Bullous Pemphigoid Research Update in the UK

Dr. Monica SM Persson on behalf of the full study team: Dr. Sonia Gran (principal investigator), Dr. Karen Harman, Dr. Yana Vinogradova, Professor Sinead M Langan, Professor Julia Hippisley-Cox, and Professor Kim Thomas

I do not need to start off by explaining the impact of pemphigus and pemphigoid (P/P), or why there needs to be more research into these devastating diseases. It seems sufficient to say that my colleagues and I agree: more research is needed. And that is exactly what we have been doing over the last year-and-a-half at the Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology at the University of Nottingham, UK. Working closely with experts from the University of Oxford and the London School of Hygiene, as well as patient partners from PEM Friends UK, we have embarked on a journey aiming to improve our understanding of P/P in the UK.

Faced with the inherent difficulty of studying a rare disease, we decided that the best approach would be to use electronic health records. When a person visits their general practitioner in the UK, the information about the consultation is recorded electronically. For a subset of practices in the UK encompassing approximately 17 million people, the anonymised version of that information is available for research purposes in the form of the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) (Herrett et al., 2015, 827-836). Within the database, there is useful information, such as diagnoses, prescriptions, vaccinations, and basic personal information (e.g., age, gender). Such a rich resource is invaluable for examining rare diseases, but only if the diseases in question can be accurately identified from a person’s health records.

We first set to investigate whether we could accurately identify people with bullous pemphigoid (BP) and pemphigus vulgaris (PV) from their general practice records (Persson et al., 2020). To do so, we compared the diagnosis recorded for each person in their general practice records to any blistering disease diagnosis they may have received while hospitalized. Of course, not everyone in the database with BP or PV had been hospitalized, but we were able to compare the diagnoses for 797 people with BP and 85 with PV. We found that for every 100 people with a record for BP, approximately 93 had the disease according to hospital records. This was excellent news—we could use the CPRD to examine BP.

Unfortunately, we did not find the same results for patients with PV. For every 100 people with a record for PV, only 59 had PV according to hospital records. The other 40 had another blistering disease diagnosis (25 had a BP diagnosis). Here we identified an inherent flaw in using electronic health records—it seemed that, too often, not enough care was taken when entering the diagnosis into patient records. This was disappointing, but perhaps not surprising.

The diagnosis of BP or PV is made in dermatology departments and consequently fed back to the patient’s general practitioner, where it is manually entered into the patient’s electronic records. It seemed that the term pemphigus was used interchangeably with other terms, likely because of a lack of awareness about the differences between these similar-sounding diseases. The devastating bottom line was that we could not use electronic health records in the UK to conduct muchneeded research into PV. So, we turned our focus to BP.

The next step was to understand how many people were diagnosed with BP for the first time each year, how many people were living with it, and what the consequence of a diagnosis was in terms of mortality (Persson et al., 2020). Between 1998 and 2017, we found that for every 100,000 people, approximately 7 to 8 were diagnosed with BP for the first time each year in England. This is the highest reported incidence in the world, and it had increased by approximately 1% each year. We found that BP increased dramatically at older ages, and that older men in particular were most likely to be affected. Our most recent estimate (in 2017) was that about 48 in every 100,000 adults were living with BP. Focusing on the older age groups, about 141 in every 100,000 adults aged over 60 were living with BP, while 375 per 100,000 adults aged over 80 were affected. For reference, the European definition of a rare disease is one affecting less than 50 per 100,000 people. As such, we argue that BP should not be considered rare in older age groups.

Finally, we wanted to examine what happened after a patient was diagnosed. We found that in the two years after being diagnosed, those with BP were approximately three times more likely to die than their peers. Even after this initial period, they remained at about a 50% higher risk of death. This is a startling number and should be followed by a caveat: Due to the type of information we have, we could not specifically attribute the increased risk of death to the disease alone. Our finding may be influenced by factors such as differences in who gets BP (perhaps BP affects those that are already at higher risk of dying because of other health conditions) and the effects of the treatment for BP (for example, oral prednisolone). We call for greater awareness of the disease, improved recording of blistering diseases in health records, and further research into the causes and prevention of excess deaths from the disease.

We took our research one step further and provided our information to researchers and clinicians that might help plan clinical trials of new treatments. Oral prednisolone has long been the mainstay of treatment for BP, but it is often regarded as a double-edged sword. We therefore sought to understand the extent of the problem. We wanted to know how many patients were prescribed oral prednisolone, the dosage, and length of time. In order to replace oral prednisolone with safer alternatives, clinical trials of new treatments are necessary. We want to understand how many people might be eligible to take part in a clinical trial like this in the UK, as well as to provide information that could be used to design such a trial. Currently, our work is being reviewed for publication to the scientific community. Stay tuned for an update once the work is finalized. In the meantime, I will share that the extent of prednisolone prescribing for BP is worrisome, but it looks like we might have enough people in the UK to conduct clinical trials of new treatments.

References

Herrett, E., et al. 2015. "Data resource profile: clinical practice research datalink (CPRD)." International Journal of Epidemiology 44(3):827-836. Persson, M.S., Harman, K.E., Vinogradova, Y., Langan S.M.,

Hippisley-Cox, J., Thomas, K.S., et al. 2020. "Validation study of bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris recording in routinely collected electronic primary healthcare records in England."

BMJ Open 10(7):e035934. Persson, M.S., Harman, K.E., Vinogradova, Y., Langan S.M.,

Hippisley-Cox, J., Thomas, K.S., et al. 2020. "Incidence, prevalence and mortality of bullous pemphigoid in England 1998–2017: a population-based cohort study." British Journal of Dermatology. doi: 10.1111/bjd.19022.