THE MYCO-LOOM AL AIN 2023
HO HANG SIT, HENRIK 220110
Architecture and Extreme Environments | 01 RESEARCH | 2
Al Ain Map Desert
Persian Gulf
UAE
Oman
Exploitation of Underground Water In the very dry land of Al Ain, water is an invaluable asset. Wtih the increasing water demands nowadays, excessive water has been used on irrigation for the sake of city’s greenery and agricultural needs, causing exploitation of underground water, which has dropped to 17 metres below ground level.
Built Area
Crop Area
3km
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Reduce in Arable Land According to the World Bank, the UAE had 75,000 hectares (290 sq miles) of arable land in 2002, but by 2018 had only 42,300 hectares (163 sq miles). The data also indicated that, in the same timeframe, the percentage of agricultural land in the UAE fell from 7.97% to 5.38%.
Mismanaged Irrigation Practices The pressing need to rectify mistreated irrigation practices in Al Ain is underscored by alarming statistics, revealing a significant loss of irrigation water due to outdated systems and inefficiencies. By focusing on water retention, our approach strives to revolutionize irrigation practices, offering a sustainable model for responsible water management in arid environments.
BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE The falaj system in Al Ain, UAE, intertwines biological and cultural heritage. A testament to ingenious water management, it transforms arid landscapes into lush oases, sustaining diverse flora and fauna. Passed down through generations, the falaj symbolizes the harmonious relationship between humanity and nature, shaping the enduring identity of Al Ain.
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Mushroom Fruit
Spore Producing Structure
Hyphae
MYCELIUM The fungal root system, begins with spore germination, giving rise to branching hyphae that form an intricate network. These hyphae fuse and secrete enzymes to break down organic matter, facilitating nutrient absorption. Specialized structures like rhizomorphs aid in nutrient transport.
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Spore Producing Structure Mushroom Fruit
Hyphae
Mycorrhizal associations with plant roots
Nutrient Transport
FUNGAL PARTNERSHIPS Mycelium can establish mycorrhizal associations with plant roots and, under favorable conditions, produce fruiting bodies for spore dispersal. This adaptability and interconnected hyphal network play a crucial role in nutrient cycling, decomposition, and ecological balance in various ecosystems. Water Retention
Nutrient Recylcing
Fungal Partnerships
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SUSTAINABLE RESOLUTION TO ARCHITECTURAL INDUSTRY Mycelium is biodegradable and non-toxic and provides good insulating, acoustic and fire performance. It is fast-growing and cheap to produce in custom-made bioreactors where sclerotia can be grown in moulds to create usable products such as and packaging and lamps. It can also be processed to make new materials including leather-like products such as Mylo. These in turn can be used to produce handbags and clothes.
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THE WORKINNG HYPOTHESIS
1 2
Through local mycelium incubation, the enhancement of soil quality can result in the transformation of previously less fertile agricultural land into more fertile terrain. process
by-product
The grown mycelium can demostrate high insulating performance for building components in a desert so as to replace the traditionally unsustainable insulation materials.
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1
Through local mycelium incubation, the enhancement of soil quality can result in the transformation of previously less fertile agricultural land into more fertile terrain.
Soil Humidity
C Fungal Partnerships Testing Perimeter
Testing Perimeter
Mycelium’s mycelial network can enhance soil’s water holding capacity by increasing its ability to retain moisture. This is particularly important in arid regions where water scarcity is a significant issue.
B Nutrient Cycling Testing Perimeter
A Water Retention
Mycelium assists in breaking down organic matter, including dead plant material, into nutrient-rich components. This decomposition process releases nutrients into the soil, making them more available to plants. Enhanced nutrient cycling can improve soil fertility, which is often compromised in desertified areas.
Mycorrhizal fungi, a type of mycelium, form symbiotic relationships with the roots of many plant species. These fungi assist plants in accessing nutrients, especially phosphorus, which can be limited in desert soils.
Content of Carbon, Nitrogen
2
Content of Phosphorus
The grown mycelium can demostrate high insulating performance for building components in a desert so as to replace the traditionally unsustainable insulation materials.
A Protection Against UV Radiation
Solar radiation
Testing Perimeter
Testing Perimeter
Some mycelium-based materials have been found to provide protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In a desert environment where intense sunlight is common, a mycelium cloth could potentially shield the plant from excessive UV exposure, preventing damage to the plant’s cells.
B Temperature Regulation Mycelium has insulating properties. A mycelium cloth could potentially help regulate soil temperature around the plant, protecting it from extreme temperature fluctuations common in desert climates. This can be particularly beneficial for the roots, as they are sensitive to temperature changes. Temperature
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SITE AESTHETICS 1. Desert / Dune # Mysterious # Exotic # Sculptural # Timeless
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SITE AESTHETICS 2. Oasis # Grace of Llife # Lushness # Verdant # Fertile
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SITE AESTHETICS 3. Emirati Culture # Islamic Elegance # Traditional Craftsmanship # Arabesque Patterns # Traditional Attire
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STATE OF THE ART - AL SADU An ancient skill practiced by Beduoin women. It only uses natural dyes (DIWANIY). The symbols, patterns and motifs are inspired by what Bedouin women see. Every shape and motif has a meaning and it is a very personal interpretation.
THE VANISHING ART The skill is endangered and close to disappearing forever. This tribal art is not recorded and it is passed down from mother to daughter verbally and by example. It is protected and included in the intangible cultural heritage of humanity by the UNESCO.
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HOW HUMANS WEAVE
HOW NATURE WEAVES
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2021 Research Prize Pennsylvania State University Department of Architecture
STATE OF THE ART - AL SADU LOOM The yarn is spun on a drop spindle, then dyed, then woven on a floor loom using a warp-faced plain weave. The warp threads are secured at the bottom and top of the loom. Traditional techniques may involve looping and tying to ensure stability.
STATE OF THE ART -“MycoKnit” Methodology - Mycelium Composites on Knitted Textiles The fiber composite mycelium-based architectural structures. Knitted textiles can be made by generating loops, called stitches, on a continuous yarn and moving the yarn through these stitches iteratively. Knits have a multidirectional behavior that is derived from their special structure and formation process. Textiles, and specifically knitted textiles, due to their flexible and multidirectional behaviors, have been used to develop seamless tension structures with varying complexities.
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Quick Experiment
Basic Incubation of Mycelium
Inoculation Equation Mushroom
Fruiting Bodies
Mycelium Chippings
Substrate
Mycelium Chippings
Inoculate
Mycelium Culture
*environment
Substrate Test
Coffee Grounds
Dead Plants
Rice Water
Gahwa: Traditional Arabic coffeespices.
Palm Fiber: Deadplants from local flora like fallen date palm tree leaves
Mandi: A fragrant rice dish often made with meat and a mixture of aromatic spices.
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Microbiotic crusts and their interrelations with environmental factors
THE HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT BUILDING RESILIENCE AND EMBRACING THE GRACE OF LIFE In biology, the word “symbiosis” is used to describe two different organisms living together for mutual benefit. Borrowing from the concept of symbiosis, it’s predicted that the current Anthropocene age – the age of humans – will make way for the Symbiocene, an era in which humans and nature are reintegrated for the good of the planet.
HUMIDITY UNDER DESERT SAND SEEMINGLY HOPELESS ENVIRONMENT WHERE DARKNESS AND COOLNESS EXISTED Beneath the arid surface of desert sands lies an unexpected source of life—humidity concealed within the grains. During cool desert nights, moisture-laden air condenses on the sand, forming a subtle reservoir. This nightly phenomenon creates a unique microclimate, providing a lifeline for mycelium, the intricate fungal network. The mycelium adapts to harness this hidden moisture, thriving beneath the seemingly inhospitable desert
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Prototype Sketches
Iteration#1 - A Continuous Growing Journey Plant Protector
850
Plan Wooden Frame
Mycelium Composites Knitted Textile Overall Axonometric 750 650
Section
Mycelium Cloth
450
Elevation
AN INTERGRATED SINGULAR FRAME A wooden frame adorned with a Fibonacci spiral. Beneath, mycelium composite thrives on an underground knitted textile, ascending to craft a versatile mycelium cloth. This living structure transforms into a porous solar shelter, embracing the interplay of light and shadow. Axonometric When In Use
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Prototype Sketches
Iteration#2 - Flip the Direction Planter Protector
1300
650
Plan Mode 2 Wooden Frame
Mycelium Cloth
Section Mode 2
Knitted Textile Axonometric Mode 2 750 600 Section Mode 1 650
650 Plan Mode 1 Mycelium Cloth
A SINGULAR FRAME FLIP TO CHANGE MODE A wooden structure featuring a larger arc as the main frame and a smaller arc as the supporting frame, connected by trusses. In Mode 1, the frame is discreetly inserted underground, nurturing mycelium growth on an underground knitted textile. Once the mycelium cloth is formed, seamlessly transition to Mode 2 by flipping it above ground, creating a porous solar shelter, embracing the interplay of light and shadow. Axonometric Mode 1
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Prototype Sketches
Iteration#3 - Module and Frame Plant Protector 61 430
0 Wooden Frame
560 Module Plan
Mycelium Cloth
Knitted Textile Module Axonometric
370 730
1000
560
Wooden Frame Wooden Rod
Section Frame Plan
A STRUCTURE AND 4 DEPLORABLE MODULES A simple wooden structure featuring four deplorable triangular modules. These modules, crafted with knitted textile, are placed underground to nurture mycelium growth. Having multiple modules can facilitate soil quality from more area and speed up the process. Once the mycelium cloth forms, effortlessly collect and attach the modules to the main structure, transforming it into a porous solar shelter, embracing the interplay of light and shadow.
Mycelium Module Knitted Fabric
Frame Axonometric
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Prototype Sketches Iteration#4 - Loom
A LOOM THAT CAN INOCULATE MYCELIUM A wooden frame adorned with a Fibonacci spiral. Beneath, mycelium composite thrives on an underground knitted textile, ascending to craft a versatile mycelium cloth. This living structure transforms into a porous solar shelter, embracing the interplay of light and shadow.
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Plan Overall Axonometric
Section Axonometric When In Use
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Prototype Sketches
Iteration#5 - Mycelium Weaving Station
FORMFINDING FOR AN INHABITABLE SPACE A wooden frame adorned with a Fibonacci spiral. Beneath, mycelium composite thrives on an underground knitted textile, ascending to craft a versatile mycelium cloth. This living structure transforms into a porous solar shelter, embracing the interplay of light and shadow.
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700.00
700.00
1,000
1,150
1,000
1,150
2,000
2,000
2100.00
650
196
2,100
650
196
2,100
SHADED SPACE FOR ON-SITE MANUFACTURE The loom can be used for mobile on-site manufacture of mycelial mats, while shading the weavers from extreme solar radiation in the desert, protecting the weaver in shades.
700.00
700.00
700.00
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Prototype Sketches
Iteration#6 - Myco-Loom
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FABRIC SYSTEM At the upper ends of the four vertical poles, 5mm-diameter holes have been integrated to facilitate the attachment of external fabrics.
ROOF SYSTEM Four triangular porous aluminum plates featuring the Voronoi pattern have been introduced into the void between the wooden beams and aluminum trusses.
Sourced locally from an industrial area, the fabric system was successfully implemented with the assistance of the proprietor of a nearby fabric store. Using a 4-meter-long black fabric and a 2-meter-long black fabric with white stripes, the fabrics underwent processing, including the addition of punched holes at each corner, reinforced with robust metal rings. Camping ropes, threaded through the wooden poles, are further secured to camping anchors. To enhance stability and grip in the sand, these anchors are carefully driven deeper into the sandy substrate.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM LOOM SYSTEM The frame seamlessly connects to a 30-degree tilted loom, comprising two 1600mm long sticks interlocked with three 900mm long sticks. The topmost stick is intentionally inverted, providing support for connected aluminum tubes and allowing smaller tubes within to extend. These smaller tubes, affixed to a zig-zag profile aluminum piece, create the framework for primary threads essential for weaving.
Functioning as the structural columns, two 1-meter sticks are anchored with beach metal drills at their bases to enhance stability in the desert sand. These columns are supported by two 600mm long beams, forming a sturdy frame further reinforced with criss-cross aluminum bracing.
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B D C
E
A
COMPONENT DETAILS The structural system is composed mainly from wood with the joinery being metal. The combination forms a genuiue and natural vibe while sustaining the rigidity. Voronoi pattern have been introduced into the void between the wooden beams and aluminum trusses. Beyond their aesthetic appeal, the Voronoi pattern takes on a dual role—it not only adds an artistic touch to the structure but also signifies and celebrates the biological essence of the project, mirroring the incubation of the mycelium network. This intricate pattern echoes the natural formations seen in mycelium growth, aligning both function and form in a harmonious convergence.
D
B
C
A
E
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Assemble Loom
Attach Extendable Component
EXTENDABLE COMPONENT The loom is designed to be extendable, such that the fixed woven product can be extended to bury underground, which the weaver can continue to weave with the same loom. So when the nature is weaving the mycelium underground, humans are weaving the wool kneeling on ground.
Weave With Adjustible Rod
Send To Underground
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20 %
40 %
60 %
80 %
90 %
100 %
INOCULATION SIMULATION After the mat has been woven, and buried underground, mycelium starts to do its magic in the environment of the darkness and coolness. Digital simulation has been done to visualize the growth path and the formation of the intricate network.
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Manufacture
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OFF-SITE INOCULATION upon excavation of the mat, a meticulous removal of sand revealed the presence of a small network of mycelium growth. This mycelium formation not only contributes nutrients to the soil but also establishes a symbiotic partnership with the root system of the bean sprout. This collaboration fosters an environment conducive to improved bean sprout growth, providing additional insights into the positive impact of mycelium incubation on plant development.
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LOCAL COLLABORATION Interviewing local farmer at a local student’s farm and local agricultural expert in Al Ain Oasis to get more knowledge about agriculture and irrigation management in Al Ain.
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LOCAL COLLABORATION Interviewing different gardeners on the street participating in irrigation for greenery in public and private institute about the irrigation practice in different setting and different period of time.
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LOCAL COLLABORATION At Al Ain Oasis, I was extremely lucky to have collaborated with local weavers who has participated in Al Sadu for many years. I observed and learnt the culture essence from them.
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“
Gender segregation exists in Al Sadu where traditionally weaving has been associated with feminity; Men are also welcome but very few of them are interested in participation.
“
Breaking the invisible wall where weaving can also be about construction industry which dominantly associated with men. Returning the gender neutral quality to weaving.
LOCAL COLLABORATION I interviewed a local artist at Al Ain who was knowledgeable about the artistic industry in Al Ain including both modern and traditional media. The question list is shown above. I gained much more understanding thanks to the 15 mins interview session with him.
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LOCAL COLLABORATION The fabric was sourced locally with the help from many fabric experts in the industrial area. Noticably Faruque, a boss in one of the shops who geniously offered technical advice.
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Soil Sample A
Soil Sample B
Without Prototype
With Prototype
ON-SITE TESTING - CONTROL EXPERIMENT burying one side of the mushroom-woven mat approximately 15cm beneath the surface soil, while leaving the other side without any burial. Green beans were planted on the top surface soil of both settings. From December 10th to December 17th, each morning, I diligently watered the green beans on both sides, applying 5 bottle caps of water (approximately 5ml) to each setting. Soil moisture levels were consistently monitored.
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Untitled Map Write a description for your map.
Legend Bada desert (???? ????)
TESTING SITE SELECTION
Nestled in the eastern region of the United Arab Emirates, the Al Bada Desert stands as a testament to the mesmerizing beauty of arid landscapes. Located near the city of Al Ain, this desert unfolds with vast stretches of golden sands and undulating dunes, creating a captivating panorama against the backdrop of the Hajar Mountains. Al Bada is known for its serene and tranquil ambiance, offering a unique escape into the heart of the Emirati wilderness. This desert, with its stark yet enchanting scenery, invites explorers and nature enthusiasts to witness the allure of the UAE’s natural wonders in the embrace of its timeless tranquility. Image © 2024 Airbus
Image © 2024 Airbus
Image © 2024 Airbus
➤
AL BADA DESERT
N 1000 ft
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INSTALLATION OF PROTOTYPE In the middle of Al Bada Desert, I overloaded the prototype components after a one-hour journey of driving+walking, And then I started assembling different systems. Setting up the structural system as the base, followed by setting up the loom.
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INSTALLATION OF PROTOTYPE After the loom and the frame are set, I set up the threads and fabric to create an inhabitable space underneath.
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APPLICATION OF PROTOTYPE After the station has been set up, the weaver can dwell in and start weaving while being protected by the shades.
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APPLICATION OF PROTOTYPE After the first layer of fabric has been woven, second layer of mushroom chippings are woven in to form the intricate network of wool and mycelium.
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APPLICATION OF PROTOTYPE The mat is then sent into desert sand, waiting for inoculation with the coolness and slightly humid environment covered by the arid and hot surface soil.
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APPLICATION OF PROTOTYPE With passage of time, the inoculation slowly happens.
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Legend
Untitled Map
➤
Write a description for your map.
N Image © 2024 Airbus
700 ft
Image © 2024 Airbus
RELOCATION OF TESTING SITE
Desert (Dry Landscape) Cross Section
BOUNDARY BETWEEN DESERT AND URBAN DRY LANDSCAPE The initial experiment took place in a remote desert, approximately 1 hour’s drive from the city. In this desolate landscape with extremely dry and fine sand, devoid of any nearby vegetation, the wool mat was intricately woven. However, when retrieved a few days later, the mushrooms had desiccated entirely. The harsh conditions made it impractical for consistent care and monitoring. Consequently, a strategic shift occurred, relocating the experiment to a site closer to the basecamp, a mere 10 minutes away by foot, situated at the desert’s edge. This new environment, while still challenging, presented a milder climate with scattered trees and dead plants on the surface soil. Daily maintenance became feasible in this location, where green beans placed atop the buried mat received regular watering. This revised approach allowed for meticulous recording of the entire process, facilitating a more controlled and monitored incubation environment.
Mutualistic Relationships in Hostile Environments
In arbuscular mycorrhizal associations, mycelium from fungi (often Glomeromycota) forms symbiotic relationships with the roots of plants. These fungi penetrate the plant root cells, forming structures called arbuscules that facilitate nutrient exchange, allowing both organisms to thrive in challenging and hostile environments by improving nutrient uptake, water absorption, and overall resilience.
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Without Prototype
With Prototype
BEAN SPROUT CONTROL EXPERIMENT On the third day of the experiment, a remarkable development occurred. A small bean sprout emerged on the surface soil where the mushroom-woven mat was buried, signifying successful mycelium incubation. Conversely, no bean sprout was observed on the control side without the buried mat. In the subsequent days, this pattern persisted, with the bean sprout thriving on the experimental side while no corresponding growth was evident in the control setting.
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3.0 Without Prototype With Prototype
Humidity Index on Surface Soil
2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Day 5
Day 6
Test Duration Humidity Detected by 3 Way Soil Meter
WATER RETENTION PERFORMANCE The mushroom-woven mat effectively captured moisture when a consistent water supply was administered. Assuming the successful growth of a bean sprout requires approximately 3 * 5ml = 15ml of water throughout the process when the prototype is deployed, it is noteworthy that the deployment of the prototype achieved water retention for at least 2.3 times. In contrast, despite the application of 7 * 5ml = 35ml of water in the control setting, no bean sprout emerged. This suggests that the mat, characterized by its high density and small cavities, even when filled with mushroom pieces, forms a protective shell under the 15cm soil depth. This configuration prevents water leakage, enabling the effective retention of water crucial for the germination and growth of bean sprouts.
Day 7
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MYCELIAL MAT upon excavation of the mat, a meticulous removal of sand revealed the presence of a small network of mycelium growth. This mycelium formation not only contributes nutrients to the soil but also establishes a symbiotic partnership with the root system of the bean sprout. This collaboration fosters an environment conducive to improved bean sprout growth, providing additional insights into the positive impact of mycelium incubation on plant development.
SPECIAL THANKS
Program Director Associate Professor, David A. Garcia
Program Tutors
Associate Professor, David A. Garcia Adjunct, Runa Johannessen Teaching Associate, Will Lambeth Teaching Assistant, Otis Sloan Wood
Scientific Consultant Affiliate Professor Emanuele Naboni
Local University Collaboraton
Associate Professor, Dr. Pablo Caratelli Lecturer, Alessandra Misuri All architectural students in Abu Dhabi Univeristy
Local Collaborator
Local Artist, Sami Al Soloh Local Farmer at Shaikha’s farm Architectural Club President, Youmna Yousif Hamdi Fabric expert, Faruque