳﻦ واﻟﻤﺴﺎهﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى وأﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻹذاﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺔ وﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ )اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ(‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة ﺑﻨﺎء أﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻪ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ذات اﻟﻔﺮص‪.‬‬ ‫أﺛﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻜﺮة‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻴﻦ آﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ واﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻢ واﻟﺬي ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺷﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫)اﻟﻜﺘﺎب( ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ اﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن هﺬا ﻳﻘﺮﺑﻨﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ واﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت ذات ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻪ وﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ .‬اﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ إذ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻼب واﻟﺨﺒﺮاء وﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮآﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ وﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺪرات ‪ .‬وﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ وﻣﻴﺰات ﻟﻠﻄﻼب واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻴﺴﻴﺮ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺒﺮاء وآﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻠﻮغ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت وﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ أوﺟﻪ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ‪ networked learning‬ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي‪ ،‬إذ اﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎن ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ إن ﻳﺴﺎهﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﺎل وﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﺎش‬ ‫واﻟﺤﻮار ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺪ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﻔﺮوض‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ وﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ دور اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت ذو‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ إذ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺪم ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺸﺎط أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻣﺘﺎح ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﻀﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺪراﺳﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ إن‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ زﻣﻼﺋﻪ اﻟﻄﻼب أﻳﻀﺎ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﻪ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺰغ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪-‬اﻟﺘﻌﺎوﻧﻲ ‪cooperative learning‬‬ ‫آﻤﻔﻬﻮم ﻗﻮي ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ إﺣﺪاﺛﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻲ‬ ‫إذا أردﻧﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أدوات اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ أﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺒﻪ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﻤﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻢ إن ﻳﻨﻈﻢ وﻗﺘﻪ ﻷن اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب ﻳﺴﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﺬي رﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺧﺒﺮﺗﻪ‪ .‬هﻨﺎك أﻳﻀﺎ ﺣﺎﺟﻪ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎم اﻟﺪراﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻟﻠﻄﻼب إن‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻣﻮا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎج ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺪراﺗﻬﻢ‪ .‬وهﻨﺎ ﺗﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﻠﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﺺ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻢ واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬وهﻨﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻠﻮاﺋﺢ‪ ،‬وﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎهﺞ ﻹﻋﺎدة هﻴﻜﻠﺔ وﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻋﺎت ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻴﻪ آﺒﻴﺮﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻹﻃﺎر ﺗﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ هﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ اﻟﻌﺎم‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﻐﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻜﺮة اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة آﻬﺪف ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺤﺪ‬ ‫ذاﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﺿﻤﻦ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ اﻟﺬآﺮ ﻻ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﺮآﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺮآﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺘﻪ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ وﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻬﻮدﻩ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪،‬‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﻼﻣﺮآﺰﻳﺔ هﺬﻩ ﻣﻨﺢ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﻷدوات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻊ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪوام‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﺘﺮب هﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻷدوات ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺪﺧﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ آﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻟﻴﻜﻮن أداة‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬هﺬا ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ إن ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ دورﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ إدارة‬ ‫وﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ هﻮ ﺗﺰوﻳﺪ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷدوات واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺛﻮق اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﺴﻘﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت أﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﻪ وازدﻳﺎد أﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺑﻠﻮغ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ دور اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ إن ﻧﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﻴﺪ واﻟﺨﺒﻴﺚ‪ ،‬وﻧﺤﻦ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﻔﻲ آﻔﺆ‬ ‫وهﺬﻩ هﻲ إﺣﺪى ﻣﻬﺎم اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ إن اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎ ﻳﺼﺪق إن ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ هﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ‪-‬أي اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى أﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ إن أهﻢ ﺷﻲء ﻟﻴﺲ هﻮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬‫وﻟﻜﻦ اﻷﺳﻠﻮب أو اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‪ .‬آﻴﻒ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء‪ ،‬آﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺰود اﻟﻄﻼب ﺑﺎﻷدوات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﻜﺒﺮوا ‪ ،‬وﻳﺠﺪوا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ وﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﻗﺎدرﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ واﻟﺨﺎﻃﺌﺔ‪ ،‬وآﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺤﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺪي ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫إن أﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺠﻌﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻤﻮن هﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻧﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫وﺗﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ اﻓﻀﻞ وﺗﻤﻨﺤﻨﺎ اﺣﺘﺮام وهﻴﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻵن ﺳﺮد ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﺮهﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻐﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫إن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﻌﺎوﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﻷن ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻨﻔﺮدا ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ إن‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت أﻟﺸﺒﻜﻪ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮة‬ ‫هﺬا ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﺘﺮاف ﺑﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ اﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ وﺣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪى اﻟﻄﻼب ﻣﻬﺎرات ﺟﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ وﻳﺴﺮ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﻼك ﻣﻬﺎرات ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﻪ هﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ إن اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺪراﺳﻲ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ )ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ وﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ( وإﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺳﻮف‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫إن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﻔﺘﺤﺎ‬ ‫أي إن ﻳﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻃﺮق ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻄﻼب وآﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫إن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻟﻪ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ واﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ أﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺘﺒﻨﻰ دور اﻟﺒﻄﻞ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ دورﻩ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺪ أو‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮﻩ اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ هﻮ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺪرس وآﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻠﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫أﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ واﻟﺨﺒﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ( ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻵن‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت أو اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫أﻟﺸﺒﻜﻪ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪ .‬هﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ إن هﻨﺎك ﻓﻀﺎء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك واﻟﺬي ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻘﺪرات وإﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮاﺻﻠﻮن ﺑﻪ ‪،‬ووﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ -‬اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ واﻟﺨﺒﺮة‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺘﻪ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻻﻧﻄﻼق‬ ‫ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺠﺐ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺘﻘﻨ ﻴ ﺔ أداة ﺗ ﻌ ﻠ ﻴ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﻄ ﻼب‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫وﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ اﻷﺳﺲ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺑﻨﺎء ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪارس واﻟﻤﻌﺎهﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ إن ﻟﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻔﺎرق أﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ إن ﻳﺰداد وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﻠﻴﻔﺎ ﻟﻤﺤﺎرﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﺰﻟﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ازدﻳﺎد اﻟﻔﺎرق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ وﻏﻴﺮﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻮام اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮم اﻟﻨﺎس‪.‬‬ ‫إدراك اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻊ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺟﺪا إن ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬إذ ﺗﺒﺮز ﻣﻔﺎهﻴﻢ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺎت ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ وﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺸﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺒﺪأ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ " ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺗﺮآﻴﺒﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﺈن آﻞ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻷﺧﺮى ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻬﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ"‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ إن ﻧﻌﺮف ﻣﺎ ﻧﻔﻌﻞ وﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻴﻮم وﻣ ﺎ ه ﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻪ‪ .‬ﻧﺤﻦ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺘﻐﻴ ﺮ ﺣ ﺘ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻧﺤﻦ ﺑﺤﺎﺟ ﺔ ﻟ ﺒ ﻨ ﺎء أرﺿ ﻴ ﺎت وﻧ ﻘ ﺎط رﺻ ﺪ‬ ‫وﻣﺮاﻗﺒﻪ ﻟﺘﺤﺪد ﻟﻨﺎ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻬﺎت وان ﻧ ﺘ ﺤ ﻤ ﻞ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺌ ﻮﻟ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وان ﻧﻨﻔﺬ ﻣﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣ ﺎ إذا‬ ‫آﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻳﻄﺮح اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ واﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤل اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ :‬هﻞ ﺳﺘﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﺪارس واﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ أو ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ هﻞ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻪ اﻵن‬ ‫؟ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ هﻲ ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﻻ ‪ ،‬أﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻜﻮن أﻓﻀﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ هﺬا اﻟﻘﺮن ﺳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﺮى ﺁﺛﺎرا ﺗﺬآﺎرﻳﻪ ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﻟﻦ ﺗﺤﻴﻰ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ هﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻵن‪ ،‬اﻧﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ آﺒﻴﺮ آﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺬي‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫أﺣﺪﺛﺘﻪ ﺛﻮرة اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫إذا اﺳﺘﻄﻌﻨﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﺧﺒﺮاﺗﻨﺎ وﺑﺚ روح اﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ زﻣﻼﺋﻨﺎ ﻓﻠﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺨﻮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻃﻼق‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻜﻮن أﺣﺴﻦ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‬ ‫‪A. N Maheshwari. (2001) Challenge of mak‬‬‫‪ing education in India relevant to informa‬‬‫‪tion society. Posted on the internet.‬‬ ‫‪Albert Sangra. (2001) Present and future use‬‬ ‫‪of technology in education. Eureopean dis‬‬‫‪tance education network.‬‬ ‫‪Alfred Bork. (1999) The future of learning,‬‬ ‫‪Education review.‬‬ ‫‪G. David Garson. (2000) The role of technol‬‬‫‪ogy in quality education, Posted on the inter‬‬‫‪net.‬‬ ‫‪Motila Sharm. (2000) Information technol‬‬‫‪ogy for poverty reduction, Posted on the‬‬ ‫‪internet.‬‬ ‫‪Ronald H. Brown, etal. (2000) The global‬‬ ‫‪information infrastructure: agenda for coop‬‬‫‪eration. Posted on the internet.‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫م‪ .‬ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺣﻤﻮد اﻟﺰهﺮاﻧﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎدئ وﻣﻔﺎهﻴﻢ إدارة اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫اﻷهﺪاف‬ ‫ﻏﺮس ﻣﻔﺎهﻴﻢ إدارة اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫هﻞ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻖ إدارة اﻟﺠﻮدة هﺬا اﻟﺠﻬﺪ؟‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻔﺮص ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺎور وﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاﺿﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ إﻧﺸﺎء ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ وﻓﻜﺮ اﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ وأداء‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ وﻣﺮاﻋﺎة وﺗﺒﻨﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﺎخ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﺠﻮدة؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة هﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت وﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﺣﺎﺿﺮًا وﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒ ً‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت وﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﺣﺎﺿﺮًا وﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒ ً‬ ‫دﻗﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎﻳﺮاﻩ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻄﺎء اﻟﻮاﺳﻊ واﻷداء اﻟﺠﻴﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﺪًا ﻓﺎﺋﻘًﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺿﺎء اﻟﺘﺎم ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻴﻞ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬ ‫أي إن اﻟﺠﻮدة ﺗﻌﻨﻰ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﺎت وﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎل اﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ) ﻳﺎ أﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺁﻣﻨﻮا أوﻓﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮد ( ﺳﻮرة‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺪة ‪ :‬اﻵﻳﺔ ‪ 7‬وﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﺮﺳﻮل ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ ) أن‬ ‫ﻼ أن ﻳﺘﻘﻨﻪ (‬ ‫اﷲ ﻳﺤﺐ أﺣﺪآﻢ إذا ﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﻤ ً‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫إدارة وﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬

‫ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪهﻢ‬‫ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﻢ‬‫ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻬﻢ‬‫ إدارة ﺗﻀﺎرب اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬‫ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻬﻢ‬‫ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﻢ اﻟﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬‫ اﻃﻼﻋﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﺠﺪات‬‫ ﻗﻴﺎس رﺿﺎهﻢ‬‫آﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﻲ اﻟﻮﻓﺎء ﺑﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ؟‬ ‫ اﻟﻠﻘﺎءات‬‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ ﻣﺮاآﺰ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‬‫ اﺳﺘﻄﻼﻋﺎت اﻟﺮأي‬‫ اﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺿﺎ‬‫ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﻜﺎوى واﻻﻗﺘﺮاﺣﺎت‬‫ اﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت‬‫ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺤﻮارﻳﺔ‬‫ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻼت‬‫ اﻟﻠﺠﺎن اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﺔ‬‫ اﻟﺰﻳﺎرات اﻟﻤﻴﺪاﻧﻴﺔ‬‫ﻣﻦ هﻮ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ؟‬ ‫ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮ‬‫ اﻟﺰﻣﻴﻞ‬‫ اﻟﺰﻣﻼء ﺑﺎﻷﻗﺴﺎم اﻷﺧﺮى‬‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬ ‫ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻷداء‬‫ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺤﻮاﻓﺰ‬‫ اﺳﺘﻄﻼﻋﺎت اﻟﺮأي‬‫ اﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺿﺎ‬‫ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﻜﺎوى واﻻﻗﺘﺮاﺣﺎت‬‫ ﺗﻤﻜﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬‫ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺤﻮارﻳﺔ‬‫ رﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ‬‫ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬‫ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﻴﻦ‬‫آﻴﻒ ﻧﻄﺒﻖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺠﻮدة ؟‬ ‫رﻓﻊ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮب ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻔﺠﻮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺛﻴﻖ و اﻟﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ “ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ ﻣﺪرﺑﻴﻦ”‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ “ ﻣﺎدي و ﻣﻌﻨﻮي”‬ ‫وﺿﻊ دﻟﻴﻞ إﺟﺮاءات ﻟﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت و اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ و اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ و اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫آﻴﻒ ﻧﺴﺎهﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺠﻮدة؟‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ اﻷهﻢ ﻓﻲ أي ﻧﺸﺎط هﻮ إرﺿﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﻴ ﻞ‪ .‬ﻳﺘ ﻢ ﺗ ﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤ ﻼء آ ﺪاﺧﻠﻴﻴﻦ )زﻣ ﻼء ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ( أو ﺧ ﺎرﺟﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬وﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ رﺿﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﻼء )داﺧﻠﻴﺎ أو ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺴﺎهﻢ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ إدارة اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫هﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﺮد ﻓﻴﻬﺎ آﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻘ ﻴ ﻖ داﺋ ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺿﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل دﻣﺞ اﻷدوات واﻟﺘﻘﻨ ﻴ ﺎت واﻟ ﺘ ﺪرﻳ ﺐ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﺤﺴﻨًﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮًا ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎت داﺧ ﻞ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﻈ ﻤ ﺔ ﻣ ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺆدي إﻟﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت وﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎت ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻌﺠﺎل اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺰﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻧﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻹدارات واﻷﻗﺴﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ إﺟﺮاءات وأﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ واﺿﺤﺔ وﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ أدق ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ أداء اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﻧﻈﺎم دﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪم اﻟﻮﻋﻲ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ هﻲ ﺷﻬﺎدة اﻻﻳﺰو ‪9001‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮوﻗﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ إدارة اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ و ﺁﻳﺰو ‪9001‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮات ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻻﻳﺰو ‪9001‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت واﻹﺟﺮاءات‬ ‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ أﻋﻀﺎء ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﺪﻗﻴﻖ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﺒﺪﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻗﻴﻖ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ﺷﻬﺎدة اﻻﻳﺰو ‪9001‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫أول ﺧﻄﻮة ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫دﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ و إﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ و ﻗﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺳﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫اﻹدارة اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻠﺼﻴﻘﺔ وﺗﺼﻴﺪ اﻷﺧﻄﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﺮدي‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎرآﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ وﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻮد اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎت واﻹﺟﺮاءات‬ ‫ﺣﻔﻆ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻨﻲ اﻹرﺑﺎح‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺮدﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﻬﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻐﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺒﺮة ﺿﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺮد‬

‫إدارة اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺬاﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ وروح اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ واﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫اﻧﺪﻣﺎج اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎت واﻹﺟﺮاءات‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت وإﺟﺮاء اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ رﺿﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎرآﺔ اﻟﻤﻮردﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ واﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺒﺮة واﺳﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫إدارة اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺁﻳﺰو ‪9001‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺗﺮآﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ واﻟﻤﻔﺎهﻴﻢ‬ ‫واﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄآﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺎرآﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺗﺮآﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻹﺟﺮاءات‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎرآﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺿﺮورﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ آﻜﻞ‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ‬

‫آﻞ ﻓﺮد ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬

‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﺠﻮدة هﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮل ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺴﺐ إﺑﻘﺎء اﻷوﺿﺎع ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت واﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬

‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ رﺿﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﺼﺎرﻳﻒ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﺟﻮاﺋﺰ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪم ﺟﻮاﺋﺰ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺰة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺎل اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺟﻬﺔ رﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨ ﺸ ﺄة اﻟ ﺤ ﺎﺻ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة‪ ،‬وﺑﻨﻴﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺠﻮاﺋﺰ ﻋﻠ ﻰ أﺳ ﺎس ﺗ ﻘ ﻮﻳ ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪدة‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺾ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻳ ﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻧ ﺘ ﺎﺋ ﺞ ﻣﺴ ﺘ ﻮى اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺸ ﺂت ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت ﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﻄ ﻠ ﺒ ﺎت اﻟ ﻌ ﻤ ﻴ ﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻳُﻘﻮﱢم اﻟﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﻤﺒﺬول ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت ﻟﻀﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﺗ ﻮاﻓ ﻖ ﺟ ﻮدة اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺘ ﺞ وﺛ ﺒ ﺎﺗ ﻪ ﻟ ﺪﻳ ﻬ ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻳ ﻤ ﻜ ﻦ ﺗﺼ ﻨ ﻴ ﻒ ﺟ ﻮاﺋ ﺰ اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة إﻟ ﻰ أرﺑ ﻌ ﺔ ﻣﺴ ﺘ ﻮﻳ ﺎت‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﻮى‬ ‫وهﻲ ﺟﻮاﺋﺰ اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﻮى اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ دوﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -1-1‬ﺟﺎﺋﺰة دﻳﻤﻨ ﺞ) )‪Deming‬اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ أﻧﺸ ﺌ ﺖ ﻋ ﺎم ‪1951‬‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن وﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ إﻟﻰ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﻮى اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﻲ ﻋ ﺎم‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪ -2-1‬ﺟ ﺎﺋ ﺰة اﻟ ﺠ ﻮدة اﻷورﺑ ﻴ ﺔ ﺗ ﺄﺳ ﺴ ﺖ ﻋ ﺎم ‪1992‬‬ ‫‪ -3-1‬ﺟﺎﺋﺰة اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺬهﺒ ﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﻄ ﻘ ﺔ ﺷ ﺮق أﺳ ﻴ ﺎ ودول‬ ‫ﺎدي‪.‬‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻹﻗ ﻠ ﻴ ﻤ ﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﻮى‬ ‫وهﻲ ﺟﻮاﺋﺰ ﺟﻮدة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ أواﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﺘ ﺎﺑ ﻌ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺪول‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻮﻃ ﻨ ﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﻮى‬ ‫وهﻲ ﺟﻮاﺋﺰ اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﻣﺴ ﺘ ﻮى اﻟ ﺪوﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺸ ﺂت اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗ ﻠ ﻚ اﻟ ﺪوﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺠﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬآﺮ أﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟ ﺪ أآ ﺜ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ أرﺑ ﻌ ﻴ ﻦ ﺟ ﺎﺋ ﺰة ﺟ ﻮدة‬ ‫ﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻈ ﻢ دول اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻟ ﻢ اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﻘ ﺪﻣ ﺔ واﻟ ﻨ ﺎﻣ ﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ أه ﻤ ﻬ ﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1-3‬ﺟ ﺎﺋ ﺰة ﻣ ﺎﻟ ﻜ ﻮﻟ ﻢ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﺪرج ‪(Malcolm‬‬ ‫)‪Baldrige‬اﻷﻣ ﺮﻳ ﻜ ﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ أﻧﺸ ﺌ ﺖ ﻋ ﺎم ‪ 1987‬م‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2-3‬ﺟﺎﺋﺰة ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮرة اﻟﻮﻃ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﺠ ﻮدة ‪ ،‬أﻧﺸ ﺌ ﺖ ﻋ ﺎم‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 1994‬م‬ ‫‪ -3-3‬ﺟﺎﺋﺰة اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻠﺠﻮدة ‪ ،‬أﻧﺸﺌﺖ ﻋﺎم ‪1994‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫م‬ ‫‪ -4-3‬ﺟ ﺎﺋ ﺰة دﺑ ﻲ ﻟ ﻠ ﺠ ﻮدة ‪ ،‬أﻧﺸ ﺌ ﺖ ﻋ ﺎم ‪ 1995‬م ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -5-3‬ﺟﺎﺋﺰة اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺠﻮدة ‪ ،‬أﻧﺸﺌﺖ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1996‬م ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -6-3‬ﺟﺎﺋﺰة اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻟﻠﺠﻮدة ‪ ،‬أﻧﺸﺌﺖ ﻋﺎم‬ ‫‪ 2000‬م‬ ‫‪ -4‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫وهﻲ ﺟﻮاﺋﺰ ﺟﻮدة ﺗﻤﻨﺤﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎت واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﺬي ﺗﻐﻄﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ﺟﻮاﺋﺰ اﻟﺠﻮدة و اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻞ ﻟﻸداء اﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺰ وﻣﻮﺟ ٍﻪ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة آﺪﻟﻴ ٍ‬ ‫اﻷداء‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻼم ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻘﻮة وﻓﺮص اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫أداة ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ واﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻷداء ﻣﻊ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰة‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ اﻟﺠﻬﻮد اﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ وﻓﺮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة رﺿﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ج ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻻﻋﺘﺮاف ﺑﺎﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‪ /‬اﻹدارة آﺠﻬﺔ راﺋﺪة وﻧﻤﻮذ ٍ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻼم ﺗﺬآﺎر اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة آﺤﺎﻓ ٍﺰ وﺗﻜﺮﻳ ٍﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﻮي‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎدئ إدارة اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ وﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷوﻗﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺰام وﻣﺸﺎرآﺔ اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة إﻣﺎ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي أو اﻟﻤﺎدي أو اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮي وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ إدارة وﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ وﺟﻮد وﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻟﻜﻞ إدارات اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫إدارة وارﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻳﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ إدارات اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ واﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮارات ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ وﻗﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻮردﻳﻦ وهﻲ ﻣﺸﺎرآﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻮرد واﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ رﺿﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮق واﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ إدارة اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫أدوات اﻹﺣﺼﺎء‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺠﻤﺎ ‪Sigma 6‬‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺎت اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺎدة اﻻﻳﺰو ‪ISO9001‬‬ ‫ﺟﻮاﺋﺰ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬ ‫إدارة اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة واﻟﻘﻴﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة وﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ وﻗﻴﺎدة ﻣﻮاردهﺎ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ رؤﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ورﺳﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻢ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻌﺎم وﻧﻮاﺑﻪ وﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﻳﻪ وﻣﺪراء‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ وﻏﻴﺮهﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺮﻓﻴﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻠﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺎت ﻗﻴﺎدﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ دور اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ وﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺮ اﻟﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت واﻹﺟﺮاءات‬ ‫ﺗﺄآﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة واﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄآﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ واﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻷداء‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺰام ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ واﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻔﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺸﺠﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﺑﺪاع‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺤﻮاﻓﺰ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ وأهﺪاف اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮل ﻋﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﺠﻮدة؟‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﺿﺎﺑﻂ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ‬ ‫أﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺰن ‪ -‬اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ اﻟﻤﻮرد ‪....... -‬اﻟﺦ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‬‫اﻟﺠﻮدة هﻲ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ آﻞ ﻓﺮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﺎذا ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻳﺰو ‪ 9001‬؟‬ ‫أن اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺎول اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻬﺎدة )ﺁﻳﺰو( آﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎرﻏﺔ ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﻻ ﻧﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻮدة وﻻ ﺟﻤﻞ‪.‬آﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎن اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺷﻬﺎدة هﻲ ﺳﻠﻮك وﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ‬ ‫واﻷﻓﺮاد ﺑﻞ وﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄة آﻜﻞ‪ .‬واﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة هﻮ ﻗﺮار اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﺑﻼ ﺷﻚ وﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮي اﻟﻬﺎدف ﻣﻜﺴﺒًﺎ ﻟﻺدارة وﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄة وﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ وﻟﻜﻦ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ واﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ واﻟﻄﻤﻮح ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺷﻴﺌًﺎ اﻟﺒﺘﺔ إذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻌﺪاد ووﻻء وﺗﻀﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬا ﻻﺑﺪ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻳﺰو‬ ‫‪9001‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻻهﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﻮث واﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬اﻻهﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ واﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺮﻳﺎدة اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ واﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻓﺘﺢ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻻﺗﺼﺎل و واﺳﺘﻤﺮارﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدات اﻟﻮاﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﻔﺘﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -7‬ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -7‬ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫‪-8‬اﻻهﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ وﺟﻌﻠﻪ )اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻷول( اﻟﺬي ﻳﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮارات وﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄة‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺎءات و ﻣﺤﺎور‬

‫اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫رؤﻳﺔ إﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎهﻴﻢ ﺗﻤﺲ واﻗﻊ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد اﻟﻌﻤﺮي‪ -‬اﻷردن‬

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‫آﺜﻴﺮا ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻗﻔﻚ ﺧﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬أو ﺷﺮﻳﻂ وﺛﺎﺋﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪة ﻳﺄﻣ ﻞ اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﺎء أن ﺗﻐ ﻴﺮ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺒ ﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺠ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﺗﻘﻒ أﻣﺎم اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎز ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻤﺎ ﺣ ﺘﻰ ﻳﻨﺘﻬ ﻲ‪ ،‬ذات اﻷﻣ ﺮ ﻣ ﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎول ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺺ و اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ ﻋﻦ دواء ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬أو‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻞ أﺛﺮا أﻧﺘﺠﺘﻪ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ وﻣﻨﺎخ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬و إن‬ ‫اﻷﻣ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ اﻗ ﻞ ﺻ ﻮرة ﻟ ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﻇﻬ ﺮت اﻟﻨﻌﺠ ﺔ )دوﻟ ﻲ(‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻷول ﻣ ﺮة ﻓ ﻲ ﺗ ﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﺒ ﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟ ﻢ ﺗﻜ ﻦ ﻣﺠﻠ ﺔ أو‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺪة‪ ،‬إذاﻋ ﺔ ﻓ ﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ أو أرﺿ ﻴﺔ إﻻ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟ ﺖ اﻟﺨ ﺒﺮ‪ ،‬اﻟﻌﺎﻟ ﻢ‬ ‫آﻠﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺎهﺘﻤﺎم‪ ،‬هﺬﻩ اﻷﺣﺪاث و اﻟﺘﻨﺎول ﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻤ ﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﻨﺎس و ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ه ﻲ ﺟ ﺰء ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﻔﻬ ﻮم اﻹﻋ ﻼم‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﺬي ﻳﻄﺮح اﻟﻌﻠ ﻮم ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒ ﺴﻂ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬ ﻮر‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﺣﺪ أهﻢ اﻷﻣﻮر اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎهﻢ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻐﻴ ﻴﺮ ﺣﻴ ﺎة اﻟ ﺸﻌﻮب‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑ ﻞ ﻳﻌ ﺪﻩ اﻟﻘ ﺎﺋﻤﻮن ﻋﻠﻴ ﻪ أﺣ ﺪ أﺳ ﺒﺎب اﻟﻨﻬ ﻀﺔ اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻮﺟ ﺐ‬ ‫اﻷﺧ ﺬ ﺑﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻦ اﺟ ﻞ ﺗﻨ ﺎول ه ﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﺿ ﻮع ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻔ ﺼﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻋﻦ اﻹﻃﺎر اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ اﻟﻮﺣﻴ ﺪ اﻟﻤﻤﺜ ﻞ ﻟ ﻪ ﻓ ﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻨ ﺎ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﺠ ﺮي ه ﺬا اﻟﻠﻘ ﺎء ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﻤﻬﻨ ﺪس ﻓ ﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳ ﺮ اﻟﺠﻨ ﺪي‪ .‬ﻧﺎﺋ ﺐ‬ ‫رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻣﻴﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﻴ ﻦ‪ .‬آﺎﺗ ﺐ وﺑﺎﺣ ﺚ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت ﻣﻨ ﺬ ‪ ،1996‬وﻋ ﻀﻮ ﻓ ﻲ ﺷ ﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﺎء‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻴ ﻦ واﻟﻤﺨ ﺘﺮﻋﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺴﻮرﻳﻴﻦ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺨ ﺎرج )ﻧﻮﺳ ﺘﻴﺎ(‪،‬‬ ‫وﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺎدي دﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬اﺳﺘﺸﺎري ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﺪار‬ ‫ﻷﺑﺤ ﺎث اﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎد اﻟﺮﻗﻤ ﻲ وﻋ ﻀﻮ اﺳﺘ ﺸﺎري ﻓ ﻲ ﻓﺮﻳ ﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ه ﻞ ﻟﻜ ﻢ أن ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻮﻧ ﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ وأه ﺪاﻓﻬﺎ واﻟ ﺪواﻓﻊ اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺎﺳﻴﺴﻬﺎ ؟‬ ‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻣﻴﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﻴ ﻦ ‪Arab Science‬‬ ‫)‪ .Journalists Association (ASJA‬ﺗ ﻢ إﻃﻼﻗﻬ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺜ ﺎﻧﻲ )ﻧﻮﻓﻤ ﺒﺮ( ‪ ،2006‬وه ﻲ إﺣ ﺪى ﺷ ﺒﻜﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠ ﻮم و اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ‪ ، ،‬وﻣﻘ ﺮ ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺔ ﻓ ﻲ إﻣ ﺎرة اﻟ ﺸﺎرﻗﺔ‪ ،‬دوﻟ ﺔ اﻹﻣ ﺎرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‪،‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﻓﺘﺘﺨﺬ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎهﺮة ﻣﻘﺮا ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟ ﻪ اﻟﻌﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﺑﺤ ﺎث واﻟﻤﻘ ﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﻨ ﺸﻮرة ﺣ ﻮل ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠ ﺔ ‪PC Magazine‬‬ ‫وﻣﺠﻠ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻳ ﺖ وﻣﺠﻠ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﺠﻠ ﺔ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴ ﺎت وﻣﺠﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻼت واﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎت واﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻟﻒ آﺘﺎب "اﻟﻌﺮب واﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺤﺎﺳ ﻮﺑﻴﺔ"‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎدر ﻋﻦ دار اﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺑﺪﻣﺸﻖ ﻋﺎم ‪.2003‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺿ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤ ﺮات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ واﻟﺪوﻟﻴ ﺔ ﺣ ﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت واﻹﻋ ﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤ ﺮ اﻷول‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ دﻣ ﺸﻖ ﻋ ﺎم ‪ ،2004‬واﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮي ﻟﻘﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت اﻟ ﺬي ﻧﻈﻤﺘ ﻪ اﻷﻣ ﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤ ﺪة ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫أﻣ ﺎ دواﻓ ﻊ ﺗﺄﺳ ﻴﺲ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ وأه ﺪاﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴ ﺼﻬﺎ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫أﻣﻮر ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‪ :‬اﻷول ه ﻮ اﻟﻨﻬ ﻮض ﺑﻤ ﺴﺘﻮى اﻹﻋﻼﻣ ﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ أن هﺬا اﻟﻤ ﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻹﻋ ﻼم‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﺪم وﺟ ﻮد أﻳ ﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت ﺗﺨ ﺮج ﻣﺨﺘ ﺼﻴﻦ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻨ ﻮع ﻣ ﻦ اﻹﻋ ﻼم‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤ ﺎ ﻧﺠ ﺪ أن ﻣ ﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻣﻌ ﺮوف ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ أدرآﻮا أن اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟ ﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻ ﻴﺘﻪ وأدواﺗ ﻪ‪ ،‬وﻣ ﻦ ﻳﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻓﻴ ﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐ ﻲ أن ﺗﻤﺘ ﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻤ ﺆهﻼت واﺳ ﺘﻌﺪادات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ ﺗﻠ ﻚ اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻤﺘ ﻊ ﺑﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻷﺧﺒﺎر أو اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ أو اﻟﻔ ﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ه ﻮ اﻟ ﺴﻌﻲ إﻟ ﻰ ﺟﻌ ﻞ اﻹﻋ ﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ إﻋﻼﻣ ﺎ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫دﻣ ﺸﻖ ﻋ ﺎم ‪ ،2005‬واﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤ ﺮ اﻟ ﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﺨ ﺎﻣﺲ ﻟﻺﻋ ﻼم‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ اﻟ ﺬي ﻧﻈﻤ ﻪ اﻻﺗﺤ ﺎد اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻺﻋ ﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﺎم ‪ 2007‬وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺟﻤﺎهﻴﺮﻳﺎً‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﻨﺎس‪ ،‬واﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام آ ﻞ اﻟﻮﺳ ﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﺠﺬب اﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ إﻟﻴ ﻪ‪ ،‬واﻟﺜﺎﻟ ﺚ ه ﻲ أن ﺗﻜ ﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻌﺮب ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺨ ﺎرج وﺑﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﺠﻤﺎهﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻮﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺴﺎءل اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮاء ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﺎت اﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ؟‬ ‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫هﻨ ﺎك اﻟ ﺘﺰام ﻣﺘﺒ ﺎدل ﺑﻴ ﻦ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ واﻷﻋ ﻀﺎء‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺘﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﺄن ﺗﻘﺪم ﻟﻸﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺨ ﺪﻣﺎت اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻬ ﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﺨ ﺒﺮاﺗﻬﻢ وﺁﻓ ﺎﻗﻬﻢ اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺳ ﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﺪﻳ ﺪة‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻼ اﻟﻨ ﺸﺮة اﻟﺪورﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺼ ﺼﺔ ﻷﻋ ﻀﺎء اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺜ ً‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻠﻌﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ آﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪود ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أﺧﺒﺎر‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮات واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎت اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻘﺪهﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ ﺧ ﺎص وﻓ ﻲ دول اﻟﻌﺎﻟ ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‪ ،‬آﻤ ﺎ ﺗﻘ ﻮم اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ وﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل ﺻ ﻼﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ اﻹﻋ ﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ ﺑ ﺈﻃﻼع اﻷﻋ ﻀﺎء ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﺪورات‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺒﻴ ﺔ واﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓ ﺮة ﺣ ﻮل اﻹﻋ ﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ‪ ،‬وﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﺗﻜﻮن ﺻﻠﺔ وﺻﻞ ﺑﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺎت اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ ﺣ ﻮل اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬وﺑﻴ ﻦ اﻷﻋ ﻀﺎء‪ ،‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﻳﻄﻠ ﺐ ﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻌ ﺮب ﻟﺒﻌ ﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺢ اﻟﺪراﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺎت اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﻤﻴ ﻢ اﻟ ﺪﻋﻮة ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺟﻤﻴ ﻊ اﻷﻋ ﻀﺎء‪ ،‬وﺗﺠﻤ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻤﻦ ﻳﺮﺷﺢ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻨﺢ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﺮﺳ ﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻬﺎت اﻟﺪاﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻮم ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮاﻩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒًﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻣ ﺎ اﻟ ﺘﺰام اﻟﻌ ﻀﻮ ﻧﺤ ﻮ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬ ﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻤ ﻪ ﻟﻬ ﺎ ﺑﺨﺒﺮﺗ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وإﺷ ﺮاك اﻷﻋ ﻀﺎء اﻵﺧ ﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻤ ﺎ ﻳﺤ ﺼﻠﻪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ وﻋﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺘﻪ‪ ،‬وإﺑﻼغ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ أي ﻧ ﺸﺎط ﻋﻠﻤ ﻲ ﻳﺤ ﺼﻞ ﻓ ﻲ ﺑﻠ ﺪﻩ ﻟﻴﺘ ﻢ اﻹﺷ ﺎرة إﻟﻴ ﻪ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺸﺮة اﻟﺪورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺮاﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫هﺬا ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺳ ﺮﻳﻊ ﻋ ﻦ اﻻﻟ ﺘﺰام اﻟﻤﺘﺒ ﺎدل‪ ،‬وﻟ ﻦ ﻳﺘ ﺴﻊ اﻟﻤﻘ ﺎم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫هﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺷ ﻜﺎل ﻧﻘﺎﺑ ﺔ اﻟ ﺼﺤﻔﻴﻴﻦ؟‬ ‫و هﻞ هﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ؟‬ ‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫هﻨﺎك ﻓ ﺮوق ﻋﺪﻳ ﺪة ﺑﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑ ﺔ واﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ أن اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑ ﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻋ ﺎدة ﻗﻄﺮﻳ ﺔ أو ﻣﺤﻠﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬أﻣ ﺎ راﺑﻄﺘﻨ ﺎ ﻓﻬ ﻲ ﻋﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑ ﺔ ﻋ ﺎدة ﻳﻜ ﻮن ﻟﻬ ﺎ ه ﺪﻓﺎن أﺳﺎﺳ ﻴﺎن‪ :‬اﻷول ه ﻮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴ ﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻘﻄ ﺮ اﻟﻤﻌ ﻨﻲ‪ ،‬واﻟﺜ ﺎﻧﻲ رﻋﺎﻳ ﺔ ﻣ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﻮق اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬واﻷهﺪاف اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ذآﺮﻧﺎهﺎ ﺁﻧﻔًﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻪ اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎت‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﺘﻘ ﺎﻃﻊ ﻓﻬ ﻮ‬ ‫أن ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ دور ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻜﻔ ﺎءة اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴ ﺔ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﻷﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤ ﺪﻳﺚ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﻨ ﺸﺄة ﻳﻘﻮدﻧ ﺎ ﺑﺎﻟ ﻀﺮورة إﻟ ﻲ اﻟﺤ ﺪﻳﺚ ﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺬﻳﻦ آﺎن ﻟﻬﻢ اﻷﺛﺮ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ‬ ‫و اﻧﻄﻼﻗﻬﺎ؟‬ ‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﻼ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴ ﺎً‪ ،‬واﺳ ﺘﻐﺮق وﻗﺘ ًﺎ ﻃ ﻮﻳﻼً‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ آﺎن ﻋﻤ ً‬ ‫ﺑ ﺪأ آﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻳ ﺔ ﺗ ﻀﻢ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﻤﺮت ﻟﻤﺪة ﺳﻨﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺒﺎدل اﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ‪ ،‬ﺛ ﻢ ﺗ ﻢ ﺗ ﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ رﺳ ﻤﻴًﺎ ﻋ ﺎم‬ ‫‪ 2006‬آ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺷ ﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠ ﻮم‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ‪ ،‬وﻣﻘﺮه ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻹﻣ ﺎرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤ ﺪة‪ ،‬وﻻ‬ ‫ﻧ ﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﻧﻤ ﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ذﻟ ﻚ دون أن ﻧﻘ ﺪم ﺷ ﻜﺮﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ ﺬآﻮرة وﻟﺮﺋﻴ ﺴﻬﺎ اﻟ ﺪآﺘﻮر ﻋﺒ ﺪ اﷲ اﻟﻨﺠ ﺎر‪ ،‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺗﻤﻜﻨ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﻤﻈﻠﺔ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟ ﺘﻲ وﻓﺮﺗﻬ ﺎ ﻟﻨ ﺎ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣ ﻦ أن ﻧﻘ ﻮم ﺑﺘ ﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ رﺳ ﻤﻴﺎ آﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗ ﻢ إﻋ ﻼن‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ دﻣﺸﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ هﺎﻣﺶ اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺪءوا اﻟﻔﻜﺮة وﺳ ﺎهﻤﻮا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﺪدهﻢ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻋﻀﻮًا ﻣ ﻦ أﺻ ﻞ اﻟﻌ ﺪد اﻟﻜﻠ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻋ ﻀﺎء وه ﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ ﺎ ﻳﺰﻳ ﺪ ﻋ ﻦ ﻣﺎﺋ ﺔ وﻋ ﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻋ ﻀﻮاً‪،‬‬ ‫وأﺳ ﻤﺎء اﻷﻋ ﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﻴﻦ ﻣ ﺬآﻮرة ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻨﻈ ﺎم اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮاﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ أن اﻟﻜﺘ ﺎب اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫آﻤﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ اﻟﻴﻮم هﻢ ﻗﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟ ﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤ ﺎ ه ﻮ ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ ه ﺬا‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﻄﻼق اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ و ﺑﺪاﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻷوﻟﻰ؟‬ ‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻟﻘ ﺪ ﺳ ﺎهﻢ ذﻟ ﻚ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗ ﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﺗ ﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ رﺳ ﻤﻴًﺎ‬ ‫وإﺷﻬﺎرهﺎ آﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ذﻟﻚ ﻷن اﻟﻄﺮﻳ ﻖ ﻟﺘﺄﺳ ﻴﺲ راﺑﻄ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ هﻮ أن ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ راﺑﻄﺔ ﻗﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ آﻞ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑ ﺔ اﺗﺤ ﺎد ﻟﻠ ﺮواﺑﻂ اﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳ ﺔ ﺣﺘ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗ ﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻋ ﺪد‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻗﻄ ﺎر اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ أﻗ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫أن ﻳﻜﻮن آﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ راﺑﻄﺔ‪ ،‬وهﻜﺬا ﻟﻢ ﻧﺘﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗ ﺴﺠﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ وإﺷﻬﺎرهﺎ إﻻ ﺑﻌ ﺪ أن ﺣ ﺼﻞ ﺗﻮاﺻ ﻠﻨﺎ ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻌﻠ ﻮم واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ وﺳ ﺠﻠﻨﺎ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ وأﺷ ﻬﺮﻧﺎهﺎ‬ ‫آﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﺗﺤ ﺖ ﻣﻈﻠ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠ ﻮم‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺤ ﺪث ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﻨ ﺸﺄة ﻓﺈﻧﻨ ﺎ ﻧﺘﺤ ﺪث ﺑﺎﻟ ﻀﺮورة ﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴ ﺴﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬و اﻟﻬﻴﻜ ﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤ ﻲ ﻟﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻢ أن ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻮا ﻟﻨﺎ ﺷﺮﺣﺎ ﺣﻮﻟﻬﺎ؟‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ ﻣﺠﻠ ﺲ إدارة ﻣﻨﺘﺨ ﺐ‪ ،‬وﻗ ﺪ ﺗ ﻢ اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ ﻗﺒ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬وﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻘﺪارهﺎ ﺳﻨﺘﺎن ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻓ ﻲ ﺷ ﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺳ ﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﺒ ﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺳ ﻴﺘﻢ اﻧﺘﺨ ﺎب ﻣﺠﻠ ﺲ إدارة ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﺬي ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋ ﻀﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻷﻗ ﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫وﺁﻟﻴ ﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺨ ﺎب واﻟﺘﺮﺷ ﻴﺢ ﻣﻔ ﺼﻠﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻨﻈ ﺎم اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮاﺑﻄﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪد أﻋ ﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﺠﻠ ﺲ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ ًﺎ ﺧﻤ ﺲ أﻋ ﻀﺎء‪،‬‬ ‫وهﻨﺎك ﻓﻜ ﺮة ﻟﺰﻳﺎدﺗ ﻪ إﻟ ﻰ ﺳ ﺒﻊ أﻋ ﻀﺎء ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺪورة اﻟﻘﺎدﻣ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫وﺗﺮأس ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻹدارة اﻟﺤ ﺎﻟﻲ اﻟ ﺪآﺘﻮرة ﻧﺎدﻳ ﺔ أﻟﻌﻮﺿ ﻲ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،‬واﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻵﺧﺮون ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ وﻧﺎﺋﺒﻪ هﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻣﺠﺪي ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،‬واﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴﻤﻦ‪ ،‬واﻷﺳﺘﺎذة زﻳﻨﺐ ﻏﺼﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﻨﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ ﻀﺮورة اﻟﻬﻴﻜ ﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤ ﻲ اﻟ ﺬﻳﻦ أﺟﺒﺘ ﻢ ﻋﻨ ﻪ ﻣ ﺸﻜﻮرﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻘﺮاء ﻳﺘﺴﺎءﻟﻮن ﻋ ﻦ ﺁﻟﻴ ﺎت اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻢ أن ﺗﺸﺮﺣﻮن ﻟﻨﺎ هﺬﻩ اﻵﻟﻴﺎت؟‬ ‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻹدارة اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎت دورﻳ ﺔ ﻟﺘ ﺴﻴﻴﺮ أﻣ ﻮر اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ‬ ‫واﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮارات اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗ ﺸﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬ ‫وإﻗﺮاره ﺎ‪ ،‬وﻗ ﺪ ﺳ ﻬﻠﺖ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺎت اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻ ﻞ ﺑﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﻋ ﻀﺎء ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﺧﺘ ﻼف ﺑﻠ ﺪاﻧﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻌﻈ ﻢ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺗﻨ ﺎ ﻧﻌﻘﺪه ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺎدﺛ ﺔ اﻟﻔﻮرﻳ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫آﻤﺎ اﻟﺘﻘﻰ أﻋ ﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﺠﻠ ﺲ ﺧ ﻼل ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﺴﻨﺔ أآ ﺜﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻴًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ هﺎﻣﺶ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮات اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺷ ﺎرآﻮا‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﻘﺮارات اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺨ ﺬهﺎ ﻣﺠﻠ ﺲ اﻹدارة ﻳﺘ ﻢ اﻟﺘ ﺼﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻋﺘﻤﺎدهﺎ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻢ إﺑﻼغ أﻋﻀﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮارات واﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎت واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪﻳ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ‪ ،‬ه ﺬا وإن ﺗﻔﺎﺻ ﻴﻞ ﺟﻤﻴ ﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗ ﺸﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻘ ﺮارات واﻹﺟ ﺮاءات اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﺘ ﻢ ﺧ ﻼل اﺟﺘﻤ ﺎع ﻣﺠﻠ ﺲ‬ ‫اﻹدارة ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮ رﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺘﻬ ﺎ وﺗ ﺪﻗﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻋﺘﻤﺎدهﺎ رﺳﻤﻴًﺎ وﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ أرﺷﻴﻒ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫هﻞ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ اﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي ﻧﺎﺋﺐ رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ أن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻟﻬ ﺎ إﻻ إن ﺗﻤ ﺎرس دورا هﺎﻣ ﺸﻴﺎ آﻤ ﺎ ه ﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎل ﻣﻊ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺼﺤﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ؟‬ ‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﻜ ﺮ ﺟ ﺪا إﻃ ﻼق أﺣﻜ ﺎم آﻬ ﺬﻩ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﻻزاﻟﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻋﻤﺮه ﺎ ﻣﻨ ﺬ إﻋﻼﻧﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳ ﻤﻲ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻟ ﻮ ﺳ ﺄﻟﺘﻨﻲ ﻋ ﻦ ﻣ ﺎ أﺗﻮﻗﻌ ﻪ ﺑﻨ ﺎء ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻮح ﺧﻼل اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻗﻮل إﻧ ﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﺋ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا ﺑﺈذن اﷲ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﻩ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺣﻴﺐ وﺗﻌﺎون ﻣﻦ‬ ‫آﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻷوﺳ ﺎط اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ‪ ،‬وﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫اهﺘﻤ ﺎم ﻣﺠﻠﺘﻜ ﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻗ ﺮة ﺑﺎﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ وأﺧﺒﺎره ﺎ‪ ،‬وﺗﺮﺣﻴﺒﻜ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺄﺳﻴﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﺗﺸﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﺘ ﺴﺎﺑﻜﻢ ﻟﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬وﺗﺨﺼﻴ ﺼﻜﻢ ﻣ ﺸﻜﻮرﻳﻦ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت واﺳ ﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺤ ﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻨﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺎ ذﻟ ﻚ آﻠ ﻪ إﻻ دﻟﻴ ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺸﺮق اﻟ ﺬي ﻳﻨﺘﻈ ﺮ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ ﺑ ﺈذن اﷲ‪ ،‬وﻣ ﺒﺮر‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮوع ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎؤل ﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﻤﻠﻪ اﻷﻳﺎم اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻧﻬ ﻀﺔ إﻋﻼﻣﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ هﻲ أﺳ ﺒﺎب ﻗﻠ ﺔ اﻧﺘ ﺸﺎر ﻣﻔﻬ ﻮم اﻹﻋ ﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ ﻓ ﻲ رأﻳ ﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﻘﻴﻨﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﺸﺎر آﺒﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻜﺲ ﻣ ﺎ ﻧﻠﺤﻈ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻵن ﻣﻦ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر واﺳ ﻊ ﻟﺒﻘﻴ ﺔ اﻷﺻ ﻨﺎف اﻷﺧ ﺮى‪،‬‬ ‫وآﻴﻒ ﺗﺮى دور هﺬا ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ أﺳﺒﺎب ﻋﺪﻳﺪة وهﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ دﻋﺖ إﻟﻰ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ أهﻤﻬﺎ ﺳﻮء ﻇﻦ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻋﻼم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻈﻦ أﻧ ﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺒﺤ ﺚ ﻓ ﻲ وﺳ ﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻋ ﻼم إﻻ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﺘ ﺴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ أﻧ ﻪ ﺛﺒ ﺖ أن أآ ﺜﺮ اﻟ ﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﺸﺎهﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺜ ﻼ ه ﻲ ﺑ ﺮاﻣﺞ ﺟ ﺎدة‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻧﻨﻜ ﺮ وﺟ ﻮد ﺷ ﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪﻳﻦ واﻟﻘﺮاء ﻻ ﻳﻬﻤﻬﺎ إﻻ اﻟﻠﻬﻮ اﻟﺘ ﺴﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜ ﻦ واﺟ ﺐ‬ ‫وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻋﻼم ﻣﻊ هﺆﻻء هﻮ أن ﺗﺠﺬﺑﻬﻢ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟ ﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺠ ﺎدة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺑﻘﻮاﻟﺐ ﺷﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘ ﺼﻌﺪ ﺑﺬوﻗﻬ ﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﺁﻓﺎق ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ أن ﺗﻬﺒﻂ هﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮاهﻢ وﺗﺴﺎﻳﺮهﻢ‪ ،‬وﻻ‬ ‫أرى أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺴﺆال ﻋﻦ دور وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻋﻼم ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺤ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻧ ﺸﺎط اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑ ﻞ ﻋ ﻦ دور اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻴ ﻪ وﺳ ﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼم‪ ،‬وهﺬا ﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﺟﻮ أن ﻧﻮﻓﻖ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﻘﻴ ﺎم ﺑ ﻪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤ ﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎت و اﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘ ﻮم ﺑﻬ ﺎ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ آﺈﻃ ﺎر‬ ‫ﻋ ﺎم؟ و ه ﺬا ﺑﺎﻟ ﻀﺮورة ﻳﻘﻮدﻧ ﺎ إﻟ ﻲ اﻟ ﺴﺆال ﻋ ﻦ ﻣ ﺎ ه ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻬﺎ إﻟﻲ اﻵن؟‬ ‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﻟﻘ ﺪ ﻗﺎﻣ ﺖ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ وﻻ زاﻟ ﺖ ﺗﻘ ﻮم ﺑﻨ ﺸﺎﻃﺎت ﻋﺪﻳ ﺪة ﻣﻨ ﺬ‬ ‫ﻼ اﻻﻧﺘ ﺴﺎب ﻟﻼﺗﺤ ﺎد‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬رﻏﻢ ﻋﻤﺮهﺎ اﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺜ ً‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻟﻺﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬وآﺎن ﻣﻦ ﺛﻤﺮات هﺬا اﻻﻧﺘﺴﺎب ﺗﻨﻔﻴ ﺬ‬ ‫ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻟﻤ ﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺒﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺸﺘﺮآﺔ ﻣ ﻊ اﻻﺗﺤ ﺎد اﻟﺪوﻟ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻣﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺮب‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟ ﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﺨﺎﻣ ﺲ‬ ‫ﻹﻋ ﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ واﻟ ﺬي ﻋﻘ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ أﺳ ﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﺷ ﻬﺮ ﻧﻴ ﺴﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺿ ﻲ‪ ،‬وﻣ ﻦ ﻧ ﺸﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ إﺻ ﺪار دﻟﻴ ﻞ اﻹﻋﻼﻣ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ‪ ،‬وه ﻮ ﻣﺮﺟ ﻊ ﺷ ﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻣﻴﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ﺮب ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠ ﻒ اﻟﻘ ﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ أﻳ ﻀﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴ ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿ ﺮات واﻟﻨ ﺪوات اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ‬ ‫وﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ دوري وﻣﻨﺘﻈ ﻢ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺼﺮ واﻹﻣ ﺎرات واﻟﺠﺰاﺋ ﺮ‬ ‫واﻷردن ‪ ،‬وﻧﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ دول ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣ ﻦ أه ﻢ اﻹﻧﺠ ﺎزات ﺗﻨﻈﻴ ﻢ اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤ ﺮ اﻷول ﻟﻺﻋ ﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬واﻟ ﺬي ﺳ ﻴﻘﺎم ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﻐ ﺮب ﻓ ﻲ ﺷ ﻬﺮ ﺗ ﺸﺮﻳﻦ اﻷول‬ ‫)أآﺘﻮﺑ ﺮ( اﻟﻘ ﺎدم‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌ ﺎون ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠ ﻮم‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ‪ ،‬وه ﻮ اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤ ﺮ اﻷول ﻣ ﻦ ﻧﻮﻋ ﻪ واﻟﺨ ﺎص‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﺑ ﺎﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ‪ ،‬وﻣ ﻦ اﻹﻧﺠ ﺎزات أﻳ ﻀًﺎ إﻃ ﻼق‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺋﺰة اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬وهﻲ ﺟﺎﺋﺰة ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻷﻓﻀﻞ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺳ ﻴﺘﻢ اﻹﻋ ﻼن‬ ‫ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺰﻳﻦ وﺗﻮزﻳ ﻊ اﻟﺠﻮاﺋ ﺰ ﻟﻠ ﺪورة اﻷوﻟ ﻰ ﺧ ﻼل ﻣﺆﺗﻤ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ اﻟﺬي ﺳﺒﻖ ذآﺮﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫وهﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻷﺧ ﺮى اﻟﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘ ﻢ اﻹﻋ ﺪاد ﻟﻬ ﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ ﺎً‪ ،‬وﺳ ﻴﺘﻢ اﻹﻋ ﻼن ﻋﻨﻬ ﺎ ﻗﺮﻳﺒ ًﺎ ﺟ ﺪاً‪،‬‬ ‫وﻧﻔﻀﻞ أن ﻧﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ﺑﻌ ﺪ إﻃﻼﻗﻬ ﺎ وآﻮﻧﻬ ﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻗﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻏ ﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻤ ﻮن ﻣ ﻦ اﺟ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻮاﺻﻠﻜﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ؟‬ ‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﺘﺤﻮن ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻊ أي راﺑﻄﺔ ﻧ ﺮى ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻌﺎوﻧﻨ ﺎ ﻣﻌﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫دﻋﻤﺎ ﻟﻺﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ‪ ،‬وﻣ ﻦ ﺑﻴ ﻦ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﺮواﺑﻂ وﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫أهﻤﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻺﻋ ﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ‪ ،‬واﻟ ﺘﻲ ﻳﻮﺟ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎون ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻻﺗﺤ ﺎد اﻟ ﺪوﻟﻲ ﻟﻺﻋ ﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗ ﺪ‬ ‫أﺛﻤﺮ هﺬا اﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﺎرآﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓ ﻲ أآ ﺜﺮ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤ ﺮ ﻋﻠﻤ ﻲ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬آﻤ ﺎ أﺛﻤ ﺮ ﻋ ﻦ ﻣ ﺸﺎرآﺔ‬ ‫ﻋ ﺪد ﻣ ﻦ أﻋ ﻀﺎء اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ دورات ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﺆﺗﻤ ﺮات هﺎﻣ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺷ ﺄﻧﻬﺎ أن ﺗ ﻀﻴﻒ ﺧ ﺒﺮات ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪة‬ ‫ﻷﻋ ﻀﺎء اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ‪ ،‬وه ﺬا ﻣ ﻦ أه ﻢ أه ﺪاف اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤًﺎ ﺑﺄن اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴ ﺔ ه ﻲ ﻣ ﻦ أﻗ ﺪم وأﻋ ﺮق اﻟﺮواﺑ ﻂ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ وأآﺜﺮهﺎ ﺧﺒﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ هﻲ ﺧﻄ ﻂ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ أﺟ ﻞ ﺗﻌﺰﻳ ﺰ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺘﻬ ﺎ ﺑﻴ ﻦ أوﺳ ﺎط‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻮاﺣﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻬﻤﻢ ﻧﺸﺎط إﻋﻼﻣﻲ؟‬ ‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫إن آﻞ ﻧ ﺸﺎط أو ﻣ ﺴﺎهﻤﺔ أو ﻣ ﺸﺮوع ﺗﻘ ﻮم ﺑ ﻪ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ ه ﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ أوﺳﺎط اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ ه ﻮ اﻟ ﺬي‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻨﺢ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﺔ‪ ،‬وإن اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ أه ﺪاف اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ اﻷﻧﻔ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺬآﺮ ﻟﻜﻔﻴ ﻞ ﺑ ﺄن ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬ ﺎ ﺑ ﺈذن اﷲ ﻣ ﻮﺋﻼ ﻳ ﻀﻢ ﺟﻤﻴ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻌ ﺮب‪ ،‬وﻣﻨ ﺒﺮا ﻳ ﺼﻠﻮن ﻣﻨ ﻪ إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬وﻣﺮآﺰا ﻳﻘﺪم ﻟﻬﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧ ﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﻴﺔ وﺗﺪرﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻧﺎﻓﺬة ﻳﺼﻠﻮن ﻣﻨﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻷوﺳﺎط اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ هﻲ ﻣﺸﺎرﻳﻌﻜﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ و ﻣﺎ هﻲ رؤﻳﺘﻜﻢ ﻟﻠﺮاﺑﻄﺔ آﻜﻞ ؟‬ ‫وأﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻌﻮن أن ﺗﺠﺪوا أﻧﻔﺴﻜﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﺗﻤﻀﻲ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺳﻨﻮات‬ ‫ﻣﻦ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﻻ ﻧﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﻜﻼم ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ﻗﺒ ﻞ أن ﺗ ﺼﺒﺢ ﺣﻘﻴﻘ ﺔ واﻗﻌ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ هﻨﺎك ﻣﺸﺮوع أوﺷﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻃﻼق وأﺻﺒﺢ إﻋﺪادﻩ ﻓ ﻲ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺣ ﻞ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻧﺮﺟ ﻮ أن ﻳﻮﻓﻘﻨ ﺎ اﷲ ﻓ ﻲ إﻃﻼﻗ ﻪ ﺧ ﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤ ﺮ اﻟﻤﻐ ﺮب اﻟ ﺬي ﺣ ﺪﺛﺘﻚ ﻋﻨ ﻪ‪ ،‬وه ﻮ ﻣ ﺸﺮوع وآﺎﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺒﺎء اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وهﻮ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع اﻷول ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋ ﻪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘ ﻢ اﻹﻋ ﺪاد ﻟ ﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌ ﺎون ﻣ ﻊ ﻣﺠﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺳﺄﺗﺮك اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻟﻺﻋﻼن ﻋﻨﻬ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﻴﻨﻬ ﺎ إن ﺷ ﺎء‬ ‫اﷲ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻨﻨ ﺎ ﻧﺆﻣ ﻞ أن ﻳﻜ ﻮن ه ﺬا اﻟﻤ ﺸﺮوع ﻧﻘﻠ ﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺈذن اﷲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ هﻮ رأﻳﻜﻢ ﻟﻮ ﺗﻢ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻗﻨﺎة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻺﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻨﺎة هﺎدﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ أن اﻟﻘﻨ ﻮات اﻟﻔ ﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘ ﺸﺮ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ آﺒﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫وﺗ ﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻧ ﺸﺮ اﻷﻓﻜ ﺎر ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ اآ ﺒﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﺠ ﻼت أو‬ ‫اﻟﺪورﻳﺎت؟‬ ‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫هﺬا أﻣﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﺟﺪاً‪ ،‬وﻗ ﺪ ﺗ ﺄﺧﺮ آﺜ ﻴﺮاً‪ ،‬وﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗ ﻊ ﻧﺤﺘ ﺎج‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻗﻨﻮات ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ آﺜﻴﺮة ﻻ ﻗﻨﺎة واﺣﺪة‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻤﺎذا ﻳ ﺰدﺣﻢ اﻟﻔ ﻀﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺸﺮات ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻘﻨ ﻮات اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿ ﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﻨﻴ ﺔ وﻻ ﻳﻮﺟ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﻨﺎة ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ؟ هﺬا ﺳﺆال ﻧﻮﺟﻬﻪ ﻣﻌﻜ ﻢ إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ وإﻟ ﻰ اﻟﻘ ﺎﺋﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻄ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓ ﻲ رأﻳﻜ ﻢ ﻣ ﺎ ه ﻮ اﻷﺳ ﻠﻮب اﻷﻓ ﻀﻞ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴ ﺔ اﻹﻋ ﻼم‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ اﻟ ﺬي ﻳ ﺴﺎهﻢ ﻓ ﻲ ﺷ ﺪ اﻟﻘ ﺮاء اﻟﻌ ﺮب ﻟﻤ ﺎ ﻟﻬ ﻢ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ؟‬ ‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺸﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﻠﻘﻲ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳ ﻖ ﺑﻴ ﻦ اﻹﻋ ﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ‬ ‫واﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪ أو اﻟﻘ ﺎرئ ﻻ ﻳﺒﺤ ﺚ ﻋ ﻦ درس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮأ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ أو ﻳﺸﺎهﺪ اﻟﺘﻠﻔ ﺎز‪ ،‬ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠ ﺐ أن ﻳﺘ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻘ ﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻤ ﺎدة اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ ﺟﺬاﺑ ﺔ ﺑﻌﻴ ﺪة ﻋ ﻦ اﻷﺳ ﻠﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ واﻹﻟﻘﺎء اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ أﺧﺮى اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴ ﻦ اﻹﻋ ﻼم اﻟ ﺸﻌﺒﻲ واﻹﻋ ﻼم اﻟﺘﺨﺼ ﺼﻲ‪ ،‬اﻹﻋ ﻼم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼ ﺼﻲ ﻟ ﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓ ﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﺎﺻ ﺔ ﻣﺜ ﻞ اﻷوراق اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠ ﻼت اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼ ﺼﺔ ﻟﻔﺌ ﺔ ﻣﺤ ﺪدة ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻨ ﺎس آﺎﻷﻃﺒ ﺎء‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﻴﻦ‪ ،‬أﻣ ﺎ اﻹﻋ ﻼم اﻟ ﺸﻌﺒﻲ ﻓﻬ ﻮ ﻣﻮﺟ ﻪ ﻟﻜﺎﻓ ﺔ ﺷ ﺮاﺋﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬وهﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻧﺮآﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ راﺑﻄﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣ ﺎ ه ﻲ اﻟ ﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎت اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗ ﻮاﺟﻬﻜﻢ ﻓ ﻲ اﻧﺘ ﺸﺎر اﻟﺮاﺑﻄ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻮﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪,‬؟ و ﻣﺎ هﻮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ ﺔ اﻟ ﺪﻋﻢ اﻟ ﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻬﺘﻤ ﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ؟‬ ‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫هﻨﺎك ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺘﺎن أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﺎن‪ ،‬اﻷوﻟﻰ ه ﻲ ﺿ ﻴﻖ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻬﺎ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻺﻋ ﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ‪ ،‬واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫هﻲ ﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﺘﻌ ﺎون اﻟ ﺬي ﺗﺒﺪﻳ ﻪ اﻟﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻊ اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﻴ ﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤ ﺎ ﻳﺠﻌ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺤ ﺼﻮل ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ أﻣﺮا ﺻﻌﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ آﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣ ﺎ رأﻳﻜ ﻢ ﺑ ﺎﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ ﻋ ﺎم ؟ و إﻟ ﻲ أي ﻣ ﺪى‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪون اﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺎهﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ؟‬ ‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ أﻣ ﺮ ﺗ ﻀﻴﻖ ﻋﻨ ﻪ ﺳ ﻄﻮر ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎ ﻣ ﺴﺎهﻤﺘﻪ ﻓ ﻲ ﻧ ﺸﺮ ﻣﻔﻬ ﻮم اﻹﻋ ﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ ﻓﻬ ﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄآﻴ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺈﻟﺤﺎح‪ ،‬وهﻨﺎك ﺗﻘﺼﻴﺮ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫أه ﻢ أﺳ ﺒﺎب اﻟﺘﻘ ﺼﻴﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا اﻷﻣ ﺮ آﻤ ﺎ ﺳ ﺒﻖ أن ذآ ﺮت‪،‬‬ ‫اﻻﻋﺘﻘ ﺎد اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﻟﻘ ﺎﺋﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺎت اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ ﺑ ﺄن اﻹﻋ ﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ ﻻ ﺟﻤﻬ ﻮر ﻟ ﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑ ﺄن اﻟﻤﻮاﻃ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣ ﻦ اﻹﻋ ﻼم ﺑ ﻞ هﻤ ﻪ ﻓ ﻲ اﻹﻋ ﻼم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﻬﻲ‪ ،‬وهﺬا ﻇﻠ ﻢ ﻟﻠﻤ ﻮاﻃﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑ ﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘ ﺪ أﺛﺒﺘ ﺖ اﻟﺘﺠ ﺎرب‬ ‫أﻧ ﻪ ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﺗ ﻢ ﺗﻘ ﺪﻳﻢ اﻹﻋ ﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳ ﺒﺔ‪ ،‬وﺟ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻓﺎق اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪ واﻟﻘﺎرئ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫إﻗﺒﺎ ً‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫هﻨﺎﻟ ﻚ اﻟﻜﺜ ﻴﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺨﻠ ﻂ ﺑﻴ ﻦ اﻹﻋ ﻼم اﻟﺘﺠ ﺎري ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠ ﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة و اﻷﻋﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ هﻞ ﻟﻜﻢ أن ﺗﻮﺿﺤﻮا ﻟﻨﺎ هﺬا؟‬ ‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫اﻹﻋ ﻼم اﻟﺘﺠ ﺎري ه ﻮ اﻟ ﺬي ﻳ ﺮوج ﻟ ﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨ ﺔ أو ﻧﻮﻋﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻜﻼم ﻋﻦ ﻣﻴﺰات هﺎﺗﻒ ﻧﻘﺎل ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﺪر ﺣﺪﻳﺜًﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫إﻋﻼﻣ ﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴ ﺎ ﺑ ﻞ إﻋ ﻼم ﺗﺠ ﺎري‪ ،‬أﻣ ﺎ اﻹﻋ ﻼم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ وﻇﻮاهﺮﻩ واآﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺗﻪ وأﺛﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﻨﺎس‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜ ﻞ اﻟﻜ ﻼم ﻓ ﻲ دور وﺳ ﺎﺋﻞ اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎل اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﺒ ﺎدل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ وآﻔﺎءة آﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﻨﻮات ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺿﺮﺑًﺎ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻼم‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﻜﺮ ﻟﻜﻢ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺻﺪرآﻢ وﺗﻌﺎوﻧﻜﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺪاء ﻳﺎﺳﺮ اﻟﺠﻨﺪي‬ ‫وأﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ أﺷﻜﺮ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﺗﺎﺣﺔ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻔﺮﺻ ﺔ ﻟﻨ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺒﺔ ﻗﺮاء اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ اﻷﻋﺰاء واﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻜﻢ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺎءات و ﻣﺤﺎور‬

‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ اﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎدات اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﻋﻘﺒﺎت اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺎورﻩ ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺘﻮﻣﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ أﺑﻮ دﺑﺮة‬

‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺪ اﷲ ﺧﻤﺎج‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﻦ أآ ﺜﺮ اﻹﺷ ﻜﺎﻻت اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﻮاﺟ ﻪ واﻗﻌ ﺎ‬

‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻳﺪ و اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ و أﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻌﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬و ﺗﺘﻔﺎوت ه ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎت ﻣ ﻦ ﺑﻠ ﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬هﻞ ﻟﻜﻢ أن ﺗﺤﺪﺛﻮﻧﺎ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻜ ﻢ؟‬

‫إﻟﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ و ﻣﻦ دوﻟ ﺔ إﻟ ﻲ أﺧ ﺮى‪ ،‬ﻟﻜ ﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﺳ ﻢ اﻟﻤ ﺸﺘﺮك ﺑﻴ ﻦ‬

‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ أﺑﻮ دﺑ ﺮة‪:‬ﺑﺪاﻳ ﺔ ﺣﻴ ﺎﺗﻲ آﺎﻧ ﺖ ﻣﺜ ﻞ آ ﻞ‬

‫اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ هﻮ أن اﻟﺒﺤ ﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺨ ﺮج ﻋ ﻦ آﻮﻧ ﻪ ﻣﺒ ﺎدرات‬

‫اﻟ ﺸﺒﺎب اﻟﻠﻴ ﺒﻲ درﺳ ﺖ ﻓ ﻲ ﻟﻴﺒﻴ ﺎ ﺣ ﺘﻰ ﺗﺤ ﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺷ ﻬﺎدة‬

‫ﻓﺮدﻳ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣ ﺎول ﻓﻴﻬ ﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼ ﺼﻴﻦ و اﻟﻤﻬﺘﻤﻴ ﻦ و اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴ ﻦ‬

‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺤﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎل دراﺳ ﺘﻲ‬

‫إﺑ ﺮاز ﺗﺠ ﺎرﺑﻬﻢ‪ ،‬اﻟ ﺪآﺘﻮر ﻋﺒ ﺪ اﻟ ﺮﺣﻤﻦ أﺑ ﻮ دﺑ ﺮﻩ اﺣ ﺪ‬

‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ وﺗﻮﺟﻬﺖ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن ﺳ ﻨﺔ ‪ ،1970‬ﻓ ﻲ ﺑﺪاﻳ ﺔ اﻷﻣ ﺮ‬

‫اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ أﺑﺤﺎث ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺎل‬

‫آﻨﺖ اﻋﺘﻘﺪ اﻧﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﺪرس ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐ ﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳ ﺔ وﻟﻜ ﻦ اآﺘ ﺸﻔﺖ ان‬

‫اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت‪ ،‬و ﻋﻠ ﻰ ه ﺎﻣﺶ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴ ﺎت ﻣﻌ ﺮض ﻟﻴﺒﻴ ﺎ‬

‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐ ﺔ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ ودرﺳ ﺖ اﻟﻠﻐ ﺔ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻤ ﺪة‬

‫ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻت واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ)ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ (2008‬اﻟﺬي أﻗﻴﻢ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫ﺳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪهﺎ اﺳﺘﻜﻤﻠﺖ دراﺳﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺎل هﻨﺪﺳ ﺔ اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪ ،5/2008/ 29 -24‬آ ﺎن ﺣﺮﺻ ﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺘﻮاﺻ ﻞ ﻣ ﻊ‬

‫وﺗﺤﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠ ﻰ درﺟ ﺔ ﺑﺎآ ﺎﻟﻮرﻳﻮس ﻓ ﻲ هﻨﺪﺳ ﺔ اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗ ﺰور اﻟﻤﻌ ﺮض‪ ،‬و اﻟ ﺘﻲ آ ﺎن ﻟﻬ ﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺘﻘ ﺪﻳﺮ ﺟﻴﺪﺟ ﺪًا ﺳ ﻨﺔ ‪ 1985‬وآ ﺎن ﻣﻮﺿ ﻮع ﺑﺤ ﺚ ﻣ ﺸﺮوع‬

‫ﺑﺼﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت و ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺟﺮﻳﻨ ﺎ ه ﺬا اﻟﻠﻘ ﺎء‬

‫اﻟﺘﺨ ﺮج دراﺳ ﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘ ﺎت ﻻﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ‪Microprocessor‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻨﻘﻞ ﻟﻜﻢ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮآﺰ اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻘ ﻮم ﺑﻘﻴ ﺎدة واﻟﺘﺤﻜ ﻢ ﺑﺒﻌ ﺾ اﻷﺟﻬ ﺰة واﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ﻟﻐ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴ‬

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‫ﻊ ‪Assembly language‬واﻟﻤﻌ‬

‫ﺎﻟﺞ آ‬

‫ﺎن‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻋﺒ ﺪ اﻟ ﺮﺣﻤﻦ أﺑ ﻮ دﺑ ﺮة‪ ،‬ه ﻞ ﻟﻜ ﻢ أن‬

‫‪ECTK85 .‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻮا اﻟﻘﺮاء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺨﺼﻜﻢ اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ؟‬

‫ﺛ ﻢ رﺟﻌ ﺖ ﻟﻠﺒ ﻼد واﺷ ﺘﻐﻠﺖ ﺑ ﺎﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻳ ﺪ‪ ،‬إدارة‬

‫د‪.‬ﻋﺒ ﺪ اﻟ ﺮﺣﻤﻦ أﺑ ﻮ دﺑ ﺮة‪ ،‬ﻣﻮاﻟﻴ ﺪ ﻃ ﺮاﺑﻠﺲ ‪ 10‬ﻣ ﺎرس ﺳ ﻨﺔ‬

‫اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ آﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﺻ ﻴﺎﻧﺔ وآﺎﻧ ﺖ ﻓ ﺘﺮة اﻟﺪراﺳ ﺔ‬

‫‪ ،1958‬ﻣﻬﻨ ﺪس اﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﺪرﺟ ﺔ دآﺘ ﻮراﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺎل‬

‫‪ 5‬ﺳﻨﻮات ﻓﺘﺮة ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻋﺒﺮ اﻷﻗﻤ ﺎر اﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ -‬إدارة اﻟﻔ ﻀﺎء‪ -‬اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ‪ :‬ﻣ ﺎ ه ﻞ ﻟﻜ ﻢ أن ﺗﺤ ﺪﺛﻮﻧﺎ ﻋ ﻦ رﺳ ﺎﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻋﺒﺪ اﷲ أﺑﻮ دﺑﺮة و اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﻋﻤﺮ اﻟﺘﻮﻣﻲ أﺛﻨﺎء إﺟﺮاء اﻟﺤﻮار‬

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‫اﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ و اﻟﺪآﺘﻮراﻩ ﺧﺎﺻﺘﻜﻢ؟‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪهﺎ رﺟﻌﺖ واﺷﺘﻐﻠﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮآﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻳ ﺪ آﻌ ﻀﻮ ﺑ ﺎرز‬

‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ أﺑﻮ دﺑﺮﻩ‪ :‬آﻤﺎ ذآﺮت ﺳﺎﺑﻘًﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﺖ‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﺤ ﻀﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻤ ﺮ اﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻠﻴ ﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺛ ﻢ ﺗﺤ ﺼﻠﺖ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ آﻤﻬﻨﺪس ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮآﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻠ ﻚ اﻟﻔ ﺘﺮة‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺤ ﺼﻮل ﻋﻠ ﻰ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺪآﺘﻮراﻩ ﻣ ﻦ ﻗﺒ ﻞ اﻟﺪوﻟ ﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺤ ﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻨﺤ ﺔ دراﺳ ﻴﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ)ﺗﻮآ ﺎي(ﻻﺳ ﺘﻜﻤﺎل‬

‫وآﺎن ذﻟﻚ ﻓ ﻲ ‪ 1998-9-25‬وﺗﺤ ﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗﻘ ﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻤﺘ ﺎز‪،‬‬

‫دراﺳ ﺘﻲ واﻟﺤ ﺼﻮل ﻋﻠ ﻰ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺟ ﺴﺘﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒ ﺎري ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫وآﺎن ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ " دراﺳ ﺔ اﻷداء اﻻﻧﺘ ﺸﺎري ﻟﻺﺷ ﺎرة‬

‫اﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ اﻷواﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺖ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﺎﺑ ﺎن واﺳ ﺘﻜﻤﻠﺖ دراﺳ ﺘﻲ ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘ ﻞ أرﺿ ﻲ ‪ Mobile land‬ﺳ ﻮاء آ ﺎن‬

‫ﻓ ﺘﺮة ﻗﻴﺎﺳ ﻴﺔ وﺗﺤ ﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﺮﺗﺒ ﺔ اﻟ ﺸﺮف اﻷوﻟ ﻰ وآ ﺎن‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮآﺒﺔ أو ﻣﺤﻤ ﻮل وﺻ ﻤﻤﺖ ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻤ ﻮذج ﻋ ﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣ ﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺿ ﻮع اﻟﺪراﺳ ﺔ ﻳﺘﻌﻠ ﻖ ﺑﺪراﺳ ﺔ ﻟﻈ ﺎهﺮة ﺗ ﺴﻤﻰ‬

‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻹﺷ ﺎرة اﻧﻘﻄﺎﻋ ﺎت‬

‫ﻇ ﺎهﺮة"اﻟﺨﺒ ﻮ"ﻟ ﺬي ﻳﺤ ﺪث ﻟﻺﺷ ﺎرة وﻳﻌﻄ ﻲ اﻧﻘﻄ ﺎع ﻣﻌﻴ ﻦ‬

‫ﺻﺎدرة ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ وﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﺧﺒﻮ وﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ إﻟﻰ )ﻃﻮﻳﻞ وﻗﺼﻴﺮ(‬

‫ﻟﻠﺼﻮرة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫وآﺎن ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اهﺘﻤﺎﻣﻲ اﻟﺨﺒﻮ اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ‪LONG TEARM‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ‪ KU‬واﻟ ﺘﻲ إرﺳ ﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺿ ﻤﻦ ‪ 14GHZ/S‬واﺳ ﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬

‫‪ .‬وأﺗﺎﺣﺖ ﻟﻲ اﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ أن أﺷ ﺘﻐﻞ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺮآ ﺰ آﺎﺷ ﻴﻤﺎ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧ ﻲ‬

‫‪11GHZ/S‬ﺑﻤ ﺎ ﻳﻌ ﺮف ﺑﻨﻈ ﻢ اﻻﺳ ﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻟﻠﺒ ﺚ اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻧ ﻲ‬

‫وه ﻮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﺮاآ ﺰ اﻟﺮاﺋ ﺪة ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ وﻗﻤ ﺖ ﺑﺈﻧ ﺸﺎء ﻣﺤﻄ ﺔ‬

‫ﻋ ﺒﺮ اﻷﻗﻤ ﺎر اﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪ °13 Europe TV‬ﺷ ﺮﻗُﺎ و ‪°10‬‬

‫وهﻮاﺋ ﻲ واﺳ ﺘﻘﺒﻠﺖ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻘﻤ ﺮ ‪ETS5‬وه ﻮ ﻗﻤ ﺮ اﻻﺧﺘﺒ ﺎر‬

‫ﺷﺮﻗًﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‪ ،‬رب ﺿﺎرة ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ آﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮآﺔ” اﻻﺑﻮاج” ﺣ ﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗ ﺼﻞ ﻟﻤ ﺪار‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻪ اﻷرﺿﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺰاﻣﻦ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺪار اﻻهﻠﻴﺠ ﻲ اﻟﺒﻴ ﻀﺎوي‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺗﺰاﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺮة اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ آ ﺎن ﻳﺮﺗﻔ ﻊ ‪ 32000‬آﻴﻠ ﻮ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻻﺑﻮج وﻳﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ‪ 8000‬آﻴﻠﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻨ ﺎ ﻧ ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻨ ﻪ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻈﺎهﺮي ‪ 862‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ أي ‪ 14‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻜﻨ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ ﺎت وﻧﻘ ﻮم ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬ ﺎ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ ﻓﻮرﺗﺮان ﺛﻢ ‪ C++ ، C‬وآﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻃﻴﺒ ﺔ وﺣ ﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف ﻟﻠﺨﺒﻮ اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ وﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﻤﻘﺎرﻧ ﺔ ﺑﻴ ﻦ اﻟﺪراﺳ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ووﺻ ﻠﻨﺎ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ أن آﻞ ﻣﺎ آﺎﻧﺖ زاوﻳﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ أآﺒﺮ آﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ أو اﻟﺤﺪ اﻟﺒﺎﺋﻲ أو ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﺤ ﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ‪ no valid duration‬وآﻠﻤ ﺎ آ ﺎن ﻓﻴ ﻪ ﻓﻘ ﺪ آﻠﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫آ ﺎن اﻧﻘﻄ ﺎع ﺳ ﻮاء ﻟﻤﺮآﺒ ﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻘﻠ ﺔ أو” ﻣﻮﺑﺎﻳ ﻞ” وه ﺪف‬ ‫اﻟﺪراﺳ ﺔ ه ﻲ آﻴ ﻒ ﻧﺘﺤ ﺼﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣ ﺪى ﻋﻠ ﻰ ‪no valid‬‬ ‫‪ duration‬ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 5‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 10‬أﻣﺘﺎر ﻓﺘﻮﺻﻠﻨﺎ إﻟ ﻰ أن ﻣﻨﺎﻃ ﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ وﺗﺤﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﺸﺮف اﻷوﻟﻰ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪:‬ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﺔ اﻷآﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ و اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻷﺧ ﺮى‬

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‫ﻟﻜﻢ ﻋﺪى رﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺪآﺘﻮراﻩ و اﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ؟‬

‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‪،‬اﻟﻮرﻗ ﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜ ﺔ ﻧ ﺸﺮت ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ أﺑﻮ دﺑﺮة ‪ :‬أول اﻷوراق اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ‬

‫أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴ ﺎ وه ﻲ ﺗﺘﺤ ﺪث ﻋ ﻦ ﻇ ﺎهﺮة اﻟﻈ ﻞ ‪ shadow‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣ ﺎ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺮﺗﻬﺎ آﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﻴ ﻦ‬

‫ﻳﺤﺪث ﺧﺒﻮ ﻳﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﺒﻮ اﻟﻄﻮﻳ ﻞ ﻳﻨﺘ ﺞ ﺑﻌ ﺪﻩ ﺗﻈﻠﻴ ﻞ وه ﻮ‬

‫واﻻﻟﻜ ﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻓ ﻲ ﺳ ﻨﺔ ‪ 1977‬وآ ﺎن ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻔ ﻞ اﻟﺪوﻟ ﻲ‬

‫ﻧﻮﻋ ﺎن ﺳ ﺮﻳﻊ وﺑﻄ ﻲء ‪ ،‬واﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳ ﺎت اﻃﻬ ﺮت اﻧ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻨ ﻮع‬

‫ﻟﻼﻧﺘ ﺸﺎر اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻲ ﻓ ﻲ” ﻣﻨﺘﺮﻳ ﺎل” وﺗﺤ ﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ‪AAB‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻤﺪى وﺗﺤ ﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗﻮزﻳ ﻊ ﻟﻮﻏ ﺎرﻳﺘﻤﻲ ﻣﻌ ﺮوف‬

‫‪ star‬واﻟ ﺘﻲ اﻓﺘﺨ ﺮ ﺑﻬ ﺎ وه ﻲ ﻣ ﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻜﺘﺒ ﺔ اﻟﻜﻨﻐ ﺮوس‬

‫‪ log normal distribution‬وآﻨﺖ اﺳ ﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺤ ﺼﻮل ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬

‫اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻤ ﻮذج ﺑﺎﺳ ﻤﻲ آ ﺎﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻤ ﺴﺠﻞ ﺑﺎﺳ ﻢ"اآﻮﻣ ﻮرا"اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧ ﻲ‬

‫واﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ آﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ ﺔ‬

‫وﺳﺠﻞ ﻓﻲ هﻴﺌﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﺳﻒ ﻟﻢ اﺳﺘﻄﻊ‬

‫اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻔﻞ اﻻﻧﺸﺎر اﻻﺷ ﺎري واﻟﻬﻮاﺋ ﻲ واﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﺎت‬

‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴ ﻖ ذﻟ ﻚ وآ ﺎن اﻟ ﺴﺒﺐ ﺿ ﻴﻖ اﻟﻔ ﺘﺮة اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟ ﺴﺘﻨﻤﺘﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓ ﺔ ‪ ،Microwave‬وآ ﺎن ﻣﻮﺿ ﻮﻋﻬﺎ‬

‫واﻟ ﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻤ ﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺸﺮوع ﻣ ﻦ أه ﻢ اﻷﺳ ﺒﺎب اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺟﻌﻠ ﺖ‬

‫دراﺳ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﺨﺒ ﻮ اﻻﺷ ﺎري ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺎل اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت ﻋﺒ ﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ‪.‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻧ ﻪ آﺎﻧ ﺖ ﻟ ﻲ أﺑﺤ ﺎث أﺧ ﺮى‬

‫اﻷﻗﻤ ﺎر اﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻴﺌ ﺔ ﻻﺳ ﻠﻜﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﻘ ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻷرض ﺛ ﻢ‬

‫ﻧﺸﺮت ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ وﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫دراﺳ ﺔ اﻟﺨ ﻮاص اﻹﺣ ﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧ ﺎت اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام‬

‫"اﻷداء ﻟﻼﻧﺘ ﺸﺎر اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻲ ﻟﻮﺻ ﻠﺔ اﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﻨﻘ ﻞ ارﺿ ﻲ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻳ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣ ﺔ اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت ﻋ ﺒﺮ اﻷﻗﻤ ﺎر اﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ "‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺮت ﺳﻨﺔ ‪1998‬‬ ‫"اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ ﻣ ﻦ ﻻﺳ ﻠﻜﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﻘ ﻞ‬ ‫ارﺿ ﻲ ﻳ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣ ﺔ اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت ﻋ ﺒﺮ اﻷﻗﻤ ﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ " وﻧﺸﺮت ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ"ﺗﻮآﺎي" ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.1999‬‬ ‫وﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﻐ ﺎزي ﻧ ﺸﺮت ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻷوراق اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ آﻨﺖ اﺷ ﺮف ﺑﻬ ﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻋ ﺪد ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫زﻣﻼﺋﻲ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ وﺗﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻔ ﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ وﻋﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒ ﺎري آﻨ ﺖ أﺗ ﺎﺑﻊ اﺣ ﺪ ﻣ ﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠ ﺸﺮآﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻊ ﺷ ﺮآﺔ ﻟﻴﻨ ﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬هﻞ ﻟﻜﻢ أن ﺗﺤﺪﺛﻮﻧﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﺎرآﺘﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌ ﺾ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ و اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى؟‬ ‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ أﺑﻮ دﺑﺮﻩ‪ :‬هﻨﺎ أﺣﺐ أن أﺷﻴﺮ إﻟﻲ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻮﻇ ﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ و اﻻﺳﺘ ﺸﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺷ ﺎرآﺖ ﻓﻴﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺠﺎل اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت و اﻟﺘﻲ اﻓﺘﺨﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ و ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات و اﻻﺳ ﺘﻼم ﻟﻤﺤﻄ ﺔ اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ )‪ ( MODSAT‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ‪ 1987‬ف‪.‬‬

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‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺧﺒﺮاء اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻻﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ‪ :‬ﻣ ﺎ ه ﻲ اﻷﺳ ﺒﺎب اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻘ ﺪ اﻧﻬ ﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳ ﺮ اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻳ ﺪ ﺗﺤ ﺖ‬

‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ أو ﻧﺪرﺗﻬﺎ؟‬

‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة )‪ (NDP‬ﺳﻨﺔ ‪1991‬‬

‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ أﺑﻮ دﺑ ﺮة ‪ :‬ﻳﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻋ ﺪد ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت‬

‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺮﺋﻴ ﺴﻲ ﻟ ﺘﺮددات اﻟﺮادﻳ ﻮ ) ‪WRC‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﻦ داﺧ ﻞ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻣﺨﺘ ﺒﺮات وﻻ ﺗﻮﺟ ﺪ‬

‫‪(2000‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺎت ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ وان وﺟﺪت ﻓﻬﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ذات‬

‫ﻋﻀﻮ اﻟﻠﺠﻨ ﺔ اﻟﺘﺤ ﻀﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻤ ﺮ اﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻹﻓﺮﻳﻘ ﻲ و اﺣ ﺪ‬

‫اﻟﻜﻔ ﺎءة ﻓﻼﺑ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ وﺟ ﻮد ﻃ ﺎﻗﻢ اﺳﺘ ﺸﺎري ﻟ ﻪ ﻋﻼﻗ ﺔ‬

‫أﻋﻀﺎء ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻹﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑ ﺎﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮات اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ ﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻗ ﺪ ﻗﻤ ﺖ ﺑﻤﺤﺎوﻟ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا اﻟ ﺴﻴﺎق‬

‫ﻣ ﺸﺎرك ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻠﺠﻨ ﺔ اﻟﺘﺤ ﻀﻴﺮﻳﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘ ﺪﻳﻢ ﻣ ﺸﺮوع‬

‫وﺑﺎءت ﺑﺎﻟﻔ ﺸﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎت‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎداﻣ ﺖ ﺗﻮﺟ ﺪ ﺷ ﺮآﺎت‬

‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ) اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﻴ ﺖ( اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌ ﺎون ﻣ ﻊ ﺧﺒ ﻴﺮ ﻋ ﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺒ ﻼد ﻓﻠﻤ ﺎذا ﻻ اﺳ ﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣ ﻦ ﻧﻘ ﻞ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ ﻋﺒ ﺮ‬

‫إدارة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻴﻮﻧﺴﻜﻮ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻻﺣﺘﻜ ﺎك ﺑﻴ ﻦ اﻟﺒ ﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ واﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﻴﻦ وآ ﻮادر اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺎت‬

‫ﻣﻜﻠ ﻒ ﻣ ﻦ ﻗﺒ ﻞ أﻣﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻠﺠﻨ ﺔ اﻟ ﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺸﺮآﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻳ ﺪ‬

‫اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﻓﻬ ﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜ ﻦ أن ﺗ ﺸﺠﻊ اﻷﺑﺤ ﺎث‬

‫ﺑﺪراﺳ ﺔ ﻣ ﺸﺮوع " آﻮزﻣ ﻮس اﻟﺮوﺳ ﻲ" ﻟﻼﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت ﻋﺒ ﺮ‬

‫وﺗﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ إﻳﺠﺎد اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻜ ﻮادر‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺮوﺳﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.2000‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼ ﺼﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺒ ﻼد واﻟﻮﺻ ﻮل إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤ ﻲ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮات اﻻﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻼدﻧﺎ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬

‫اﻟﺴﻮق واﻟﺨﺼﺨﺼﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ أﺳﺒﺎب ﻻ ﻧﻌﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﺮﻗﻠﺖ ذﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘ ﺒﺮات اﻟﻤﺘﻄ ﻮرة ﻓﻠﻤ ﺎذا ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟ ﺪ اﺣﺘﻜ ﺎك ﺑﻴﻨﻨ ﺎ وﺑﻴﻨﻬ ﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻬ ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺨﺘ ﺒﺮات ﺗ ﺸﺘﻐﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻗ ﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘ ﺸﺎر‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻓ ﻲ أﻣﺮﻳﻜ ﺎ آ ﻞ دوﻻر ﻳﻮﻇ ﻒ ﻟﻠﺒﺤ ﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ اﺑﺘﺪا ًء ﻣ ﻦ ‪ ka band ، ku band ، c band‬ذات‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ‪ 132‬دوﻻر ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ اﻟﺮﺑﺤ ﻲ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺒﺤ ﺚ‬

‫اﻟ ﺘﺮددات اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ ‪.‬وﺑﻴ ﺖ اﻟﻘ ﺼﻴﺪ هﻨ ﺎ اﻧ ﻪ ﻻﺑ ﺪ أن ﺗﻜ ﻮن‬

‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓ ﻲ ﺑﻼدﻧ ﺎ ﻣﺎزاﻟ ﺖ ﺗﻨﺘﺎﺑ ﻪ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻮك ﻣ ﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘ ﻚ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎرآﺔ واﺣﺘﻜﺎك ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ وﻻﺑﺪ أن ﻳﻌ ﻮد‬

‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع؟‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻨﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎزﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺎت اﻷوﻟﻰ وﻻﺑﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗﺘ ﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺪوﻟ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ذﻟ ﻚ‬ ‫ودﻋ ﻢ اﻟﺒ ﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ووﺿ ﻊ هﻴﻜﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬وﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ ﻋ ﺎم ودون‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ‪ :‬ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل رﺣﻠﺘﻜ ﻢ ﻣ ﻊ اﻷﺑﺤ ﺎث اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ و‬

‫اﻟﺤ ﺪﻳﺚ ﻋ ﻦ اﻷﺳ ﺒﺎب ﻣﺜ ﻼ ﻓ ﻲ ﺳ ﻨﺔ ‪ 2001‬ﻓ ﻲ آﻮرﻳ ﺎ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ هﻞ ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن اﻟﺪاﻓﻊ اﻟﻔﺮدي ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺎهﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠ ﻖ‬

‫اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴ ﺔ آ ﺎن ﻟ ﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻋ ﺪد اﻟﺒ ﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻘ ﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻟﺘ ﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺑ ﺮاءة‬

‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ اﻧﻪ ﻳﻀﻞ ﻗﺎﺻﺮا و ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺘﻮج ﺑﺸﻲء؟‬

‫اﺧﺘﺮاع ‪ 1500‬ﺑﺎﺣﺚ وﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ آﺎن ﻟﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﺮب ‪236‬‬

‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ أﺑﻮ دﺑﺮة ‪ :‬هﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد اﻷآﺜ ﺮ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺣﺚ ﻓﻘﻂ !‬

‫ﻓ ﻲ ﺑﻼدﻧ ﺎ واﻟ ﺪﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤ ﺮ اﻟﺮاﺑ ﻊ ﻟﻠﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺬي ﻋﻘ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ اﻟﻔ ﺎﺗﺢ آ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺆﺗﻤ ﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرآﻢ ﺑﺎﺣﺚ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﻜ ﻢ ﻣ ﺸﺎرآﺎت ﻣﻬﻤ ﺔ‬

‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟ ﺬي ﻋﻘ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻔ ﺘﺮة ‪ 24-19‬ﻣ ﻦ ﺷ ﻬﺮ‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓ ﻞ ﻣ ﺎ ﻧ ﺼﻴﺤﺘﻜﻢ ﻟﻠﻄ ﻼب اﻟ ﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﺑ ﻮن‬

‫ﻣ ﺎﻳﻮ ‪ 2008‬ﺧ ﻴﺮ دﻟﻴ ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﻬ ﻮدات اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻗﺒ ﻞ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺧﻮض هﺬا اﻟﻤﻀﻤﺎر؟‬

‫اﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ واﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﻴﻦ ه ﺬا اﻟﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻣﻮﺟ ﻮد ﻟﻜ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﻜﻤ ﻦ‬

‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻋﺒ ﺪ اﻟ ﺮﺣﻤﻦ أﺑ ﻮ دﺑ ﺮة ‪ :‬ﻻﺑ ﺪ أن ﻳﺘ ﺎﺑﻌﻮا اﻷﺑﺤ ﺎث‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻹﻃﺎر اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎدات ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺎل اهﺘﻤ ﺎﻣﻬﻢ أو ﺗﺨﺼ ﺼﻬﻢ ﺣ ﺘﻰ ﻟ ﻮ واﺟﻬﺘﻬ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎت ﻓﺄﻧﺎ اﻧﺼﺤﻬﻢ ﺑﻤﻮاآﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ وآﺬﻟﻚ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻠ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ‪ :‬إذا اﻋﺘﺒﺮﻧ ﺎ أن ﻣ ﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺒﺤ ﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ ﺗﻤ ﻮل‬

‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻗﺪراﺗﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب ﻷﻧﻪ أﺻﺒﺢ أداة ﻣﻬﻤ ﺔ‬

‫ﻣ ﻦ ﻗﺒ ﻞ اﻟﻘﻄ ﺎع اﻟﺨ ﺎص ﻣ ﺎ ه ﻲ اﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﻘ ﻮدة ﺑﻴ ﻦ‬

‫اﻵن‪ ،‬واﻟﻨﻘﻄ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻤ ﺔ ﻻﺑ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗﻘﻮﻳ ﺔ ﻟﻐﺘﻬ ﻢ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳ ﺔ‬

‫اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﺨﺎص وﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎﺗﻨﺎ وﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻨﺎ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ؟‬

‫واﻟﻠﻐﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‪.‬‬

‫اﻟ ﺪآﺘﻮر ﻋﺒ ﺪ اﻟ ﺮﺣﻤﻦ أﺑ ﻮ دﺑ ﺮﻩ‪ :‬ﺑ ﺪأت اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺑ ﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ ﺑﺨﻄ ﺔ ﺗﺘﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﻦ ‪ 3‬ﻣﺤ ﺎور ﻗ ﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫اداري‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﻨﻲ وآ ﺎن ﺑﺪاﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺸﺮوع ﻓ ﻲ ‪ 2002‬وه ﻮ ﻟﻔﺘ ﺢ‬

‫ﺗﺮﻗﺒﻮا ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻞ ﺣﻮل أﻓﺎق‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪82‬‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎدم ﺳﻴﺎرﺗﻚ‬

‫ﻣﻦ دﺧ ﺎن ﺳ ﻴﺎرﺗﻚ اﺣ ﺼﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ ‪ ...‬ﻟﻴ ﺲ ه ﺬا ﺷ ﻌﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌ ﺎت ﻟﻤ ﺎ ﺳ ﻮف ﻳﺤ ﺪث ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ وإﻧﻤ ﺎ ﻣ ﺎ ﺟ ﺎء ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫إﻋ ﻼن ﺷ ﺮآﺔ ” أورﻳﺠ ﻮن” ﻟﻤ ﺎ ﺗﻘ ﻮم ﺑ ﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﻴ ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﻳ ﺮ‬ ‫وﺣ ﺪة ﻹﻋ ﺎدة ﺗ ﺪوﻳﺮ دﺧ ﺎن اﻟ ﺴﻴﺎرات واﻟﺤ ﺼﻮل ﻣﻨ ﻪ ﻋﻠ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺎز ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أآﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن واﻟﺬي ﺑﺪورﻩ ﻳﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻲ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﺗﻘ ﻮم ﺑﺘﺠﻤﻴ ﻊ ﻏ ﺎز ﺛ ﺎﻧﻲ أآ ﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑ ﻮن ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻋ ﺎدم ﺳ ﻴﺎرﺗﻚ وﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨ ﻪ داﺧﻠﻬ ﺎ ﻟﺤﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻘﻴ ﺎم ﺑﺈﻋ ﺎدة ﺗ ﺪوﻳﺮﻩ‬ ‫واﺳ ﺘﺨﺮاج اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل وﺣ ﺪﻩ أﺧ ﺮي اآ ﺒﺮ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮآﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺰل‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ وﺣ ﺪة إﻋ ﺎدة ﺗ ﺪوﻳﺮ ﻏ ﺎز ﺛ ﺎﻧﻲ أآ ﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑ ﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣ ﻦ ﻋ ﺎدم ﺳ ﻴﺎرﺗﻚ ﻋﻠ ﻲ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺮﺷ ﺤﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘ ﻮي ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﻃﺤﺎﻟ ﺐ ﺑﺤﺮﻳ ﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳ ﻞ ﻏ ﺎز ﺛ ﺎﻧﻲ أآ ﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن إﻟﻲ زﻳﺖ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ آﻮﻗﻮد ﻟﺴﻴﺎرﺗﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮف ﺗﺸﺎهﺪﻩ وهﻮ ﻳﺮﻗﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻳﻘﺎع اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻲ ﻓ ﻬ ﻮ ﻗ ﺎدر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ اﻻﻟﺘﻔﺎف واﻻهﺘﺰاز واﻟﺤﺮآﺔ ﺑﺄﺟ ﺰاﺋ ﻪ اﻟ ﻤ ﺨ ﺘ ﻠ ﻔ ﺔ آ ﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺈﻳﻘﺎع أﺿﻮاءﻩ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﻄﻒ اﻹﺑﺼﺎر إﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ وﺳﻮف ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﺺ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻲ أﻧﻐﺎم اﻟﻤﻮﺳ ﻴ ﻘ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺒﺒﺔ إﻟﻴﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺄﺗﻲ “ روﻟﻲ” ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﻧﻴﻦ اﺑﻴﺾ أو اﺳﻮد وﻳﺤﺘﻮي ذاآﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪارهﺎ ‪ 2‬ﺟﻴﺠﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺖ آﺎﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ آﻞ أﻏﺎﻧﻴﻚ وﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﻀﻠﺔ وﻗﺪ ﻃﺮح ﻓﻲ آﻼ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة واﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ 400‬دوﻻر أﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻣﻦ أي دي ام ذو ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﺎور‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﺷﺮآﺔ )أي أم دي( ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﺘﻬ ﺎ ﻹﻧﺘ ﺎج ﻣﻌ ﺎﻟﺞ ﻳﺤﺘ ﻮي‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ اﺛﻨﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻌ ﺎﻟﺞ داﺧﻠ ﻲ ﻣﺤﺒﻄ ﻪ ﺑ ﺬﻟﻚ ﺧﻄﺘﻬ ﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻨ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ ذو ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎت داﺧﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫وﺣﺴﺐ ﺗ ﺼﺮﻳﺤﺎت اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺔ ﺻ ﺎﺣﺒﻪ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ ﻓﺎﻧ ﻪ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ‬ ‫إﻧﺘ ﺎج ‪ 660‬ﺟ ﺎﻟﻮن ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻮﻗ ﻮد ﺧ ﻼل ﺳ ﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗ ﺸﻬﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻌ ﺎم اﻟﺤ ﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻓ ﺴﻪ ﺣﺎﻣﻴ ﻪ ﺑﻴ ﻦ اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل إﻧﺘﺎج أول ﺳﻴﺎرة ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻪ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ آﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺮاﻗﺺ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰ واﻷﻟﻮان اﻟﺨﺎﻃﻔﺔ ﻟﻸﺑﺼﺎر ﺛﻢ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺣ ﺮآ ﺎﺗ ﻪ‬ ‫ورﻗﺼ ﺎﺗ ﻪ ﻋ ﻠ ﻲ إﻳ ﻘ ﺎع اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﺳ ﻴ ﻘ ﻲ اﻧ ﻪ "روﻟ ﻲ" ﻣﺸ ﻐ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ إﻧﺘﺎج ﺷﺮآﺔ ﺳﻮﻧﻲ ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﺤ ﻔ ﻪ اﻟ ﻤ ﺴ ﺘ ﻘ ﺒ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ أﻃﻠﻘﺖ ﻣﺆﺧﺮا ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺗ ﺎ إﻟ ﻲ ﻋﺸ ﺎق اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﺳ ﻴ ﻘ ﻲ‪ ،‬اﻵن‬ ‫ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﺤﻮل ﻣﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺒ ﺐ إﻟ ﻴ ﻚ إﻟ ﻲ "روﻟ ﻲ"‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫وﻳﺄﺗﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ آﻘﻔﺰﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ ﺑﻌ ﺪ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬ ﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻟ ﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

‫ذو ﺳ ﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ ﺎت داﺧﻠﻴ ﻪ واﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﻌ ﺘﺰم إﻧﺘﺎﺟ ﻪ ﺗﺤ ﺖ اﻻﺳ ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮدي )ﻣﺠﻨﺎي آﻮرس( ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﺎم ‪.2010‬‬ ‫وﺳﻮف ﻳﻮﺟﻪ هﺬا اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻟﺨﺪﻣﻪ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺨﻮادم ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻨ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎت هﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﻪ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت وﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ذي اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎت واﻟﺘﻲ آﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌ ﺘﺰم اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺔ‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﺎم ‪.2009‬‬ ‫وﺳ ﻮف ﻳﺤﺘ ﻮي ﻋﻠ ﻲ ‪ 12‬ﻣﻴﺠ ﺎ ﺑﺎﻳ ﺖ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺬاآﺮة اﻟﻤﺨﺒ ﺄة‬ ‫)اﻟﻜﺎﻣﺶ ﻣﻴﻤﻮري( وﻳﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺬاآﺮة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ )دي دي ار ﺛﺮي(‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗﻌ ﻮد ﻗ ﻮﻩ ه ﺬا اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻟﺞ اﻟﻤﺘﻌ ﺪد اﻟﻤﺤ ﺎور ﻟﻴ ﺲ ﻓﻘ ﻂ إﻟ ﻲ‬ ‫اﺣﺘ ﻮاءﻩ ﻋﻠ ﻲ اﺛ ﻨﻲ ﻋ ﺸﺮ ﻣﻌ ﺎﻟﺞ داﺧﻠ ﻲ وﻟﻜ ﻦ إﻟ ﻲ ﺗﻠ ﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗ ﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ وه ﻲ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ اﻟﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺼﻞ دﻗﺘﻬ ﺎ إﻟ ﻲ ‪ 45‬ﻧ ﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ وه ﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﻪ‬ ‫‪ 65‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻟﺞ )ﺑﺮﺳ ﻴﻠﻮﻧﺎ(‬ ‫ذو اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﺎور‪.‬‬ ‫وﻳﻌﺘ ﺒﺮ اﻟﺘﻐ ﻴﺮ اﻟﺤ ﺎدث ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻐ ﻴﺮ ﺧﻄ ﻪ اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺔ ﻣ ﻦ إﻧﺘ ﺎج‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻲ أﻟﻲ اﻟﻘﻔﺰ إﻟ ﻲ ﻣﻌ ﺎﻟﺞ اﺛ ﻨﻲ ﻋ ﺸﺮي ه ﻮ ه ﺮوب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻪ ﺷﺮآﻪ )إﻧﺘﻞ( ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺬي ﺳﻮف‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺮج إﻟﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺣﻮل ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻧﻔ ﺴﻪ ﺗﺤ ﺪث اﻟﻤ ﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴ ﺬي ﻟﻠ ﺸﺮآﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل آﻮن هﺬا اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺘﻴﻦ آﻼ ﻣﻨﻬﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫ه ﻲ ﻣﻌ ﺎﻟﺞ ﺳﺪاﺳ ﻲ اﻟﻤﺤ ﺎور‪ ,‬وﻗ ﺪ ﻟﺠ ﺄت اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺔ إﻟ ﻲ ه ﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻻن إﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ اﺛﻨﻲ ﻋﺸﺮي اﻟﻤﺤﺎور ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ‬ ‫واﺣﺪﻩ ﺳﻮف ﻳﻌﺠﻞ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﻪ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ اﻋﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﺮد اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﻖ آﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺘﻞ‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻗﻴﻦ وﻣ ﻦ ﻻ ﻳ ﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮن أن‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮا إﻃﺮاﻓﻬﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳ ﻪ اﻟﻌ ﺎب اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻌﺐ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﻋﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫آﺎن أول ﻇﻬ ﻮر ﻟﻬ ﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ ﻣ ﻊ ﺑﺪاﻳ ﺔ ﻋﻘ ﺪ اﻟﺘ ﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﺬي ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد اﻟﻨﻈﺮ أو‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤ ﺪﻳﻖ واﻟﺘﺤﻜ ﻢ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻜ ﺎن ﻣﺆﺷ ﺮ اﻟﻔ ﺎرة ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﺷﺎﺷ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗ ﺮ وﺣﻴ ﻦ اﻟﺘﺤ ﺪﻳﻖ ﻟﻤ ﺪﻩ ﻃﻮﻳﻠ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻋﻨ ﺼﺮ ﻣ ﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺿﻐﻄﻪ ﻣﻦ زر اﻟﻔﺎرة‪ ,‬وﻟﻜﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮي اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻣ ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺪﺧﻮل إﻟ ﻲ ﻟﻌﺒ ﻪ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻪ اﻷﻟﻌﺎب‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺨ ﻼل ﻟﻌﺒ ﻪ ﺛﻼﺛﻴ ﻪ اﻷﺑﻌ ﺎد ﻣﺜ ﻞ "اﻟﺤﻴ ﺎة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ" إذا ﻟ ﻢ ﺗﻜ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ ﻓﺄن هﺬا ﻳﻤﺜ ﻞ أﻋﺎﻗ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺎراة ﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ واﻻﺳﺘﻤﺘﺎع ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻌﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻟﺘﺤﻜ ﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤ ﺪﻳﻖ ﻋﻠ ﻲ اﻧﺒﻌ ﺎث ﺷ ﻌﺎع ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺷ ﻌﺔ ﺗﺤ ﺖ اﻟﺤﻤ ﺮاء ﻣ ﻦ أﺳ ﻔﻞ ﺷﺎﺷ ﻪ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗ ﺮ ﻟﺘﻘ ﻮم‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺻ ﺪ ﺣﺮآ ﺎت اﻟﺤﻴ ﻦ وﻣ ﻦ ﺛ ﻢ اﺳ ﺘﻨﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﻜ ﺎن اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗ ﻊ إن‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﻪ ﺧﻄ ﺄ ﺗ ﺼﻞ إﻟ ﻲ ‪5‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﻧﻔ ﺲ اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ اﻟﺘﺤ ﺪﻳﻖ ﻣ ﻊ ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻟﺘﻌ ﺪﻳﻼت واﻟﺘﺤ ﺴﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ وﻳ ﺰاد اﻟﺘﺤﻜ ﻢ‪ ,‬ﻓﻘ ﺪ ﺗ ﻢ ﺗ ﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻈ ﺎم‬ ‫ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎر وﻇ ﺎﺋﻒ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ ﺑﻤﺠ ﺮد اﻟﺘﺤ ﺪﻳﻖ ﻣ ﻊ أﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴ ﻪ‬ ‫إﻓﻼت اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺘ ﺪاﺧﻞ ﻣ ﻊ ﻧﻈ ﺮات اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮة ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ‪ ،‬وهﻮ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟ ﺬي ﻳﺤ ﺪث‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻔﺄرة ﺣﻴﻦ ﻳﻔﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﻣﻘﺎل ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ دون أن‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺪر أﻣﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻳﻨﺘﻈ ﺮ إن ﺗﻮﻓ ﺮ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ اﻧﺘ ﺼﺎرا ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪا ﻟﺘﻮﺻ ﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻬ ﺎ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ إﻟ ﻲ ﻓﺌ ﺔ ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪة‬ ‫وﺗﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ ﻟ ﻢ ﺗﻜ ﻦ ﺗ ﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ أن ﺗﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ‪.‬‬

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‫اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻏﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗ ﻴ ﺔ واﻻﺗﺼ ﺎﻻت ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻨ ﻤ ﺴ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ IKT‬أﺣﺪ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﺪى اﻟ ﺪوﻟ ﺔ اﻟ ﻨ ﻤ ﺴ ﺎوﻳ ﺔ‪ .‬وﺗ ﻌ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﺛ ﺎﻟ ﺚ أآ ﺒ ﺮ ﻣ ﻘ ﺮ أوروﺑ ﻲ ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‪ .‬وهﻰ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ هﻤﺰة اﻟﻮﺻ ﻞ ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ وﺳ ﻂ أوروﺑ ﺎ‬ ‫وﻏﺮﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺣﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ ﺗ ﻜ ﻨ ﻮﻟ ﻮﺟ ﻴ ﺎ‬ ‫أوروﺑﺎ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ وﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ أوروﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻴ ﻮم واﻟ ﺬي‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼﺗﻪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 28‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﻳ ﻮرو ﻓ ﻲ ﺳ ﻨ ﺔ ‪2005‬‬ ‫وﺑﺄآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺌﺔ وﺧﻤﺴﺔ وﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ أﻟﻒ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ وﻣ ﻮﻇ ﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫أهﻢ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻮﻣﺎت واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ وﺳ ﺒ ﻌ ﻴ ﻦ ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﺗ ﻘ ﺮﻳ ﺒ ًﺎ ﻣ ﻦ ﺣ ﺠ ﻢ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎراﺗﻬﺎ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺠ ﺎل اﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ وﺣ ﺪه ﺎ‪ .‬وﻳ ﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻨ ﻤ ﺴ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﺳﺖ وﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ أﻟﻒ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺼًﺎ ﻣﻬﻨ ﻴ ًﺎ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ واﻻﺗﺼ ﺎﻻت‪ ،‬وﻳ ﻮﺟ ﺪ أآ ﺜ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺁﻻف ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ وﺣﺪهﺎ‪ .‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗ ﻜ ﻮن ﻓ ﻴ ﻴ ﻨ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑ ﻌ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻨ ﺪن وﻣ ﻴ ﻮﻧ ﻴ ﺦ‪ ،‬ﺛ ﺎﻟ ﺚ أآ ﺒ ﺮ ﻣ ﻘ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ أوروﺑ ﺎ ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻓﻴ ﻴ ﻨ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺴ ﻨ ﻮات اﻷﺧ ﻴ ﺮة ﻋ ﺎﺻ ﻤ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻓﻲ أوروﺑﺎ اﻟﻮﺳﻄ ﻰ واﻟﺸ ﺮﻗ ﻴ ﺔ‪ .‬وﻗ ﺪ اﺧ ﺘ ﺎرت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺎت‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟ ﻌ ﺪﻳ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎوﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ آﻤﺮآﺰ ﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫أوروﺑﺎ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ واﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮًا ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﻴ ﺰات اﻟ ﺨ ﺎﺻ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺘ ﻤ ﺘ ﻊ ﺑ ﻬ ﺎ ﻓ ﻴ ﻴ ﻨ ﺎ آ ﻤ ﻮﻗ ﻊ ﻟ ﻬ ﺬﻩ اﻷﻋ ﻤ ﺎل ‪.‬‬

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‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

‫وﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻓ ﻴ ﻴ ﻨ ﺎ ‪VITE‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2004‬ﺑﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﻀﻢ ﺣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ ﺌ ﺔ‬ ‫وﺧ ﻤ ﺴ ﻪ وﻋﺸ ﺮﻳ ﻦ ﻣ ﺆﺳ ﺴ ﺔ وﻣ ﻨ ﺸ ﺂت أﺑ ﺤ ﺎث وﺗ ﻄ ﻮﻳ ﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎت ﺗﻌﻠ ﻴ ﻤ ﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وآ ﻠ ﻬ ﺎ ﺗ ﻌ ﻤ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺠ ﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‪ .‬أﺿﻒ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ ه ﻨ ﺎك ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﻪ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‪,‬اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ أن ﺗﺘﻄﻮر ﻟ ﺘ ﺼ ﺒ ﺢ أه ﻢ ﻓﻀ ﺎء‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻓﻲ آﻞ أوروﺑﺎ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ اﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﺒ ﻠ ﻎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ ) ‪ ، (415km2‬أي ﺣ ﻮاﻟ ﻲ ﺧ ﻤ ﺴ ﻪ وﻋﺸ ﺮون‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻨﻄ ﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن وﺳﺘﻤﺎﺋﺔ أﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن أي ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 30%‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﻘ ﺎﻃ ﻌ ﺔ ﻓ ﻴ ﻴ ﻨ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 45 %‬ﻣ ﻦ إﺟ ﻤ ﺎﻟ ﻲ اﻹﻧ ﺘ ﺎج اﻟ ﻮﻃ ﻨ ﻲ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻨ ﻤ ﺴ ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وإﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ آﻞ وﻻﻳﺔ اﺗﺤﺎدﻳﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﻘ ﺎﻃ ﻌ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ اﻟﺘﺴﻊ اﻟﻌ ﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻤ ﺮاآ ﺰ اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﺨ ﺼ ﺼ ﺔ وﻣ ﺮاآ ﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺳ ﺎﺣ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺎرض وﻣ ﻮاﻗ ﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺎل ﻗ ﻄ ﺎع اﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻴ ﺔ‬

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‫واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻨ ﻴ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮة وﻣﻀﻤﻮﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ آﻞ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ‪ ،‬وﺑﺸ ﻜ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﺎص ﻓﻰ ﻣﻘ ﺎﻃ ﻌ ﻪ ﺑ ﻮرﺟ ﻨ ﻼﻧ ﺪ ﺣ ﻴ ﺚ ﺗ ﺘ ﻮاﺟ ﺪ ﻣ ﺠ ﻤ ﻮﻋ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ال ‪ICT‬ﻓﻲ ﺑ ﻮرﺟ ﻨ ﻼﻧ ﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗﺘﺨﺬ هﺬﻩ اﻟ ﻤ ﺠ ﻤ ﻮﻋ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﺮآ ﺰ اﻟ ﺘ ﻜ ﻨ ﻮﻟ ﻮﺟ ﻲ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺪﻳ ﻨ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺰﻧﺸﺘﺎت ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﻪ ﺑﻮرﺟﻨﻼﻧﺪ ﻣﻘﺮًا ﻟ ﻬ ﺎ ﻟ ﻤ ﺎ ﺗ ﻘ ﺪﻣ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮوط ﻣﺜ ﺎﻟ ﻴ ﺔ ﻟ ﻘ ﻄ ﺎع اﻟ ﺘ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺎت اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‪ ،‬وﺗ ﺮآ ﺰ اه ﺘ ﻤ ﺎﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻬ ﺎ ﺣ ﻮل ﻣ ﺮآ ﺰ اﻷﺑ ﺤ ﺎث‬ ‫ل ﻣﻮاد دراﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎهﺪ اﻟ ﻌ ﻠ ﻴ ﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮات اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ِ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ‪ ICS‬وآ ﺬﻟ ﻚ ﻟ ﻠ ﻤ ﺆﺳ ﺴ ﺎت اﻟ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻠ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل واﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎت‬ ‫وﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎت ﻳﻘﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ أﻳﻀًﺎ ﺳ ﻨ ﻮﻳ ًﺎ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺮض‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺺ ‪ ,ITnT‬ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻴ ﺔ واﻻﺗﺼ ﺎﻻت ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ‪ .‬وﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،2005‬ﺗﺤﻮل ه ﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮض إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻴ ﺔ واﻻﺗﺼ ﺎﻻت ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤ ﺴ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑ ﺠ ﺎﻧ ﺐ أوروﺑ ﺎ اﻟ ﻮﺳ ﻄ ﻰ واﻟﺸ ﺮﻗ ﻴ ﺔ واﻟ ﺠ ﻨ ﻮﺑ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﻋﺮض ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻤﻌﺮض ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2007‬ﺛﻼﺛ ﻤ ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﻌﺔ وﺛﻤﺎﻧﻮن ﺷﺮآﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ دول أورﺑﺎ واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨ ﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ وﻋﺸ ﺮون ﺑ ﺎﻟ ﻤ ﺌ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺨ ﺎرج‪ ،‬وآ ﺎن ﻋ ﺪد زوار‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮض ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ أﻳﻀًﺎ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ أﻟﻔًﺎ وﺛﻤﺎﻧﻤﺌ ﺔ‬ ‫زاﺋ ٍﺮ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺣ ﻮاﻟ ﻲ ‪12%‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ وﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ واﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﻘﺪ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﺗﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼ ﺎﻻت واﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت‪ ،‬وﺗ ﺒ ﺎدل اﻵراء واﻟ ﺘ ﻌ ﺒ ﻴ ﺮ ﻋ ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت واﻷﻓﺮاد‪ ،‬وآﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺸ ﺠ ﻴ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﺮاﻋﺎت واﻻﺑ ﺘ ﻜ ﺎرات اﻟ ﺤ ﺪﻳ ﺜ ﺔ وإﻣ ﻜ ﺎﻧ ﻴ ﺔ اﻻﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﻲ واﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ واﻟﺘﺄهﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫إﻟ ﻰ ﺟ ﺎﻧ ﺐ ذﻟ ﻚ ﺗ ﻘ ﺪم ﺟ ﺎﻣ ﻌ ﺎت ﻣ ﺪن ﻟ ﻴ ﻨ ﺰ وإﻳ ﻨ ﺴ ﺒ ﺮوك‬ ‫وآﻼﺟﻨﻔﻮرت واﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﻨ ﻮﻟ ﻮﺟ ﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ آ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ﻓ ﻴ ﻴ ﻨ ﺎ‬ ‫وﺟﺮاﺗﺲ ﺑﻤﻌﺎهﺪهﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ أﺣﺪ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠًﺎ ﺗ ﺪرﻳﺴ ﻴ ًﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼّﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﺠ ﺎل ﺗ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺎت اﻻﺗﺼ ﺎﻻت واﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮﻣ ﺎت‪،‬‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺘﻴﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ‪ .‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﺮاﺗﺲ ﻓﻬﻲ أآﺜ ﺮ ﻣ ﻨ ﺸ ﺄة ﺟ ﺎﻣ ﻌ ﻴ ﺔ ﺷ ﻬ ﺮ ًة ﻓ ﻰ أوروﺑ ﺎ‬ ‫وأﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺘﻴﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ‪ .‬آﺬﻟﻚ ﻳ ﺮآ ﺰ ﻗ ﻄ ﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎهﺪ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﻬﻨ ﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻷﻋ ﻮام اﻷﺧ ﻴ ﺮة ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ﺗ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﺸ ﻜ ﻞ ﻣ ﺘ ﺰاﻳ ﺪ‪ .‬أﻣ ﺎ اﻟ ﻴ ﻮم ﻓ ﻴ ﻮﺟ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎهﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻬﻨﻴﺔ وﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪم ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺛ ﻼﺛ ﺔ ﻋﺸ ﺮ‬ ‫ﻓ ﺮﻋ ًﺎ دراﺳ ﻴ ًﺎ ﻣ ﺘ ﺨ ﺼ ﺼ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا اﻟ ﻤ ﻮﺿ ﻮع‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻟ ﺪراﺳ ﺔ اﻟ ﻤ ﺘ ﺨ ﺼ ﺼ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺟ ﺎﻣ ﻌ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﻧﻮب ﻓﻲ آﺮﻳ ﻤ ﺰ ﻓ ﻲ ﻓﺼ ﻠ ﻴ ﻦ دراﺳ ﻴ ﻴ ﻦ ﻧ ﻈ ﺮﻳ ﻴ ﻦ ﻣ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻰ داﺧﻞ ﻣ ﻌ ﺎﻣ ﻞ اﻟ ﺠ ﺎﻣ ﻌ ﺔ ﺧ ﺎص ﺑ ﻤ ﻮﺿ ﻮع‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻼت ‪.‬‬

‫أﺿﻒ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻪ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻨﻤﺴ ﺎوﻳ ﺔ ‪WKÖ‬‬

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

Utilizing a FCM algorithm and RLE for YUV image compression Sura zaki assist.leacture

Research

Bahija khudaier shukur Assist.Prof.

Babylon university/computer science The purpose of the image compression is to represent image with less data in order to save storage costs or transmission time and costs. However, the effective compression is achieved by approximation the original image (rather than reducing it exactly). Fuzzy logic offer the potential for providing anovel solution to the problem of data compression by its ability to generate an internal data by using FCM algorithm.In this paper we have been taken acolor image and convert it to the Y,U,V component ,then using FCM (Fuzzy –c-mean algorithm) on the Y component ,which determine the number of cluster.Finally we have been used RLE (Run length encoding) algorithm on the (Y,U,V) component,and compute (PSNR) to measure the amount of distortion and find the compression ratio to compare our work with other work. In the other side we have been used the RLE decompression algorithm to the resulting (YUV) and costruct the RGB color image.

Keywords FCM, RLE ,PSNR, Image Compression, YUV, RGB. 1-Introduction: Compression of digital data is based

The purpose of the image on

various com-

putational algorithms,

storage costs

which

pression than lossless techniques. The classi-

less data in order to save

fication schemes for lossless and lossy com-

software or in hardware. Compression

mission time and costs. techniques

two

ap-

into: (1) prediction-based techniques, (2) frequency oriented techniques, (3) importance-oriented techniques, and (4) hybrid techniques. Predictive-based techniques, such as ADPCM, predict subsequent values by observing previous values. Frequency-oriented techniques apply the Discrete cosine transform(DCT),or sub band coding , which relates to Fourier transform. Importance-oriented tech-

approximating

representation perfectly.

techniques involve algorithms, which

recover the presentation similar to the origiwww.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

(b), respectively [1], [2].

The lossy techniques are classified

of recovering the origi-

nal n reducing it exactly).

pression are presented in Figures 2(a) and

(a) loss-

compression is achieved by

proaches. Lossless techniques are the original image capable

or trans-

are classified into

However, the most effective categories:

less, and (b) lossy

Lossy

compression ratios, and, therefore, they are more often applied to image and video com-

compression is to represent images with can be implemented either in

nal one. The lossy techniques provide higher

2008 || ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬

87

niques use other characteristics of images as the basis for compression. For example, DVI technique uses color look-up tables and data filtering [3], [2].

respect to a particular set is either unity or zero.

The boundaries of the sets are hard, or “crisp”. In contrast to this, in the case of fuzzy sets, the degree of membership may be any value on the continuum between zero and unity, and a particular element may be associated with more than one set.

Generally this association involves different degrees of membership with each of the fuzzy sets. Just as this makes the boundaries of the sets fuzzy, it makes the location of the centroid of the set fuzzy as well. To consider an illustrative situation relating to a single economic variable, suppose we wish distinguish between situations of excess supply and those of excess demand in relation to the price of some good [4].

2-the RGB color space: Red-green-blue (RGB) space is one of the most common color spaces representing each color as an axis. Most color display systems use separate red, green,

also fuzzy logic relates to the notion of fuzzy sets, the theoretical basis for which is usually attributed to Zadeh (1965). Under regular set theory, elements either belong to some particular set or they do not. Another way of ex-

and blue as light sources so that other colors can be represented by a weighted combination of these three components. The set of red, green, and blue can generate the greatest number of colors even though any

pressing this is to say that the “degree of

other three colors can be combined in vary-

membership” of a particular element with

ing proportions to generate many different

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colors [5].

All colors that can be displayed are specified by the red, green, and blue components. One color is presented as one point in a threedimensional space whose axes are the red, green, and blue colors. As a result, a cube can contain all possible colors. The RGB space and its corresponding color cube in this space can be seen in Figure 1. The origin represents black and the opposite vertex of the cube represents white [6].

ent colors can be R Represented by (R, G, B), where R, G, and B are the magnitudes of the three elements, respectively. For example, black is shown as (0, 0, 0) while white is shown as (255, 255, 255).

3- the YUV color space: YUV uses a matrixes combination of Red, Green and Blue to reduce the amount of information in the signal. The Y channel describes Luma (slightly different than Luminance), the range of value between light and dark. Luma is the signal seen by black and white televisions. The U (Cb) and V (Cr) channels subtract the Luminance values from Red (U) and Blue (V) to reduce the color information. These values can then be reassembled to determine the mix of Red, Green and

Figure 1 RGB color space and the color cube.

Any color can be represented as a point in the color cube by (R, G, B). For example, red is (255, 0, 0), green is (0, 255, 0), and blue is (0, 0, 255) .

The axes represent red, green, and blue with varying brightness. The diagonal from black to white corresponds to different levels of gray. The magnitudes of the three components on this diagonal are equal. The RGB space is discrete in computer applications.

Generally, each dimension has 256 levels, numbered (0 to 255). In total, (256^3 ) differwww.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

Blue [5], [7].

Some deeper research into YUV reveals two reasons why Blue always looks so crummy when extracted from video images.

The U channel ranges from Red to Yellow, the V channel ranges from Blue to Yellow.

Because Yellow is Red and Green, Red is essentially sent three times, Green twice and Blue only once. Reconstructing the Luminance component reveals another reason why Blue suffers; the Blue channel is only 11% of Luminance. The following formula shows the weighting of each channel in the Lumi2008 || ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬

89

nance mix: Luma = 30% Red + 59% Green + 11% Blue.

variant of the “fuzzy c-means” (FCM) algorithm. (The latter is sometimes termed the fuzzy k-means algorithm in the literature.)

The FCM algorithm is really a generalization of the “hard” c-means algorithm. It appears to date from Ruspini (1970), although some of the underlying concepts were explored by MacQueen (1967). The FCM algorithm is closely associated with such early contributors as Bezdek (1973) and Dunn (1974, 1977), and is widely used in such fields as

The large percentage of Green and the

pattern recognition, for instance [8].

small percentage of Blue (along with Green being sent twice) help to explain why chroma

5- RLE Compression:

-keying for video is done against green

RLE is a natural candidate for com-

screens and not blue screens like film.

pressing graphical data, a digital image consists

4- The Fuzzy logic c-means:

of small dots called pixels, each pixel can be

In our work analysis,we need to deter-

either one either one bit, indicating a black or

mine the partitioning of the sample data for

white dot, or several bits, indicating one of sev-

each explanatory (input) variable into a num-

eral colors or shades of gray. We assume that

ber of clusters. These clusters have “fuzzy”

the pixels are stored in an array called a bit-

boundaries, in the sense that each data value

map, so the bitmap is the input stream for the

belongs to each cluster to some degree or

image. Pixels are normally arranged in the bit-

other. Membership is not certain, or “crisp”.

map in scan lines, so the first bitmap pixel is

Having decided upon the number of such

the dot at the top left corner of the image, and

clusters to be used, some procedure is then

the last pixel is the one at the bottom right cor-

needed to locate their mid-points (or more

ner [9].

generally, their centroids) and to determine

Compressing an image using RLE is

the associated membership functions and de-

based on the observation that if we select a

grees of membership for the data-points. To

pixel in the image at random, there is a good

this end, Shepherd and Shi (1998) used a

chance that its neigh ors will have the same

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color[].the compressor thus scans the bitmap row by row. Looking for runs of pixels of the same color. If the bitmap starts,e.g., with 17 white pixels followed by 1 black one, followed by 55 white ones ,ets. Then only the numbers 17, 1,55,… need be written on the output stream.

6- YUV –RGB conversion: …(7)

There are many slightly different for-

Iteratively subject to the constraints

mats to convert between YUV and RGB. The only major difference is a few decimal places. The CCIR 601 standard (now ITU-R 601) specifies the correct coefficients. These formulas assume U and V are unsigned bytes

…(8) In every iteration step, minimization with respect to ui, jand p is i

[5], [7].

done

7- the Fuzzy C-means Algorithm: In this section we briefly review the fuzzy c-means algorithm [8], for a thorough

separately. The necessary conditions for a minimum yield update equations for both half-steps as follows

overview of objective function based fuzzy clustering, for instance. Let us denote the membership degree of datum xi‫ א‬X, j‫א‬,...,1 { n} , to cluster c

…(9) And for the prototypes

pi‫ א‬P, i‫ }א‬,...1{ , by ui, j‫[א‬o1, ].

Denoting the Euclidean distance by dE,we minimize the objective function

…(10)

Figure

3

shows an example for an FCM clustering with c=7. the membership degrees are indiwww.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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91

cated by contour lines, the maximum over all

The proposed system involved the fig-

membership degrees is depicted

ure 4, where used the BMP image 24 bit per

Figure 3 shows an example for an FCM

pixel, read the image with RGB color space

clustering with c=7. 8- RLE Algorithm:

and then apply the compression algorithm

now applying the RLE algorithm to each

(the Fuzzy clustering algorithm and then

component Y,U, and V. explains this algo-

RLE algorithm )on the image after the image

rithm by used test numeric text.

from RGB color space to YUV color space ,apply this system on three pictures and comparison the result between them .

The Decompression Stage Figure 4 the structure of proposed system. ow the execution st ep of our work 11-Case study: 11-1-1 convert to YUV color space Figure 5 explains the image RGB

Example:100,20,20,20,20,30,40,255,40,4 0,40,40,40,40,10,10,10 Compressed

text

:100,

#

20

4,30,40,255,# 40 6,10,10,10 9- The Decom-

color space in (a) and image YUV color space in (b).

Figure 5 the image RGB and YUV color space.

he T 2 -1 -1 1

pression Stage: 1-Retrieve the parameters of original image

clustering Proce ss R e su lt:

weight and height the image, and number of

in this stage will apply the FCM on the

the clusters, and value of each cluster. 2-For

lenna picture,after making the YUV image

each components Y,U,V

where table 1 explains the all parameters be-

* Read compressed files with RLE Algo-

fore the input to applying the FCM algorithm

rithm then apply decompressed algorithm to

In the end of the FCM algorithm the actual

produce Y,U,V components.

3-Conversion YUV color space to RGB

number of the clusters is (25) clusters with (22) iterations, as explained in Table 2, (7)

color space.

clusters have the same value as (192.9709).

10 – The proposed system

(14) Clusters have same value as (56.8233),

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92

but (4) cluster have different values of (160.7186,102.8144,146.4812,128.3826) Table1: the parameters of the FCM Table2: the values of the clusters in algorithm lenna Now the value of each pixel must be computed to result the final image, where in the

original image each pixel has membership values equal to the number of clusters, we make of maximum membership value of the www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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93

pixel and this pixel matches with value of

After applying the FCM algorithm, now will

cluster with the same index of the member-

applying the RLE algorithm on the Y , U and

ship value>

V components. The table 3 Obtains the all components before and after compression.

11-1-3 RLE compression and compression stages:

www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

table3: Obtains the all components before and after compression.

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11-1-4 Co n v ert t h e Ima g e t o RGB Color Sp ace: After the end of the FCM and making the YUV segmented image then

FCM algorithm. clusters with (10) iterations, as explained in Table 5, (23) clusters have Table 5: the values of the clusters in the same value as (76.60.43). (7) New York City1.

Clusters have same value as (230.8318), but

this image is converted to RGB color

(4) cluster have different values of (191.684 ,

space.

111.7449 , 136.5829 , 158.5767).

11-2 The second c a se:

Now the value of each pixel must be

11-2-1 Convert to YUV

computed to result the final image, where in

Color Space:

the original image each pixel has membership values equal to the number of clusters,

Figure 6 explains the image RGB color

we make of maximum membership value of

space in (a) and image YUV color space in (b).

Figure 6 the image RGB and YUV

color space. 1 1 -2-he T 2 cluste ring Pro c ess :Result After making the YUV image then we implement the FCM algorithm with parameters in the table 4. Table 4:the parametersof the V

U

* 8

163 84

8 16384 *

* 8

bit 163 84bi t

bit 8 16368 * bit

the pixel and this pixel matches with value of cluster with the same index of the membershi

Y * 8

1638 4

Before

* 8

bit 9907 bit

After

value.

11-2-3 RLE compression www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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95

and compression stages: Value

description

Symbol

197

Width of the image

wm

224

Height of the image

hm

The size of image

Size_image

40

The max number of the clusters in the image

Cmax

20

The min number of the clusters in the image

Cmin

34

The exact value of the number of the clusters

C

1.5

Limit the fuzzy value in the membership function The minimum error value is accepted between the membership value in the current iteration and the previous iteration.

The max value of the number accepted iterations

M

0.5

30

After applying the FCM algorithm, now will applying the RLE algorithm on the Y , U

exponent

maxiter

toYUV Color Space: Figure 7 explains the image RGB color space

and V components. The table 6 Obtains the all components before and after compression.

Table 6: Obtains the all components before and fter compression.

in (a) and image YUV color space in (b).

Figure 7 the image RGB and YUV color space. 1 1 -3-he T 2 cluste ring Pro c ess : Result

11-2-4 C o n v e r t t h e I m a g e t o R G B Co lo r Spa ce: After the end of the FCM and making the YUV clustering image then this image is converted to RGB color space.

11-3 The third case: 11-3-1Convert www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

in this stage will apply the FCM on the picture, After making the YUV image ,where table 7 explains the all parameters before the input to applying the FCM algorithm.

In the end of the FCM algorithm the actual num-

ber of the clusters is (25) clusters with (25) it2008 || ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬

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The values of clusters centers

The index of cluster

230.8318

V

U

Y

44128 * 8

44128 * 8

44128 * 8

1

bit

bit

bit

230.8318

2

44006 * 8

43908 * 8

34730 * 8

191.68

3

bit

bit

bit

230.831

4

230.8318

5

erations, as explained in Table 8, (14) clus-

230.8318

6

ters have the same value as (38.9439). (6)

111.7449

7

Clusters have same value as (152.62),

230.8318

8

(2)

136.5829

9

(123.0017),but (2) clusters have different val-

230.8319

10

158.5767

11

76.6043

12

76.6043

13

76.6043

14

76.6043

15

76.6043

16

76.6043

17

76.6043

18

76.6043

19

76.6043

20

76.6043

21

76.6043

22

76.6043

23

76.6043

25

76.6043

26

76.6043

27

76.6043

28

76.6043

29

value of cluster with the same index of the

76.6043

30

membership value. Table 7: the parameters

76.6043

31

of th FCM algorithm .

76.6043

32

76.6043

33

76.6043

34

www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

Clusters

have

same

Before

After

value

as

ues of (76.6755 , 105.4254).

Now the value of each pixel must be computed to result the final image, where in the original image each pixel has membership values equal to the number of clusters,

we make of maximum membership value of Table 8 the values of the clusters in the pixel and this pixel matches with natural image.

11-3-3 RLE compression and compression stages: 2008 || ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬

97

After applying the FCM algorithm, now will

Value

description

Symbol

applying the RLE algorithm on the Y , U and

154

Width of the image

wm

V components. The table 9 Obtains the all

231

Height of the image The size of image

30

The max number of the clusters in the image The min number of the clusters in the image The exact value of the number of the clusters Limit the fuzzy value in the membership function The minimum error value is accepted between the membership value in the current iteration and the previous iteration.

The max value of the number accepted iterations

hm Size_im age Cmax

components before and after compression. table 9: Obtains the all components reduce size them obtain on before and after com‐ pression. the size of Y reducing very

15

11-3-4 C o n v e r t t h e I m a g e t o R G B 25

Co lo r Spa ce: After the end of the FCM and making the

1.5

YUV segmented image then this image is converted

to

RGB

color

space.

12-

Conclusions: •Used the YUV color space because reducing the time of three process to RGB components, but when convert RGB to YUV color space clustering on only Y, and U, V are information about image.

•In FCM algorithm the number of clusters effect on the size of compression image, where in lena image the number are 25 producing high compression ratio but in NEW YOURK image the number of clusters 34 producing low compression ratio.

•In RLE algorithm, applying it on the Y,U,V components to largely, because the Y contains of the similar pixels depending on the number of clusters.

0.5

30

Cmin

C

M

exponent

maxiter

V

U

Y

44128 * 8 bit

44128 * 8 bit

44128 * 8 bit

Before

44006 * 8

43908 * 8

34730 * 8

After

bit

bit

bit

•In using third image the PSNR is 31 compressed with other papers where best paper the PSNR IS 22 as exp,lianse in the table 10.

13-References: [1]- D.¨Ok¨um T.," An Algorithm For Image Clustering and Compreswww.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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98

The values of clusters centers 152.62 152.62 152.62 152.62 123.0017 123.0017 76.67 152.26 105.4254 152.6261 93.0864 38.9439 38.9439 38.9439

The index of cluster 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

38.9439 38.9439 38.9439 38.9439 38.9439 38.9439 38.9439 38.9439 38.9439 38.9439

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25

F. Klawonn, "A New Approach to Fuzzy Partitioning", Paper, Emden University of Applied Sciences, D-26723 Emden, Germany, 1999.

[5] -.M. Lillesand, T. and Kiefer, R.W., "Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation", Handbook, 4th Ed, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. USA, ISBN: 0471255157, 2001. [6]-http:// www.scholar.lib.vt.edu/ theses/available/etd6197-223641/ unrestricted/ch2.pdf. [7]-http:// www.ldv.ei.tum.de/

media/files/dvi/

vorlesung/z05_color_spa ces.pdf.

[8]- B. Balasko " Fuzzy Clustering and Data Analysis Toolbox", Department of Process Engineering

University

of

Vesz-

prem ,P.O.Box 158 H-8200, Veszprem, Hungary, 2002. [9]- S.David ," Data Compression ", book, 3rd Edition, Department of Computer Science, California State University, Northridge.

sion", Paper, Turk J Elec Engin, VOL.13, NO.1 2005, © TU¨BI_TAK ,2005. [2]H.Cheng ,"Document Image Segmentation And Compression ", Thesis,PhD,1999. [3]M. Mohammadian (ED.)," A New Approach For Compression Color Image using Neural Network", CIMCA 2003 Proceeding /ISBN 170880684,Vienna-Austria. [4]- F. Hoppner, www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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99

‫إﺻﺪارات ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺮﻗﺒﻮا اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ‬

‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ || ‪2008‬‬

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Town-planning regulation and territorial planning of the Russian Federation Rimshin V.I. the main correspondent RAASN, Dr.Sci.Tech., professor Moscow institute of a municipal services and construction) Shubin L.I. post-graduate student Scientific research institute of building physics RAASN)

Design layouts of territorial planning of the Russian Federation are developed on the basis of engineering surveys results in compliance with the requirements of technical regulations and with due account of federal programs in the field of state, economic, ecological, social, cultural and national development of the Russian Federation, provisions on territorial planning of the documents on territorial planning of the constituent parts of the Russian Federation, documents on territorial planning of municipal settlements as well as with due account of proposals of interested persons

projects, their design, construction and operation as well as allotment of land, sub-soil assets and water areas for such projects constitute the list of the state secret. That is why the composition, order of preparation, order of conciliation of design layouts of territorial planning of the Russian Federation, including maps (diagrams) of planned location of projects of defense and security, the order of

The composition and way of elaboration of design layouts of territorial planning of the Russian Federation as well as the order of submitting amendments into the designs are established by the Russian Federation Government.

According to the provisions of the RF Law "On the state secret" data on the location, function, extent of completion, protection of special and particularly significant www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

submitting amendments into such documents, particularities of their publication are established with due account of the provisions of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of defense and legislation of the Russian Federation on the State secret.

Design layouts of territorial planning of the Russian Federation prior to their approval should be submitted for agreement to State authorities of the RF constituent parts.

2008 || ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬

It should be noted that the rates on recon-

tage, boundaries of zones of planned location

ciliation of the said designs established by the

of capital construction projects of regional

Town planning Code are formulated, to our

significance. Also subject to agreement are

opinion, not quite satisfactorily. Below it is

matters of location of capital construction pro-

explained why.

jects of federal significance which may exert

According to P. 4, Cl. 11 of the Town

negative effects on the environment of the ter-

planning Code design layouts of territorial

ritory of the RF entity. Other matters cannot

planning of the Russian Federation prior to

be subject to agreement in connection with

their approval are subject to compulsory

elaboration of the design layout of territorial

agreement with the interested bodies of ex-

planning of the Russian Federation.

ecutive authorities of the RF constituent entities in the order established by Cl.12 of the Town planning Code

The divergence in the juridical content of the indicated Code seems quite evident.

First of all, the first case considers com-

But according to P.1 of Cl.12 of the Town

pulsory reconciliation of design layouts of

planning Code the design layout of territorial

territorial planning of the Russian Federa-

planning of the Russian Federation is subject to

tion, in the second case the designs are sub-

agreement with superior Executive authorities

ject to reconciliation only in case of two con-

of state power of the RF constituent entities in

ditions:

cases when proposals in the design layout pre-

—if proposals in the designs presuppose

sume alteration of the existing or planned

the alteration of existing or, in accordance

boundaries (according to documents of territo-

with the documents of territorial planning of

rial planning of the RF constituent part) of

the Russian Federation constituent part,

agricultural land, boundaries of natural areas

planned boundaries of agricultural land,

of preferential protection of regional signifi-

boundaries of natural areas of preferential

cance, boundaries of earth areas owned by the

protection of regional significance, bounda-

RF entity, boundaries of units of cultural heri-

ries of earth areas owned by the RF entity,

www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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boundaries of units of cultural heritage,

"The interested bodies of executive

boundaries of zones of planned location of

power of the Russian Federation entities"

capital construction projects of regional sig-

may, therefore, include, e.g., bodies respon-

nificance;

sible for formation of town-planning policy

—if projects of capital construction of

in the Russian Federation entity or bodies

federal significance which are supposed to be

responsible for those activities which con-

allocated, may exert negative effects on the

cern the elaboration of the design layout of

environment of the territory of the Russian

territorial planning in the field at the federal

Federation entity.

level. For example, the design layout of ter-

Secondly, in the first case the coordinat-

ritorial planning in the field of usage and

ing subjects are "the interested bodies of ex-

conservation of the forest fund of the Rus-

ecutive authorities of the Russian Federation

sian Federation might be agreed with Minis-

entities", in the second case such subjects are

tries (departments, boards) of forest re-

"the superior executive bodies of state au-

sources of the Russian Federation entities.

thorities of the Russian Federation entity".

Thus,

the

content

of

the

notion

Part 1 Cl. 17 of the Federal Law of Octo-

"interested bodies of executive power of the

ber 6, 1999 № 184-ФЗ "On general princi-

Russian Federation entities" differs from the

ples

lawmaking

content of the notion "superior executive

(representative) and executive bodies of state

bodies of state power of the Russian Federa-

power of the Russian Federation entities"

tion entities".

of

arrangement

of

sets out that the Russian Federation entity

The Town-planning Code does not give a

should have a system of bodies of executive

commission to the RF Government to elabo-

authority headed by the superior executive

rate the order of conciliation of design lay-

body of the state power of the RF entity, with

outs of territorial planning with interested

the chief of the superior executive body of

federal bodies of the executive power. But if

the state power of the RF entity at the head.

to interpret the Law literally, the mentioned

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designs should be conciliated only with supe-

documents of territorial planning, including

rior bodies of the executive power of the RF

maps (schemes) of planned location of de-

constituent parts (in cases established by the

fense and security projects.

Town-planning Code) and bodies of local governments (which is discussed below).

At the same time it is difficult to conceive a situation when the document elabo-

The former Town-planning Code defined

rated by a federal body of executive power

clearly that designs of the General layout and

would not be submitted for agreement with

consolidated layouts should be elaborated

other interested federal bodies of executive

and conciliated in the order established by

power. It is therefore necessary that the Rus-

the Russian Federation Government. In its

sian Federation Government should amend

turn both the Key requirements to develop-

the Town-planning Code extending P. 12 Cl.

ment and conciliation of the General Layout

11 with a rule of establishing an order of

of settling on the territory of the Russian

conciliation of the design layout of territorial

Federation and the Key requirements to de-

planning of the Russian Federation. If this

velopment and conciliation of consolidated

rule is realized by default directly in the

layouts of town-planning and basic provi-

document of the Russian Federation Govern-

sions of consolidated layouts of town-

ment which will establish the composition,

planning set out that the said draft documents

order of development an order of submission

should have been agreed with the interested

of amendments into the mentioned design,

federal bodies of executive power and re-

then formally that would be an infringement

spective organizations on the matters within

of the provision of the Town-planning Code.

their competence.

To our opinion, it is necessary to intro-

The newly adopted Town-planning Code

duce amendments into the Town-planning

on the matter of conciliation of layouts of

Code specifying the order of conciliation of

territorial planning with interested federal

the design layout of territorial planning of

bodies of executive power indicates only

the Russian Federation.

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The superior executive body of state Thus, design layouts of territorial plan-

power of the Russian Federation constituent

ning of the Russian Federation should be

part should send the design layout of territorial

conciliated with superior bodies of the ex-

planning of the Russian Federation to bodies

ecutive power of the Russian Federation con-

of local government administration of munici-

stituent part (in circumstances enumerated

pal settlements with regard to which territories

above) and with bodies of local government

the design has been elaborated.

administration.

Local government bodies consider the

The time of reconciliation of the design

design layout of territorial planning of the

layout of territorial planning of the Russian

Russian Federation from the point of view

Federation should not exceed three months

that the proposals of the design layout take

since the day of its submission to the superior

into account the provisions on territorial

executive bodies of state power of the Rus-

planning set out in the documents of territo-

sian Federation constituent parts with regard

rial planning of municipal settlements, that

to the territories of which the design layout of

the rules on land utilization and land devel-

territorial planning was elaborated or on the

opment are taken into account, proposals on

territory of which the planned project of capi-

alteration of boundaries of land areas owned

tal construction of federal significance may

by the municipal settlement. Also subject to

exert a negative effect.

agreement are matters of location of capital

If a consolidated conclusion from the supe-

construction projects of federal significance

rior executive body of state power of the RF

which may exert a negative effect on the en-

constituent part on the design layout is not re-

vironment of the territories of municipal set-

ceived in due time, then this is considered as an

tlements.

agreement of the said body of state power of

The maximum time of considering the

the RF constituent part on the design layout of

design layout of territorial planning of the

territorial planning of the Russian Federation.

Russian Federation cannot exceed 30 days

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since its receipt. If the conclusion from the

lowing documents on the results of its work:

bodies of local administration is not received

1) a document on reconciliation of the design

in due time the design layout of territorial

layout of territorial planning of the Russian

planning of the Russian Federation is re-

Federation and the amended design layout of

garded as agreed with those bodies.

territorial planning of the Russian Federation prepared for approval. This material may

The superior body of state power of the RF

contain:

constituent part elaborates a summary conclu-

proposals to exclude from the design layout

sion on the basis of conclusions of local ad-

of territorial planning of the Russian Federa-

ministration bodies for the design layout of

tion the material on matters not conciliated

territorial planning of the Russian Federation

(also indicating them on the respective map

which may include a statement on agreement

(or scheme) with an aim to fix the non-

or disagreement with the design layout of ter-

conciliated matters till the moment of their

ritorial planning of the Russian Federation

conciliation;

substantiating the decision made.

a plan of conciliation of the matters indicated

If one or several RF constituent parts submit

in Cl. 1of the current part after the layout of

summary conclusions containing statements

territorial planning of the Russian Federation

on disagreement with the design layout of

is approved, by preparing proposals on insert-

territorial planning of the Russian Federation

ing respective amendments in such a layout;

substantiating their decision, then during 30

2) Material in a text form and in the

days since the deadline for reconciliation of

form of maps (schemes) on the matters not

such a design, a decision is passed on forma-

yet conciliated.

tion of a conciliation commission. The maxi-

Basing on the documents and material

mum time of work of the conciliation com-

submitted by the conciliation commission a

mission cannot exceed three months.

decision is passed concerning approval of the

The conciliation commission submits the fol-

layout of territorial planning of the RF or on

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refusal of the design layout of territorial plan-

sees that the design layout should be pub-

ning of the Russian Federation and asking for

lished in the way established for official pub-

its further elaboration and completion.

lishing of statutory legal acts of the Russian

The order of conciliation of the design layout

Federation. The design layout should be pub-

of territorial planning of the Russian Federa-

lished not later than three months prior to its

tion, membership and order of work of the

approval. Besides, the design layout of terri-

conciliation commission are established by

torial planning of the Russian Federation can

the Russian Federation Government.

be placed on the official site of the Russian Federation Government in the Internet.

If the material on the non-agreed matters is

Drafts of dispositions on territorial planning

available the Russian Federation Government

and drafts of maps (schemes) available in the

may approve the layout of territorial planning

layout of the territorial planning should be

of the Russian Federation providing for loca-

published.

tion of capital construction projects of federal significance.

The interested persons have the right to sub-

Layouts of territorial planning of the Russian

mit their proposals concerning the published

Federation containing maps (schemes) of the

designs.

planned location of defense and security pro-

Having been approved, the layouts of territo-

jects are approved with due account of the

rial planning of the Russian Federation

legislation provisions of the Russian Federa-

should be published in the established order.

tion in the field of defense and legislation of

Within three days since their approval the

the Russian Federation on state secret.

said layouts should be submitted to superior

Along with the process of conciliation, the

executive bodies of state power of the Rus-

design layout of territorial planning of the

sian Federation constituent parts and local

Russian Federation is submitted for public

administration bodies of municipal settle-

discussion. The Town-planning Code fore-

ments for which territories they had been in-

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tended.

prove the plan of realization of the layout of

Right holders of land areas and capital con-

territorial planning of the Russian Federation.

struction projects, if their rights and legal in-

It should contain the following data:

terests are infringed or might be infringed as

1) The time schedule of elaboration of docu-

a result of approval of layouts of territorial

mentation on planning the territory to locate

planning of the Russian Federation have the

capital construction projects of federal sig-

right to bring the case before the court.

nificance, on which basis boundaries of land

Bodies of state power of the Russian Federa-

areas for location of such projects are defined

tion, bodies of state power of the Russian

and specified;

Federation constituent parts, bodies of local

2) The time schedule of elaboration of design

administration, interested natural and legal

documentation and the deadline of comple-

persons have the right of submitting propos-

tion of capital construction projects of federal

als on amendments for the layouts of territo-

significance.

rial planning of the Russian Federation.

3) The financial and economic feasibility

Within three months since the day of ap-

study for the implementation of the layout of

proval of such a layout the Russian Federa-

territorial planning of the Russian Federation.

tion Government should elaborate and ap-

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Study the toughness behavior of aluminium A355 and A356 composites reinforced with SiC particles after the extrusion process The influence for group of variables on the resistance to failure of a material to a suddenly applied force. The test measures the impact energy for aluminium A355 and A356 composites reinforced with SiC particles after the extrusion process was investigated by the finite element method.

These variables are the percentage of liquid fraction. The volume percentage of the SiC particles was 10%,15% and 20% percentage and the investigation is carried out at room temperature . The results show that Impact energy deM. rshdan. Ibrahim creases by increasing the volume fraction of particles.

INTRUDICTION

matrix composite is some of the possibilities.

A Composite in engineering sense is any ma-

The filler is the material that has been im-

terials that have been physically assembled to

pregnated in the matrix to lend its advantage

form one single bulk without physical blend-

(usually strength) to the composite. The fill-

ing to foam a homogeneous material. The

ers can be of any material such as carbon fi-

resulting material would still have compo-

ber, glass bead, sand, or ceramic. Composites

nents identifiable as the constituent of the

offer many advantages over other materials;

different materials [1]. One of the advantages

Stronger and stiffer than metals on a density

of composite is that two or more materials

basis; Capable of high continuous operating

could be combined to take advantage of the

temperatures; Highly corrosion resistant; Tai-

good characteristics of each of the materials.

lorable thermal expansion properties; Tun-

Composite materials will consist of two sepa-

able energy management characteristics; Ex-

rate components, the matrix and the filler.

ceptional formability; Outstanding durability;

The matrix is the component that holds the

Corrosion Resistance.

filler together to form the bulk of the mate-

Semi-solid metal forming processes are of

rial. It usually consists of various epoxy type

large industrial interest for the production of

polymers but other materials may be used.

various components because they have ad-

Metal matrix composite and thermoplastic

vantages over casting, forging and powder

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metallurgy techniques, such as reduction of

tion technique used in engineering analysis.

macro-segregation, reduction of porosity, low

It uses a numerical technique called the finite

forming efforts and possibility of near-net

element method (FEM). There are many fi-

shape forming etc[2]. In the semi-solid extru-

nite element software packages, both free and

sion, because the material of the semi-solid

proprietary [8,9].

state flows out only through a die exit, the

The present work is devoted to study the

flow and deformation of material is con-

effect of the extrusion process parameters on

strained. The flow and deformation of the

the impact energy of A355 and A356 alloy

semi-solid alloy studied in the investigation

reinforced with different weight percentages

at changing initial liquid fraction, angle of

of silicon carbide particles. This study made

die and reduction in area [3]. A computer

by simulating this process using computer

simulation or a computer model is a com-

software based on the finite element, after

puter program that attempts to simulate an

validated all software by comparing the pre-

abstract model of a particular system. Com-

dicted results from this software with the ex-

puter simulations have become an useful part

perimental results. The validation process

of mathematical modeling of many natural

done by using simulation model prepared by

systems in physics (Computational Physics),

tin-lead alloy reinforced with silicon carbide

chemistry and biology, human systems in

particles.

economics, psychology, and social science

Experimental Work

and in the process of engineering new tech-

In this section, experimental processes have

nology, to gain insight into the operation of

been explained to validate the finite element

those systems. Traditionally, the formal mod-

software (Impact dynamic program version

eling of systems has been via a mathematical

0.7.1). SiC particles with different percents

model, which attempts to find analytical so-

of volume fractions (10,15and 20) percent is

lutions to problems, which enables the pre-

used as reinforcing particles for the produc-

diction of the behavior of the system from a

tion of particle reinforced Pb-Sn alloy matrix

set of parameters and initial conditions. Com-

composites. Particle was mixed by stirrer in

puter simulations build on, and are an useful

the liquid alloy, and then poured into dies to

adjunct to purely mathematical models in sci-

solidify composite specimens. The specimens

ence, technology and entertainment. Finite

were extruded at temperature ranging from

element analysis (FEA) is a computer simula-

247 to 308 0C. All extruded specimens had

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an initial diameter of 20 mm, final diameters of 16 mm and 12 mm after extrusion with schematic view of the apparatus involved in this process is presented in figure (1). Charpy

0,5 Impact energy (J)

reduction in area of ratios 20% and 40%. A

0,6

0,3 0,2 0,1

(simple-beam) subsize impact test specimens

0 Matrix

were prepared from the casting. The specimen of Charpy test

Impact energy (J)

0,4

matrix /10% matrix /15% matrix /20% Sicp Sicp Sicp Alloy Type

have a dimension

55x10x10mm and have a notch machined

b

ergy reported is the average of two readings.

Figure (3-6) shows the impact energy of the specimens when liquid fraction 45%, 55%, 65% and 75%.

Impact energy (J)

across one of the larger faces, the impact en0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

Impact energy (J)

Matrix

matrix /10% Sicp

matrix /15% Sicp

matrix /20% Sicp

Alloy Type

C

0.5

Figure (1): Schematic view of the apparatus involved in this process is presented

Impact energy (J)

0.45 0.4 0.35

Impact energy (J)

0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0

aِ

Impact energy (J)

Matrix

matrix /10% matrix /15% matrix /20% Sicp Sicp Sicp Alloy Type

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

Impact energy (J)

d Figure (2): variation of impact energy with volume

Matrix

matrix /10% Sicp

matrix /15% Sicp

matrix /20% Sicp

fraction at 45%,(b)55%,(c)65%, (d) 75% liquid fraction

Alloy Type

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Finite Element Modeling

resulted by Hoffman et al [4]. They proved

To use the finite element software a valida-

that the prediction for the impact of the rein-

tion process are made by applying this soft-

forced metal matrix composites by different

ware on the Pb-Sn alloy matrix composites

finite element analysis codes was consistent

reinforced with different volume percents of

with experimental data.

SiCp to predict the deformation and tensile behaviour. The predicted results and the ex-

Impact tests simulation for A355

perimental results then compared to validate the software. , Impact dynamic program ver-

In the investigation, Impact dynamic program

sion 0.7.1 simulated the impact tests. In

version 0.7.1 simulated the impact tests for

simulation process the program input were

A355 reinforced with different weight per-

the specimen geometric, alloy type and SiC

centage of SiC particles. In simulation proc-

weight percent. The output is the impact en-

ess the program input were the specimen

ergy (J) in each case. The predicted impact

geometric, alloy type and SiC weight percent.

energies at different alloy kinds show a good

The output is the impact energy (J) in each

agreement with the experimental impact en-

case. The results show that the impact energy

ergies figure (2) represent the relation be-

decreases by increasing the volume fraction.

tween the experimental and predicted impact

The extrusion process improves the impact

energies. This result is consistent with that

energy of the composites. Figure (3-5) repre-

Impact energy (J)

0,6 0,5 0,4

Impact energy ex.

Impact energy

0,3 0,2 0,1 0 alloy

10%

15%

20%

Alloy Type www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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Impact tests simulation for A356

reinforced with different weight percentage

Impact dynamic program version 0.7.1 simu-

of SiC particles.

lated the impact tests for A356 reinforced

Impact energy

sent the predicted impact energy for A355

with different weight percentage of SiC parti-

8 6 4 2 0

As cast Extrud ed

alloy

cles. In simulation process the program input were the specimen geometric, alloy type and SiC weight percent. The output is the impact

Volume fraction

energy (J) in each case. The results show that

Figure (3): Variation of impact energy for

the impact energy decreases by increasing the

A355 with volume fraction (as cast and as

volume fraction. The extrusion process im-

extruded) at liquid fraction 65%.

proves the impact energy of the composites.

Impact energy

Figure (6) represent the predicted impact energy for A356 reinforced with different

8 6 4 2 0

As cast Extrud ed

weight percentage of SiC particles

alloy

a impect energy (J)

Volume fraction

6

Figure (4): Variation of impact energy for A355 with volume fraction (as cast and as extruded) at liquid fraction 45%.

Impact energy

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

4

as cast

2 0 alloy Volume fraction

As cast Extrud ed

b

alloy

Figure (5): Variation of impact energy for A355 with volume fraction (as cast and as extruded) at liquid fraction 75%.

impect energy (J)

Volume fraction

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

as cast

alloy Volume fraction

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finite element simulation revealed good

C impect energy (J)

agreement with experimental data.

Conclusions

5 4 3 2 1 0

as cast

This investigation on the extrusion of parti-

as extruded

cle reinforced aluminum alloy was conducted alloy Volume fraction

by using finite element conclusions can be summarized as follows:

Figure (6): Predicted impact energy of

1. Very good agreement is obtained be-

A356

tween the predicted values from neural

at liquid fraction 65%

network modeling and experimental re-

at liquid fraction 45%

sults for the Pb-Sn alloy matrix compos-

at liquid fraction 75%

ite.

2. Impact energy decreases by increasing the volume fraction of particles.

Discussion The results obtained from the finite element modelling of the behaviour of A355 and A356 alloy matrix composites for the effects

3. The highest impact energy value was obtained at 10% SiC .

4. The highest impact energy value was obtained when the liquid fraction was 55%

of the percentage of liquid material. The investigations shown that the impact energy of the composites less than the base alloy. Many

References

investigators [5,6,7] showed that the effect of volume fraction of the reinforcement parti-

[1] G.L.Huyett ,"Engineering Handbook",

cles in the percentage of the impact energy of

Industrial Press inc., New York.(2002), pp 4-

the composites.

6

The results of the finite ele-

ment simulations for Pb-Sn alloy matrix

[2] Karl Ulrich Kainer " Basics of Metal Ma-

composites show good agreement with the

trix Composites Metal Matrix Composites.

experimental results . This result is consistent

Custom-made Materials for Automotive and

with that resulted by Chen J.M. et al. [5].

Aerospace Engineering", WILEY-VCH Ver-

They proved that the prediction for the me-

lag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.(2006).

chanical properties of the reinforced metal

pp 7-9

matrix composites as cast and as extruded by

[3] M K Surappa," Aluminum Matrix Com-

www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

2008 || ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬

posites: Challenges and

[6] Jones, Carl H., Johnson, William B. and

Opportunities" Sadhana India, Vol. 28, Parts

Blaha, John M "Impact energy absorbing

1 & 2, February/April (2003), pp. 319–334.

composite

[4] E.I.Hoffman and D. J. Ammerman" A

sOnline ,1996 pp.1-2

Benchmark Study of 2D and 3D Finite Ele-

[7] M. Suery and Fleming "Mechanical be-

ment Calculations Simulating Dynamic Pulse

havior of aluminum matrix composite during

Buckling Tests of Cylindrical Shells under

extrusion in semisolid state", metallurgical

Axial Impact", Conference: 12. biennial con-

and materials transactions, Vol 30A, 1999,

ference for the International Association for

pp1137- 1141

Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technol-

[8] Y. B. Li and W. Zhou "Numerical Simu-

ogy .1993 pp. 26.

lation of Filling Process in Die Casting",

[5] Chen J.M.; Liu R.S.; Martin C.; Letouze

Materials Technology, Vol. 18, (2003), pp.

F.; Raveau B.; Huang H.; Bush M.B. "Finite

36-41

element analysis of mechanical properties in

[9] W. S. Hwang and R. A. Stoehr,

discontinuously reinforced metal matrix com-

“Computer simulation for the filling of cast-

posites with ultrafine microstructure", Mate-

ings” AFS Transactions ,(1987) pp 44-46

materials".

FreePatent-

rials Science and Engineering: A, Volume 232. (1997), pp. 63-66.

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Simulation of Settling, Casting Fluidity and Solidification of Aluminum SiC Particle Composites Eman Ebrahim Mohamed Nassar The influence for group of variables on aluminium A355 and A356 composites reinforced with SiC particles after the extrusion process was investigated by the finite element method. These variables are the percentage of liquid material and the ram speed, die angle and the reduction percentage in the area. The volume percentage of the SiC particles was 10%,15% and 20% percentage and the investigated made at room temperature ,150 0C and 300 0C. The results show that the ram speed increased with the increasing in the liquid fraction and decreasing in the die angle and reduction percentage, the results show also that the porosity percentage decreased and the mechanical properties improved

Introduction Metal Matrix Composites (MMCc) exhibit a combination of properties not found in monolithic metals. The addition of high modulus fibers , particles, nodules or whiskers to conventional alloys can result in favorable changes in strength, elastic modulus, wear resistance, creep resistance, coefficient of thermal expansion and fatigue life. In addition, although second phase additions can result in a loss of tensile ductility, lower fracture toughness, and an increase in density, specific properties of the composites are usually improved enough to provide considerable weight savings potential in load bearing and high temperature applications. In particular, they offer widespread potential due to their essentially isotropic properties and substantially improved strengths and stiffness compared to unreinforced alloy [1-3]. Aluminum-silicon metal matrix particulate composites are attractive for these applications because they exhibit unusual combinations of structural, physical thermal properties, low www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

density, low thermal expansion, high modulus and strength, and good creep and wear resistance [4]. Semi-solid metal forming processes are of large industrial interest for the production of various components because they have advantages over casting, forging and powder metallurgy techniques, such as reduction of macro-segregation, reduction of porosity, low forming efforts and possibility of near-net shape forming etc. In the semi-solid extrusion, because the material of the semi-solid state flows out only through a die exit, the flow and deformation of material is constrained. The flow and deformation of the semi-solid alloy studied in the investigation at changing initial liquid fraction, angle of die and reduction in area [5-7]. A computer simulation or a computer model is a computer program that attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system.

Computer simulations have become an useful part of mathematical modeling of many natural systems in physics (Computational Physics), chemistry and biology, human systems in economics, psychology, and social science and in the process of engineering new tech2008 || ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬

. Tensile Test temperature Room temperature

properties of(Pb-Sn) unreinforced

Condition As-cast Extruded

100 C

As-cast Extruded

U.T.S (MPa)

Y.S. (MPa)

% Elong

34

34.1*

23

24.1*

18.2

18.8*

47

48.3*

27

28*

23.7

24.2*

42 49

44.2* 50.1*

30 35

31.1* 36.1*

15.2 15.1

16.3* 21.1*

Tensile properties of(Pb-Sn) reinforced with 10% wt SiCp Test temperature Room temperature

100 C

Condition

U.T.S (MPa)

Y.S. (MPa)

% Elong.

As-cast

39

40.3*

29

30,2*

16.5

16.9*

Extruded

42

42.9*

24

25,1*

19.3

20.3*

As-cast

30

31.2*

17

17,3*

14.2

15.4*

Extruded

37

38.3*

14

15,3*

12.7

10.6*

Tensile properties of(Pb-Sn) reinforced with 15% wt SiCp Test temperature Room temperature

100 C

Condition

U.T.S (MPa)

Y.S. (MPa)

% Elong.

As-cast

27

23.7*

20

20.1*

14.3

14.9*

Extruded

36

27.8*

16

16.9*

16.1

16.7*

As-cast

21

19.2*

12

12.9*

16.3

17.3*

Extruded

39

22.4*

15

15.6*

17.4

18.1*

Tensile properties of(Pb-Sn) reinforced with 20% wt SiCp Test temperature Room temperature

predicted result *

100 C

Condition

U.T.S (MPa)

Y.S. (MPa)

% Elong.

As-cast

23

17

17.8*

10.7

11.2*

Extruded

27

13

14.1*

16.2

17.3*

As-cast

18

10

11.3*

17.4

18.7*

Extruded

21

12

13.5*

19.3

19.8*

Table1: The experimentally and predicted tensile properties of Pb-Sn alloy matrix composites nology, to gain insight into the operation of those systems. Traditionally, the formal modeling of systems has been via a mathematical model, which attempts to find analytical solutions to problems, which enables the prediction of the behavior of the system from a www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

set of parameters and initial conditions. Computer simulations build on, and are an useful adjunct to purely mathematical models in science, technology and entertainment. Finite element analysis (FEA) is a computer simulation technique used in engineering analysis.

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It uses a numerical technique called the finite element method (FEM). There are many finite element software packages, both free and proprietary [8-11]. An artificial neural network (ANN), often just called a "neural network" (NN), is an interconnected group of artificial neurons, that uses a mathematical model or computational model for information processing based on a connectionist approach to computation. In most cases an ANN is an adaptive system that changes its structure based on external or internal information that flows through the network [12].

The present work is devoted to study the effect of the extrusion process on the mechanical properties of A355 and A356 alloy reinforced with different weight percentages of silicon carbide particles. This study made by simulating this process using computer software based on the finite element and artificial neural techniques, after validated all software by comparing the predicted results from this software with the experimental results. The validation process done by using simulation model prepared by tin-lead alloy reinforced with silicon carbide particles.

Experimental Work In this section, experimental processes have been explained to validate the finite element software (JL Analyzer). SiC particles with different percents of volume fractions (10,15and 20) used as reinforcing particles for production of particle reinforced Pb-Sn alloy matrix composites. Particle was mixed by stirrer in the liquid alloy, and then poured into dies to solidify composite specimens.

The specimens were deformed at temperature ranging from 247 to 308 0C. All extruded specimens had a diameter of 20 mm before extrusion and had a final diameter of 16 mm and 12 mm after extrusion with reduction ratio in area 20% and 40%. Table 1 shows the tensile properties of the specimens; Figure 1 shows the effect of liquid fraction on ram speed at different die angles. www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

Finite Element Modeling To use the finite element software a validation process are made by applying this software on the Pb-Sn alloy matrix composites reinforced with deferent volume percents of SiCp as cast and as extruded to predict the deformation and tensile behaviour. The predicted results and the experimental results then compared to validate the software.

In Extrusion A finite element code JL analyzer simulation simulated extrusion process. JL Analyzer Engineering solution, developed to analyze the two-dimensional plastic deformation. Finite element simulation performed for each combination of variables to predict the ram speed in extrusion process in each case.

Predicted results from JL analyzer soft ware illustrated in figure 1. The investigations proved that results of the finite element simulation for extrusion of semi solid alloy revealed a good agreement with experimental results.

Tensile Tests Tensile tests ware simulated also by JL Analyzer Engineering solution. In tensile test simulation, the specimen is presumed to drawn axially through two jaws. The jaws were forces. Two temperatures (room temperature and 1000 C) and two cases for the material (as cast and as extruded) were considered in the finite element model simulations. Predicted results for the Pb-Sn alloy matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles with deferent weight percents were summarized in table 1.The results of the finite element simulations show good agreement with the experimental results.

Neural Network Modeling To use the neural network software a validation process are made by applying this software on the Pb-Sn alloy matrix composites reinforced with deferent volume percents of SiC particles as cast and as extruded to predict the wear behaviour. The predicted results and the experimental results then 2008 || ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬

compared to validate the software.

In Wear Rate In this investigation, the wear rate studied by using a neural network software (EasyNN -plus). EasyNN-plus grows multi-layer neural networks from the data in a grid. The neural network input and output layers created to match the grid input and output columns.

Hidden layers connecting the input and output layers grown to hold the optimum number of nodes. Each node contains a neuron and its connection addresses. The whole process is automatic. The grid is produced

www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

manually using the EasyNN-plus editing facilities. The neural networks learn the training data in the grid and they can use the validating data in the grid to self validate at the same time. The input or independent variables are the applied pressure in MPa, SiC weight percentage and the temperature in degrees. The output is the wear rate in milligrams per meter figure 2 shows the relation between the experimental and predicted wear rate results at deferent temperatures

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Figure 1: Relation between liquid fraction, die angle and ram velocity for (Pb-Sn) alloy matrix composites at different reduction areas for the Measured values and Predicted values.

Mechanical tests simulation for A355 and A356 In this section the validated simulation software were used to predict the mechanical properties of A355. Finite element code JL analyzer simulated Extrusion process for A355 and A356 alloys. Finite element simuwww.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

lation performed for each combination of variables to predict the ram speed in extrusion process in each case, soft ware assumed that the ceramic particles distributed uniformly in the composite. Predicted results from JL analyzer soft ware illustrated in figure 3 for A355 alloy and figure 4 for A356.

In the simulation process, the extruded specimens had a diameter of 20 mm before extrusion and the percentage of reduction in area was 20% and 40%.

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Figure 2: Wear rate of Pb-Sn alloy matrix composites www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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Tensile Tests JL Analyzer Engineering solution simulated the tensile tests for A355 and 356 as cast and as extruded. In tensile test simulation, the specimen assumed to drawn axially through two jaws. The jaws defined as forces. Three temperatures (room temperature, 1500 and 3000). Predicted results for A355 and A356 reinforced with SiC particles with deferent www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

weight percents were summarized in table 2 and 3 respectively.

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‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ‪www.altariq.ps‬‬

Tensile properties of A355 unreinforcrd Test temperature Room temperature 150 C 300 C

Condition As-cast Extruded As-cast Extruded As-cast Extruded

U.T.S (MPa) 226 233 251 250 202 229

Y.S. (MPa) 140 166 150 141 120 133

%Elong.

2,3 3,5 1,9 2,8 4,2 3,7

Y.S. (MPa) 136 128 105 131 100 121

%Elong.

1,6 2,5 2 1,5 5,1 4,7

Tensile properties of A355 with 10% wt SiCp Test temperature Room temperature 150 C

300 C

condition As-cast Extruded As-cast Extruded As-cast Extruded

U.T.S (MPa) 234 242 222 234 179 218

Tensile properties of A355 reinforced with 15% wt SiCp Y.S. Test temperature Condition U.T.S(MPa) (MPa) As-cast 223 134 Room temperature Extruded 238 124 As-cast 215 95 150 C Extruded 230 111 As-cast 152 72 300 C Extruded 164 97 Tensile properties of A355 reinforced with 20% wt SiCp Y.S. Test temperature Condition U.T.S (MPa) (MPa) Room temperature As-cast 214 127 Extruded 227 115 150 C As-cast 207 90 Extruded 215 105 300 C As-cast 141 59 Extruded

153

% Elong.

1,4 1,9 2 3,2 5,2 4,9

% Elong.

1,2 1,8 1,9 2,4 5,3

81

4,6

Table 2: The predicted tensile properties of A355 alloy matrix composites www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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Tensile properties of A356 unreinforced Test temperature Room temperature 150 C 300 C

Condition As-cast Extruded As-cast Extruded As-cast Extruded

U.T.S (MPa) 255 297 283 281 188 208

Y.S. (MPa) 170 192 208 200 163 171

% Elong.

14,2 19,3 11,1 11,3 26,2 29,2

Tensile properties of A356 reinforced with 10% wt SiCp Y.S. (MPa) Test temperature Condition U.T.S (MPa) % Elong.

As-cast 259 220 10,2 Room temperature Extruded 282 187 11,5 As-cast 227 130 11,8 150 C Extruded 281 153 18,1 As-cast 165 73 24,1 300 C Extruded 237 93 27,2 Tensile properties of A356 reinforced with 15% wt SiCp Y.S. Test temperature Condition U.T.S (MPa) (MPa) % Elong.

As-cast 245 155 8,3 Room temperature Extruded 267 164 11,5 As-cast 167 83 11,7 150 C Extruded 174 97 18,1 As-cast 183 63 25,1 300 C Extruded 213 84 28,8 Tensile properties of A356 reinforced with 20% wt SiCp Y.S. Test temperature Condition U.T.S (MPa) % Elong.

(MPa) As-cast 230 137 7,3 Room temperature Extruded 243 144 13,7 As-cast 145 66 12,9 150 C Extruded 151 83 15,6 As-cast 163 55 29,7 300 C Extruded 179 76 24,7 Table 3: The predicted tensile properties of A356 alloy matrix composites www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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Wear Rate In this investigation, A355 and A356 wear rate were predicted by using a neural network software (EasyNN-plus) at two temperatures (100 0C and 200 0C). The grid produced manually using the EasyNN-plus editing fa-

cilities. The input or independent variables are the applied pressure in MPa, SiC weight % and the temperature in degrees the predicted results illustrated in the figure 5 and figure 6

Figure 6: wear rate of A355 alloy reinforced with different weight percentage of SiC particles at 100 0C and 200 0C www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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Discussion The results obtained from the finite element modelling of the behaviour of A355 and A356 alloy matrix composites for the effects of the percentage of liquid material and die angle and reduction percentage in the area on the ram speed. The result showed that the ram speed increased when: www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

•The die angle and the percentage of the re-

duction in area decrease. That result from the liquid phase flows heavily for the free surface due to the contact force acting on the specimen from the die.

• Liquid fraction percentage increase. That result from the liquid phase flows easily for the free surface due to the contact 2008 || ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬

force acting on the specimen from the die.

The previous result is consistent with that noticed by O. P. Grover and U.C. Jindal [13].

They proved that the liquid fraction percentage, the die angle and the reduction percentage effected in the ram speed in the extrusion of semi solid composites. Mechanical results for composites show that the yield strength of matrix as cast and as extruded decreases with further increase in volume fraction of reinforcement, B. S. Majumdar and A. B. Pandey [14] have found good agreement with this results. The results also show that ultimate tensile strength decreases when the temperature increases, but the yield strength increases at high temperatures.

Mechanical results revealed that the hot deformation process (extrusion) improving the strength. These improvements result from the reduction in the grain size and reduction in the porosity at room temperature and causes redistribution of SiC particles clusters in a more uniform distribution of the SiC particles ,but at 100 0C the extrusion had no effect in ductility for the composites and unreinforced alloy specimens had no differences in the value at high temperature. More uniform distribution in the extruded specimens reduced the wear rate. Similar observation of the wear rate of the composites has been reported by several investigators [15,16]. The composites show a higher resistance to wear as compared to the unreinforced alloy. The results reveal that the resistance to wear of the composites improved by increasing the weight percent of the reinforcement of the composites.

The results of the finite element simulations for Pb-Sn alloy matrix composites show good agreement with the experimental results . This result is consistent with that resulted by Chen J.M. et al. [17]. They proved that the prediction for the mechanical properwww.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

ties of the reinforced metal matrix composites as cast and as extruded by finite element simulation revealed good agreement with experimental data.

Neural network found successful in prediction of wear results. This result is consistent with that resulted by Necat altinkok et al.

[18]. They proved that the prediction for the mechanical properties of the reinforced metal matrix composites by using the artificial neural network revealed a good accord with experimental data.

Conclusions This investigation on the extrusion of particle reinforced aluminum alloy was conducted by using finite element and neural network modeling, the principal conclusions can be summarized as follows: 1. The addition of SiC particles to A355 and A356 alloy matrix composites are improve the strength of the alloy at room temperature, up to 10% SiC, then the strength decreases with further increase in the weight percentage of the reinforcement. Extruded composites generally followed a similar trend but with relatively higher values of strength.

2. extrusion process reduces the porosity content of the as cast composites and causes redistribution of SiC particles clusters in a more uniform distribution of the SiC particles 3. The tensile tests carried out at 150 0C, the extruded composites showed gradual increase in tensile strength with increasing the weight percent of SiC particles up to a value of 10%by weight. Further increase in the weight % of particles resulted in decrease in the strength.

4. Ram speed increased when the die angle and the percentage of the reduction in area decrease.

5. Ram speed increased when liquid fraction percentage increase. That result from the 2008 || ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬

liquid phase flows easily for the free surface due to the contact force acting on the specimen from the die.

6. Very good agreement is obtained between the predicted values from finite element simulation and experimental results for the Pb-Sn alloy matrix composite.

7. Very good agreement is obtained between the predicted values from neural network modeling and experimental results for the Pb-Sn alloy matrix composite.

8. The yield strength of matrix as cast and as extruded decreases with further increase in volume fraction of reinforcement References [1] G.L.Huyett ,"Engineering Handbook", Industrial Press inc., New York.(2002), pp 4-6 [2] Karl Ulrich Kainer " Basics of Metal Matrix Composites Metal Matrix Composites. Custom -made Materials for Automotive and Aerospace Engineering", WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.(2006). pp 7-9 [3] M K Surappa," Aluminum Matrix Composites: Challenges and Opportunities" Sadhana India, Vol. 28, Parts 1 & 2, February/April (2003), pp. 319–334.

[4] M. Mares" Some Issues On Tailoring Possibilities For Mechanical Properties Of Particulate Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites" , Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, Vol. 3, No. 1, March (2001), p. 119 124 [5] M. M. Makhlouf, D. Apelian and L. Wang, "Casting Characteristics Of Aluminum Die Casting Alloys", Advanced Casting Research Center, Metal Processing Institute. (2004), pp 61-65 [6 ] PK Mallick and Marcel Dekker “Composites Engineering Handbook”, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc, (1997), pp22-46.

[7] FL Matthews and RD Rawlings. Composite Materials: Engineering and Science, Woodhead, (1994), pp 12-21.

[8] W. S. Hwang and R. A. Stoehr, “Computer simulation for the filling of castings” AFS Transactions ,(1987) pp 44-46 [9] T. Nakagawa, “A Three dimensional simuwww.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

lation of a material casting using the finite element method in Modeling of Casting and Welding Processes", The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (1988), pp. 833 [10] Y. Ohtsuka, T. Ono, K. Mizuno, and E. Matsubara, “Computer simulation system of the molten metal flow in die casting” 15th Die Casting Congress, (1989) pp 33.

[11] Y. B. Li and W. Zhou "Numerical Simulation of Filling Process in Die Casting", Materials Technology, Vol. 18, (2003), pp. 36-41 [12] Aleksander and Morton, H. "An introduction to Neural Computing", 2nd edition, Chapman & Hill Great Britain, (1994), pp20-43 [13] O.P. Grover,U.C. Jindal "Extrusion characteristics of aluminum alloy/SiCp metal matrix composites" material science technology vol.15 , (1999), pp 443-445.

[14] B. S. Majumdar and A. B. Pandey " Deformation and fracture of a particle-reinforced aluminum alloy composite: Part II. Modeling".Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Springer Boston, (2007) pp. 937-950 [15] Martinez, M.,A. and Martin, A., and Liorca J., "Wear of Al-Si/SiC composites at ambient and elevated temperatures ", Scrip.

Metal. Mater. Vol.28, (1993), pp 207207-213.

[16] N. Natarajana, S. Vijayaranganb and I. Rajendran "Wear Behaviour Of A356/25 SiCp Aluminium Matrix Composites Sliding Against Automobile Friction Material ", Wear, volume 261 issues 7-8, (2006) pp 812-814.

[17] Chen J.M.; Liu R.S.; Martin C.; Letouze F.; Raveau B.; Huang H.; Bush M.B. "Finite element analysis of mechanical properties in discontinuously reinforced metal matrix composites with ultrafine microstructure", Materials Science and Engineering: A, Volume 232.

(1997), pp. 63-66.

[18] Necat altinkok and Rasit Koker" Modelling of the prediction of tensile and density properties in particle reinforced metal matrix composites by using neural networks", Materials & Design, Volume 27, Issue 8, (2006), pp.

625-631

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Method of network operator for synthesis of optimal control system E.A. Sofronova Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 6, Miklukho-Maklaya st., Moscow, Russia sofronova_ea@mail.ru

.1INTRODUCTION The problem of synthesis of optimal control consists in finding the control depending on problem space vector of object.

Formally such problem has no decision though real control systems in overwhelming majority of cases work on a condition of object, instead of on time. Usually at synthesis of optimal control originally find an optimal condition of system or optimal trajectories by method of Lagrange [1] or the principle of maximum of Pontryagin [2], and then build a control system providing stabilization of system near the optimal condition. The finding of optimal control as function of problem space by the principle of optimality [3] demands the solution of Bellman equation which is possible only for special cases, for example for linear systems with square-law functional.

The main complexity of construction of numerical synthesis algorithms of optimal control is that search of the solution to a problem is necessary to perform on the space of mathematical expressions. The solution of a problem of synthesis is functional dependence of control on values of problem space vector, therefore at elaboration of algorithms of the solution of a problem of synthesis it is necessary to create the space of mathematical expressions and to provide the search of solution in it.

In the present paper for this purpose we use the new data structure, the network opwww.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

A.I. Diveуev Dorodnitsin Computing Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia aidiveevt@mail.ru

erator [4] that allows to represent mathematical expressions in the form of an integer matrix. Thus, search of the solution of a problem of synthesis is carried out on space of integer matrixes. .2PROBLEM STATEMENT The following problem of optimal control is considered. The system of differential equations which describes the dynamics of the object is given x& = f (x , u ) ,(1.1) where space vector,

x = [x1 K xn ]T

is

problem

u = [u1 K um ]T

is the control u ∈U ⊆ vector, x ∈ ℝn, ℝm, m ≤ n , U is the limited set.

Given performance functional tf

J=

∫ f 0 (x(t ),u(t ))dt

0

,

(1.2)

tf where is the duration of control process.

The initial state of the object

[

x(0) = x 0 = x10 K x n0

]

T

.

(1.3) Given the terminal state of the object 2008 || ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬

[

( )

x t f = x f = x1f K xnf

]

T

.

(1.4) Synthesize a control system in the following form u = g(x , q ) , (1.5) where

q = [q1 K ql ]T

is the vector of q∈ l parameters of control system, ℝ , that provides the next conditions u ∈U

, (1.6)

tf

J=

∫ f 0 (x(t ), u(t ))dt → min

0

( )

xtf −xf ≤ε

, (1.7)

where ε is a given small value.

The solution of the problem is function u = g(x , q ) . The form of this function is not g(x , q ) determined. Function may be nonsmooth and discontinuous. The only reg(x , q ) quirement to the properties of is the ∃Q ⊆ condition of uniqueness, ∀x ∈ ℝn,

⇒ ∀q ∈ Q

}.

(1.9)

g i (x , q )

Functions in the space G must be distinguished by structure,

∀g i (x , q ) ∈ G ∀q = const

,

∀g j (x , q ) ∈ G

,

with

, ∃x ∈ ℝn, and

g i (x , q ) ≠ g j (x , q )

,

i≠ j

.

(1.10) We perform the search of mathematical ~ g i (x , q ) ∈ G expression and optimal pa~ q∈ l rameters ℝ . The first problem belongs to the integer programming, the second problem belongs to the nonlinear programming.

Thus the problem of optimal control synthesis belongs to the class of the combined programming. .2Network operator

, (1.8)

ℝl

{

G = g i (x , q ), i = 1, M

exists

u = g(x , q ) ∈ U

the

unique

.

We create the space of mathematical expressions

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To create the space of functional dependences it is necessary to define some bounded ordered sets. These ordered sets contain items that are used in expressions.

Variable set is an ordered set which contains components of problem space vector, V = (x1 ,K , x n ) vi ∈ 1 i = 1, n . , ℝ, (2.1) Set of parameters is an ordered set which contains components of vector of parameters, С = (q1 ,K , ql ) qi ∈ 1 i = 1, l , ℝ, .

(2.2) Unary operations set is an ordered set of functions or single-valued transformations defined over a certain number set

2008 || ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬

O1 = (ρ1 (z ), ρ 2 (z ),K , ρW (z ))

ρ i (z ) :

where

, (2.3)

→

∃y ∈ ℝ , ∀z ∈ ℝ1,

is a unit element for binary opera-

χi

. where ℝ Definition 2. Graphic notation of ⇒ y = ρ i (z ) expression is a notation of binary operation i = 1,W 1 ℝ , . that satisfies the following: Binary operations set is an ordered set à) binary operation uses unary operaof binary functions or singletions or appropriate unit element as its arguvalued transformations of two equal number ment; sets in one the same number set b) unary operation uses binary operaO2 = (χ 0 (z ′ , z ′′), χ1 (z ′ , z ′′),K , χV −1 (z ′ , z ′′)) tion, parameter or variable as its argument; c) unary operation with equal parame, (2.4) ter or variable cannot be used as an argument → × = χ i (z ′ , z ′′) : of binary operation. ℝ1 ℝ1 ℝ2 ℝ1, где Theorem 1. Any program notation can y = χ i (z ′ , z ′′) be convert to graphic notation. ∀z ′ , z ′′ ∈ 1 ∃y ∈ 1 ℝ, ℝ , Proof. According to definition 2 graphic notation of expression is at the same i = 0,V − 1 . time a program notation. If program notation Definition 1. Program notation of differs from graphic one it means that one of expression is a notation of unary or binary the following has taken place: operation that uses as its arguments items of а) unary operation uses as its argument set of parameters, variables, unary or binary unary operation; operations. b) binary operation uses as its argument Suppose that all binary operations used binary operation, parameter or variable; in program notations possess the following c) unary operations with equal parameproperties: ter or variable are used as arguments of bi-commutativity; nary operation.

Let us consider all possible differences χ i (z ′ , z ′′) = χ i (z ′′ , z ′) χ i ∈ O2 between program and graphic notations. , , If unary operation uses as its argument i = 0 ,V − 1 unary operation , (2.5) -associativity ρ i ρ j (a ) . χ i χ i (z ′ , z ′′), z ′′′ = χ i z ′ , χ i (z ′′ , z ′′′) , We should introduce binary operation for example addition with unit element 0. χ i ∈ O2 i = 0 ,V − 1 Then we obtain , , (2.6) -have a unit element ρ i ρ j (a ) = χ 0 0 , ρ i χ 0 0 , ρ j (a ) , χ i (ei , z ) = χ i (z , ei ) = z χ i ∈ O 2 , , χ (z ′ , z ′′) = z ′ + z ′′ where 0 is the operation ei ∈ 1 i = 0 ,V − 1 ℝ, , of addition.

(2.7)

(

1

tions

ei

1

)

(

(

)

(

www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

)

)

( ( (

))

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If binary operation uses as its argument binary operation, parameter or variable for example

(

(

).

χ l ρ i (a ), χ m b, ρ k (c )

We use identical unary operation. Получаем следующее у р а вн е ни е:

(

) (

(

( (

))

χl ρi (a), χm b, ρk (c) = χl ρi (a), ρ1 χm ρ1 (b), ρk (c) ρ1 (z ) = z

where is the operation of identity.

If unary operations with equal parameter or variable are used as arguments of binary operation, for example

).

(

χ l ρ i (a ), ρ k (a )

To convert the notation in graphic notation we should introduce additional unary and binary operations, where

ρ1 (z ) = z

is the operation of identity,

χ 0 (z ′ , z ′′) = z ′ + z ′′

is the operation of addi-

tion.

According to definitions 1 and 2 there are not any other differences, except mentioned above, between program and graphic notations.■ Graphic notation allows presenting an expression in the form of oriented graph. The number of nodes is equal to the number of binary operations, parameters and variables used in graphic notation. The source nodes correspond to parameters or variables, unary operations correspond to the edges. The edge comes out the node that corresponds to the argument of unary operation and comes in the node that corresponds to the unary operation itself.

Using this method we get the graph of the expression.

Consider an example. We have the following expression

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y = αe −βt sin (ωt + ϕ)

.

Define for this expression the sets of V = (t ) variables , parameters С = (α ,β , ω , ϕ) , unary operations

(

O1 = ρ1 (z) = z ,ρ2 (z) = sinz ,ρ3 (z) = −z ,ρ4 (z) = e z and

(

binary

)

operations

O 2 = χ 0 (z ′ , z ′′) = z ′ + z ′′ , χ1 (z ′ , z ′′) = z ′z ′′

)

.

Using these sets we get the program notation

) ( (

( ( ( (

y = χ1 α , χ1 ρ 4 ρ 3 χ1 (β , t ) , ρ 2 χ 0 χ1 (ω , t ), ϕ .

We convert program notation to graphic one using restrictions on graphic not at i o n ac cordi ng t o t heore m 1 y = χ 1 ρ 1 (α ), ρ 1 χ 1 ρ 4 χ 0 0 , ρ 3 χ 1 ρ 1 (β ), ρ 1 (t ) ,

(

( ( ( (

( ( ( (

( (

)

))))

)))))) .

ρ 2 χ 0 ρ 1 χ 1 ρ 1 (ω ), ρ 1 (t ) , ρ 1 (ϕ )

To create the graph of this expression we should use one element from the set of variables, four elements from the set of parameters and six binary operations, thus there will be 11 nodes in the network operator.

Connect all nodes by edges that correspond to unary operations and we shall get the graph, pictured in Fig. 1.

We place numbers of binary operations in the non-source nodes, numbers of unary operations at the edges, elements of sets of variables and parameters in the source nodes.

Numbers of nodes are depicted at the top of each node.

Definition 3. Network operator is a directed graph with following properties: a) graph should be circuit-free; b) there should be at least one edge from the source node to any non-source node; c) there should be at least one edge from any non-source node to sink node; 2008 || ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬

))

d) every source node corresponds to the item of variable set or set of parameters; e) every non-source node corresponds to the item of binary operations set; f) every edge corresponds to the item of unary operations set.

Calculations based on network operator consist of three steps. At the first step we search for the node that has outcoming edges and does not have incoming ones. At the second step we perform unary and binary operations. Unary operation corresponds to the outcoming edge from the found node. As the argument of unary operation we use the value in the node. Binary operation corresponds to the node with incoming edge. As the first argument of binary operation we use either unit element or the result of last calculation that is saved in this node. As the second argument we use the result of unary operation. At the third step we delete the node and the edge from the graph. We delete the found node if it is not a sink node and has no outcoming edge. We delete the edge if the unary operation was performed.

• We repeat the steps until only sink nodes remain in network operator. The results of calculations are in the sink nodes.

• Fig.1 shows a directed graph, network operator.

• To create a network operator the expression should be presented in the correct notation.

• Let us number all nodes in the network operator so that the number of source node would be smaller then the number of incoming node. It can easily be done with the help of topology sorting since network operator is a circuit-free directed graph. An example of such sorting is given at Fig.1. The number of node is placed on the top of the node.

Let us examine an incident matrix of

[ ]

A = aij

i , j = 1, L

the incident matrix A . In A replace offdiagonal ones with the numbers of unary operations that correspond to the certain edges, and use numbers of binary operations for diagonal elements. Finally we obtain an integer upper triangular matrix that is equal to the network operator.

Definition 4. A network operator matrix (NOM) is an integer matrix that has numbers of binary operations in diagonal elements and numbers of unary operations in off -diagonal ones. If we replace diagonal elements by zeros and nonzero off-diagonal by ones we get the incident matrix that satisfies properties a-c in definition 3.

NOM for network operator shown in Fig.1 is the following ⎡0 ⎢0 ⎢0 ⎢0 ⎢0 Ψ = ⎢0 ⎢0 ⎢0 ⎢0 ⎢0 ⎣⎢0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 1 0

0⎤ 1⎥ 0⎥ 0⎥ 0⎥ 0⎥ 0⎥ 0⎥ 0⎥ 1⎥ 1⎦⎥

.

We need to set some additional integer vectors to define what source node corresponds to the certain parameter or variable, and what sink node corresponds to the result.

Vector of nodes’ numbers for variables b = [b1 K bn ]T

,

(2.8)

b where i is the number of source node in the network operator that corresponds to x i = 1, n variable i , .

Vector of nodes’ numbers for parameters s = [s1 K sl ]T

, (2.9)

the network operator , .

If we sort the nodes as shown above we get www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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s

where i is the number of source node in the network operator that corresponds to paq i = 1, l rameter i , .

Vector of nodes’ numbers for result variables d = [d1 K d m ]T where

di

.

(2.10)

is the number of the node that

y i = 1, m corresponds to result i , .

To simplify the calculations and keep intermediate results we introduce the node vector z = [z1 K z L ]

T

, where L is the number of nodes in the network operator. Let us set initial values to the node vector.

Theorem 2. Suppose we have graphic notations of binary operations and a network operator. The network operator is defined by the NOM

[ ]

Ψ = ψ ij

,

i , j = 1, L

nodes’ numbers for variables , for parameters

s = [s1 K sl ]T

, vector of

b = [b1 Kbn ]T and for result

d = [d1 K d m ]T

variables . Then these elements are enough to calculate the expression.

Proof. Let us set initial values of node vector ⎧vk, if i =bk, k =1,n ⎪ (z 0) =⎪c , if i =s , j =1,l j i ⎨j ⎪ ⎪⎩eψii , if i∉{b1,K,bn} ∪{s1,K,sl} , χψii eψii ,z =z

( )

i = 1, L where eration

, ek

χk

Look through all elements of matrix Ψ , that ψ ij ≠ 0 are over main diagonal. If , then

z (ji ) = χψ

i = 1, L − 1

,

j = i + 1, L z i(L −1)

,

.

ψ ij

For a nonzero element in network operator Ψ the unary operation that corresponds to edge

(i, j )

and binary operation j that corresponds to node are performed, thus all operations in NOM will be done but for node 1. According to topology sorting it is a source node that has no relation to binary operation.

Suppose that the arguments of any binary are

)

(

χ k ρ p (z ′),ρ r (z ′′) unary operations . According to topology sorting the number of node

j

with binary operation

k = ψ jj

,

should be more than the numbers of nodes i and k . Edges that come from of nodes i ,

is the unit element for binary op-

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)

i = d k k = 1, m We prove that , , , includes the results of calculations of expressions for NOM. It is necessary to show that all operations of graphic notations and the order of brackets’ opening is kept.

j and k to node are unary operations p = ψ ij

.

(

⎛ z (i −1) , ρ z i(i −1) ⎞⎟ ⎜ j ψ ij ⎝ ⎠

jj

,

r = ψ kj

, that’s way

j >i

and

j>k

. That means that unary operations are done before the binary one.

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Assume that binary operation is an argument

(

)

k = ψ ij ρ k χ p (z ′ , z ′′) , of unary operation , p = ψ ii i < j , . Then binary operation will be performed before the unary operation. According to the algorithm binary operation χ ψ ii (z' , z ′′) , will be performed for all non-

ψ ki ≠ 0

of NOM in row i and columns over column i , k < i . zero elements

Since the move to the next row is possible only if all operations for upper rows are successfully performed then operation ρψ

(χ r (z ′ , z ′′)) ij

will be done only if all ρψ

(χψ kk (z′, z′′))

unary operations , k <i , are performed. These unary operations relate to all edges that come in node i . The seki

quence of unary operations calculation is right.

All operations are calculated and the order of brackets’ opening is kept and the expression is correctly calculated by NOM.■ .3Principle of basis structure To elaborate the algorithm of optimal control synthesis we use the principle of basis structure [4, 5]. While solving the problems of optimization firstly we set a basis solution that is one of possible solutions, and then we define its small variations and elaborate the algorithm for the search of optimal solution over the small variation space.

Define the following variations for network operator: a) replacement of unary operation on the edge; b) replacement of binary operation in the node; c) addition of an edge with a unary operation; www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

d) deletion of the edge.

To present any variation it is sufficient to use an integer vector of four elements.

Definition 4. Vector of variations is an integer vector of four elements w = [w1 w2 w3 w4 ]

T

,

w w where 1 is the number of variation, 2 is the number of the node the edge comes out w of, 3 is the number of the node the edge w comes in, 4 is the number of unary or binary operation.

All variations of network operator can be

[ ]

Ψ = ψ ij i, j = 1, L done on the NOM , . In that case the second and the third elements of vector of variations consequently point to the number of row and column in the NOM.

[ ]

Ψ 0 = ψ ij0

Suppose we have the NOM i , j = 1, L

[

,

and

vector

]

T w1 = w11 w12 w13 w14

of

,

variations

1 , then variation w

0 is applied to NOM Ψ and we get a new

NOM

[ ]

Ψ1 = ψ1ij

,

i , j = 1, L

,

Ψ1 = w 1 o Ψ 0 .

(3.1) To perform variation of NOM we need to 0 1 copy Ψ in Ψ

ψ1ij = ψ ij0

,

i , j = 1, L

.

(3.2) We check the first element of vector of variations.

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w11 = 0

If , then we perform the replacement of unary operation on the edge between nodes

w12

ψ1 1

w13

и

, if the edge exists. If ψ1 1

=0

w2 , w13

w , w1

σ2 =

= w14

2 3 , then , otherwise we do not perform any variations.

If

w11 = 1

ψ1 1

If

= w14

w2 , w12

needed, w13

. The third element

is not used for this variation.

w11 = 2

, then we add an edge with a unary

operation between nodes

w12

ψ1 1

edge

exists.

ψ1 1

= w14

w2 , w13

If

w11 = 3

If

w2 , w13

and

w13

, if the

=0

,

then

. , we delete the edge between

w12

w13

nodes and . This variation can be performed only if more than one edge comes out the node w13

,

, then we perform the replacement

w1 of binary operation in the node 2 . Since all non-source nodes correspond to certain binary operation no additional checking is

w12

and comes in the node

. We have to calculate the number of

nonzero off-diagonal elements in row

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w12

w13

and in column

L

⎛ ⎞ θ⎜ ψ 0 1 ⎟ ⎜ w ,j⎟ 2 ⎠ j = w1 +1 ⎝

∑

σ1 =

2

.

w13 −1

⎛ ⎞ θ⎜ ψ 0 1 ⎟ ⎜ i ,w ⎟ 3⎠ i =1 ⎝ , (3.3)

∑

⎧1, if a ≠ 0 ⎩0, if a ≤ 0

θ (a ) = ⎨ where If

σ1 > 1

ψ1 1

w2 , w13

,

σ2 > 1

.

ψ1 1

and

w2 , w13

≠0

, then

=0

.

Each variation modifies one element in NOM

[ ]

0 0 Ψ . If we have two NOMs Ψ = ψ ij

[ ]

,

~ ~ Ψ= ψ ij

i , j = 1, L , and , , of equal size L , then the number of mismatched elements gives the number of variations to be done to get one matrix from the other. The number of such variations is equal to the distance between matrices ~ Ψ = w d o K o w1 o Ψ 0 (3.4). i , j = 1, L

.4Genetic algorithm of control system synthesis To receive optimal solution we use a genetic algorithm [5] and the principle of basis solution. At first we set the basis solution of a synthesis problem. This solution can represent linear feedback coupling of observed state space coordinates or any other solution derived from common sense and experience of control system developer.

2008 || ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬

The basis solution described as matrix of net

[ ]

Ψ 0 = ψ ij0

i , j = 1, L operator: , .

Then we generate ordered sets of variation

vectors ij

w =

(

W i = w i1 ,K , w il

[

]

w1ij = ⎣5ξ ⎦ w2ij

,

4

.

j = 1, l

i = 1, H

, (4.2)

,

1

)

)

]

T

(4.7) p where is a number of parameters, c is bit number of integer part, d is bit number fractional

j = 1, p(c + d )

part .

,

,

s ij = ⎣2ξ⎦ (4.8)

(

i

i

,

)

i = 1, H

,

W ,s For every chromosome , 1≤ i ≤ H , we determine functional values. To achieve www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

T

[

b i = b1i Kb ip (c + d )

]

T

, (4 . 1 0)

,

.(4.11) Then from binary code we obtain the vector

(4.6)

i = 1, H

of

j = 1, p(c + d )

where H is a number of possible solutions ξ or population dimension, is a random evenly distributed number in the range of [0 ,1) , ⎣a ⎦ is an integer part of number a .

Then we generate bit strings that define parameter part of chromosome s i = s1i K s ip (c + d )

]

part

(4.9) chromosome

⎧⎪s i , if ( j − 1) mod (c + d ) = 0 b ij = ⎨ ij i ⎪⎩s j ⊕ b j −1 , else

⎧w2ij , if w1ij = 1 or w2ij = L w =⎨ ij ij ⎩⎣ L − w2 + 1 ξ ⎦ + w2 , else , (4.5)

of

[

parameter

s to binary code

, (4.4)

[

The

i

⎧⎣(V + 1)ξ ⎦, if w1ij = 1 w4ij = ⎨ ⎩⎣(W + 1)ξ ⎦, else ,

Ψ0

, 1 ≤ i ≤ H , we convert to a vector of parameters. To achieve this goal we convert bit sting of Gray’s code

(4.3)

(

) and basic matrix

Ψ i = w i1 o K o w il o Ψ 0 .

s i = s1i K s ip (c + d )

,

= ⎣(L + 1)ξ ⎦

ij 3

(

W i = w i1 ,K , w il

) , i = 1, H , (

T w1ij w2ij w3ij w4ij

this goal we construct matrix of net operator for structure part of chromosome

of parameters q ki =

[

q i = q1i K q ip

]

T

, (4.12)

c+d

∑ 2 c − j b ij + (k −1)(c + d )

k = 1, p

j =1

(4.13) For every obtained matrix of net operator i Ψ i and vector of parameters q we calculate the functional value

(

f i0 = F0 W i , q i

),

(4.14) From all these functional values we find the minimum value

{ (

)

f i0 = min F0 W i , q i , i = 1, H −

i

}

, (4.15)

2008 || ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬

i where − is a number of best solution or chromosomes in the current population.

We choose two random solutions

(W

i2

,s

i2

(W

i1

,s

i1

)

) and estimate the possibility of

, their crossing. To achieve this goal we calculate probability of crossing ⎧f0 f0 ⎫ i ⎪ ⎪ i pc = max ⎨ − , − ⎬ 0 f i0 ⎪ ⎪ fi 2 ⎭ ⎩ 1

(4.16) generate a random value ξ < pc ξ ∈ [0 ,1) . If terms are met then we perform crossing. If crossing is met then we choose random points of crossing for structure and parameter parts of chromosome k s = ⎣(l + 1)ξ⎦ , (4.17) k p = ⎣( p(c + d ) + 1)ξ⎦ .

(4.18) Then we construct new chromosomes

(W H +1 ,s H +1 ) , (W H + 2 ,s H + 2 ) (W H + 2 ,s H + 3 ) , (W H + 4 ,s H + 4 )

,

W H +1 = W i1 ,

(4.19) s

T

, (4.20)

W H + 2 = W i2 ,

(4.21)

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, (4.22)

(

W H + 3 = w i1 ,1 ,K , w i1 , k s −1 , w i 2 , k s ,K , w i 2 ,l

, s

H +3

)

(4.23)

i i i i = ⎡⎢ s11 K s k1 −1s k2 K s p2(c + d ) ⎤⎥ p p ⎣ ⎦

T

, (4.24)

(

.

i i i i = ⎡⎢ s11 K s k1 −1s k2 K s p2(c + d ) ⎤⎥ p p ⎣ ⎦

T

WH+4 = wi2,1,K,wi2,ks −1,wi1,ks ,K,wi1,l

We

H +1

i i i i s H + 2 = ⎡⎢ s12 K s k2 −1s k1 K s p1(c + d ) ⎤⎥ p p ⎣ ⎦

,

)

(4.25)

i i i i s H + 4 = ⎡⎢ s12 K s k2 −1s k1 K s p1(c + d ) ⎤⎥ p p ⎣ ⎦

For every new chromosome

T

.

(4.26)

(W H + i ,s H + i ) ,

i = 1,4

, we verify the probability of mutaξ ≤ pm p tion , where m is set probability p ∈ [0,1] of mutation, m . While performing mutation at first we find points of mutation for parts of new chromosomes both structure and parameter. m s = ⎣(l + 1)ξ⎦ , (4.27) m p = ⎣( p(c + d ) + 1)ξ ⎦ .

(4.28)

(

)

W H + i ,s H + i In new chromosome , 1 ≤ i ≤ 4 , if mutation is performed we randomly generate a variation vector

H +i wm s

in

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H +i sm

Ψ 0 = Ψ i− , (4.34)

p

structure part and bit in parameter part.

Then we calculate functional values for every new solution

(

f Н0 + i = F0 W H + i , q H + i

) , i = 1,4 .

(4.29) For every new solution we find the worst chromosome in population that gives the maximum value of suitability function. Then we compare functional value for new solution and the worst functional value. If the worst solution is worse than new one then we substitute the worst solution for new one.

Thus for every new solution i.e. for four times we do the following

{ (

)

f i0 = max F0 W i , q i , i = 1, H +

i

}

,

(4.30) i where + is a number of the worst chromosome in population If f i0 > f H0 + i +

s 0 = s i− .

(4.35) Then we repeat all steps of algorithm (4.9) – (4.35) for new basis solution.

We end all calculations when we perform for ke set number of times substitution of basis

(

.5The synthesis of control system for optimal airfield maneuver Mathematical model of control object was described by the following system of equations: dx1 = x2 dt ,

(

,

.

dx3 = x4 dt ,

Then W i + = W H + i , s i + = s H + i , i = 1,4 .

(4.32) Then we repeat all steps of algorithm starting from findings of the best solution (4.15) for kp set number of times.

Then we substitute the basis solution for the i−

)

2 2 dx2 ρ0 x2 +x4 S(1+sinx5 ) ⎛ x4 ⎞ P ⎛ x⎞ cos⎜⎜arctg ⎟⎟+ cos⎜⎜x5 +arctg4 = dt 2M x2 ⎠ ⎝ x2 ⎠ M ⎝

(4.31)

(W best solution

)

W i− ,s i− solution. The best solution , found in the end moment, is the result of algorithm operation.

,s i−

) , found for this

time:

Ψ i − = w i − ,l o K o w i − ,1 o Ψ 0 , (4.33) www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

( )

ρ0 x22+x42 S(1+sinx5) ⎛ x4⎞ P ⎛ x⎞ dx4 =−g0− sin⎜⎜arctg ⎟⎟+ sin⎜⎜x5+arctg4 2M x2⎠ dt ⎝ x2⎠ M ⎝ ,

dx5 k o u − x5 = dt To

,

x is the horizontal length, 2 is x speed of horizontal length, 3 is height of x x flight, 4 is speed of height of flight, 5 is where

x1

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− + angle of attack, u is control, u ≤ u ≤ u .

Other constants had the following values: ρ 0 = 1,22 g 0 = 9 ,81 M = 60000 , , , P = 70000 , S = 220 , k o = 1 , To = 1,5 .

It was necessary to make synthesis of control u = g (x , q ) in the form of in order to execute a hitting of object from a given initial x(0 ) state on a given glissade

x3 =

x4f x2f

(x − x )+ x 1

f 1

f 3

,

x1f ,K , x4f

where is given values.

The target accuracy on the glissade was defined by the following functional:

(

)

xf xf x J = x3 − x3f − 4 x1 − x1f + λ 4 − 4 x2 x f x2f 2

u

=

,

where z =sign y2 y2 +ϑ(q1y1) −2(q1y1+q2y2) −

(

1 q1y1+q2y2

x4f 1 ⎛⎜ f x − x1f y1 = x − x3 − f 1 0⎜ 3 x3 ⎝ x2

www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

)⎞⎟⎟

q2 = 2 ,34375

,

,

q1 = 3,5625

,

1, if a ≥ 0 ϑ(a ) = ⎧⎨ ⎩0, else

, .

The synthesis was implemented with the following values of then given parameters: u + = 0 ,1

λ = 1000 ,

x1 (0) = 0

x2 (0 ) = 201

,

u − = −0 ,1

,

x3 (0) = 3000

,

x5 (0 ) = 0 ,1

x4 (0) = −25

,

x2f = 187

x3f = 2850

x1f = 0

,

, , ,

x4f = −10

, , .

Results of simulation are presented on fig. 2, 3. The trajectory of flight in vertical plane with non-optimal control system, which was selected as the basis solution, is presented on Fig. 2. ⎧u − , if z ≤ u − ⎪ u = ⎨u + , if z ≥ u + ⎪ z , otherwise ⎩

,

where λ is weight coefficient.

For synthesis we used the principle of basis solution for build of the genetic algorithm.

In consequence of the synthesis we obtained the following control: ⎧ u − , if z ≤ u − ⎪ + , if z ≥ u + ⎨ u ⎪ z , otherwise ⎩

f x4 x4 y2 = − x2 x f 2

,

where

(

)

⎞ ⎛x xf xf ⎞ q ⎛ z = 1 ⎜⎜ x3 − x3f − 4 x1 − x1f ⎟⎟ + q2 ⎜⎜ 4 − 4 ⎟⎟ f x x30 ⎝ x2f ⎠ ⎝ 2 x2 ⎠ .

The trajectory of flight in vertical plane with synthesized optimal control system is presented on Fig. 3.

The dashed lines on Fig. 2, 3 define the given glissade. We see on figures that the synthesis control system solves of the problem of hitting on the given glissade for the given time.

⎠ ,

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Fig. 2. The trajectory of aircraft flight in vertical plane with non-optimal control system

Fig. 3. The trajectory of aircraft flight in vertical plane with synthesized optimal control system

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Fig. 4. The angle of attack with the optimal control system The graphic of the angle of attack is presented on Fig. 4. We see on Fig. 4, that the optimal control frequent changes the angle of attack near the given glissade.

References .1Alekseyev V.M., Tikhomirov V.M., Fomin S.V. Optimalnoe upravlenie. – M.: Nauka, 1979. – 430 p. .2Pontryagin L.S., Boltyanski V.G., Gamkrelidze R.V., Mischenko E.F. Matematicheskaya teoriya optimalnykh processov.

– M.: Nauka, 1969. – 384 p. .3Bellman R. Dinamicheskoe programmirovanie. – М.: Inostrannaya literatura, 1960 – 400 p. .4Diveyev A.I., Sofronova E.A. Metod geneticheskogo programmirovaniya dlya avtomaticheskogo podbora formul v zadache structurnogo sinteza sistemy upravleniya.// Trudy Instituta Sistemnogo analiza RAN. Dinamika neodnorodnykh sistem/ Pod redwww.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

daktsyey chlena-korrespondenta RAN Yu. S. Popkova. M.: ISA RAN, KomKniga. 2006.

Vyp. 10(1). P. 14-26. .5Diveyev A.I., Sofronova E.A. Zadacha structurnogo sinteza sistemy avtomaticheskogo upravleniya.// Vestnik Rossiyskogo Universiteta Druzby Narodov. Seria Ingenernye issledovania. 2007, № 1. P. 4858. .6Holland J.H. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. Ann Arbor The University of Michigan Press, 1975.

2008 || ‫|| ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ || اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬

SVINTSOV A., DSc, Professor

MALOV A., PhD, Professor

L'INFLUENCE DE L'HUILE DE GRAISSAGE MINÉRALE SUR LE BÉTON ET LE BÉTON ARMÉ HALABI SALEM MAHMUD, PhD, Professor

BASOV Y., PhD, Professor

Les structures en béton armé des

béton et le béton armé. Les structures en bé-

installations hydrauliques, des réservoirs,

ton armé telles que les dalles, les colonnes,

des structures résistantes à la chaleur

les fondations et les murs des ateliers, dans

etc..., sous l'influence agressive de l'envi-

plusieurs cas, sont intensément imprégnées

ronnement, sont en général calculées selon

par les huiles minérales et les émulsions, uti-

des normes speciales. Ces normes sont de-

lisées pour le graissage et le refroidissement

finies selon les changements des caractéris-

des pièces mécaniques. Cette imprégnation

tiques de la matière, à savoir la solidité et

s’observe aussi dans les réservoirs en béton

la déformabilité. Ces changements sont

armé, utilisés pour la conservation des huiles

l’effet de l'influence de l'environnement.

minérales, sur les traverses des voies ferrées

Par ailleurs, il existe un nombre de

et dans les planchers des garages etc...

structures en béton armé dont l'exploitation

Les essais faites sur des modèles dé-

doit se passer théoriquement dans des condi-

coupés dans des dalles huilées montrent une

tions normales. Mais pour certaines raisons,

solidité inférieure à celle des modèles décou-

elles subissent l'influence agressive de l'en-

pés dans des dalles non huilées. Tout cela

vironnement. Dans la plupart des cas, dans

provoque des doutes sur la capacité porteuse

les documents normatifs existent, les change-

des structures huilées en béton armé.

ments des caractéristiques des matières de

Cependant, plusieurs établissements

telles structures en béton armé ne sont pas

industriels sont reconstruits suite à des chan-

considérés.

gements technologiques. Cela est souvent lié

Ces derniers temps, l'attention des

à l'installation de nouveaux équipements plus

chercheurs est attirée par un des aspects d’u-

lourd pour les recoupements affaiblis existant

ne telle influence de l'environnement sur le

en béton armé.

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Composition du béton de marque "B30" – 1:2,5:3,5 avec E/C =0,56.

La réduction de la solidité du béton huilé et de son adhésion avec l'armature sou-

Après 30 jours de conservation sous

lèvent des questions sur l'influence diminuti-

une humidité de 90% et une température de

ve des huiles minérales sur la capacité por-

20ºC, une partie des colonnes fût soumise à

teuse des structures en béton armé.

une compression axiale et la partie restante

La tâche qui se formule est l'étude de

divisée en deux parties; l’une des deux par-

l'effet de l'imprégnation par l'huile de graissa-

ties continua le durcissement aux conditions

ge minérale sur la résistance du béton et la

fixées, l’autre partie fût répartie dans des

capacité porteuse des structures en béton ar-

réservoirs spéciaux contenants de l'huile mi-

mé, soumises à une compression axiale.

nérale de graissage de la marque I-12. L'huile

Pour un apport de solutions au problè-

minérale fût remplacée presque tous les 6

me qui se pose, fûrent fabriquées des colon-

mois. Un mois plûtard, puis six, douze, dix-

nes en béton armé hautes de 90 cm et de sec-

huit, vinght-quatre et trente-six mois, des es-

tion transversale carrée de dimensions 15x15

sais de compression centrale fût faites sur ces

cm.

colonnes. Les colonnes non trempées subî-

La féraille est constituée de quatre

rent les même essais dans la même chronolo-

barres d'acier А-II, à profil périodique et de

gie.

diamètre de 12 mm. Les barres longitudinaAprès trois ans d’inprégnation, délai

maximum fixée expérimentalement, une

les d’acier

sont liées entre elles par des

étriers transversaux.

baisse de vitesse de réduction de la résistance

Dans la zones des supports, les étriers

du béton huilé fût remarquée. Cela permet

sont distants de 50mm et dans la partie

de conclure que la capacité porteuse des

moyenne de 100mm. Les treillis métalliques

structures en béton armé, sous l’effet d’huile

sont ete disposés aux extrémités des colonnes

minérales, connaît une baisse très intense

pour la prévention de froissements locaux.

pendant les trois premières années.

Fûrent fabriquées deux séries des co-

Toutes les colonnes furent testées en

lonne-modèles en béton des classes "B20" et

position verticale par une presse hydraulique

"B30" avec le ciment Portland de classe de

de capacité 250 t à la compression axiale. La

résistance "500".

charge d'essai, appliquée à chaque étape, était de 5 t, soit près de 10% de la charge suppowww.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

Composition du béton de marque "B20" – 1:3:4 avec E/C =0,65.

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L'âge des éprouvettes, mois 1 7 13 19 25 37

Classe de résistance "B20" EprouvettesEprouvettesprisme de prisme huilés contrôle (sec) Rb, MPa Rb, MPa 17,8 17,8 25,8 17,7 29,4 15,9 30,8 14,8 31,4 13,9 32 12,9

Classe de résistance "B30" EprouvettesEprouvettesprisme de prisme huilés contrôle (sec) Rb, MPa Rb, MPa 24 24 34,4 25 38,4 21,9 40,1 20,7 41,7 19,3 42,4 18,4

Tableau1. L'influence des huiles minérales sur la résistance des éprouvettes- prisme à la compression sée de destruction. La durée de ce test était de

ton de marque "300") furent testées à la com-

15 minutes. Pendant ce temps furent fixées

pression axiale.

les déformations longitudinales.

Huit colonnes (4 colonnes en béton

Ainsi furent définis le caractère du

huilé

et 4 colonnes en béton sec) furent

développement des fissures et le caractère de

éprouvés en vue de définir l'influence de l'âge

la destruction.

du béton avant la saturation sur leur capacité

Au total, 60 colonnes (30 colonnes en

porteuse. Ces colonnes avait une structure et

béton de marque "200" et 30 colonnes en bé-

une composition du béton analogues aux tous

70 60

Rb, MPa

50 40 30 20 10 0 1

7

13

19

25

37

Age, mois Eprouvettes-prisme de control (sec) Rb, MPa

Eprouvettes-prisme huilés Rb, MPa

Eprouvettes-prisme de control (sec) Rb, MPa

Eprouvettes-prisme huilés Rb, MPa

La courbe1. L'influence des huiles minérales sur la résistance des éprouvettes- prisme à la compression www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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Classe de résistance "B20"

Classe de résistance "B30"

Colonnes de control (sec) N, t 48,35 67,2 75,7 79,1 81 81,7

Colonnes de control (sec) N, t 65 77,9 92,1 98,2 99,9 101,3

L'âge des colonnes, mois

1 7 13 19 25 37

Colonnes huilées N, t 48,35 55 50,96 48,51 46,45 44,21

Colonnes huilées N, t 65 63,8 61,8 58,1 58,05 57,8

Tableau 2. L'influence des huiles minérales pour la capacité porteuse des colonnes en béton armé. (La charge de rupture). les autres modèles. La différence consistait

12pendant 30 mois).

en diverses conditions de conservation (7

Des modèles de prismes en béton

mois sous une humidité de 70 % et une tem-

10x10x30cm de même composition furent

pérature de 20ºC. Ensuite ces colonne furent

fabriqués et testés parallèlement.

placée

dans

des

réservoirs

d'huile

I-

Les résultats des expériences sont pré-

120

Charge de rupture N, t

100 80 60 40 20 0 1

7

13

19

25

37

Agt des colonnes, (m ois) Colonnes de control (sec) N, t

Colonnes huilées N, t

Colonnes de control (sec) N, t

Colonnes huilées N, t

La coube2. L'influence des huiles minérales sur la capacité porteuse des colonnes en béton armé. (La charge de rupture). www.altariq.ps ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬

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L'âge des colonnes, mois 7 37

Classe de résistance "B20" Colonnes de Colonnes huicontrol (sec) N, lées N, t t 67,2 81,7 58,75

Classe de résistance "B30" Colonnes de Colonnes huicontrol (sec) N, lées N, t t 77,9 101,3 71,0

Tableau 3. L'influence de l'âge des colonnes avant la saturation en huiles minérales sur la capacité porteuse des colonnes en béton armé. (La charge de rupture).

ChargederuptureN, t

120 101,3

100 80

81,7

77,9

67,2

71 58,75

60 40 20 0 Строка 49

Строка 50 L age des colo nnes, mois

Classe de résis tance "B20" Colonnes de control (sec) N, t

Colonnes

huilées

N, t

Classe de résis tance "B30" Colonnes de control (sec) N, t

Colonnes

huilées

N, t

Le graphique 3. L'influence de l'âge des colonnes, avant la saturation en huiles minérales sur la capacité porteuse des colonnes en béton armé. (La charge de rupture). sentés dans les tableaux 1- 3 et par les cour-

se des colonnes en béton armé fabriquées en

bes 1-3.

béton de la classe de résistance "B20" et "B30"

L'analyse des résultats expérimentaux permet de faire les conclusions suivantes:

baisse de 12,6 % et 9,9%, après saturation par l'huile minérale durant 30 mois.

.1L'influence de longue durée de

Ainsi, l'âge des colonnes en béton armé,

l'huile de graissage minérale sur les colonnes

avant l'immersion dans l'huile de graissage mi-

en béton armé provoque la réduction de leur

nérale, exerce une influence insignifiante sur le

capacité porteuse de 10 ÷ 15 % de leur capacité

changement de la capacité porteuse des colon-

porteuse avant la saturation en huiles, et de 40-

nes huilées.

50 % de la capacité porteuse - des colonnes -

.3

La réduction de la capacité porteuse

d'âge identique - se trouvant dans des condi-

des colonnes en béton armé à l'ensimage se

tions normales.

passe plus lentement que la réduction de la so-

.2

lidité du béton

Les colonnes âgées de sept mois,

placées dans l'huile minérale connaissent une

.4

réduction leur capacité porteuse, inférieure à

des huiles de graissage minérales sur la capaci-

celle des colonnes d'âge 1 mois, placées aussi

té porteuse des colonnes en béton armé, il est

dans l'huile minérale. Ainsi, la capacité porteu-

recommandé dans les calculs..

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Pour remédier à l'influence négative

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