ARCHITECTURE THESIS - OCEANARIUM @ MAHABALIPURAM BY R.D.HEMANTH KUMAR

OCEANARIUM @MAHABALIPURAM

A THESIS REPORT Submitted by

R.D.HEMANTH KUMAR

AC16UAR041

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE (B.ARCH) in

ADHIYAMAAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, HOSUR (Autonomous)

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025 MAY2021

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “OCEANARIUM @MAHABALAIPURAM” is the bonafide work of “R.D.HEMANTH KUMAR” who carried out the

project work under my supervision.

Prof. Dr. R.Seetha,

Ar.M.SRIMADHI,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

SUPERVISOR

Department of Architecture

Department of Architecture

Adhiyamaan College of Engg.

Adhiyamaan College of Engg.

Dr. M.G.R. Nagar

Dr. M.G.R. Nagar

Hosur – 635 109.

Hosur – 635 109.

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DECLARATION

R.D.HEMANTH KUMAR(Reg no. AC16UAR041) a bonafide student of the

Department

of

Architecture,

Adhiyamaan

college

of

Engineering

(autonomous), Hosur, hereby declares that this thesis report entitled “OCEANARIUM @ MAHABALIPURAM” for the award of the degree, Bachelor of Architecture, is my original work and has not formed the basis or submitted to any other universities or institution for the award of a degree or diploma.

DATE : PLACE : HOSUR

(R.D.HEMANTH KUMAR)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I first thank lord almighty, whose graceful blessings enabled me to complete this thesis project for the fulfilment of my B.Arch degree course.

I convey my heartfelt thanks to the college, especially to our Principal

Dr. G. Ranganath, M.E, Ph.D, M.I.S.T.E., M.I.E., C.Eng (I), for providing the wonderful environment and their support.

I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to our beloved H.O.D, Prof.

Dr. R. SEETHA, M.Arch, for rendering hi valuable guidance, support, encouragement and advice to make my efforts and the project successful.

I specially thank my Guide, Ar.M.SRIMADHI, for his timely guidance and encouragement. I thank all other faculty of the architecture department for their

help and guidance.

I am grateful to My parents, family and friends who offered great support and encouragement during the dissertation.

(R.D.HEMANTH KUMAR)

Table of contents

CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1AIM

3

1.2THE NEED

4

1.3SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

4

1.4 WHY OCEANARIUM AT MAHABALIPURAM?

5

1.5 OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN GUIDELINES

7

1.5.1 SPECIES ABUNDANCE AT ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS

8

2.LITERATURE STUDY 2.1.OCEANARIUM

10

2.2.DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE

10

2.3.MAINTAINANCE PROBLEMS

12

2.4.AQUARIUM DESIGN

13

2.5.SITE SELECTION

14

2.6. FISHES AND AQUASCAPING

15

2.6.1. AGNATHA

17

2.6.2. CHONDRICHTHYES

17

2.6.3. OSTEICHTHYES

17

2.6.4. SARCOPTERYGII

17

2.7.TYPES OF CORAL REEFS

19

2.8.CLASSIFICATION OF INVERTEBRATES

20

2.9.PENGUIN NEEDS

23

2.10.SEA LION AQUATIC NEEDS

24

2.11 SALTWATER AQUARIUM QUALITY PARAMETERS

27

2.12.WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

29

2.13.PLANNING

30

2.14.OPERATIONAL AREA

31

2.15.TYPES OF DISPLAY TANKS

33

2.15.1.DIFFERENT TANKS IN TERM OF FUNCTION

34

2.16.MATERIALS FOR THE AQUARIUM

35

2.17.EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED FOR OCEANARIUM

38

2.18.FACTORS AFFECTING THE DESIGN

41

2.18.1. PLANNING

41

2.18.2. CIRCULATION

41

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Table of contents 2.19.TANK DIMENSIONS

42

2.20. LIGHTING

44

2.21.SPECIAL LIGHTING

45

2.22. STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR OCEANARIUM

46

2.23. FEATURES OF PERFECT OCEANAERIUM

46

3.LIVE CASE STUDY 3.1.VGP MARINE KINGDOM

48

3.1.1.INTRODUCTION

48

3.1.2.AREA AND STANDARDS

48

3.1.3.MORPHOLOGY OF VGP OCEANARIUM

50

3.1.4.CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

52

3.1.5.PROJECT REQUIREMENTS

52

3.1.6.CHRYSO Offer(Material supplier)

52

3.1.7.PLANNING AND CIRCULATION

53

3.1.8.OCEANARIUM IMAGES

56

3.1.9.ACRYLIC TUNNEL AND COST

59

4.INTERNET CASE STUDY

4.1.THE BLUE PLANET

60

4.1.1.BACKGROUND

62

4.1.2.ZONES IN THE OCEANARIUM

63

4.1.3.CONCEPT AND PLANNING

64

4.1.4.OCEANARIUM IMAGES

70

4.2.THE LOST CHAMBERS AQUARIUM , DUBAI

72

4.2.1.CONCEPT

72

4.2.2.SERVICES

75

4.3.DUBAI MALL AQUARIUM

78

4.3.1.BACKGROUND

78

4.3.2.SHOWS AND ACTIVITIES

79

4.3.3.AWARDS

81

4.3.4.TECHNICAL ACHIVEMENTS

81

4.3.5.BACK AREA

81

4.3.6.SERVICES

82

4.4.ANTALYA AQUARIUM

85

4.4.1.BACKGROUND

85

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Table of contents 4.4.2.FLOOR PLANS 4.5.GEORGIA AQUARIUM 4.5.1.PLANING AND ZONEING 4.6.COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS 4.7.SEA LION SOUND , USA 4.7.1.BACKGROUND 4.7.2.PLANNING AND CONCEPTS 5.SPECIAL STUDY 5.1.UNDERSEA CONSTRUCTION FOR RESTAURANT 5.1.1.PROJECT TYPE 5.1.2.ENTRANCE SPACE AND ACCESS 5.1.3.DEPENDENCY OF STRUCTURE 5.1.3.1.AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM 5.1.3.2.LAND DEPENDED SYSTEM 5.1.4.SAFETY 5.1.5.LIGHTING 5.1.6.USE OF COLOURS IN THE INTERIORS 5.1.7.CONSTRUCTION AND ASSEMBLING 5.1.8.FOUNDATION AND CONSTRUCTION TYPE 5.1.9.MATERIALS 5.2. POSEIDON UNDERSEA RESORT 5.2.1.FORM AND GEOMETRY 5.2.2.DEGREE OF ENCLOSURE 5.2.3.ENTRANCE SPACE AND ACCESS 5.2.4. CONSTRUCTION AND ASSEMBLING 5.3. BUILDING TECHNIQUE: DIGITAL FACADE AND LED LIGHTING AS A SMART SYSTEM 5.3.1.THE DIGITAL FACADE CONCEPT 5.4.BENIFTS AND FEATURES OF DIGITAL FACADE 5.4.1.TRANSARENCY 5.4.2. SIZE & PRESENTATION 5.4.3. TECHNOLOGY & INSTALLATION 5.4.4. SUSTAINABILITY & COST EFFICIENCY 5.4.5. ILLUMESH TECHNIQUE 5.4.6.MEDIAMESH TECHNIQUE 5.4.7.CABLING 6.DESIGN REQUIREMENT AND PROGRAMME 7.SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS 7.1 SITE STUDY 8.CONCEPTS AND DESIGN 9.BIBLIOGRAPHY R.D.HEMANTH KUMAR | B.Arch 2016-2021 | AC16UAR041 |

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List of tables

LIST OF TABLES 4.1 COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS

102

4.2 COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS

103

4.3 COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS

104

4.4 COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS

105

5.1 THE DIGITAL FACADE CONCEPT

124

6.1 ENTRANCE ZONE AREA REQUIREMENT

130

6.2 OCEAN EXHIBITS AREA REQUIREMENT

130

6.3 SEAL AND PENGUIN PARK AREA REQUIREMEN

131

6.4 ADMINISTRATION AREA REQUIREMENT

131

6.5 ACADEMIC AREA REQUIREMENT 6.6 CURATORIAL AREA REQUIREMENT

6.7 RESTAURENT AREA REQUIREMENT 6.8 SERVICE AREA REQUIREMENT 6.9 OUTDOOR AREA REQUIREMENT

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133 133

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1.INTRODUCTION

Introduction

2

1.INTRODUCTION Oceanarium, saltwater aquarium for displaying marine animals and plants, particularly oceanic, or pelagic, fishes and mammals. It serves as a centre for public entertainment and education and scientific study. Most oceanariums are located in coastal areas. The world’s first large oceanarium, now known as Marineland, was completed in 1938 near St. Augustine, Fla., U.S. Oceanariums or Sea aquariums are usually designed and built in or near an ocean, bay, or river.

They are designed to have expansive clear windows that provide maximum convenience when viewing the animals.

Oceanariums are more difficult to maintain than freshwater aquariums. Changes in salinity conditions confound the relationships between temperature, acidity, and oxygen levels of an aquatic system and create complex maintenance problems that require constant attention if sensitive fishes and other organisms are to be kept in a healthy state. Oceanariums, however, have certain advantages. Many more different species of fish live in marine environments than in freshwater systems, so that a greater diversity of displays is possible. In addition, a saltwater environment permits the holding of such large and impressive animals as sharks, rays, and marine turtles, as well as seagoing mammals. Many oceanariums make full use of the ability of whales and dolphins to be trained, devising special acrobatic shows for the public. A number of oceanariums are associated with research or educational programs of universities, biological stations, and marine institutes. Arrangements may be reciprocal in that oceanariums can provide facilities for student training or experiments while the academic or research units can contribute specimens and professional advice about the care of marine organisms.

1.1. AIM The aim of the project is to design a oceanarium and adventure water sports complex at mahabalipuram to increase the tourism . It shall aim to change the way tourist and the people interact with the enviroiment . To build a research zone that will focus on conservation of species which will improve lifestyle of species . the oceanarium will educate people towards the marine life in a informal way with interacting spaces.

Introduction

3

1.2. THE NEED Living along the coastline brings the inhabitants with close contact to the sea every now and then. Around the world we see development around the coasts small islands countries earn a lot of money from tourism due to this coastal development The reason is the sea; the beaches are an attraction all around the world people through to beaches during vacation Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand etc. are the finest example of this. They realized the importance of the force of the sea and developed their waterfronts to the international standards. An oceanarium is as an essential part of this sea front development as it tells us that how beauty lies within the enigmatic sea. it is in itself a sea enclosed within an edifice. It also helps the research work going on regarding the sea and its creature. Conversation of species is the slogan of the oceanariums around the world. The need for an oceanarium stressed; as it is not just a recreational spot it is a research platform from where extensive researches on flora and fauna conducted.

1.3. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT Tourism is a sector which provides one of the highest employment opportunity for every rupee invested.

It is a sector that is affords self employment opportunities for particularly for unskilled and semi skilled workers.

With more than 100 million domestic tourists and nearly 3 million foreign tourists visiting Tamil Nadu, an Oceanarium near mahabalipuram will provide a flip to the tourism initiatives in the region.

A number of resorts and recreational facilities are coming up in this belt and is an ideal location for an Oceanarium.

The oceanarium has a very good scope in India because it will be the first of its kind in India.

It would be able to exhibit the complete diverse collection of marine life in the world with an entertainment package.

It would be something new for the people of India because an marine park at a very large scale has never been made in India.

It will have a combination of educating and entertaining the masses with its conservation programs.

Introduction

4

1.4. WHY OCEANARIUM AT MAHABALIPURAM ?

The Oceanarium Project At Mahabalipuram Comes Under Pipeline Projects . The Project Proposal Is Taken Control By The Department Of Fisheries , Tamil Nadu Government , department Of Tourism.

Fig1.2

Fig1.1

Fig1.3

Introduction

Fig1.4

Fig1.5

5

Introduction

6

1.5. OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN GUIDELINES An aquarium tunnel with a 100-metre walkway to observe about 250-300 marine species, an underwater restaurant with a capacity of 60 seats and a penguin park with 50 birds are some of the features in the world-class oceanarium the State government is planning to set up at mahabalipuram at a cost of Rs. 257 crore.

The oceanarium, which would come up over 17 acres of land on the shores of Mamallapuram, would have alliances with universities and marine biology research centres, besides its commercial interests.Of the total 17 acres, the oceanarium would occupy only 6.54 acres and the remaining area would be used for fish stocking, game fishing, laser show and a turtle park.

The special effect multimedia theatre with seating for 300 people is also on the cards for showing the wonders of ocean and other marine-based educational movies. The design norms of the project include an underwater restaurant and accomadation .

A cultural food court, musical fountain, all-terrain scooter and cars, classroom for 100 persons with provision for have an audio visual show, souvenir shops, touch pools, are some of the other features mentioned in the document.

Species will be brought from the Andaman and nicobar islands due to the abundance of marine species .

Recreational Activities : The oceanarium will be built in such a way that it would attract not only a single visitor but the entire family to the facility There should be recreational activity for people from all age groups. The design would also be handicapped friendly so that any handicapped person won't be deprived of a not being able to access the facility because of their disability.

Education : The oceanarium will educate people of all ages towards the marine aquatic life, it will educate the visitors towards the importance of aquatic life, will educate the people towards the endangered spices in water, and how to protect them Education shall happen in a very informal way with the help of staff and recreational activities. Spaces for seminars and summer schools shall be provided .

Introduction

7

Species and biodiversity conservation : To build a research unit that will focus on conservation of species, experiments should take place on regular basis to improve lifestyle of species, mating of species should take place to help increase the population of the species. A fish hospital is required to check the health of fishes on regular basis. The dangered species can be breeded in this quarantine.

1.5.1. SPECIES ABUNDANCE AT ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS Due to its long coastal stretch, these islands have a very rich marine biodiversity.

They harbour more than 1200 species of fish, 350 species of echinoderms, 1000 species of molluscs and many more lower forms of life. Among vertebrates, dugongs, dolphins, whales, salt water crocodiles, sea turtles, sea snakes etc. are common. Corals and Coral reefs are the most fascinating part of marine ecosystem here. So far 179 species of corals belonging to 61 genera have been reported. Reefs are mostly fringing type on eastern coast and barrier type on the western coast.

Important genera includAcropora, Montipora,Pocillipora,Porites, Favia, Fungia, Gonopora, Millipora and Heliopora. Coral reefs are important breeding and nursery ground for fish and many other organisms and have been aptly called "The Tropical Rain forests in the Sea."

2.LITERATURE STUDY

Literature study

9

2.LITERATURE STUDY 2.1.OCEANARIUM Oceanarium means a large scawater aquarium in which marine animals are kept for study and public entertainment purposes. The word oceanarium was derived from two words ocean and aquarium, the word was first used in 1940's where large scale aquariums where built for the purpose of study and entertainment.

Ocean + Aquarium = Oceanarium A large seawater aquarium in which marine animals are kept for study and public entertainment. An Oceanarium can be either a marine mammal park, or a largescale aquarium,, presenting an ocean habitat with marine animals, especially large ocean dwellers such as sharks. Oceanarium is advanced form of aquarium often located near ocean an features outdoor pools and aquatic environment with acrylic window or pothole that visitors to see the marine life from below the water surface. The Oceanarium concept is very interesting as it provides entertainment along with education.

2.2.DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE The first containers specifically designed for aquatic specimens were the strictly functional open-air tanks used by the Romans to preserve and fatten fish for market. It was not until the 18th century that the importation of goldfish into France from the Orient for aesthetic enjoyment created the demand for small aquariums, ceramic bowls. occasionally fitted with transparent sections, were produced. In the large public aquariums built in many European cities between 1850 and 1880, efforts were made to create the illusion that the spectator was entering into the underwater world. More recently, the trend has been to emphasize the natural beauty of the specimens and to make a sharp distinction between the water and the viewing space.Regardless of size whether a small jar with a capacity of less than one gallon or a huge tank with a capacity of more than 1,000,000 gallons aquariums must be constructed with care; many substances, especially plastics and adhesives, nontoxic to humans, are toxic to waterbreathing animals.Glass is probably the safest basic material, although polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylic plastics (Plexiglas). and fluorocarbon plastics are normally nontoxic.

Literature study

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Fibre glass has been widely used and is nontoxic if properly prepared. Adhesives for sealing include epoxy resins, polyvinyl chloride, silicone rubber (except for certain coloured preparations). And neoprene. Metals are not usually used, especially in seawater, which is highly corrosive. Stainless steel, however, has a low toxicity, and is often used, especially in freshwater systems.

A small aquarium can be constructed entirely of glass and without supporting frames by using silicone rubber as an adhesive. Fibre glass is probably the most practical supporting material for all but the largest tanks since it is lightweight, strong, does not deteriorate, and is easily fabricated into any shape. Wood, though widely used, is subject to rot and boring organisms and thus must be protected.

Reinforced concrete, including special mixes principal supporting material used in the construction of large aquariums .In modern aquariums tanks of a variety of sizes and shapes are often grouped together in order to avoid the "boxes of fish" food that characterizes some of the older, formal aquariums. Dry dioramas at the rear of the same rester the of distance, the tank habitat can be a natural one or one in which rechts been impregnated or painted to duplicate almost any environment mode aquariums attempt to illustrate the natural environment of the well displayed .

polished plate glass, fully tempered polished plate glass, and plexiglass are the most commonly used glazing materials. Polished plate glass is usually used only in small aquariums because it breaks into large pieces when it fails. One generally accepted practice is to glaze large tanks with two or three layers of tempered glass so that if breakage occurs it is confined to one layer. Although plexiglass is easily scratched, it can be re polished . accessories for individual tanks normally include filters, air pumps, lights, and electric thermostatically controlled immersion heaters, or perhaps alternately, some means of chilling the water. In aquarium buildings the tanks are usually grouped so that they have a common filter and method of temperature control water sterilizers may be included. Plumbing in large aquariums with multiple systems is sometimes complex, involving a variety of automatic controls and water-quality monitoring systems. Because of its cost and fragility, glass plumbing (e.g. For aeration or circulation of water within an aquarium) is used only in cases in which low toxicity is essential. Un plasticized polyvinyl chloride pipe is widely used. Fibre-glass pipe and epoxy-lined asbestos pipe are sometimes used, but lead and hard rubber pipe are obsolete. In seawater systems the growth of fouling organisms such as mussels and barnacles is avoided by providing the system with duplicate pipes and alternating their use on a weekly basis.

Literature study

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When a line is dry, the few organisms present die and are flushed out when the line is again put into service Non metallic or plastic-lined pumps are better than metal ones in terms of toxicity, but stainless steel is often satisfactory. Airlift pumps (such as those used in home aquarium sub sand filters) move large volumes of water when the lift pipes are of sufficient diameter Generally, the most effective illumination is by incandescent lamps placed above the front glass.

Fluorescent lights provide even illumination but may over illuminate the tank walls; coloured lights accentuate natural colours , and mercury - vapour lamps encourage maximum growth of marine plants . The introduction of some form of aquatic plant life is of practical value in an aquarium, although the presence of plants can cause complications. Aquatic plants consume dissolved oxygen and give off carbon dioxide; under the influence of bright light, plants also consume carbon dioxide and give off oxygen while engaged in photosynthesis. In turn, the waste products of the fishes form fertilizer or food for the plants and are consumed by them. This operates very well so long as light of a certain intensity falls on the plants the animals thus give off what the plants can use and vice versa.

Aquariums in which the plants and animals are believed to balance each other in the respiratory process are generally referred to as balanced aquariums.

2.3.MAINTAINANCE PROBLEMS The design of a large aquarium must take into account the requirements of the specimens, especially since exhibits at modern aquariums include all types of aquatic organisms: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates as well as fishes. Among the many factors that must be considered are traffic flow patterns of visitors, reflections off glass. acoustics, and tank-maintenance problems such as water clarity, dissolved wastes, temperature ,tank decor, disease treatment, and nutrition. The primary requirement for maintaining aquatic organisms is water quality The water supply must be free of pollutants, including sewage and Industrial wastes, and it should be in gaseous equilibrium with the atmosphere to ensure adequate oxygen and to avoid super saturation with nitrogen In re circulating systems, water treatment must not only ensure clarity of the water but also purification of metabolic wastes. The source of fresh water is usually water supplies from which chlorine and other additives have been removed, either by carbon filtration or by the addition of a chemical. Marine organisms can be maintained in either natural or artificial seawater, the latter has the advantage of being initially free from disease-causing organisms and pollutants but may not be as suitable for some organisms.

Literature study

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2.4.AQUARIUM DESIGN Defining requirements Building design should take into account a number of points. There should be a rather large lobby for receiving the visitors; it is a usual practice for public aquaria to receive groups of people: school classes, groups of tourists, visits from universities and visits organized by societies.

The entry to the aquarium display should be slightly delayed for the adaptation of the visitors to the dim light of the surroundings. Information referring to the exhibits and aquarium activities in the form of posters or power point projections can keep the visitors occupied while they proceed slowly to the tank display area.

The whole way should be flat for safety reasons. The display area should be viewed on the one way pattern and the exit should lead, if possible, to a small Aquarium or exhibition place providing additional information mainly through preserved specimens and panels, posters and computer programs.

This supplementary information will also prolong the time spent in the aquarium building. Eventually the visit should lead to an aquarium shop near the exit.

Visitors should not have any access to aquarium installation, laboratories or other ancillary facilities unless a specific visit has been arranged. programmed thoroughly and all safety measures have been taken.

Space requirements for pumping facilities, the master tank, the control room, laboratories, storage place, tanks for fish quarantines and tanks for the reserve fish stock have to be taken into account. In addition, a small lecture theatre and a reading room are necessary for research and educational activities.

Research laboratories in addition to the laboratories designed for the operation of the aquarium are needed if research activities are among the aquarium objectives.

Literature study

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2.5.SITE SELECTION It is an advantage if a seafront area is chosen . The selection parameters are a trade off between high quality environmental conditions and vicinity to town that will be the potential source of visitors and academic activities. The most important factors to the technical aspects of the aquarium as far as the marine environment is concerned are: (a) high water quality is absolutely necessary for the tank supply (b) wild populations of desired species in the area, form a good source of living organisms. Although aquaria tend to import living organisms from all over the world, small aquaria largely rely on the local marine ecosystem

(c) endemic diseases and parasites (d) microbiological populations i.e. possible pathogens (e) coastal seawater circulation and wave regime: related to water renewal as well as to possible re suspension of the sediment in the water abstraction area The most important factors concerning the accessibility of the site area are: (a)distance from the nearest city (b) regular public transport

(c) size of school population in the area (d) academic and research institutions in the area (e) national parks, conservation areas, ongoing plans in the area on conservation and biodiversity issues.

Literature study

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2.6. FISHES AND AQUASCAPING •

The art of underwater interior design has been dubbed aquascaping .

•

Just as naturalistic landscaping involves combining the living and

nonliving elements of a garden in ways that reflect natural relationships, naturalistic aquascaping seeks the same goal underwater.

•

Although aquariums are built on a much smaller scale than most gardens, you will discover that similar design principles apply to both.

•

Knowing about species in the ocean will make aquascaping easy

All the species of the fish found in the world are classified into the following three groups. They are: • • • •

Superclass agnatha (jawless fishes) Class chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) Class sarcopterygii (fleshy-finned fishes) Superclass osteichthyes (bony fishes)

About 50 species of agnatha fish, 600 species of chrondrichthyes fish and 30,000 species of osteichthyes fish are found in the world. Most of the fishes in the bony group belong to the ray finned group. According to the biologist there are about 70 fish orders are found in the world.

Sharks and rays; sturgeon and gars; herring-like fishes; trout and salmon; eels, minnows, suckers, and catfish; flying fish and relatives;

cod-like fish; flatfish; seahorses and relatives; mullets, silversides, and barracuda; and mackerels and tunas are the main group of fishes.

Literature study

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Osteichthyes

Fig2.1

Ray finned fishes Paddle fishes Sturgeons Bichiris Reed fish Bowfins Gar Butter fly fish Milk fish

Chondrichthyes Fig2.2

Sharks

Rays

Sawfish

Guitar fish

Skafes

stingrays

Agnatha

Hag fishes

Fig2.3

lampreys

Sarcopterygii Lung fishes

ceratodonformes

lepidosirenfomes

Fig2.4

Literature study

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2.6.1 . AGNATHA •Jaws are absent •Paired fins are absent •Bony scales and skin plates were present in the ancient species but are absent in the living species •Gill pouches are present. They have seven or more pouches •Stomach is absent in the digestive system

2.6.2 . CHONDRICHTHYES Fearsome predators and harmless mollusc eaters are the members of the Chrondrichthyes. The member of the cartilaginous fish poses true bone and also poses a skeleton made up of cartilage. Only the teeth of this species and rarely the vertebrae are calcified. Sharks, Skates, and Rays make up the group of chrondrichthyes.

2.6.3 . OSTEICHTHYES •Have more or less bony skeleton and numerous vertebrae •Mucous glands and embedded dermal scales are present in the skin •Have paired fins •Jaws are present •Gill arches support the gills and are protected by the operculum

2.6.4 . SARCOPTERYGII •

Primitive members have tail fin with a small amount of fin development above the vertebral column at the posterior end of the tail fin; 2 fins present, cosmoid scales present. Scales grow throughout life of the individual.

Literature study The commercial trade in coral reef fish provides us with comparatively few large groups into which virtually all species can be sorted. Looking at potential aquarium inhabitants in terms of which group they belong to makes more sense than trying to treat each variety as unique. Thus, we can identify five basic types of marine aquarium fish:

1.Large, aggressive predators 2. Peaceful community fish 3. Bottom-dwelling scavengers

4. Algae and plant eaters 5.Oddballs

Fig2.5

Large, aggressive predators and oddballs usually do best if provided with a tank to themselves. Representatives of the other three groups can be combined in one tank to create a community that reflects a natural biotope.

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Literature study

2.7. TYPES OF CORAL REEFS

MAJOR REEF TYPES ARE,

Fringing reef –directly connected to shore or order without any channel or lagoons .

Barrier reefs – reef separated from mainland or island shore by a deep lagoon .

Platform reef – reef more or less flat which forms platform Atoll reef – more or less circular or continuous barrier reef extends all the way around a lagoon without a central island .

OTHER REEF VARIANTS , Apron reefs Bank reef Patch reef Ribbon reef Habili

Microatoll Cays Seamount

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Literature study

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Invertebrates, although they appear in great profusion in the aquarium trade, can, like fish, be sorted into relatively few groups. These are:

● Utilitarian invertebrates ● Anemones ● Other photosynthetic invertebrates ● Filter-feeding invertebrates ● Symbiotic invertebrates ● Predatory invertebrates ● Invertebrate pests 2.8.CLASSIFICATION OF INVERTEBRATES:

Far more diverse than vertebrates, invertebrates comprise about 95 percent of all animal species. With the exception of insects, most invertebrates live in saltwater, with coral reefs possessing the greatest diversity of species.

Nevertheless, comparatively few find their way into your local aquarium shop. Aquarists direct their interest most frequently to species with bright or interesting color patterns, and those ranging in size from about an inch to around ten inches.

Utilitarian invertebrates : •

• •

•

These are the aquarist adds which perform the ecological task in a way to create ecological balance in the underwater ecosystem .

They are not colourful and entertaining but they are most important species of the ocean.

Utilitarian invertebrates include algae grazers , snails , hermit crabs , small sea urchins , burrowing sea cucumbers , echiurids, peanut worms , sponges, bryozoans.

They filter food from water.

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Fig2.6

Anemones •

Anemones are mostly found in the tropical Atlantic and caribiean regions which will adapt to the aquarium conditions.

•

Currlicue anemone , pink tipped anemones , caribiean carpet anemone are some of the varieties.

Fig2.7 Other photosynthetic invertebrates • These are mostly used in the mini reef aquariums.

• They are colourful and attractive in nature.

• Some of them are , false corals , seamats , leather corals ,pulse corals , organ pipe corals ,Georgian small polypcorals and giant clams.

Fig2.8

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Filter-feeding invertebrates •

They are usually easy to keep if proper lighting and small amount of plantkons are provided.

•

Bivalves , fan worms , anthozans are some of its types.

Fig2.9 Symbiotic invertebrates • The main purpose of symbiotic invertebrates is by removing parasites from the hosts usually larger fishes.

Fig2.10

•

Some of them are anemone crabs and shrimps.

•

They live in burrows.

Predatory invertebrates • These are aggressive to pose a threat to the other reef inhabitants.

Invertebrate pests • They are serious pests to the ecosystem.

• Some of them are pyramid snails , harbour anemones mantis shrimps. venomous invertebrates • They are generally stinky.

• They are usually pale body covered with blue rings.

• Eg: cone nails

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Literature study 2.9.PENGUIN NEEDS: •

Penguins spend most of their time in groups known as colonies, coming back to them from the ocean every year in order to breed.

•

They make croaking sounds which are individual to each penguin and help them to find each other in the colony.

•

the male and the female build a nest far from the water, under bushes, in caves or in open spaces.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PENGUIN TANK

-Water temperature:17 ˚C -Air temperature:17 ˚C -Volume of water:110,000 l -Water recirculation and filtering:4 times an hour -Air renovation:10 times a day -Number of penguins:21: 11 males and 10 females (2018) -Lighting :Gradual variation to simulate the daily light cycle -Species: Humboldt penguin (Sphenicus humboldti)

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Fig2.11 FOOD:

They feed on a variety of fish, squid and krill, as well as some small shrimplike crustaceans that are found in plankton. Their bristly tongues help them to

grip their prey, which they swallow whole, as they have no teeth.

Their predators include leopard seals, petrels, killer whales and sharks.

2.10.SEA LION AQUATIC NEEDS

Require both water and deck haul out spaces for exercise , competitions , and natural swimming habits .

Circular pools have been widely used in rehabitlation centers and backstage circle to provide better water flow than the angular pools ( LSS technology ) .

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Materials:

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• Non porous • Waterproof finish • Disinfection • Vinyl plastic pools are efficient material for seal pools .

• Standard grade fibre glass with tannish brown finish can be used .

• recommended to paint or have pools in dark colour to have reflection .

• Sunken pools should be kept at the edge of rocky structures .

• They can climb up to 1 m to 2 m .

• Should use low voltage fencing in order to discourage them from escaping and climbing • Shallow areas should be slope for the pups .

• Epoxy resins can be used for haul out deck spaces .

• Pools should be placed far from the trees , they may get toxicated .

Fig2.12

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Enviroiment :

Ventilation :

Lighting:

• Seals are attracted to falling waters , waves .

• Currents can be maintained using propellers .

• Rocks and bases with unequal bottom is must .

• Water temperature can be cooled to – 20 degree celcius .

• Changes in water and air temperature should be avoided .

• Enclosed facilities • 10 air changes per hour to 20 air changes per hour .

• It should include microfiltration for microbial prevention .

• Duplicated natural outdoor sunlight • Fluroscent lights (HQI) • Outdoor ambient light , using light sensitive photo cells .

Noise : Salinity range can be from 25 – 35 gr/l

Water should be changed every one hour

UV light wavelength can be 255 to 265

•Isolate the pump vibrations from the pool .

•Water qualtity treatment systems can either be open water system or closed water system .

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2.11. SALTWATER AQUARIUM QUALITY PARAMETERS

Temperature: 72–78°F

Salinity: 35 parts per thousand (ppt), 36 ppt for Red Sea Specific Gravity (at 75°F): 1.0260 pH: 8.0–8.5, optimum 8.3 Alkalinity: 7 Meq/L Dissolved Oxygen: 6.9 mg/L ( 100 percent saturation) Calcium: 380–420 ppm

Iodide: 0.06 ppm Pool should be designed in a way that the rapid filling and emptying can take place . water of the pool should be kept separate from the wate water of the soil and roof runoffs.

Salinity checks should take place at timely intervals and should be between 18 to 36 gms Bacterial content of the pool should be monitored and should be kept low as much as possible it should not exceed 50 per 1000 ml.

Total filtration turnover time should not exceed 4 hours.

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Feeding information:

Helath checkups:

lighting:

27

• Food chart should be maintained , where the diet of each fish is noted down.

• Every species of fish have a different diet and food should be given accordingly , they should be fed atleast once in 3 days .

• Food should be prepared and kept at a temperature of 280 degree celcieus and should be used at the appropriate time .

• Newly brought species should be kept apart from others until good health is assured.

• Quarentine pools must be setup for ill or sick fishes.

• Lighting is very important for an aquarium and is always neglected having the appropriate light stimulates natural daylight in the tank.

• Fluroscent lights the best light in the tank they don’t let the fish go sick , they are also very easy to install and make feeding and cleaning of the tank very easy.

• Avoid incandescent lights as they give too much heat which could stress the fish as well as evaporates more water from the tank.

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2.12.WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

There are three types of water supply system • Open water system • Semi closed water system • Closed water system

Open water systems: • In open water systems the water flows through the aquarium once and is discarded . This provides water quality comparable to that of the natural enviroinment and there is no build up of toxic metabolic wastes , however , temperature control and pumping are usually costly and filtration often is necessary.

Semi-closed water systems: • Semi closed water systems are the same as closed systems except that there is a constant connection to the water display and the problem of dissolved wastes is controlled by the regular addition of new water , this system is more economical than the ocean type in the terms of temperature control and pumping .

Closed water systems : • Water is continuously recirculated in closed systems in closed systems and is the only renewed periodically.

• Metabolic wates must be treated since they are not continuously flushed from the system.

• Plant growth in the aquarium , especially in marine systems are not usually sufficient to utilize the entire nitrate produced by the bacteria from nitrate • Although some aquariums have operated many years with a minimum of water renewal it is normally necessary to replace from 1%o 10 % of the water per month to maintain a low level nitrates.

• The use of charcoal in both freshwater and seawater system helps to slow down the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes . Metabolic wastes also cause in the increase in the acidity of water.

• Carbonate are commonly used to maintain an optimal level of acidity , particularly when water renewal is infrequent .

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Fig2.13

Sea

Filteration

Tank

sea

OPEN WATER SYSTEM

Filtration

Filteration tank

tank

Tank

CLOSED WATER SYSTEM

SEMI CLOSED WATER SYSTEM

Fig2.14

Fig2.15

2.13.PLANNING

the site should be readily accessible by both public transportation and private vehicles and should be available for tourists to reach easily.

Adequate parking in this area is desireable.

It is desireable to have a flow pattern for visitors .

Design should lead the visitors readily to the desired path in most situations .

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Upon entering a place , a visitor would turn right side generally.

No attractions causing them to go elsewhere should be considered .

By placing display tanks at the angle with which the visitor can proceed in that direction .

Open floor exhibits can serve as shields and continuous to draw the visitors along the desired path .

Handrails to be kept about 3 feet from the viewing glass may be desirable .

Close inspection of species should be avoided .

Fish must not come into contact with water containing metal particles .

2.14.OPERATIONAL AREA •The immediate work area behind the display tanks may be considered first .

•The work area floor should be about 3 feet higher than the public area floor.

•This is dictated by the height of the average visitors looking into the approximate centre of the viewing glass of the average large display tank.

•Most display tanks are placed on the floor of the working area .

•Tanks should be placed to permit ease of cleaning by aquarists.

•Holding tanks to receive the new specimens for quarantine and space to hold surplus or sick specimens should be placed along the rear wall of the work area or in any other convenient locations .

•Each of these holding tanks should have its own recirculating systems .

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•The total holding capacity should be equal to about one third of the display volume but may vary considerably , depending upon the size of the display tanks and specimens as well as the mortality rate and replacement needed •All quarantine tanks should be provided with drain valves to permit rapid drainage after treatment procedure .

•All tanks should have removable pump screens .

•The various main supply pipes from the reservoirs should extend around the aquarium over display tanks .

•These should be 7 feet above the work area floor and should have frequent tap valves from which flexible hose replacement of water or continuous flow may be fed into the tanks depending on the system .

•Natural lighting should be held to minimum unless completely controllable.

•Natural light promote algae growth on the interior of the tanks .

•Flexible lighting system over each tank should include the capability of being lifted out of the way when cleaning tanks or feeding specimens .

•Sufficiently waterproof outlets should be provided for the auxiliary or special lighting .

•a clear passage of 6 feet wide should extend to permit the easy transport of tanks .

•The surface of work area should have a non skid finish .

•Floor drains with sand traps are absolutely necessary and floor should be slope to drains .

•Water resistant materials should be placed adjacent to tanks .

•In any aquarium a two way intercom system is very important .

•The separated acoustically work area should be from the public area .

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2.15.TYPES OF DISPLAY TANKS Touch pool : these are shallow pools of water staffed by co Ordinator where people can make contact with colourful and interesting creature of the sea like small sharks , rays , sea shellfishes .

Micro aquariums : in order to retain educational value of oceanarium , there are individual micro aquariums allowing the visitors to zoom in with the adjustable magnifying void camera by the help of joy stick .

Coral reef tanks :it is a huge tank representing the entire reef environment and housing community of the fishes that live and survive in the coral reefs .

Predator tanks :these are the most exciting tanks in the aquarium and normally house different types of sharks and rays .

Community aquariums : these house more than one species of fishes depending upon each other for the survival

Turtle pools : these are small ponds housing turtles .

Crocodile moats :these house marine as well as fresh water crocodiles separately , complete with the pound like natural environments for crocodiles .

Dolphinarium :these are popular among kids where they can see playful dolphin and interact with them .

Freshwater display :tropical colourful fresh water fishes from the ponds as well as house aquariums are displayed , there also include artificial pounds and waterfalls .

Aquatic museum : it houses complete collection of marine facts

Literature study 2.15.1.DIFFERENT TANKS IN TERM OF FUNCTION

Master tank: • Master tank or head tank is important component in oceanarium water system as it plays a key role in distribution of water.

• The master tank is placed higher than the display tanks and research tanks to provide easy flow of water.

• This plays as a transition zone between pump and display tanks .

• The master tank must be roomy as well as safely and easily accessible by staff for installing servicing filters , heating elements , meters .

Display tanks : • Each display tank is meant to represent specific ecosystem.

• Slope provided in the tank must be below 45 degrees .

• The access to display tank for servicing , emptying ,refilling must be done without disturbing public and wetting space.

Research tank: • Research tank can be made up of fibre glass , plywood with epoxy resin , poly vinyl chloride .

• The laboratory where tank is kept should have water and drainage facility .

• Round tanks are used for easy circulation of fishes .

• Elongated tanks or raceways are required if fish needed to swim for long time against water flow .

Fig2.16

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2.16.MATERIALS FOR THE AQUARIUM •Acrylic is the half weight of the glass .

•It is easier to ship , move and setup .

•Acrylic distorts much less and is clearer than glass .

•If the temperature objects is surrounded by another material that has the same index of refraction will take place and the object will appear invisible and

without distortion even at increased viewing angles .

•Refractions also don’t take place inside an acrylic . Glass in other hand has a

slight tint and the refractive index of the glass is different from the water so distortion happens where in acrylic has the same refractive index as water so the

view is much clearer .

•The huge acrylic tank is about 2 to 4 inches thick .

•Acrylic are also very good because they provide light to penetrate inside which is good for the coral reef system .

•Acrylic is also used cause it does not allow water temperature fluctuation .

•Acrylic is also used because it has a better molecular bond than the glass . Any

custom made shape can be made out of acrylic sheet .

What is Acrylic / Plexiglass?

Acrylic, also known as plexiglass, is a versatile plastic material with a variety of purposes and benefits, available in a spectrum of colors and opacities. Acrylic plastic was first produced in 1928 and brought to the market by rohm and hass company around 1933. It was initially used during world war ll for products such as airplane windows, canopies, and turrets.

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The physical properties of acrylic and plexiglass sheets Acrylic plastic is a transparent thermoplastic homopolymer that is often colloquially referred to as plexiglass. This plastic has unique properties that make

it ideal for a variety of purposes, ranging from basic household items to fiber optic cables that power the world. These properties have allowed acrylic to enjoy immense popularity in manufacturing .

High impact resistance High optical clarity Innate weatherability and UV resistance Excellent dimensional stability Lightweight

Excellent chemical resistance Out of all these properties, the most commonly cited advantage of acrylic is its durability. Despite its lower price point, it is 10 times more impact resistant than glass. In the unlikely event that acrylic plastic does break, it will fracture into dulledged pieces instead of sharp, dangerous shards. These properties contribute to acrylic's popularity as windows for commercial buildings.

Which is better ?

•

Acrylic is 17 times stronger and half the weight of the glass .glass is unpredictable substance as it tends to break due to flaws in material .

•

Acrylic is 89% more transparent than glass of the same thickness . Allowing for increased viewing aesthetics .

•

Acrylic disorts less than glass when viewing through curvature .

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COMPARISION TABLE FOR GLASS AND ACRYLIC

ADHESIVES

PIPELINES

• Epoxy resins

• Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride

• Polyvinyl chloride

• Epoxy lined asbestos pipes

• Silicone propene

• Neoprene

ROLE OF R.C.C. IN OCEANARIUM

• It is used to build R.C.C. tanks of rectangular shapes but very difficult to build curvilinear tanks in R.C.C.. Tanks may be designed to resist tremendous amount of hydrostatic pressure .

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2.17.EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED FOR OCEANARIUM Saltwater aquariums use more equipments compared to freshwater aquariums.The

equipments used in the oceanarium are , Protien skimmer Hydrometer Saltmix Power heads Test kits Sump Heaters

Thermometers Filters Airpump Miscallaneous cleaning tools

Fig2.18

Fig2.17

Fig2.19

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Fig2.20

Fig2.22 Fig2.21

Titanium UV Filters

Bag filters Fig2.24

Ozone Generators

Fig2.23

Sand filters Heat pumps Fig2.25

Foam Fractionators

Heat exchanger Fig2.26

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2.18.FACTORS AFFECTING THE DESIGN 2.18.1. PLANNING •A well designed oceanarium must incorporate smooth facilitation of process and smooth circulation of people since there are chances of it being crowded so that spaces must be well designed and spacious.

•There are mainly two types of area in a oceanarium •Public area: area with the most circulation consisting of all the exhibits and the recreational area •Services area: all the area required for maintaining the display area for the proper functioning of the oceanarium . the area should be usually kept out of sight for the

visitors.

2.18.2. CIRCULATION •The main principle over the oceanarium is the convenience , safety and aesthetics . Convenience suggests speed when desired.easy smooth working of various operations medical checking guaranteeing to be provided from acoustical and visual nuisance.

•A well designed oceanarium should provide enough space for the circulation of various process involved in the running , adequate things , efficient ventilation and satisfactory sound insulation.

•Attention should be given for the various necessary operations – such as incoming specimens their medical checking and quarantine if necessary.

•Other important function includes imparting knowledge of the specimens displayed through informative themes by grouping the specimens of the same

type.

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•It is important that the exit is convenient to public and should not open into an area which would lead to their confusion and should not open near the services

area.

•It should be open to an open area in case of any emergency.

2.19.TANK DIMENSIONS •

The tank should have a minimum of 5x adult fish body length as it is long

dimension with 20 cm of fish length being the bare minimum .

•

Different tank lengths

❑ L=TANK LENGTH , FL = EXPECTED MAXIMUM FISH LENGTH ❑ Peaceful fish , peaceful tankmates : L = FL X 4

❑ Aggressive fish , good swimmers : L=FL X 5 X 1.2 ❑ Aggressive fish , poor swimmers : L = FL X 5

❑ Aggressive fish , cruise predators : L = FL X 5 X 1.5 ❑ Mild temperment , cruise predators : L = FL X 5 X 1.3

❑ Pair of aggressive fish , cruise predators : L = FL X 5 X 1.5 X 1.2 •

The tank should have a minimum of 1.2x adult fish body length as the width .

With fish which have a body width over 5cm,the factor should be 1.3x adult fish length while for fish body over 10cm the factor should be 1.4x.For any additional 10 cm in body , the factor should be increased by 0.1.Thus a red tail catfish with a body width of 30+ cms should have a factor of 1.6x (Since the adult fish has a length of 120cm,this becomes a 192 cm width).The resulting values take the volume occupied by common aquascaped into account.

•

Thus for a single specimen , where ,

❑ W =TANK WIDTH , FL =EXPECTES MAXIMUM FISH LENGTH

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❑ Fish body length <5 cm : W=FL X 1.2 ❑ 5cm < fish body width < 10 cm : W= FL X 1.3

❑ 10 cm < fish body width < 20 cm :W = FL X 1.4 ❑ Fish body width – 40 cm : w = fl x 1.7

•

For height it is recommended a bare minimum of 20 cms and then to add up

2.5x fish body height (F for a fish body height of less than 5cm and 3.5x for fishes with a body height over 5cms.For a fish that stays at the bottom a factor

of 2x body height should be used.

❑ L=tank length , fl = expected maximum fish length ❑ Fish body height < 5cm fish : H = 20 cms + (FH X 2.5 ) ❑ Body height > 5cm fish : h = 20cms + (fh x 3.5 ) ❑ Body height < 5cm : h = 20cms + (fh x 2 ) Eg . catfish or freshwater ❑ Ray fish body height > 5cm : h = 20 cms + ( fh x 2 ) Eg . stingrays

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2.20. LIGHTING Light can be said to be of 2 types:

a) General lighting: provides uniform illumination over the entire area of a room the Placement of workstations. Localised general lighting also provides specific arrangement of workstation. b) Local lighting: Provides high illumination on relatively small area. It can be too bright and uncomfortable, unless surrounding surface are also illuminated as shown. Local lighting is called supplementary lighting.

SCALLOP LIGHTING : A scallop pattern of lighting occurs when a conical beam of light encounters room surface. Room surface 'slices' through a cone of light creating 'scallops'. This distinctive pattern of light can be used to define entrances exits as also highlight paintings ,sculptures or plants.

FLUROSCENT LAMPS :

It gives a cool white colour and Is used for general lighting. Its efficiency is 20% to 25% and it is cheaper than mercury vapour lamps. But its principal advantages being that a starter has to be used as a switch, which takes time for the light to be emitted. The other disadvantage being it cannot be used for focusing at all. Also it does not give the true colour of the object viewed. The most commonly used size and wattage of fluorescent tubes are: a) 8" length -65 watts b) 8" length -85 watts — optimum wattage c) 8" length -I25watts — used when ceiling is high Florescent tubes provide light with little heat output and low running cost. For marine aquarium they are valuable, as they don't the growth of brown algae as neutral tight does. In fresh water, plants thrive much better with a little sunshine than electric light. Perfect acquarium should have electric light.

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The provision of underwater lighting can increase considerably the attractiveness of a pool help encourage its use after dark. They can be due as general under water lighting or spot lighting. In underwater lighting checks must be made.

• The voltage must be non -lethal anything less than 300 is satisfactory but 120 is often adopted. This involves provision of a transformer and special wiring.

• The whole unit and cable be totally waterproof • All metal parts must be either stainless steel or ferrous material like bronze.

• Care to be taken to ensure that all parts of light fitting do not came in contact with steel reinforcement in the wall, or else galvanic action may be set up result in corrosion of one of the metals.

• Halogen light. cone light and spotlight for underwater fixture.

2.21.SPECIAL LIGHTING

Lighting an exhibit tank with polarised light against a dark field background,semi trans-parent aquatic organisms can be displayed. These fishes real internal structural details. The present dark field illumination consists of a light source, diffuser , fishes with tank and a polariser in crossed position . ln operation the crossed polariser reduces the brilliance of the luminous background to a very deep sapphire blue. Fishes in the tank between the polariser rotate the plane of polarization diffusion and by the isotropic properties of their tissues.

Thus show internal details of their body brightly glowing against the dark blue back-ground. This is for exhibit that is to an extent transparent. The lighting arrangement of an incandescent light source in a parabolic reflector, a diffusion screen a sheet of polarizing plastic in crossed position. Viewing through polarizes; the light source behind the tank is virtually extinguished. Transparent animals are brilliantly visible against a dark field back-ground because of an isotropic property of organic tissues.

The other components and commonly used aquarium lighting fixture are: • Flora set M.I.R • Metal Halide and compact ltvc • Quartz Halogen • Argentalux • Marine fluorescent tubes (pinkish glow), Osram or Toshiba .T hese lights also have an active role in the growth of plants used during aquascaping. The simplest things of older days still exist.

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2.22. STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR OCEANARIUM: •Monolithic forms for both foundations and reservoirs .

•Obtaining rigidity of the support when the foundations are independent .

•The manner in which waterproof coats , the rockwork , the lining up with the

water affected , using different painting containing epoxy resins , suitably chosen hardeners for the outer covering and water proofing

•For aquarium reservoirs of R.C.C. cement rendering should be used .

2.23. FEATURES OF PERFECT OCEANAERIUM

•Attention to servicing resulting in reduced maintenance cost and economy in staff .

•Conditions best suite for health longevity and contentment of live stock .

•Best conditions for observation by public with settings aesthetically satisfying and at same time informative .

•For longer tanks – R.C.C. , steel plates etc , concrete tanks not integral part of building independent unit .

•For smaller tanks – fibre glass or plastic impregnated plywood ,fabricated to specification .

•Flexibility in tank design .

3.LIVE CASE STUDY

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3.LIVE CASE STUDY

3.1.VGP MARINE KINGDOM 3.1.1.INTRODUCTION The Marine Kingdom is the fourth in the many kingdoms unveiled by VGP. This is India's first and largest walk-through aquarium housing everything from small to big aquatic animals. The animals here are housed in life-size tanks and over-head aquariums to give you a larger-than-life experience.

LOCATION : VGP Marine Kingdom East Coast Road, Injambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600115 ENGINEERING WORKS : marinescape

ARCHITECTS: aquamarine projects

Fig3.1

3.1.2.AREA AND STANDARDS

Built up area : 100m x 60 m = 6000sq.m =1.5 acres Parking area : 50 car parking ,100 parking area = 1 acre Plot area for marine kingdom building = 2.25 acres Total built area with services = 3.2 acres FSI for the zone = 2.0 Achieved FSI =1.0 Ground floor

Case study

Total volume of the tanks = 4000 m3 Tunnel length = 80 m

Total number of exhibits =40 Total gallons of water = 89,90,876 gallons

Entertainment zone : VGP amusment park -230 m Green day spa -380 m Beach -630 m MGM resorts – 150 m

Public zones : Nearby bus stop : 192 m Sanjeevi hospital : 500m Prime rose hospital : 240 m Chennai international airport ; 22.4 kms Koyambedu bus stand ;28 kms Thiruvanmyur railway station : 12.4 kms

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Different zones in the VGP marine kingdom

• • • • •

Ammenities in the VGP marine kingdom

Rainforest zone Gorge zone Mangrove zone Coastal zone Deep ocean zone

•Scuba diving •Live feeding zone •Touch pool •Exhibits •Virtual reality •Teaching lab •Gift shop •Restaurant •Cafeteria •Function hall •Private dining •parking

3.1.3.MORPHOLOGY OF VGP OCEANARIUM

2016 Construction was started in the year of 2016 Process of foundation Fig3.2

Fig3.3

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2017 Completion of basement Underground services at east side Fig3.4

Fig3.5 2018 Construction of shell shaped structures and roofing occurs

Fig3.6

Fig3.7 2020 Inagurated in 2019 Now it is getting active and grabing attention from the tourists

Fig3.8

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3.1.4.CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT: Project Description: VGP Marine Kingdom will be India's first major public

aquarium. Set in the VGP World Theme Park in the resort area of Chennai, the aquarium will serve the dual purpose of entertainment and education. With over

30 Aquarium tanks, a walkthrough tunnel and gardens, VGP Marine Kingdom will be this first of many commercial Aquariums in India.

3.1.5.PROJECT REQUIREMENTS:

VGP Project has been under construction with the requirement of Non-Toxic products for structural waterproofing, decorative and protective coatings inside

the Aquarium by MARINESCAPE PMC/Consultant.

3.1.6.CHRYSO Offer(Material supplier) CHRYSO offered CWA 10 as a crystalline waterproofing admixture for Concrete, PMC 60 for tie-rod packing, TAPELASTIC for external wall coating and combination of ARMOURCOTE PRIMER, POLYFLEX EPA, RESICRETE 51 as Food grade Epoxy protective coating for internal wall, floor and ceiling areas.

Case study 3.1.7.PLANNING AND CIRCULATION

Fig3.9

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Fig3.10

52

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Fig3.11

53

Case study 3.1.8.OCEANARIUM IMAGES

Fig3.13 Road view Fig3.12 Aerial view

Stairs to the oceanarium

Gorge zone wall Fig3.14

parking

Fig3.16

Fig3.15

Fig3.17

Entrance fountain

E N T R A N C E Fig3.19&3.20

Fig3.18 Rectangular tanks

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Fig3.22

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Fig 3.21

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Fig3.23

Cylindrical pool

Technical room entry

Fig3.24

Fig3.25

Child tanks

Fig3.26

Services hidden using nets

Mangrove zone

Rainforest zone

Fig3.27

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Fig3.29

Fig3.28

Touch pools

Basement fresh water tanks

Fig3.30

Fig3.32

Fig3.31

Teaching lab

Vr zones

Fig3.33

Indirect entry to restrooms

Panaroma theatre

Fig3.34

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Fig3.35

feeding

Fig3.36

Signages indicating Different zones

Fig3.37

Cleaning services from back room

3.1.9.ACRYLIC TUNNEL AND COST The cost of a 50 m acrylic tunnel as above was obtained from an acrylic manufacturer as INR 2.8 crore. Since acrylic is manu-factured only in three countries in the world, it needs to be imported to India. Hence cost of transportation to India by ship as well as import duty and other taxes need to be paid which have been assumed to be 40% of the cost of acrylic. Also, acrylic would be required for developing partitions within the main tank.

Silicone is use as the adhesive for the acrylic glass

2” and 3” thick acrylic panels were used accordingly based on the usage for freshwater or salt water .

Fig3.38

4.INTERNET CASE STUDY

Case study 4.INTERNET CASE STUDY

4.1.THE BLUE PLANET

Location: Kajakvej, 2770 Kastrup, Denmark

Client: Den Bla Planet Architect: 3XN Architects Engineer: Moe & Brodsgaard

Project Year: 2013 Area :10,000 sq.m

Fig4.1

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4.1.1.BACKGROUND Denmark's aquarium in charlottenlund started construction in 1937 and was opened in 1939. In 1974, this aquarium was expanded to feature five large landscape aquaria and a biological museum with theme-based exhibits and aquariums. In 1990, the facility was further expanded by a new front hall, cafe, improved toilet facilities and a schooler ser-vice. In the final years before the closure of the aquarium in charlottenlund, it had about 1,000,000 litres of water in about 70 aquarium tanks. In the first year of existence, the aquarium received approximately 1.3 million visitors — twice as many as expected. M a consequence of this extra wear, as well as a wish of improving public education, 12.5 million DKK (approx. 2.3 million US$) were used for changes and renovations of the aquarium.

The blue planet is europe's largest and most significant aquarium with an outstanding location on the shores of oresund, only eight kilometres from the copenhagen city hall square. Moreover, the aquarium in taarnby municipality is ideally located with motor-ways, copenhagen airport. The oresund bridge metro and international trains within few hundred meters.The blue planet is one of denmark's five most prominent tourist attractions. At the tourism conference "A new way to grow" 2012, the blue planet was chosen as denmark's best lighthouse project within experience economy, because of its potential for growth, influence on regional development, innovation, realization as well as its uniqueness and 'reason to go’.

Denmark's aquarium was founded by civil engineer and contractor knud hojgaard. It opened for the public in 1939 just four months before the break out of world war II and seven months before the occupation of denmark. The consequence was closed borders and considerable problems in getting hold of exotic animals to the aquarium.

However, through an impressive effort with Danish and home reared fish the aquarium was kept open and active. After the war, the aquarium was in a bad shape, and Knud Ho- jgaard initiated extensive renovations. During the next decades the building went through several modernizations and enlargements.

For more than 73 years the original building in Charlottenlund was the setting for enjoy-ment and education for all ages. For the last years, however, the establishment was run down and a continuous demand for expansions and high end technologies was the order of the day.

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Already in the mid-90s, Jesper Horstcd, curator of Denmark's Aquarium, outlined the first ideas on how a totally new and modern aquarium should be designed. The old building needed a total renovation which would be costly without even providing guests with a significant better experience. A much needed enlargement was neither possible at the site nor economically feasible with regard to the overall improvement of the attraction of the aquarium.

What was needed was a new location and new framings to give coming generations of visitors new and outstanding adventures. Inspired by visits to the world's most exciting aquariums and spiced up with ideas of his own, Jesper Horstcd formulated his wishes for the design of a totally new Danish Aquarium.

Principles which were later to become the fundament for the international competition of The Blue Planet.

The Blue Planet is shaped as a great whirlpool . The walls and roofs form a single continious flow and are class in a way which emphasis the wavy outline of the building . The first and longest of the whirlpool's arms follows the shape of the landscape and the building moving into the Iand . The whirlpool depicts the world beaneth the surface of the sea . At the entrance foyer when you look up there is a glass ceiling on which there is water that makes you instantly connect with the building as soon as you enter the facility.

4.1.2.ZONES IN THE OCEANARIUM

The round room is the centre for navigation in the aquarium and through this centre visitors can choose which river , lake or ocean to explore . Each exhibition has its face towards the round room each with its own entrance starting with a buffer zone . There are 5 main sections • The Rainforest • The Great African Lakes • Evolution and Adaption • Cold Water • The Warm Ocean

Case study 4.1.3.CONCEPT AND PLANNING

Fig4.2 The open exhibition spaces are ideal as a basis for 'concept displays',

combining and communicating biology and art - and visitor experiences - in completely innovative ways.

Create Your Own Route:

• Five "arms" project from the centre. They house the various exhibitions with their abundance of exotic marine animals living in cold, warm, salt and fresh water environments. As all exhibitions are accessed from the lobby and lead back to it, parents can let their children plan their own route around Den Blå Planet and explore it on their own. They will always find their way back to the central lobby.

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Fig4.7 Centrifugal Exhibition Space Inspired by the shape of water in endless motion, Denmark’s National Aquarium, The Blue Planet is shaped as a great whirlpool, and the building itself tells the story of what awaits inside. The building takes the shape of a giant swirl – a “maelstrom” sucking visitors into its depths. The curves which define the absolutely unique and sculptural look of the building must be perceived as part of the backdrops to the scenographies of the exhibitions

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Fig4.8

Fig4.9 Ahead of Schedule and Under Budget The complicated geometrical design is constructed in a steel frame and clad in

uniformly sized sheets of aluminium. In this way Den Bla Planet can achieve a

unique and organic look without blowing the budget. A time and cost efficient

solution that made it possible to deliver Den Bla Planet two months ahead of

schedule and under budget.

Fig4.10

Fig4.11

Case study Inspired by the Circulating Currents

Fig4.12

of the Whirlpool Overlooking the oresund, the building connects land and sea, drawing both the great outdoors and visitors inside. In the landscape, the great whirlpool continues through the terrain, the pools and the sea surrounding the building. Like watery currents, the building is not static – the movement continues into the future by virtue of always allowing possible extensions to add more, simply by letting

the lines of the whirlpool grow further out.

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Fig4.15

PLAN

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ELEVATION

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ELEVATION

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EXPLODED VIEW

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Case study 4.1.4.OCEANARIUM IMAGES

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4.2.THE LOST CHAMBERS AQUARIUM , DUBAI Location : The Palm Islands , Dubai ,UAE Developers : Kerzner International

Concept Architect : WatG Design Architect : 123 Architects Developing architects and Engineers : Norr 4.2.1.CONCEPT

The Aquarium is built on a concept that the mythological city of the Atlantis is below the sea and it's a recreation of the city underwater surrounded by fishes . It gives us the idea of how the architecture of the Palace of the Atlantis king was and insight of how the rooms were designed.

The aquarium has 11 million litres of water used everyday in it's tank and it has more than 65000 species and creatures . The main centre of attraction is the ambassador lagoon . The aquarium has exotic species like Eels , Seahorses , Arapaima , Pirhanas ,etc and there are 2 touch pools where visitors can interact with the fishes. The best part of the aquarium is that it give a chance to every visitor to go for a tour in the facility named "Behind the Scenes" in which they are allowed to feed the fishes , they also offer to show the back area of the facility , plant rooms where they explain how the filteration system works and how they maintain the facility.

Lost Chamber's also has other facilities like fish hospital , fish kitchen and a research centre where they study each and every fish in detail which is displayed in the aquarium.

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Fig4.28

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The services are centrally located and the public visitor area is located in the peripheral region.

The advantages of this method are: • Space required is less.

• More than one machine can use the liberation plant • If a plant shuts down the nearby plant can take over the system of Alteration.

• They use very modern type of liberation.

• Creates a journey in the facility.

Disadvantages: • Even a small error in the ozonation process can cause a tremendous problem.

• Service areas can be accessed by the guests easily • The access to fish hospital leads through public passage.

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Case study 4.3.DUBAI MALL AQUARIUM

Location: Dubai mall,Burj Dubai.UAE. Developer: Oceanis Australia Group Concept Architect :DP Architects

Fig4.43 4.3.1.BACKGROUND The Dubai Mall, one the world's largest shopping malls in the world, is part of the 20 billion dollar project Burj Dubai complex in Dubai. The centrepiece of the mall is the gigantic aquarium tank, with the capacity to hold 10 million litres (2, 64 million gallons) of water.

The aquarium has more than 33,000 living animals including over 400 sharks and rays combined. It officially earned the Guinness World Record for the world's "Largest Acrylic Panel".

The panel measures 8.3 by 32.88 meter (27 by 108 feet) and is 75 centimetres (30 inches) thick beating Japan's Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium . The Mall adopted an International Standard of Ethics and Animal Welfare Policy in its development and operation.

Fig4.44

Fig4.45

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4.3.2.SHOWS AND ACTIVITIES

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Glass boat ride :It is a boat ride above the world largest tank containing 10 million litres of water in it, blow it u can sec 33,000 aquatic animals and 70 different types of species.

Cage snorkelling experience :Visitors can have a snorkelling experience in the world largest tank see 70 different types of species and 33,000 aquatic animals ,it is the best way of interaction with the aquatic animals.

Shark feeding inside the world largest tank there is a cage made where visitors can go inside the cage go diving in the water and feed sharks form being the cage Scuba diving : inside the largest tank in the world the persons is taught scuba diving in complete controlled environment . scuba diving and diving can be learnt here in these tank ,they offer a certificate course in it Behind the scene tour :children and parents are taken being the scene and me the back area of the aquarium where they are explained and told about different types of aquatic animals and lands they are taught and shown how theses fishes survive and live in aquatic environments and are also thought how the animals are feed and they can feed the fishes them self . Dubai aquarium also has an ocean school where students have a certified course on adaptation survival tactic and reproduction on aquatic animals arc taught to them. Student learns about variety of aquatic environment and interacts with marina animals where filly educated teachers teach children and discuss concepts ideas with them.

Fig4.46

Glass boat ride

Cage snorkelling experience Fig4.47

Behind the scene tour Fig4.49

Shark feeding Fig4.48

scuba diving Fig4.50

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4.3.3.AWARDS

The Dubai aquarium has been awarded the certificate of excellence for it outstanding reviews and rating ,it also has won the prestigious international accolade for achieving outstanding visitors reviews of four or higher out of the five from the world's largest travel site for its fabulous experience the best ever show and the education offering . it also has the award for the best retailer of the year in the world in 2012.

4.3.4.TECHNICAL ACHIVEMENTS 1)

2)

3)

Dubai mall has been recorded in the gunnies world book record for the biggest panel used The panel measures 8.3 by 32.88 meter (27 by 108 feet) and is 75 centimetres (30 inches) making it the world's largest panel used .

Dubai aquarium has the largest suspend tank in the world, the tank has a capacity on 10 million litres of water which has more than 140 species on aquatic animals and 33000 species the tank has a dimension of 51 meters x 20 meters x 11 meters of height Tank tunnel: The largest tank has a tunnel which is 11 meters below the surface of the water. It is an 11 meters long tunnel that provides the visitors 270 degree view of the surrounding environment . Apart from the largest tank the aquarium has an underwater zoo that has more that 40 display tanks that provide visitors to see spices lion fish, sea hors-es. eels , crocodiles .giant spider crabs ,piranah ,otters ,nautilus ,garden eels ,water rats paddlefishes ,cinnamon. penguins. the underwater zoo has been divided ino zones like ecological ,rocky shore . rainforest .living ocean.

4.3.5.BACK AREA The back area of the Dubai mall offers visitors a tour that shows them how the aquarium is maintained and the visitors can feed the fishes ,the aquarium has its filtration on the top floor it follows an closed circuit method of filtration the entire plant is a complex system where all three forms of filtration like chemical ,biological and mechanical filtration take place. it's the most modem form of equipments that an used in the world ,30 percent of the 10 million litres of water is added to it ever week which is lost because of evaporation of the underwater lights. the back area also comprises of a kitchen where meal is cooked on daily basis for the fishes to eat ,a food chart is prepared where in all the names of the fishes with its diet schedules is written down. the divers on daily basis dive into the tanks to feed the fishes as well as to clean the tank from inside.

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4.3.6.SERVICES The Dubai mall is designed in a way where all the services of the aquarium take place from the top of the aquarium there is a separate level that is given on top of the aquarium for its services purpose the filtration plant is also on the terrace of the mall. The aquarium is not divided in an peripheral and central portion for services.

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4.4.ANTALYA AQUARIUM

Location :Antalya, Turkey.

Client :Antalya Aquarium Company Architect :Bahadir Kul Architects Site Area: 30,000 sq.m Area: 12,000 sq.m 4.4.1.BACKGROUND

Fig4.57

The main design decisions of Antalya Aquarium project are determined with desire of vanishing in silhouette and creating harmony with topography.

Pulling back of the ground floor, a shaded public area is created to beware from sun and profit from wind.

This shaded public area is the point of approach, gather and diffusion of the aquarium project. Also the shell of this area determines the information and fastfood areas, amphitheater and box office with its curves and waves.

The ramp in this public area, reaches the public exhibition site with the entrance of aquarium and snow world. The travel path starts with aquarium information and sea fish. The path continues with cave fish, world rivers, jellyfish, Turkey fish, predatory fish, sharks, the main 5 million liters tank and finals with 131 m tunnel which is the longest tunnel. The each stop in this path is designed with its own character.

Case study 4.4.2.FLOOR PLANS

SITE PLAN

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GROUND FLOOR PLAN

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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4.5.GEORGIA AQUARIUM The Georgia Aquarium (Atlanta, Georgia) houses 120,000 animals, representing 500 species, in 8.5 million US gallons (32,000 m3) of marine and fresh water; it was the world's largest aquarium when it opened in 2005 . The site plan consist of a single building in a 20 acres of land surrounded by a mix landscape over its one side and having a multilevel parking provided at the back of the building. Its features a number of touch pool tanks with ray and shark as well as exhibits featuring sea turtles and the wildlife of gray's reef-a national marine sanctuary off the georgia coast. This exhibit is designed to feature the life of the mesoamerican barrier reef system, and showcase the aquarium's whale sharks, as well as a100 foot(30m) underwater tunnel and the world's second largest viewing window. the six different galleries:

Date opened : November 23, 2005 Location : Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.

1 Georgia explore 2.tropical driver 3.ocean voyager

Coordinates: 33°45′45″N 084°23′38″W Website : www.georgiaaquarium.org

It features an overhead river where visitors can see north american fishes from the bottom up in addition to local specimens this exhibits displays piranha , electric fish and other unusual freshwater life.

4.cold-water 5.river scout 6.dolphin tales

Its feature living corals and thousands of colourful reef fish in a recreating tropical pacific coral reef , completed with overhead crashing wave.

Case study 4.5.1.PLANING AND ZONEING

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Number of staff More than 500 full-time and part-time employees and 2,000 volunteer staff members keep the Aquarium operating on a sevenday a week schedule that also includes unique guest overnight stay events and a kids’ conservation education program. Operations, security, education, maintenance, veterinary and training staff, administration personnel, environmental operations, volunteer management, parking, commissary, tour guides, restaurants, retail and others on staff need voice communications to reliably reach every corner of this multi-story facility on a 24 hour basis

Advance technologies The construction of the Aquarium presented many challenges to radio signal coverage. Basically, the Aquarium is a hollow structure, constructed of steel reinforced concrete walls up to four feet thick, surrounding an expansive main atrium with a 50 foot high ceiling.

The animal habitats, clustered around the main atrium, require more than eight million

SERVICES The water pipes of 24"at 3m c,c on periphery and 62"at the bottom are installed.

The lighting is been done at the bottom and at the top by using lamps.

The maintained is been check by a bay been running over the section installed to the roof structure.

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Facts about the Georgia Aquarium:

• The Aquarium’s filtration system contains more than 70 miles of pipe, enough to more than encircle the city of Atlanta on the I-285 loop.

• The heating and air conditioning system has 4300 tons of cooling capacity, enough to cool over 1400 average-sized homes. Plumbing systems include 290 plumbing fixtures, 200 floor drains and 53 roof drains.

• The Georgia Aquarium’s habitats hold the equivalent water volume to more than 100 million cans of Coke.

• The drains are connected by 1.5 miles of underground pipe and 5.5 miles of aboveground pipe.

• Approximately 230 newly constructed average-sized American homes can fit inside the Georgia Aquarium.

• In the Aquarium’s life support systems, there are 506 pumps using over 5,500 horsepower to move more than 300,000 gallons of water every minute. The water is moved through 187 sand filters, 91 protein skimmers and 76 towers.

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Case study 4.6.COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS

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4.7.SEA LION SOUND , USA PROJECT NAME : SEA LION SOUND CLIENT : SAINT LOUIS ZOO SIZE 65,340 SQ.FT

PROJECT STATUS: BUILT PROJECT TYPE : CULTURAL , EDUCATION ,ENTERTAINMENT YEAR COMPLETED : 2012

4.7.1.BACKGROUND

With a transparent 35-foot-long tunnel, the first of its kind in north america, guests are totally amazed by the experience of being eye-to-eye and nose-to-nose with the majestic sea lions swimming all around them. This is the kind of immersive experience that instills a sense of awe. The saint louis zoo credited the new attraction with helping to set it's highest annual attendance record in its history.

Inspired by the pacific northwest coast and by exhibits they have previously created for sharks, whales and other sea creatures, the pgav destinations design team created a 1.5-acre, $18 million new state-of-the-art habitat and arena for numerous california sea lions and harbor seals.

The design challenge was to replace a sea lion basin built in 1917 and to present seals and sea lions in a natural setting with sufficient water volume for a thriving existence. The new attraction consists of a large exhibit pool and an 811-seat presentation amphitheater with a show pool, all designed to show off the sea lions natural abilities.

Case study 4.7.2.PLANNING AND CONCEPTS

AMPHITHEATRE -800 SEATS

TUNNEL AQUARIUM

Service area-accessible only by officials

• • • • •

SIDE VIEW PANEL

SEAL POOL

ENTRANCE

fig4.74

In the sea lion sound ,USA ,they have provided a natural setting for seals with rocky stone setup , hiding places and some area for the haul out .

The user should enter the stadium ,and at first they would have the seal show .

Then they will be taken for the tunnel exploration and interaction with seals.

The seals are kept at a distance from the people .

They have the temperate sea lions and so that they did not require any artificial temperature setup.

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A large flat acrylic panel provides above and below water views and the walk-

thru acrylic tunnel provides an immersive experience. Theming and signage were created to enhance the exhibit and the guests interaction with the animals.

Adjacent restaurant seating is repositioned to take advantage of views to the exhibit. Back-of-house holding pools, staff support, and indoor training areas

are provided. Training is an important part of the animals daily lives and their opportunity to interact with keepers and other animals in an organized and meaningful way.

This exhibit enables guests to see the animals walk on dry surfaces as well, furthering the guests understanding of the two lives of pinnipeds (seals & sea lions); above and below water. Impromptu, amplified and narrated

presentations by curators educate guests about the lives and behaviors of individual animals.

Seal stadium natural setting

Fig4.75

Acrylic tank

Fig4.77

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Seal feeding

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A significant positive result of the project design is that the saint louis zoo is

making a major sustainable improvement to the earth’s water system by avoiding the dumping of 215,000 gallons of water weekly. By filtering and

recalculating the new exhibit water, the sea lions are living in salt water that is temperature controlled. Curators are now able to regulate the temperature of

the water year-round, giving the animals what they like and what is best for them to thrive at the saint louis zoo.

View of amphitheatre Fig4.78

Acrylic tunnel Fig4.80

View of amphitheatre Fig4.82

Side view of the seal pool

Tunnel aquarium

Seal show

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5.SPECIAL STUDY

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5.1.UNDERSEA CONSTRUCTION FOR RESTAURANT 5.1.1.PROJECT TYPE

According to the project type underwater structure may be linked with other terrestrial buildings or may be independent. At the first phases of design process, the decisions about the “physical and operational relations” with others parts and shore should be made and all the solutions and required systems will be designed accordingly. Mainly two alternatives can be thought: • The underwater structure can be a part of complex which was located on land.

• The underwater structure itself can constitute the whole project.

In this case, there may be also two alternatives: 1. All functions can be housed by underwater structure.

2. There can be a structure over water level that houses other functions. The two parts (over water and submerged), which have no relation by means of structure, can be link with staircase or elevators.

5.1.2.ENTRANCE SPACE AND ACCESS The way of access to underwater structures and design of entrances places should be considered at the conceptual design phase. Human can directly reach the entrance space which is under water by “scuba diving”. However desirability of this approach can be questioned, due to the fact that it will not be preferred by visitors. Various alternatives of access can be achieved according to the location of entrance space. Entrance space can be provided on land or over water.

First, entrance space can be designed on land. It can be constructed as an individual building or provided in other building of complex. After that the access to the underwater structure will be trough horizontal, vertical or inclined tunnels according to the level and locations of the structures. Steps, escalators, ramps or moving platforms can be provided in tunnels. Certainly a second entrance area can be provided under water.

Secondly, entrance space can be designed over the water level. People can reach this space by motorboats or via a land bridge. Afterwards, the access to the underwater structure can be through vertical tunnels. Probably, elevators or staircase will be provided in tunnels.

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Fig5.1 5.1.3.DEPENDENCY OF STRUCTURE 5.1.3.1.AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM Alternatively, the structure can be completely autonomous with its own diesel generators, water makers, satellite communication, sewage treatment plant and other equipment to form a complete, self-contained system anchored off-shore.

5.1.3.2.LAND DEPENDED SYSTEM The structure can be land-depended and typically would have normal air supplied from the surface through a pressure resistant pipe. Likewise, power and water can be provided to the structure from the land. Energy, water and air transported via tunnel will be distributed in the underwater structure. If the underwater structure is a part of a complex, the resources of the complex can be shared by the submerged part. In addition, an independent technical unit can be constructed on land that is linked to city network. Afterward, all necessary equipments for mechanical and electrical systems can be transported from land to submerged structures.Electric power can be transported by “submarine power cables” from land.

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Fiber optic wires can also be placed for communication purposes, such as telephone, internet and TV connections. Similarly, wastes can be transmitted to the

land for necessary applications. Electricity can be provided from land through tunnels. However energy storage namely “electric generators” should be positioned under water in emergency conditions. Similar to electric power, although water can be supplied from land storage should be thought in order to deal with the break down of the supply system.

5.1.4.SAFETY There might be a crack in the submerged structure caused by an unpredictable event or other problems. Therefore the safety of occupants is vital that must be though and provided in underwater design. Emergency exits and entrance for divers to interfere should be designed. Safety places, as shelter in terrestrial

buildings, can be proposed in underwater structures. Small submarines may be placed in critical areas to transfer the people inside the structure to land. For

damages which are able to repair on the sea bed the pressure-resistant door, as in the habitats, will be locked automatically 5.1.5.LIGHTING

“Light is an essential ingredient to establish an appropriate emotional environment for the activity that will take place there. Light can have a strengthening or reinforcing effect in creating a suitable psychological setting.”

Therefore, the cold color and impression of the water can be softening with appropriate lighting solutions. On the other according to the architectural decisions the impact of the water can be emphasized. Exterior lighting can be used mainly to demonstrate the surrounding for underwater structures.

Occupants and visitors of the underwater structures can observe the underwater creatures with the use of the exterior lighting. Turning on the exterior lights

attract the surrounding animals’ attention and cause them come nearer that provide interesting sights and an unusual experience for the ones in the structure

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5.1.6.USE OF COLOURS IN THE INTERIORS Generally color can be used to emphasize the character of the space or change it.

In underwater design color can be utilized to handle the disadvantage of the environment on perception of space quality. Warm colors can be preferred to

balance and deal with the cold blue color of the water. The underwater restaurant, Red Sea Star, can be demonstrated as an example for this approach. To balance the bluish aquatic light, a range of color from yellow to orange and red were chosen.

5.1.7.CONSTRUCTION AND ASSEMBLING As mentioned before architects should be aware of the limitations and potential of

the environment. Besides, adequate knowledge about construction and assembling is required. The most appropriate techniques should be utilized. For instance, the

structure can be constructed in sections that can be easily transported later assembled on the site and finally submerged. Unrealistic design and requests will

cause loss of time and cost. Therefore, architects should contact with the persons experienced in the construction of this type of structure in order to make efficient and appropriate design according to this new environment.

5.1.8.FOUNDATION AND CONSTRUCTION TYPE Foundation is the basic requirement for the building to not allow any motion. But not all marine structures require foundation, and it completely depends on the function of the structure, the type of soil and its load bearing capacity. There are two types of grounded and floating structures in water:

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1 . Gravity structure: The Structure which are made outside water, and are placed in water either by adding artificial weight or by self weight, are termed as gravity structure. These structures do not require foundation, as it sits on the ground with

its own weight. But sometimes they are anchored to the ground with the help of foundation piles.

2 . Reactive structure: The structures which are made completely inside water, are

termed as reactive structures. For structures like these, the water must be pumped out from the construction site. This can be achieved by making closed cassions and then removing the water from that site(equivalent to placing an inverted glass in the water in the upright position, the volume in the glass will always have air in it).

If the building is to be built in the water, cassions are made at the site, and water is pumped out from that site with the help of the machines.

Fig5.2

The concrete cassions are made and the water in it is removed with the help of the pump Fig5.3

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The piles are made using the vibrators and drillers, and are filled with wire mesh and concrete.

Fig5.4 5.1.9.MATERIALS

1. Carbon steel: carbon steel is used widely in submarines and boats especially as fabrication of outer hull.

Properties : • Ductile • Can be welded • Compromise • Are corrosive in nature, it requires an external coat to avoid corrosion.

Application: • Fabrication of submarine hull of combat submarines,U.S.navy.

• Today, it is the basic fabrication for submarine hull structures; having high tensile strength of 80000 psi.

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2 .Aluminium and its Alloys (5xxx and 7xxx series): have been dominantly

used in the marine structures.

Properties: •

Light weight(weighs half the time than carbon steel)

•

Corrosion free

•

Tensile strength more than carbon steel.

•

Easy to fabricate.

•

Performs without protective coating

•

Can be made into sheets and can be extruded into plate.

•

Can be welded

Application: •

Superstructure of U.S. Navy, torpedo boats

•

Aircraft

3 . Titanium: the titanium is the material which is now used widely in pressure hulls.

Properties:

•

High tensile strength

•

Non-magnetic properties

•

Corrosion free

•

Resistant to high velocity sea water

•

Thermally insulated

Application: •

Pressure hulls of deep sea submersible and structural members of high speed surface ships hydrofoil.

•

The propeller blades and mast structure of high speed boat as has high

corrosion-fatigue strength.

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4 . Plastic: the filament wound plastic has high strength and weight characteristic.

Properties: • Non-corrosive • Non-magnetic • Thermal insulative • Cannot be fabricated using conventional metal-working techniques(welding, bending and forming).

Application: • Fiber reinforced plastic can be successfully applied in a cylinder shape for pressure hull of deep submergence vehicles. The cylindrical shape is applicable for filament wound materials since it can be wound easily to almost any desired length-diameter ratio.

• The sea water – compressed air surfacing ballast tank and outer hull enclosing pressure tanks and aluminium frame of Alvin, a deep diving submersible.

5 .Glass: various glass are available commercially, but the one used for marine structure include : E glass, D glass, M glass, S glass.

Properties: • High surface reactivity • Good fiber forming characteristic • Water resistant • Depth hardening effect: Ordinary glass, in a hollow structure, becomes increasingly resistant to damage by mechanical impacts or underwater shockwaves at greater depths.

• Thermochemical strengthening: Tension and bending properties are low in abraded glass because of the high concentration of stress arising at the tips of cracks when the part is under load.

Application: • Advances in the design of non metal external pressure hulls.

• Used in floatation units. The hollow spheres made by welding pressed hemisphere together used in deep ocean application.

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6 . Concrete: used for ocean engineering structures, especially stationary structures on the ocean bottom.

Properties: • Strength, particularly compressive strength of the concrete • Permeability • Resistant to attack by seawater • Structural design • Construction procedures and process • Reinforcement: fibrous reinforcement of ferro-cement tends to enhance compressive strength where as mesh reinforcements have little or no effect.

Design compressive strengths in either case depends mostly on the unreinforced mortar compressive strength.

Application: • Foundation of off shore structures.

5.2. POSEIDON UNDERSEA RESORT

Poseidon Undersea Resort is a “permanent sea floor one-atmosphere resort” of which construction continues in a private island in Fiji. The structure will be situated on 40 feet (12.19 m) below the water level and the interior of the resort remains at surface pressure at all times. The underwater structure is a part of a complex which includes 20 bungalow resort and various entertainment functions. The structure was linked to the shore through a service tunnel in addition to the main access via a dock.

It was designed by engineers of U. S. Submarines, Inc. which is a company active in design and construction of civil submarine for 13 years. The resort opened on May 14, 2008. demonstrates the structures through a view from inside of the resort.

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Fig5.5 5.2.1.FORM AND GEOMETRY

There are mainly two kinds of units in different sizes for different facilities combined with a tunnel those function as corridor. The underwater structure

Fig5.6

consists of a central passage and suites, service areas and two main units which

were attached to it, as demonstrated in plan view layout. The main ax (central

passage) is a steel cylinder in 2.5 m diameter. Suites and service areas are in the form of a submarine. Main units, which are at the end of the ax, have

Fig5.7

curvilinear wall and a dome made of from

acrylic. The suites measure 10m x 5.1m and comprise 51m² of floor space.

They made from steel plates and acrylic plastic in curvilinear form . The wall

structure was 25 mm steel plate and followed the same curve as acrylic in 100

Fig5.8

mm thick. The acrylic window sections were set into a steel frame which was 3.05m in length around the curve and

1.75m wide. The floor consists of two sheets of 50 mm steel plate set 600 mm

apart.

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Fig5.9 5.2.2.DEGREE OF ENCLOSURE One of the important achievements of this project is to maximize the undersea viewing. Using curvilinear surfaces with transparent material led to provide view to exterior. The image of expected view from suite, which was displayed by designers, is illustrated. The design of resort used the advantage of acrylic plastic, that is, acrylic provides strength as well as transparency in curved surfaces. The 70% of surface of suits is transparent. As shown above, to provide privacy acrylic was used only overhead and front part of suits.

5.2.3.ENTRANCE SPACE AND ACCESS Entrance space was designed over water on pier. People came through motorboat and reach to the foyer and reception area under water by an elevator in a vertical tunnel. There is another tunnel for service facilities.

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5.2.4. CONSTRUCTION AND ASSEMBLING Project were designed and constructed as modules that attach to the main axes. demonstrate the placement procedure for the suite module. Each suite has an integral high-tech carbon fiber door that opens outward to maintain the unit's watertight integrity during installation or removal. The release of the module is simply accomplished by closing both doors and flooding the space between. The central corridor is permanently fixed to the structural base on the sea floor. On the other hand each unit is “neutrally buoyant”.

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5.3. BUILDING TECHNIQUE: DIGITAL FACADE AND LED LIGHTING AS A SMART SYSTEM The growing trend to enhance the built environment, through the use of technology has become alarming. Facades traditionally referred to as ‘building front’ enhanced with colorful and dynamic outer skins through the integration of digital media tools which are also referred to as digital façade maps, particularly light emitting diode (LED) systems has become a determining factor known to enhance the economic validity and uniqueness of a commercial building. Digital façade maps can be modified to montages of all possible kinds, reversed and torn.

This digital façade maps can be drawn on a wall, constructed as marketing strategy for advertisement, a political action meditation or formulated as a work of art. This study focuses on digital façade maps on walls with the use of LED systems. The light emitting diode (LED) modules which are used for outdoor façade lighting element automatically turns the building into a real landmark, attracts users, investors, tourist, government, to mention but a few . You can illuminate architectural highlights and even design fascinating color and light effects on outer skins of the building that attract attention.

5.3.1.THE DIGITAL FACADE CONCEPT The term facade traditionally relates to a ‘building front’ . A digital facade as a facade in which vibrant components of communication are incorporated . In addition, digital facades differ in size, place, possible angles of view and factor of shape. The uniqueness of this innovation and technology gives the city an identity.

Since they are embedded in the hosting building architecture, digital facades may have arbitrary 3- dimensional (3D) form variables as opposed to located government displays. In contrast to incorporating light-emitting elements into a building's architecture, Scheible and Ojala turned arbitrary objects into digital facades in urban settings, using a project or mobile device to communicate with the projection.

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When developing digital content, the form factor or shape of a digital facade is a critical problem. A digital facade is a core part of the urban space, its context and physical environment affect the perception and experience of content . Below is a table showing different facade integration with Light emitting diode systems.

Although digital technologies over the previous centuries have been the primary driver of promotions economic development , The literature is nearly absent from investigating their role in the fast economic development of the built environment.

Table5.1

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5.4.BENIFTS AND FEATURES OF DIGITAL FACADE 5.4.1.TRANSARENCY

• The building façade remains visible • Interiors can continue to be used without restrictions – unencumbe red outward views, free natural light transmission • Unrestricted air circulation thanks to the open fabric • Up to 60% fabric transparency 5.4.2. SIZE & PRESENTATION

• Any size is possible (starting from approximately 30 m²) • Exceptional color depth and fascinating vibrancy • Buildings become dynamic carriers of communication • Precise matching to the architecture and planned content 5.4.3. TECHNOLOGY & INSTALLATION • Patented systems comprising high-grade, modern LED technology and rugged stainless steel architectural fabric (total thickness below 25 mm) • Extreme weather resistance: whether hurricanes, frost, or extreme heat • Complete systems comprising façade screen and all installation components for optimum function and aesthetics • Customized planning and manufacture: precisely matched to the content, viewing distance and angle, optimum fabric transparency, and display resolution • Turnkey solutions, easy installation on building shells of all shapes and sizes 5.4.4. SUSTAINABILITY & COST EFFICIENCY

• 80% lower energy consumption than conventional LED displays • Automatic control of LED light intensity for the best possible presentation, while also saving energy • Transparent solar protection with unimpeded natural daylight transmission and air circulation reduces the energy consumption associated with room lighting, air conditioning, and ventilation systems • Durable, reusable stainless steel fabric, only the LEDs need to be replaced at the end of their useful life

special study With the patented Illumesh media façade system, the LED profiles are mounted in front of the stainless steel fabric and project their content onto it. The projections, which can be seen from great distances, appear almost three-dimensional thanks to the special fabric structure. At the same time, Illumesh is particularly economical. Media façades can therefore display content across their entire area using few LED pixels relative to the display size. Illumesh is the ideal solution for large building façades requiring expansive illumination and staging during twilight hours and at night, where highly detailed projection is not the top priority.

5.4.5. ILLUMESH TECHNIQUE

SYSTEM PARAMETERS • Use during twilight hours and at night • Illumination of large building areas • Exceptional color depth, fascinating vibrancy • Transparent stainless steel fabric • Low weight • Easy installation • Minimum maintenance costs • Weather and temperature resistant • Sustainability thanks to the use of stainless steel as the carrier material and replaceable LED profiles • Lower energy consumption than with conventional billboards

Fig5.10

Fig5.12

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Fig5.11

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5.4.6.MEDIAMESH TECHNIQUE

With the patented mediamesh system, the LED profiles are integrated in the carrier sleeves of the stainless steel fabric. The leds emit light forward toward the viewer. The high light intensity in combination with the high pixel density provides a richly detailed, refined presentation of a wide range of video content.

Mediamesh allows façades of all sizes to be transformed into highclass communication surfaces, with the content clearly visible both during the day and at night.

Fig5.13

SYSTEM PARAMETERS • Use during daylight hours and at night • Richly detailed presentation of a wide range of content • High luminosity, high pixel density • Exceptional color depth, fascinating vibrancy • Transparent stainless steel fabric • Low weight • Easy installation • Minimum maintenance costs • Weather and temperature resistant • Sustainability thanks to the use of stainless steel as the carrier material and replaceable LED profiles • Lower energy consumption than with conventional billboards

Fig5.14

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5.4.7.CABLING

Fig5.15 Four basic parameters determine the technical configuration and subsequent implementation. These are the viewing distance, the size of the media façade, the brightness, and the resolution. The viewing distance has a key influence on the resolution required. The smaller the distance between the viewer and the media façade, the tighter the pixel pitch must be in order to project a detailed and recognizable image. Freestanding buildings generally require media façades with a lower resolution than buildings in densely built-up urban

environments, in which the viewing distance is typically shorter. Regardless of location, however, the most diverse of building geometries can be equipped

with a visually seamless Mediamesh façade .

6.DESIGN REQUIREMENT AND PROGRAMME

Design requirement and programme 6.DESIGN REQUIREMENT AND PROGRAMME

Entrance zone sno 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

space Ticket Counter Registration Office Reception Waiting Area Information Kiosk Back Office Baggage Room Toilets (Male) Toilets (Female)

qty 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Area(sqm) 40 30 35 200 30 40 20 50 50

Table6.1

Ocean exhibits sno 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

space Indian Ocean Exhibit Pacific Ocean Exhibit Atlantic Ocean Exhibit Amazon River Exhibit The Ocean Exhibit Mediterranean Exhibit Coral Reef Exhibit African Lake Touch Pool Aligator Park Aqua Museum Turtle Exhibit Antartic World Exhibit Toilets (Male) Toilets (Female) Circulation

qty 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 60%

Area(sqm) 400 500 600 350 1200 400 300 250 100 300 250 400 500 150 150 3510

Table6.2

126

Design requirement and programme

127

6.DESIGN REQUIREMENT AND PROGRAMME

Seal & penguin park sno

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

space

Main Entertainment Pool Holding Pool Quarantine Tank Amphitheatre seal Swim Pool Trainer Rooms Fish Kitchen Toilets (Male) Toilets (Female)

qty

1 2 2 200ppl 1 2 1 1 1

Area(sqm)

1000 300 100 320 400 40 30 50 50

Table6.3

administration sno

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

space

Director's Cabin Executive Manager’s cabin Conference Room General Manager Accountant Chief Engineer's Cabin Assistant Engineer Engineering Staff Assistants Room Public Relations office Store Room Locker Room Toilets (Male) Toilets (Female)

qty

1 1 1 15ppl 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1

Area(sqm)

30 25 40 30 20 25 25 30 20 20 40 30 50 50

Table6.4

Design requirement and programme 6.DESIGN REQUIREMENT AND PROGRAMME

Academic sno 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

space

qty

Lab and Surgical Room Quarantine Tanks Breeding Tanks Aquarists Biologist Research and Development Lecture Room Seminar Room Conference Room

Area(sqm)

1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2

70 80 50 30 40 50 50 60 35

Table6.5 Curatorial sno 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

space Pathological Lab Fish Hospital Fish Kitchen Food Storage Cold Storage Breeding Tanks Quarantine Storage Room Meeting Area

qty 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 2 1

Area(sqm) 30 40 20 15 10 50 60 30 40

Table6.6

128

Design requirement and programme 6.DESIGN REQUIREMENT AND PROGRAMME

restaurant sno

1 2 3 4 5 6

space

qty

Themed Restaurant Café Restaurant Fresh Water Exhibit Kitchen Storage

Area(sqm)

100ppl 50ppl 1 1 1 1

350 150 200 150 150 70

Table 6.7

services sno 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

space

qty

Indian Ocean Life Support Pacific Ocean Life Support Atlantic Ocean Life Support Amazon River Life Support The Ocean Life Support Mediterranean Life Support Coral Reef Life Support African Life Support Touch Life Support Aligator Life Support Turtle Life Support Antartic World Life Support

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 2 3 4

210 200 240 140 500 160 120 100 40 120 160 200

Table6.8

outdoor sno

Area(sqm)

space

qty

Parking 200 cars Amphitheatre Souvenier Shops Sculptor Exhibition

Area(sqm) 4000 300 50 100

Table6.9

129

7.SITE STUDY AND ANALYSIS

Site study and analysis

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8.CONCETS AND DESIGN

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9.BIBLIOGRAPHY

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REFERENCES

Aquarium | Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/aquarium Mamallapuram to house oceanarium - The Hindu https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mamallapuram-tohouse-oceanarium/article8325675.ece

file:///E:/thesis/Saltwater%20Aquarium%20Models_%20Recipes%2 0for%20Creating%20Beautiful%20Aquariums%20That%20Thrive%2 0(%20PDFDrive%20).pdf https://www.aquariumbcn.com/en/blog/marine-animals-andflora/penguins/

http://www.mjmurphy.co.nz/Projects/UnderwaterRestaurants/tabid/3 00/Default.a spx. Last accessed in June 2007. https://www.aquariumtechnology.com/viewing-panels/ BOOKS

Materials and shape of underwater structures-special study

Biodiversity in Enclosed Seas and Artificial Marine Habitats