Topical Study : Flood Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

FLOOD- RESILIENT DESIGN STRATEGIES CASE STUDY OF URBAN WATERFRONT

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

HAZWAN BIN HUSAIN 2017654902

AAR 635 TOPICAL STUDY BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS.) (ARCHITECTURE) FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, PUNCAK ALAM

MARCH 2020 – JULY 2020

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

FLOOD- RESILIENT DESIGN STRATEGIES CASE STUDY OF URBAN WATERFRONT

This report has been submitted to the Centre of Studies for Architecture (CoSA), Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, to fulfil the requirement of AAR 635 TOPICAL STUDY course.

Prepared by: Name UiTM No. Program

: HAZWAN BIN HUSAIN : 2017654902 : BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE (Hons.)

Year/Semester

: 03/06

Session

: MARCH 2020 – JULY 2020

Faculty

: Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying

i

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

DECLARATION I hereby declare this research paper and the study to which it refers are the product of my work and that any ideas or quotations from the work of other people, published or otherwise are fully acknowledged following the standard academic practices.

Name

: HAZWAN BIN HUSAIN

UiTM No.

: 2017654902

This research had been checked by: Supervisor

: Cik Kartini Binti Kasmuri

Course Coordinator

: Dr Mimi Zaleha Binti Abdul Ghani

_____________________________ Signature of Supervisor

_____________________________ Signature of Coordinator

____________ Date:

____________ Date:

ii

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to allude my sincere gratitude to the Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Mara for producing a comprehensive course which is AAR 635 Topical Study as a medium to expose and enhance students’ education in preparing, developing and producing a dissertation paper throughout this semester.

Furthermore, my immeasurable appreciation and acknowledgement are to be mentioned to my supervisor, Cik Kartini Kasmuri for her open insights, constructive comments and patience in guiding me to comprehend the fundamentals of doing proper research and dissertation. With her endless help, it has made this study a successful one indeed.

In addition to that, I would like to thank my course coordinator, Dr Mimi Zaleha, Binti Abdul Ghani for planning and coordinating a well considerate schedule throughout the whole process of this subject’s submission tracking as the research, is collateral with the internship programme.

Besides that, my earnest gratitude to my family and friends for their support and advice throughout the duration of this study. Finally, to both of my respondents, Cik Hazrini Hassan and Encik Fairuz Reza, who were willing to contribute their time and effort in completing the survey questionnaire in order to complete this research.

iii

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

ABSTRACT The current contextual problem of flood vulnerabilities imposed a significant threat towards a safe built environment, especially in the urban area that is prone to flooding. In Malaysia, the flood has been the most severe event of natural disaster that deals with a significant loss in the resource that could restrict economic and social growth of the nation (Sani, Gasim, Toriman, & Abdullahi, 2014). Although implementations of flood-resilient measures in waterfront development have long been addressed in Malaysia, the existing solutions rely heavily on the engineered and structural based intervention that is speculated to be less relevant in sustaining long term urban development, especially in humanistic aspect (Lennon, O'Neill, & Scott, 2014).

Exemplary flood resilient design strategies shall be revised and suggested to be implemented in Malaysian waterfront development to reduce flood risk and developing humanistic and sustainable elements of urban space. While resiliency encompass broad range of definition, this paper seeks to identify the resilient factors in the design-based intervention that is based on concept and principles, contextual application, design features criteria and policy/initiatives enforcement. The study builds on and contributes to work in the process of identifying design intervention that can combat or adapt flood vulnerabilities in a humanistic and sustainable approach. As such, this study focuses in comparing and appraising existing or proposed waterfront development that adapts the flood vulnerabilities as an innovative design solution that for the ultimate goal of providing a safe built environment that is prone to flood disaster. Catalytic factors such as different stakeholder intervention and policy enforcement are also being briefly examined to provide additional insights on deriving aspects that contribute to resilient waterfront development. Three case study of waterfront development that applies flood resilient design intervention were analysed. The case studies are vernacular Vietnamese Mekong Delta waterfront housing, The Dryline Proposal by Bjarke Ingels Architects and Cheonggyecheon River Revitalisation Project in Seoul, South Korea.

Topographical context of the case study is selected based on coastal and river adjacency waterfront that is prone to flooding. To strengthen the basis of the findings and opportunities of implementation in the Malaysian context, architectural practitioner and student that have involved in proposing flood-resilient waterfront scheme were interviewed. This study will set as a comprehensive design features comparison to

iv

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

support future in-depth research and design decision making towards future floodresilient waterfront development.

Keywords: Flood-Resilience, waterfront, urban design, adaptability, design Intervention, human-centric design

v

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

TABLE OF CONTENTS Title

Page

DECLARATION

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iii

ABSTRACT

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

ix

LIST OF TABLES

xi

CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Background

13

1.2 Research Problem

14

1.3 Research Aim and Objectives

15

1.4 Scope of Study (Delimitation)

15

1.5 Limitation

15

1.6 Impact of Research

15

1.7 Summary / Research Framework

17

CHAPTER TWO : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction to chapter

18

2.2 Flood Vulnerability in Global and Malaysian Context

18

2.2.1 Definition & Statistics of Flooding

18

2.2.2 Categorisation of Flooding

20

2.2.3 Factors of Flooding

21

2.2.4 Policy Intervention in Reducing Flood Risk

21

2.3 Concept of Flood Resiliency

23

2.4 Stages of Flood Resiliency and Mitigation

27

2.5 Context of Intervention – Coastal and Riverside Waterfront

30

2.6 Stakeholder Involvement in Flood Resilient Development

31

2.7 Design Strategies Intervention as Resiliency Approach

35

2.7.1 Design Principles

36

2.7.2 Categories of Design Strategies

36

vi

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

CHAPTER THREE : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction to chapter

39

3.2 Research Approach

39

3.3 Data Collection Method

39

3.3.1 PART A – Desk Analysis of Case Study

40

3.3.1.1 Research Parameters

40

3.3.1.2 Case Study Criteria

40

3.3.1.3 Case Study Subjects

40

3.3.1.4 Comparison Instrument

41

3.3.2 PART B - Interview

43

3.3.2.1 Research Parameters

43

3.3.2.2 Respondent Selection Criteria

44

3.3.2.3 Respondent Selected

44

3.3.2.4 Interview Questions Instrument

44

3.3.3 PART C - Speculation Framework

45

3.4 Limitations

45

3.5 Procedure Summary

46

3.6 Time Schedule

47

CHAPTER FOUR : RESULTS & FINDINGS 4.1 Introduction

48

4.2 Desk Analysis

48

4.2.1 Waterfront hamlets of Vinh Ah and Ha Bao, Vietnamese Mekong Delta

48

4.2.1.1 Flood Situation in Vietnamese Mekong Delta

48

4.2.1.2 Concept of Living with Water Lifestyle – Vernacular Design Strategies

49

4.2.1.3 Feature 1: Stilt house (San)

50

4.2.1.4 Feature 2: Water-friendly Accessibility

53

4.2.2 Dryline (The Big U), Manhattan, New York City by Bjarke Ingels Architects 4.2.2.1 Flood situation in Downtown Manhattan – Sandy Hurricane 4.2.2.2 Policy and Development Plan (The East Side Coastal Resiliency Project)

55 55 56

vii

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

4.2.2.3 Design Principles – Tailored Resiliency

58

4.2.2.4 Feature 1: Big Bench

58

4.2.2.5 Feature 2: Big Berm

62

4.2.2.6 Feature 3 : Harbour Berm (Reverse Aquarium)

65

4.2.2.7 Feature 4: Landscape Berm

68

4.2.2.8 Feature 5: Deployable Wall

68

4.2.3 Cheonggyecheon River Restoration Programme

72

4.2.3.1 Concept – urban revitalisation

72

4.2.3.2 Feature 1: Landscape Discharge

73

4.2.3.3 Feature 2: Stone Bridge

76

4.2.3.4 Feature 3: Geometry Streamline

77

4.2.3.5 Feature 4: Terrace Vertical Wall

79

4.3 Interview 4.3.1 Selangor Maritime Gateway winning proposal by Hazrini Hassan

81

4.3.1.1 Background of Respondent and Project

81

4.3.1.2 Flood Issue and Concept in Klang Island

82

4.3.1.3 Design Intervention in Masterplanning Scale

84

4.3.1.4 Design Intervention in Architectural Typology Scale 4.3.2 PhD Research on Flood Mitigation - Mr Fairuz Reza

85

4.3.2.1 Background of Respondent And PhD Study

87

4.3.2.2 Flood- Resilient Intervention Categorisation

87

4.3.2.2 Flood-Resilient Development Situation in Recent Decades in Malaysian Built Environment Industry 4.4 Comparative Analysis

87

88 89

4.4.1 Design Principles and Concept on Resiliency

90

4.4.2 Design Features and Categorization

91

4.4.3 Stages of Flood-Resilient Intervention

93

4.4.4 Contextual Location of Flooding

95

4.4.5 Stakeholder Involvement and Paticipation

95

4.5 Speculation on Possibilities of Intervention Application in Malaysian Context

97

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION viii

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

5.1 Conclusion

99

5.2 Recommendations

100

BIBLIOGRAPHY

102

LIST OF FIGURES Figures Figure 1.1

Title Research Framework

Page 17

Figure 2.1

Numbers of disaster per type

18

Figure 2.2

Concept of Resilience: Inverse Vulnerability

24

Figure 2.3

Adaptive Pathway Method of Intervention

24

Figure 2.4

Stages of Resiliency and Mitigation

27

Figure 2.5

Comparison of Resilient Timeframe

28

Figure 2.6

Tailored Resiliency

34

Figure 2.7

Priorities of Disaster Risk Reduction Framework

35

Figure 2.8

Principle of Resilient Design

36

Figure 3.1

Research Procedure

46

Figure 4.1

Stilt House – Flooding

50

Figure 4.2

Stilt House – Non-Flooding

50

Figure 4.3

Stilt House - Ventilated Gap

51

Figure 4.4

Stilt House - Household Storage

51

Figure 4.5

Stilt House - Socializing Space

52

Figure 4.6

Stilt House - Emergency Storage

52

Figure 4.7

Makeshift Bridge - Non-Flooding

53

Figure 4.8

Makeshift Bridge - Flooding

53

Figure 4.9

Makeshift Bridge - Urban fabric

54

Figure 4.10

Makeshift Bridge - Water Access

54

Figure 4.11

High Water Events in Lower Manhattan

56

ix

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Figure 4.12

Masterplan of Lower Manhattan Climate Resilience

57

Study Figure 4.13

Big Bench – Non-Flooding

58

Figure 4.14

Big Bench – Flooding

59

Figure 4.15

Big Bench – Urban Nodes and Programs

59

Figure 4.16

Big Bench – Enhancing Pedestrian Experience

60

Figure 4.17

Big Bench – Multi Flood Level Designation

60

Figure 4.18

Big Bench – Cross Section

61

Figure 4.19

Big Bench – Wave Dampening Geometry

61

Figure 4.20

Big Berm – Non-Flooding

62

Figure 4.21

Big Berm – Flooding

62

Figure 4.22

Big Berm – Multi Flood Level Elevation

63

Figure 4.23

Big Berm – Resilient Vegetation

63

Figure 4.24

Big Berm – Urban Park Programme

64

Figure 4.25

Big Berm – Cross Section

64

Figure 4.26

Big Berm – Masterplan

`65

Figure 4.27

Harbour Berm – Reverse Aquarium

65

Figure 4.28

Reverse Aquarium Architectural Feature

66

Figure 4.29

Reverse Aquarium – Cross Section

66

Figure 4.30

Reverse Aquarium – Interior Perspective

67

Figure 4.31

Reverse Aquarium – Green Roof

67

Figure 4.32

Deployable Wall – Non-Flooding

68

Figure 4.33

Deployable Wall – Flooding

69

Figure 4.34

Deployable Wall – Flappable Wall

69

Figure 4.35

Deployable Wall – Street Art

70

Figure 4.36

Deployable Wall – Light Panel

70

Figure 4.37

South Street Deployable Wall – Cross Section

71

Figure 4.38

Deployable Wall - Light Panel

71

Figure 4.39

Landscape Discharge

73

Figure 4.40

Underground Discharge

74

Figure 4.41

Flood Level Elevation

74

Figure 4.42

Park Ambiance

75

Figure 4.43

Stepping stone bridge

76

x

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Figure 4.44

Stepping stone bridge – pedestrian linkage

76

Figure 4.45

Stepping stone bridge – water speed regulator

76

Figure 4.46

Geometry Streamline

77

Figure 4.47

Wave Dampening Geometry

77

Figure 4.48

Event Space

78

Figure 4.49

Terrace Vertical Wall

79

Figure 4.50

Terrace Vertical Wall – Dynamic Space

79

Figure 4.51

Terrace Vertical Wall – Artificial Marsh

80

Figure 4.52

Terrace Vertical Wall – Direct Water Engagement

80

Figure 4.53

Hydrological Model of Klang Island

83

Figure 4.54

Hyd[re]silience Masterplan

84

Figure 4.55

Aquapolis and Habidatum site plan

84

Figure 4.56

Landed Housing Typologies

85

Figure 4.57

Floating Housing Typologies

86

Figure 4.58

Submerged Housing Typologies

86

Figures Table 2.1

Title List of Flood Occurrence from 1996-2016 in Malaysia

Table 2.2

Policies on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster

LIST OF TABLES Page 19 22

Risk Reduction in Malaysia Table 2.3

The aspect of resiliency in Disaster Risk Reduction

25

Table 2.4

Dimension and variables of Urban Flood Vulnerability

26

Table 2.5

The timeframe of resiliency stages in flood

28

management

Table 3.1

Concept Comparison Framework

41

Table 3.2

Design Features Comparison Framework

42

Table 3.3

Stages of Flood-Resilient Intervention Comparison

42

Framework Table 3.4

Contextual Location Comparison Framework

42

Table 3.5

Stakeholder Comparison Framework

43

Table 3.6

Speculation Framework

45

xi

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Table 3.7

Time Schedule

47

Table 4.1

Design Principles and Concept of Resiliency

90

Table 4.2

Design Features Categorization

91

Table 4.3

Stages of Flood-Resilient Intervention

93

Table 4.4

Contextual Location of Flooding

95

Table 4.5

Stakeholder Involvement and participation

95

Table 4.6

Speculation on Possibilities of Application in the

98

Malaysian Context

xii

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1

Research Background In the current scenario of rapid development, major problems of unprecedented

disaster occurrences become one of the main challenges in urbanization. Natural or human-made factors contribute to the increasing exposure towards natural disaster most of which resulted from climate change. Floods and landslides are the frequent disaster forms in Malaysia, and they increasingly occur due to human activity (H. Rahman, 2014).

Flood is defined as a cause to fill or become covered with water, especially in a way that causes problems (Cambridge Dictionary,2020) while the flash flood is the sudden occurrence of the phenomenon. As a country with a high annual precipitation rate, Malaysia is vulnerable to flooding, especially in the urban areas. Statistics show estimated areas susceptible to the flood disaster in Malaysia covers 29 800 𝑘𝑚2 or 9% of the entire country’s gross Area (Sani et al., 2014).Urban area such as Kuala Lumpur have frequently affected by the disaster throughout its history with the worst were being recorded in 1926, and only after the disastrous flood event in 1971, practical efforts were taken into consideration (Abdullah,2004). Thus, measures on managing and preventing flash flood need to be revised effectively, especially on an urban scale.

Flash flood in urban areas can be prevented effectively through planning and infrastructure development that is well designated to reduce the impact and damage to the city and public. All recommendations and guidelines need to be very comprehensive and precise on disaster risk reduction to ensure that possible development by various stakeholders can be highly resilient and can reduce the vulnerability towards disaster risk. (Mohamad Amin & Hashim, 2014) A various initiative can be considered to combat flood vulnerability at the prevention stage, such as the existence of a disaster resilient built environment. Recent disaster has demonstrated the vulnerability of built assets; thus, it is vital to focus on providing disaster resilient built environment within cities. (Amaratunga , Haigh, & Malalgoda, 2014). This statement indicates that to minimize the impact of disaster 13

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

towards the urban area, the built environment that made up the urban area needs to be impervious to the disaster itself.

Waterfront features of an urban area play a significant role in reducing the vulnerability risk of flooding. Waterfront is defined as a part of an area that is next to a water body (Cambridge Dictionary, 2020). Thus, the waterfront is the primary barrier that segregates the piece of an urban area water body that becomes the first possible starting point of flood occurrence. The New York City Waterfront is prioritized as the primary defence mechanism for flood risk reduction and thus anticipate further potential flood issues due to rising sea level and climate change (Aerts & Botzen, 2011). The exemplary solutions of flood-resilient shall be studied and analyzed to enable future inspiration and benchmark towards resilience development.

While the flood-mitigation solution has been long address in Malaysian waterfront development, the existing solution relies heavily on structural emphasis and engineered-based solutions that has been monitored by the department of irrigation and drainage (DID). Data stated by the annual report of DID in the year 2018 and 2017, all projects of flood mitigation that have been completed by the department are engineeredbased structural flood mechanisms such as flood levee, flood barrier, tidal gates and flood diversion channel. Possibilities of the intervention shall be explored to seeks other solution than engineered-based dependencies for positive urban development.

This study seeks to compare different design strategies that have been implemented in existing waterfront development or conceptual waterfront ideas and scheme that may help to enhance design solution towards flood vulnerability in Malaysia and promotes growth in the humanistic and sustainable aspect of urban environment.

1.2

Research Problem

This study seeks to answer what are the exemplary flood resilient design strategies that can revamp Malaysian waterfronts to combat or adapt high vulnerabilities of flooding. The research problem shall lead towards the process of appraising and dissecting different design solutions based on the different contextual situation of flooding and stages of resiliency,

14

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

1.3

Research Aim and Objectives

This study aims to identify and appraise the criteria of effective flood-resilient design in existing or conceptual urban waterfronts in the following aspects: •

To identify and comprehend various design approaches of the flood-resilient urban waterfront through case studies

•

To investigate resilience principles and qualities in exemplary design solutions

•

To study the implication of such urban interventions towards humanistic aspects of urban resilience

•

To speculate possible application of design strategies that can be implemented in Malaysian future waterfront development

1.4

Scope of Study (Delimitation)

The scope of the study is oriented towards qualitative design appraisal of different solutions towards the root issue of flood vulnerability. The review shall be in the form of analyzing and comparing the solutions that have been proposed by others to suggest the exemplary design solution to be adapted in Malaysian waterfront.

1.5

Limitation The main limitation of the study is the dependency of secondary data of findings

that would be synthesized throughout the study. Relevant data would predominantly rely on official records from respective authorities that depend on their accuracy of establishing credible data.

Lack of fieldwork engagement would also impose a limitation to the study due to the government’s emergency policy of Movement Control Order towards managing COVID-19 pandemic. No direct engagement and on-site experience with the contextual situation waterfront development would impose difficulty in providing clear insights into flood-resilient implementation in the local built environment industry.

1.6

Impact of Research The study would enable further application and embellishment towards

researching effective design strategies solution for flood vulnerabilities. As future 15

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

global flood risk in increasing based on 100-year flood projection (Hirabayashi rt al,2013), effective measures are needed to combat the high vulnerabilities in the future.

Thus, this study would provide suggestive options through design interventions that can be applied to either combating or adapting to future flood risk.

This study would also provide insight into possible design solutions for different stakeholder in built environment industries that envisioned to apply flood-resilient elements in future development or flood-mitigation projects. Flood mitigation projects are starting to become mainstream in waterfront development with few examples such as the Sungai Pinang Flood Mitigation Project as a pioneer when it was initiated back in 1996 (Mok, 2019).

Aside from providing a design-based solution, this study would allow researchers and stakeholder to analysed and compare the range selection of design-based intervention in managing flood-risk and deduce effective intervention to be applied.

16

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

1.7

Summary / Research Framework

Figure 1.1 Research Framework Author,2020 17

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

Introduction to chapter This chapter elaborates on previous studies done by researchers and other

legible sources of information such as books, published journals, and alternative reliable resource material. Within this literature review, the basis of literature resources is selected accordingly to help establish the context and focus of the research. The review of the literature also shall strengthen the argument of the research problem statement in the previous chapter.

2.2

Flood Vulnerability in Global and Malaysian Context

2.2.1

Definition & Statistics of Flooding

Flood is defined as the high level of water that engulfs a natural or artificial bank of a river system (Yatim et al., 2013). Recent years have shown a vast amount of flood occurrence worldwide. Approximately 2 billion people, or 45% of the global population, have been affected worldwide between 1998 – 2017 (Wallemacq, 2019). Statistics provided by the study of the UN office of Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) has shown that flooding is the highest global disaster occurrence which is at 43.7%.

Figure 2.1 Numbers of disaster per type Sources : (Wallemacq, 2019) 18

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Most countries and urban areas by a coastal river and side are exposed to the increasing threat of flooding. A study by (Hirabayashi et al., 2013) concluded that large areas of South Asia, Southeast Asia, Northeast Eurasia, eastern and lowlatitude Africa, and South America are vulnerable to flood risk based on the result of 11 global climatic models. In their study, the flood risk changes were accessed based on the difference in 100-year return period projection which is 1971 – 2000 (current scenario) to 2071 – 2100 (future forecast). This data summarised the increasing threat of future flood vulnerability that must be resolved.

Flood is the most severe form of natural disaster that is experienced in Malaysia as a country that has a high annual precipitation rate and greatly influenced by topography factors such as low land level and monsoon wind (Sani et al., 2014). In their study, they concluded Nine per cent of the total country’s gross Area or 29 800 𝑘𝑚2 is affected by the flood disaster in Malaysia according to vulnerability statistical analysis.

The table below summarises the latest occurrence of Flash Flood in the urban area of Malaysia (Buslima, Omar, Jamaluddin, & Taha, 2018):

No. Year

Flood Incident

1

Floods

1996

caused

Effects and Damage by -97.8 million USD estimated

Tropical Storm Greg damage to properties in Keningau, Sabah 2

2000

- 241 deaths

Floods

caused

by -10 000 evacuees in the north of

heavy

rainfall

in Peninsular Malaysia

Kelantan, Terengganu - 15 deaths and

northern

Peninsular Malaysia 3

2001

Floods Tropical

brought Storm

eastern Malaysia 5

April

& Flash Flood

October 2002

by -3.6 million USD estimated in damage - 5 deaths Flash flood affects a major part of Kuala Lumpur

19

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

5

October 2003

Flood in north-western The affected large area across Peninsular Malaysia

several stated: - Kedah, Penang and Perak

6

December 2006

Flood in Johor

-489 million USD estimated

&

damage

January 2007 7

2008

-18 death Flood in Johor

-21.19 million USD estimated damage

8

2010

Flood in Kedah and -45,000 hectares of paddy fields Perlis

9

2013

estimated destroyed

Flash

Flood

in -80 houses and 100 vehicles

Cameron Highlands 10

December 2014

damaged

Flood in Peninsular -severely affects several states and Malaysia

January 2015

-RM 1 Billion estimated damage - affects more than 200 000 people and 21 deaths

11

May 2016

Flash Flood in Kuala -affects four main roads of Kuala Lumpur and Selangor

Lumpur -15 cars submerged and hundreds more trapped in the city -caused more than 300 evacuees

Table 2.1 List of Flood Occurrence from 1996-2016 in Malaysia (Buslima et al., 2018) The list illustrates how devastating the flood disaster in recent years that had occurred in Malaysia. From the data above, it could be summarised that the increasing trend of flooding would increase more value in losses and death rates in related places.

This rising trend in flooding unarguably shall be a threat to urban development, especially in the social and economic aspects of the nation.

2.2.2

Categorisation of Flooding

Flood in Malaysia can be categorized into 2 categories as stated by the Malaysian Irrigation and Drainage Department (DID) which are monsoon flood that lasted for 20

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

months and flash floods that lasted for several hours. Flash flood is a common occurrence in the area of rapid development that caused a rapid rise and movement of water level. Another classification of the flood by (Md. Yasin, Mcdonagh, & Eves, 2010) defined flood as flash floods, short rain, prolonged rain, rain-on-snow, and snowmelt floods. Different type of flooding would incur different scope of context to be addressed as a solution.

2.2.3

Factors of Flooding

To further bring out the solution of reducing flood risk to its root, Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 – 2030 highlighted its first stage of reducing disaster risk is the understanding of disaster risk. Factors of the flash flood in the urban area include: i.

Intensity and period of precipitation

ii.

The steepness of watershed and stream gradient

iii.

Decreasing of the porous surface by removal of vegetation, paving and insertion of the impermeable surface as ground cover

iv.

Construction of drainage system that increases runoff speed of water

These factors show that poorly designated design intervention with flood-risk consideration leaves the urban area being exposed to severe flooding impact. Thus, practical consideration and execution of proper planning are crucial towards reducing flood risk.

2.2.4

Policy Intervention in Reducing Flood Risk

As a result of increasing vulnerability risk to natural disaster, many efforts in policy and law-making have been made globally to make resilient development as a new norm for future growth. The initiatives include the introduction of Sustainable Development Goals, Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and the Paris Agreement (Rani, Kamarudin, Razak, & Asmawi, 2019). At the national level, the policy of Eleventh Malaysia Plan (2016-2020), Thrust 4, the strategy focused on achieving green growth and resiliency with specifically addressing the urge to enhance resiliency against climate change and natural disaster.

21

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

In the research, a comparative study was done (Rani et al., 2019) to analyse the importance of disaster resiliency in policy-making at the national and regional stage towards reducing disaster risk.

Related

Policies, Climate

Change Disaster

strategies and actions at Adaptation

Risk

Reduction

Federal/ National Level

Eleventh Malaysia Plan ▪ (2016 – 2020).

Focus

building ▪ Strengthen disaster risk

on

management – the policy,

resilient infrastructure ▪

natural regulatory

Strengthen

and

buffers – focusing on institutional framework enhancing terrestrial and of DRM under biodiversity ▪ Incorporate DRM intro

marine through

conservation development

actions

planning,

evaluation

and

▪ Fortify the management implementation of rivers and coastal areas ▪ To establish a national ▪ Increase the resiliency crisis

and

disaster

of agriculture sector – management centre improving food security

▪

Improve

disaster

▪ Supporting research and detection and response development in

especially capacity

agricultural-climatic ▪ Long term planning on

modelling

flood

mitigation

that

▪ Increase awareness on includes flood forecast the health impact of and warning system. climate change (climaterelated diseases).

Kuala Structure (KLSP)

Lumpur Plan

Priority is given to

2020 environmentally sensitive

areas

Focus mitigation

on

flood

along

with

by flood-prone areas.

22

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

providing

guidelines

To

control

(development control and development along with management).

river

reserves

–

not

Coordinate with all allowing and permanent relevant

agencies

stakeholders

and structure. to

Priority

given

to

implement the policies rehabilitation programme and

guidelines

environmentally

of of Sungai Klang and Sungai Gombak.

sensitive areas.

Table 2.2 Policies on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction in Malaysia (Rani et al., 2019) From the reviewing of the flood risk vulnerability and current policy-making, it is concluded that effective measure is needed in the development stage to reduce the disaster risk and impact imposed to an urban area that is prone towards reoccurring flash flood. Existing policies are starting to be leaning towards resilient development as flood vulnerability are increasing, thus opening more needs towards an in-depth study on researching and proposing different resilient intervention to be implemented in future projects.

2.3

Concept of Flood Resiliency

Resilience is the quality of being able to return quickly to a previous good condition after problems(Cambridge Dictionary, 2020). In disaster risk management, flood resiliency is the inverse vulnerability, in which being vulnerable in the context of flood risk means exposure and sensitivity towards the disaster. (Van Veelen, 2016)

23

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Figure 2.2 Concept of Resilience: Inverse Vulnerability author,2020 data adapted from (Van Veelen, 2016) (Walker, Holling, Carpenter, & Kinzig, 2004) describe resiliency as the resistance of a particular system that recovers from a level of disturbance to its original state. While resiliency may define as the salvation towards a challenge and risk, it is a continuous process and cycle that need to be routinised. (LRM 2) defines resiliency as an approach of adaptation that is based on the incremental lifecycle that suggests resiliency as an act of continuous effort and process needed in developing resilient urban development. In his primary studies, (Van Veelen, 2016) summarised flood resiliency through adaptation pathway methods as follow:

Figure 2.3 Adaptive Pathway Method of Intervention (Van Veelen, 2016)

24

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

This framework of adaptation suggests different stages of resilience are needed to counter flood vulnerabilities based on the contextual situation of urban dynamics. It shows that there are multiple stages of intervention are required to achieve floodresiliency in waterfront development. As a solution to the ever-changing nature of flooding, the solution intervention shall be flexible and adaptable to complement different possible scenarios and situation that might be happening in an urban environment. As shown in the diagram, method of intervention shall be revised back and forth according to a different location and enabling factors such as rules implementation, existing intervention options and dynamic urban consideration. In conclusion, various action and intervention can be implemented in resilient development throughout different stages.

Previous studies have shown that flood-resiliency are composed of multiple layers of intervention. The holistic and ideal response of intervention shall not only consist of infrastructural initiatives but also includes other enabler factors towards resilient development. (Amaratunga et al., 2014) highlighted several factors that become the main challenges of creating a disaster resilient built environment. The study was done in Sr Lanka context through several interviews and survey with the private and public sector on the role they play as resilience development stakeholders: Aspects

Description

Policy

and -regulatory

Regulation

framework

on

planning,

design

and

construction; building code -hazard risk mapping, disaster resilience planning and construction guideline -integration of resilience element in building planning and approval

Urban Planning and -resilient and protective infrastructure system Infrastructural

-drainage and irrigation system

Design

- structural planning and zoning or urban

Financial

- budget allocation for DRR development -public and private development and funding initiatives

Social- Resilience

-awareness and environmental-cautious development of public

Table 2.3 Aspect of resiliency in Disaster Risk Reduction 25

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

(Amaratunga et al., 2014) Another study by (Batica & Gourbesville, 2012) proposed a framework index of measuring urban flood vulnerability. This framework provides possible potential resiliency elements that can be adapted in a flood-prone urban site. While the various factors respectively contribute towards resilient development. Each aspect and variables of the index correlate to a different component of an urban system.

Dimension

Variables

Natural

Topography, hazard intensity, hazard frequency, natural environment degradation, hydrometeorological situation

Physical

Land use, services, sanitation, warning system and evacuation, road network, housing and land use, community assets, accessibility

Social

Education and awareness, social capital, knowledge

Economic

Income, employment, households, access to financial service, savings and insurance

Institutional

Development plans, institutional collaboration and coordination

Table 2.4 – Dimension and variables of Urban Flood Vulnerability (Batica & Gourbesville, 2012) The assessment of various aspects and factors of resiliency arose the question of determining the critical intervention of flood-resiliency to be the focus of this study.

More innovation and collaboration in design aspect are needed, especially ones that involve public engagement to ensure the quality of deliverance. In the urbanised area, resilience solutions need to address specific environmental, social, historical-cultural and contextual influences, rather than solely solving the flood vulnerability (Menteth, 2018). For centuries, flood vulnerabilities solution has been based on engineering solution and policy management. The peculiar design solution is needed due to demanding current urbanism contexts such as increasing population density intensity of built-form, scale and massing. The traditional concept of “keep water out” through hard engineering intervention has been proven to be inadequate for massive rainfall to constrain river and channel runoff (Lennon et al., 2014). The data shows that increasing flood warning map based on the UK’s Environmental Agency’s Flood warning map on 2014 denies the success of the existing physical defence. The study concludes that many 26

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

countries’ flood risk management is undergoing a paradigm shift to move forward from the out-dated concept of “keep the water out” to more holistic and long-term approach of resiliency and adaptation. Thus, the author concludes that flood-resilience solutions needs to be well devised through design intervention that shall not only solve the flood vulnerability but shall contribute to the humanistic aspects of urbanism.

2.4

Stages of Flood Resiliency and Mitigation

It is essential to address the solution and intervention according to the designated stages and phases interval. The effort towards resiliency must be well-designated according to each stage of response as each of the phases plays a different role in achieving resiliency. Universal flood reducing action plan was implemented based on the vital principle of Prepare, Prevent, Respond and Recover (Wenger, 2015). The study summarises Australia’s Natural Disaster Risk Management as follows:

Figure 2.3 - Stages of Resiliency and Mitigation (Wenger, 2015) From both timeframe comparison, the intervention of flood resiliency shall be functional and practical as a continuous cycle, rather than linear progression of execution and implementation. Each phase would be designated to different actions of intervention contributed by different roles.

27

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Characteristics and traits of each stage of intervention need to be dissected to provide comprehension in determining the suitable response on respective stages. A detailed study by (Roslan, Abd Hamid, & Dul, 2015) compared different timeframe form 3 previous author that has defined and suggest an ideal timeframe for resilient management.

Figure 2.3 - Comparison of Resilient Timeframe author 2020, data adapted from (Roslan et al., 2015) As studied from the data above, different principles of the intervention are applied to each different timeframe. To further comprehend the actions and intervention needed for each different timeline, the author summarised each action into a synthesized timeframe stage: Stages

Interventions and Actions

Prevention

and

Mitigation

(Risk

i.

Reduction)

Understanding vulnerability and risk: -

Cause of flooding

-

Flood mapping (river catchment, flood plain and assets identification)

-

Risk mapping (identification of vulnerable sites/business and critical infrastructure

ii.

Flood Modelling

Communicate the risk -

Education and awareness of flood risk (resilient community)

iii.

Risk Management -

Structural measures and impact

-

Non-structural measures 28

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Preparedness

i.

Land-use and zoning segregation

Allocation of capacity -

Flood barriers

-

Impounding reservoir

-

Redundancy and allowance of designated flood

impact

variables

(elevation,

reservoir, catchment) ii.

Operation: -

iii.

Maintaining assets to ensure effectiveness

Flood Warning System -

Establish warning codes and means of communication to the public

-

Organise flood distribution

-

Usage of multimedia to disseminate flood warning

Adaptability Respond

and

i.

Anticipate disruptive events

ii.

Emergency response action plan:

iii.

-

Search and rescue

-

Aid distribution

-

Storm Water Channelling

Operating assets -

Recovery

Active flood defence mechanism

i.

Repair and maintenance consideration

ii.

Prevention of pollution

iii.

Plan or system to encourage rapid restoration to return to reasonable condition

Table 2.5 - Timeframe of resiliency stages in flood management Author,2020 data adapted from (Roslan et al., 2015) From these derived timeframes, it can be concluded that in order to resolve flood vulnerabilities holistically, actions and intervention by a various party shall be executed according to different stages or phases of management. By defining the stages of resiliency, each action can be assigned to different stakeholder for intervention to be taken. Design consideration of waterfront scheme can be dev

29

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

eloped according to specific purpose and usage for each different stage. The identification of each action in different timeframe would also allow designers to allocate the flexibility of a design scheme to be prepared for anticipated different events and situation.

2.5

Context of Intervention – Coastal and Riverside Waterfront

Waterfront as the first transitional area of excess water from neighbouring water body, it shall be designated to reduce the risk of further flooding and thus lessen the impact that flood imposed towards the urban area. An urban area that is adjacent to a large body of water such as lake or harbour will be more likely prone to the effect of rising water levels that caused by strong wind and storms (Chbab as cited in Van Veelen 2016). Waterfront is defined as a part of an urban area that is adjacent waterbody such as lake, river or the sea. (Cambridge Dictionary, 2020). A specific definition of the waterfront is described by Guo as cited in (Md. Yasin et al., 2010), it is the intersecting point where land and water meet, that is approximately 200 to 300 meters from the waterline and 1 to 2 km reaching to the land site that takes 20 minutes of walking distance. (Al-Shams et al., 2013) stated that waterfront is not only an element that distinguishes water body and land but encompasses a building or public space that has virtual and physical linkage to a water body.

While waterfront may be developed as the main flood defence mechanism, the usage of flood defence development can be an opportunity to address urban enhancement. (Timur, 2013) classified different typologies of waterfront development.

Under one of the typologies, waterfront development is regarded as an effective flood defence mechanism. Through his study on (Morreti 2008) data, structural that has been established for river flood defence opens possibilities for city expansion and programmatic urban usage. A prominent example highlighted in the study is the Donauisel (Danuba Island) in Vienna as a created barrier where the island is used as the biggest open-air festival in Europe for over 20 years at the end of June.

As a peninsular country, Malaysia is rich in the geographical land typologies that neighbouring water bodies. Many earliest urban cities and town in Malaysia has been developed along the bank of rivers as shown by Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Terengganu and Pulau Pinang. (Md. Yasin et al., 2010)

30

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Most of the city’s waterfront is continuously undergoing development project with Kuching waterfront being the benchmark of waterfront development in Malaysia when it was completed in 2003. (Md. Yasin et al., 2010)Malaysia, with a rich geographical context of a water body, shall induce a prominent opportunity for waterfront development. (Al-Shams et al., 2013) Various waterfront has been developed in the urban area such as River of Life Project that was initiated under the latest Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) as part of the Greater KL/Klang Valley National Key Economic Area (NKEA). These waterfront developments could become potential pioneer projects towards flood-resilient waterfront development in the future.

The Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) in their 2017 and 208 annual reports also highlighted that throughout Malaysia, including Sabah and Sarawak, there is a total of 189 river basins and 85 or 44.97% of the total river basins are prone to recurrent flooding. While the high percentage of the river basin that is prone to flooding might be a devastating fact, the high number would also mean the existing waterfront can be developed for flood-resilient and adaptation development.

2.6

Stakeholder Involvement in Flood Resilient Development

As stated in the previous subtopic of stages in flood-resilient mitigation, the different timeframe of designated intervention would allow different stakeholder roles’ to be recognised and contributed towards the flood-resilient development and management. While design intervention may serve as the primary goal of this study, stakeholder intervention is also being revised to determine the enabler factors and enduser as stakeholder engagement is one of the core aspects in integrating flood risk management. (Renn, 2008) As the goal of flood-resilient development is to achieving safe-built environment development, it is crucial to address the participation of different stakeholder from all prospect of involvement.

Flood-resilient development shall integrate all stages of involvement in a wide range of roles from different sectors and community hierarchy. (Clemens, Pathirana, Rijke, & Nguyen, 2014) stated that the participation process of ensuring a balanced stakeholder composition is based on the balancing teams with different knowledge and skillsets. In the study, they highlighted three major components that would make up an ideal team of stakeholders: 31

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

i.

Technical Experts: Experts that have scientific knowledge and technical expertise in the practice of flood-resilient management

ii.

Bureaucrats: Entity that has bureaucratic knowledge of political and administrative procedural management

iii.

Main Stakeholders: Community that have local and experience and insights

In Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 – 2030 (SDF), Thrust V, stated that the responsibility of reducing disaster risk is shared between government and responsible stakeholders as enablers according to national policies, laws and regulations and the implementation of the framework at local, regional and global levels. The framework also highlighted several general stakeholder roles, in public and private sectors to have roles in specified actions: i.

Civil society/organized voluntary work/community-based organisation: to collaborate with a public institution to provide specific knowledge and guidance in resilient development, support public awareness and culture of prevention and disaster risk to produce resilient community

ii.

Academician/ scientific research entities: focus on disaster risk factors, increase research for regional, national and local application, support on action and intermediate between policy and science for decision making.

iii.

Corporate sectors/ private sector financial institution to integrate disaster risk management into business continuity, models and practise. Engage in support and innovation for technological development of disaster risk development

These components proposed in the previous study would establish a hierarchical order of participation in a community from various knowledge and expertise to execute the different level of involvement.

Being as administrative and enforcement body in regional and national level, the highest responsibility of developing on flood-resilient belongs to both national state government and local, regional authorities. (Thaler & Meike, 2015) studies how the relationship between national and local stakeholders characterises the design implementation of flood-risk management strategies. In the study, the researchers proposed that national agencies shall be responsible for three stages of involvement: i.

Hierarchical: National Authorities shall serve as project initiator, leader and integrating partnership with potential private stakeholders

32

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

ii.

Heterarchical: National Authorities shifts task and competencies towards local stakeholders and serve as project supporter and monitoring

iii.

Responsible Autonomy: Key task of national authorities focus on policy implementation and funding while the executive management goes to assigned stakeholders.

This stage of hierarchy suggests the ideal involvement of national agencies in floodresilient project management. On design intervention aspect, the national authorities are responsible for implementing policy enforcement and play a crucial role in the project decision making through policy enforcement, thus influences design decision making in the development process.

While national and regional authorities may play a crucial role in enforcement and project initiator, other stakeholders in private sectors also hold an essential duty in initiating and envisioning flood-resilient development. A study by (Md. Yasin et al., 2010) compared different aspects of recent Malaysian waterfront development and recorded 4 of the latest waterfront developments were financed and initiated by private developer institution. This condition was hypothesised by the struggling condition of the nation’s wealth assets in recent decades to finance the redevelopment of the waterfront area and river upgrading. The consequences would allow private developers to take the opportunity in initiating waterfront development, especially for mixed development purposes. The actions taken by the local developer may benefit the development progress of local waterfront and bring more possibilities of incorporating flood-resilient elements.

As briefly discussed in the previous chapter, the primary responsibility of flood risk intervention in Malaysia have been monitored by the Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) that mainly consists of engineers. This study would seek the different possibilities of other experts that would contribute to creating a more humanistic intervention. Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA),2018 in one of the online notes suggests that government and construction industry shall work together to adopt a new approach to design decision making and regulation. The organisation recommended that this collaboration can be achieved through: i.

Increase time spent in an initial stage to develop objectives and generate better options

ii.

Collaborations across department and discipline in early-stage to develop integrated strategies 33

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

iii.

Use strategic modelling to evaluate options on development phase for multiple outcomes

iv.

Post-evaluation of projects for future improvisation

v.

Continuous effort in researching and learning from relevant data These suggestions conclude that relevant experts in the built industry

environment shall take part in sharing their knowledge and skills in the respective field.

The shared contribution would allow innovative approach the ideation of flood-resilient development that would bring benefits for financial, social and environmental sectors of urban development.

While experts and financial contributors are regarded as core stakeholders in developing flood-resilient waterfront as solutions towards flood risk, consideration towards public community shall be highlighted as a crucial objective as they are the main target-user of the flood-resilient development. Bjarke Ingels Architects in The BIG U design reports introduced the concept of “tailored resiliency” where core concept of designing for flood protection is not only to provide a barrier but rather an act of enhancement and empowerment for the social and urban condition. The firm highlighted that community, and the environment shall be the ultimate end-user of a resilient development; thus, their opinion must be taken into account.

Figure 2.5 - Tailored Resiliency BIG TEAM, 2014

34

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

From these reviews, it could be concluded that different stakeholder involvement must be address as part of factors that influence the design decision and consideration as different stakeholder contributes towards flood-resilient intervention development.

2.7

Design Strategies Intervention as Resiliency Approach Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 – 2030 (UNISDR, 2015)

has been the universal guide in the recent decade to achieve a resilient future that could reduce the vulnerability of disaster risk holistically. The Framework consist of 4 main priorities:

Proprity 1 : Understranding Disaster Risk Priority 2 : Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance Priority 3 : Investment in disaster risk reduction for resilience Priority 4 : Enhancing Disaster Preparedness Figure 2.6 Priorities of Disaster Risk Reduction Framework (UNISDR, 2015) In priority 3, point (c) of the SFDRR highlighted the agenda of strengthening related disaster-resilient public and private investments, specifically through structural and non-structural functional disaster risk prevention and reduction measures in facilities.

This statement indicates the importance of enhancing resiliency that focuses on a design-related intervention that can be resolve in architectural and structural scale.

Priority 4 of the Framework also suggests that recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction phase, should be prepared ahead of disaster as a promotion of resiliency in new and existing critical development. This priority suggests that disaster preparedness shall be considered and the possible future scenario shall be “designed” and estimated beforehand. Both priorities further highlight the scope of resiliency through design intervention as an essential stage.

35

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

2.7.1

Design Principles

The key to designing a resiliency approach lies with few design principles that ensure the effectiveness of deliverance and execution. (Van Veelen, 2016)highlighted five design principles under the umbrella term of adaptability:

Figure 2.7 - Principle of Resilient Design Author 2020, data adapted from (Van Veelen, 2016) These principles shall be the foundation of determining the possible case studies that show-case exemplary solutions to be reviewed in the study. All the design intervention shall apply at least one of the design principles to be considered as an exemplary floodresilient design strategy intervention.

2.7.2

Categories of Design Strategies

Through the principles stated, the study further categorised each exemplary design strategies and intervention into different stages of functional typologies as follows (Van Veelen, 2016): 1. Reducing Hazard Probability (Pre-disaster)

36

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

● Storm Surge Protection: a system of hydraulic construction that would permanently close of water edge to prevent flooding from storm surge. ● Foreland, breakwater and living shorelines: a soft element that acts as a wave breaker and prevents soil erosion at the water edge. A breakwater may consist of an artificially engineered structure while living shoreline consists of natural vegetation or natural stilt-up soil in foreshore which both act as wave dampening mechanism.

2. Reducing Exposure to Flooding (Mid-Disaster) ● Local Flood Defence: usage of flood wall and levees that acts as a physical and visual barrier that obstructs spatial development and block spatial relationship of the water body and urban area through in-between space of the waterfront ● Temporary flood barriers: Adaptable barrier that can be used only during a high risk period of vulnerability. ● Integrated flood solution (IFP): IFP is a system of flood protection that merges active protection (mechanical system such as flood wall) and passive protection (natural barrier such as landscaping and vegetation) method. IFP highlights the importance of spatial planning in the masterplan level to integrate each protection method and element. ● Multifunctional flood defence (MFD): MFD is a flood-prone infrastructure that integrates flood protection with other urban elements such as public infrastructure, housing, recreation facilities and ecological features. MFD conceptually improves the placemaking and accessibility of waterfront as an urban area by integrating multiple function and program. ● Land Elevation: building plots, roads, and public space are raised above flood elevation levels as a traditional means of avoiding the flood from reaching the vertical height of a property. ● On-Site Flood Protection: a flood protection system that is placed around a designated space to prevent the flood from entering the compound. The system may be in the form of permanent such as earth

37

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

berm, concrete floodwall or temporal such as demountable panelled flood wall 3. Reduce Sensitivity to Flooding (Post-Disaster) ● Dry Proofing: a floodproofing method that aims to keep water out from the desired area to a certain level. A common method of dry proofing includes making spatial enclosure impermeable, closing alternative of opening and ventilation vents, installing suck pump and sealing of entry point ● Wet Proofing: A proofing method that intentionally allows some part of the structure to be flooded by equalizing hydrostatic pressure and utilising floodproofing material. The extend of this strategy includes raising critical service above designated flood level, using flood resisting finishes on spatial surfaces and providing sufficient opening for water influx and exit point.

This categorization would serve as a guideline and parameters in comparing different case study in this research. The comparison would illustrate insights on which of the method is often used by each different case study for anticipated effectiveness in reducing flood risk.

38

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction to chapter

This chapter will be an establishment of the framework to conduct the data finding that is necessary for the analysis. The research methodology is based on the case study that seeks to appraise different design strategies of flood-resilient waterfront development. The data collection method was limited to secondary data, and desk analysis through online means of data findings as the data findings method was restricted due to current imposed Movement Control Order by the government in managing COVID-19 pandemic. The basis of the findings through case study shall be strengthened by online interviews and discussion with the related academic and architectural practitioner that has involved in designing and researching flood-resilient waterfront development.

3.2 Research Approach

The research will be examining the quantitative nature of data to investigate design features that can be analysed through a subjective approach. An appraisal framework is drafted to compare the resiliency design strategies of three related case studies which applied exemplary design features of flood-resilient development.

The appraisal of the design strategies will be further tabulated into different criteria and elements of resiliency based that have been obtained from the literature review and the research framework. Thus, the analysation will be used to speculate the suggestion of design strategies that can be implemented in Malaysian context through discussion and recommendation.

3.3 Data Collection Method

The study will comprise of two different parts as below:

39

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

3.3.1

PART A – Desk Analysis of Case Study

The study will revise different flood resilient waterfront from previous existing projects or credible conceptualised idea to establish the comparison framework and parameters

3.3.1.1 Research Parameters i.

Concept and Resilient Principles: Identification of concept and floodresilient principles, including policy enforcement and vernacular consideration (if present) that influences the project ideation and development.

ii.

Design Features: Exploration of the implementation and envisioned design solution and categorization of the features according to stages and type

iii.

Implication: Review on how the design solution address and solve flood risk vulnerability in the proposed site.

iv.

Contribution: Identifying the contribution of the solution towards the humanistic aspect of the urban environment

3.3.1.2 Case Study Criteria Each case study waterfront is selected based on a defined criterion to ensure the research objectives of comparing different design strategies of flood-resilient waterfront are fulfilled: i.

Contextual Situation: Waterfront area with water body adjacency that is vulnerable to flood, either in coastal or riverside area.

ii.

Resilient Intervention: The case study shall apply flood-resilient principles and intervention through design intervention and other elements, as stated in research parameters.

iii.

Humanistic Urban Development: The case study shall not only rely on the structural and engineered-based solution but take into account of humanistic urban development

3.3.1.3 Case Study Subjects Based on the criteria defined, selected case studies are identified to have met to criteria and thus, and shall be analysed further in this research: i.

Vietnamese Mekong Delta Hamlets, Vietnam 40

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

ii.

The Dryline (previously known as Big U), New York, United States

iii.

Cheonggyecheon River Revitalisation, Seoul, South Korea

The identified case studies will be analysed in-depth on the intervention that has been applied to combat or adapt flood vulnerability. The comparison between each design intervention analysed, and research parameters from each case study would fulfil the objective of identifying and comparing different approaches of flood-resilient urban waterfront design strategies through case studies.

3.3.1.4 Comparison Instrument

Each data obtained from the case study will be tabulated to compare different approach done within each project. The instrument of tabulation will be as followed:

i.

Design Principles and Concept on Resiliency

Case Study

Concept on Resiliency Concept and

Flooding Context

Principles Vietnamese

Policy Enforcement

Mekong

Delta The Dryline Cheonggyechong River Revitalisation Table 3.1 Concept Comparison Framework Author, 2020

ii.

Design Features and Categorization

Case Study

Features and Categorization (based on literature review criteria)

41

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Reducing Hazard Reduce Exposure

Reduce Sensitivity

Probability

to Flooding

to Flooding

Vietnamese Mekong Delta The Dryline Cheonggyechong River Revitalisation Table 3.2 Design Features Framework Author, 2020

iii.

Stages of Flood-Resilient Intervention

Case Study

Stages of Intervention Mitigation Preparedness Adaptation

Vietnamese

Recovery

Mekong

Delta The Dryline Cheonggyechong River Revitalisation Figure 3.3 Stages of Flood-Resilient Intervention Comparison Framework Author, 2020

iv.

Contextual Location of Flooding

Case Study

Waterfront type Coastal

Vietnamese

Riverside

Mekong

Delta The Dryline Cheonggyechong River Revitalisation Figure 3.4 Contextual Location Comparison Framework Author, 2020 42

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

v.

Stakeholder Involvement and participation

Case Study

Stakeholder Involvement and Participation Government Developer

Consultant

Public Community

Vietnamese Mekong Delta The Dryline Cheonggyechong River Revitalisation

Figure 3.5 Stakeholder Comparison Framework Author, 2020

3.3.2

PART B - Interview The data obtained from case study comparison would be strengthened with an

interview from the related individual in the built environment industry. The main objective of the interview is to discuss primary insight on flood-resilience development in Malaysian context and the possibilities of implementation through discussion. The data gathered may be expected to be open-ended according to respondent point of view on the topic. However, the course of the interview will be guided based on defined criteria and parameters.

3.3.2.1 Research Parameters

Research parameters for the interview are: i.

Issue: Flooding or resilient development issue that has been addressed in their projects or experience concerning the local context

ii.

Solutions: Intervention that has been made or proposed to tackle the issues of flood vulnerability

iii.

Possibilities: Suggestions on implementation of flood-resilient development in the Malaysian context.

43

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

3.3.2.2 Respondent Selection Criteria

Potential respondents are identified to be interviewed based on a set of criteria to ensure an efficient and viable exchange of information on the topic is achieved. The criteria defined for the interview are as follows: i.

Credibility: Interviewee are associated in built-environment industry background in either academia or practising individual

ii.

Experience: Interviewee must have engaged with research, proposal or projects that apply flood-resilient intervention in the scheme to allow further justification and opinions on the topic.

3.3.2.3 Respondent Selected Based on these criteria, the potential individuals were identified and engaged for further interview and discussion on the topic: i.

Hazrini Hassan, architectural student, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Puncak Alam. (representative of winning team in Selangor Maritime Gateway Varsity Competition)

ii.

Fairuz Reza Razali, lecturer, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Puncak Alam/ architectural practitioner / PhD researcher in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) (thesis topic on Resilient Flood Mitigation and Adaptation Urban Design Revitalisation in Sungai Pinang Riverfront, Georgetown, Malaysia.)

3.3.2.4 Interview Questions Instrument

The interview will be held physically or virtually through an online platform according to interviewee preferences. Format for the interview will be based on an open-ended answer based on the defined question as per instrument below:

PART A: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND i.

Introduction on researcher background and purpose of the study

ii.

A brief explanation of the research topic and objective of the topic

44

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

iii.

A brief introduction by the interviewee to highlight their background and experience in the related industry.

PART B: PROJECT BACKGROUND ON FLOOD RESILIENT SCHEME/ RESEARCH i.

Introduction on related project/research by the interviewee

ii.

The issue addressed on flooding or resilient development in design scheme/research

iii.

Concept and design approach has been taken for the scheme/ research

PART C: FLOOD RESILIENT DESIGN SCHEME/ RESEARCH DETAIL i.

Discussion on flood or flood-resilient development issue of related project/research and the existing invention of resiliency

ii.

Design Strategies and Features that have been applied or studied in each respective project/research

iii.

Future implementation and possibilities

PART D: CONCLUSION i.

Discussion and recommendation

3.3.3 PART C - Speculation Framework

After reviewing the case study data and points discussed from the interview, a crossreference framework is establish to deduce speculation on the potentials of implementing flood-resilient intervention in Malaysia:

Points

of Interview

Speculations

Case Study Data

Discussion Points

Deduced Speculation

Figure 3.6 Speculation Framework Author, 2020 3.4

Limitations The limiting factors of the study comprise of several inevitable circumstances.

The main limitation of the study is the dependency of secondary data of findings that would be synthesized throughout the study. Relevant data would predominantly rely on 45

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

official records from respective authorities that depend on their accuracy of establishing credible data.

Lack of fieldwork engagement would also impose a limitation to the study due to the government’s emergency policy of Movement Control Order towards managing COVID-19 pandemic. No direct engagement with the contextual situation waterfront development would impose difficulty in providing clear insights into flood-resilient implementation in the local built environment industry.

It is also a limitation to find the existing stakeholder that has to involve in designing flood resilience development and gaining the permission to be interviewed, especially among developers and state authorities due to confidentiality and privacy of information.

3.5 Procedure Summary:

Figure 3.6 Research Procedure Author, 2020 46

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

3.6

Time Schedule MARCH 1 2

3

APRIL 4

1 2

3

MAY 4

1 2

JUNE 3

4

1 2

JULY 3

4

1 2 3

4

Introduction Literature Review Methods Data Collection Findings/ Results Conclusion First Draft Final Draft Final Repository

Table 3.7 Time Schedule Author, 2020

47

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS & FINDINGS 4.1

Introduction This chapter presents the data collected throughout the case study on a credible

design proposal that applied flood-resilient design strategies. Three case studies were analysed with each corresponds to different context and stages of resiliency, respectively. Each design features are analysed and synthesised according to research parameters, as stated in Chapter 3. The qualitative nature of data collected from each case study are obtained from the past academic journal, official design report of a related architecture firm and other credible articles.

The findings are further enhanced from an online interview with the student and architectural practitioner that have involved in designing and proposing flood-resilient waterfront development.

4.2

Desk Analysis

4.2.1

Waterfront hamlets of Vinh Ah and Ha Bao, Vietnamese Mekong Delta

Mekong river that is the longest river in South East Asia is prone to seasonal flooding that occurs in monsoon season. Naturally, 12000 – 19000 km2 of the area along the river delta is flooded during the season. The case study taken is based on previous research done by (Liao, 2019) that have studied the local vernacular design strategies of the neighbourhood in Vinh Ah and Ha Bao provinces that is located along the Mekong River.

4.2.1.1 Flood Situation in Vietnamese Mekong Delta

Flood in the region brings both positive and negative impact for the environment and social economy of the local. To the locals, the flood is regarded as the source of domestic water uses and agricultural irrigation. Local fishers considered flooding season as the income season where extra fishes are brought along the flooded field to

48

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

be harvested. In the local community of the region, the flood is categorised into three different situations: 1.

moderate flood (lu vua)

2.

small flood (lu nho)

3.

high flood (lu lon)

4.2.1.2 Concept of Living with Water Lifestyle – Vernacular Design Strategies

The flood resilience being analysed in this case study is focus on the adaptation method or design intervention that provide the ability to remain undamaged and functional when flooded. Flood adaption contrasted flood control that seeks to change the condition of flooding, where adaptation tries to fit the predicted possible situation of flooding without the attempt to change it.

This concept of resilient can be vastly found in the vernacular architectural typologies that have been suited to the lifestyle of locals among the Mekong Delta.

However, modern lifestyle has diminished the application of the adaptation with modern typologies. The data based on primary research finds the concept flood adaptation in MVD vernacular concept to contrast the Vietnam Government initiative of Living with Flood Resettlement Program in 1996, which focus on relocating affected local from the flood zone. The program has built more than 1,000 resettlement clusters (RCs) for the 200,000 households and 1 million people previously living in the now permanently flooded areas.

This case study highlighted the vernacular living-with-flood concept and design strategies that were being practised by the locals among Vinh Ah and Ha Bao waterfront hamlets based on the previous study by (Liao, 2019)

49

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

4.2.1.3 Feature 1: Stilt house (San)

Figure 4.1 Stilt House – Flooding Author, 2020

Figure 4.2 Stilt House (non -flooding situation) author, 2020 Locally known as Nha san, majority of houses and infrastructure in the area encompass stilt construction that is made from bamboo or wood. Contemporary stilts structure adapts concrete and durable granite as a construction material. The primary reason for building on a stilt is to gain higher building and space elevation than the flood level. The flood in 2000 that recorded the highest floodwater level has induced most household to raise the house more than 2 meters elevation above ground level.

50

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Figure 4.3 Stilt House - Ventilated Gap author, 2020 The floor is made in a panel system to enhance ventilation and reduce the force of wave against the floor during a stormy high flood. The gap between panels allows floodwater to quickly drained the aftermath of the storm.

Figure 4.4 Stilt House - Household Storage author, 2020

51

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Figure 4.5 Stilt House - Socializing Space author 2020 The space beneath the floor is used in the dry season for multi-purposes such as storage, gathering spaces or poultry. The area would be shaded during the daytime and provide comfort for the users, considering the hot and humid tropical climate. The locals would often socialise in the area as part of their daily social interaction.

Figure 4.6 Stilt House - Emergency Storage Author, 2020 The san is commonly designed with multi-level shelves so that during the seasonal flood, higher-level shelves can be used as a secured storage platform. This platform can easily be accessed from the upper floor and reachable by incoming rescue boats.

52

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

4.2.1.4 Feature 2: Water-friendly Accessibility

Figure 4.7 Makeshift Bridge - Non-Flooding Author, 2020

Figure 4.8 Makeshift Bridge - Flooding Author, 2020 Temporary footbridges are commonly used to maintain mobility during flooding season. Motorcycles and bicycle are major transportation types during dry season whereas boats are dispatched during flooding. 80% - 90% of households in the area own a boat, and most locals are trained to paddle the boat at the age of 9 to 10 years old.

While narrow alleys are unsuitable for boat navigation, the footbridges are a convenient means of access for both vehicular and mass movement for short-distance trips and low to moderate water level.

53

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

The footbridge also serves as another purpose to avoid soil erosion of the dirt road at ground level. In Hao Bao, many makeshift footbridges are constructed with monkey bridge (Cau Khi) as the popular typologies for its structural simplicity. The footbridges in Hao Bao are commonly built along the alley to connect road and dike.

Figure 4.9 Makeshift Bridge - Urban fabric Author, 2020 In Vinh Ah, the footbridges serve as the urban fabric that connects the housing neighbourhood and local stores. Simple construction materials such as bamboo are used while more durable material will be used in the following year. Permanent footbridges are also constructed on large plot, particularly in Hao Bao.

Figure 4.10 Makeshift Bridge - Water Access, Author, 2020 During times of high flooding, the void in between make-shift bridge and building will be flooded thus enabling water transportation to be used for emergency and access. This consideration of water access is a practical intervention of the emergency stage of flood management and is anticipated to allow efficient transportation of evacuates and aid for rescue.

54

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

4.2.2

Dryline (The Big U), Manhattan, NYC by Bjarke Ingels Architects

The Dryline (formerly known as The Big U) is an ongoing waterfront development project in lower Manhattan, New York City. The project proposal is a collaboration between BIG (Bjarke Ingels Group) with One Architecture and several other related consultants through Rebuild By Design initiatives of Hurricane Sandy Task Force and the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).

The project that is the winning proposal seeks to address the structural and environmental vulnerability of waterfront space following the devastating 2012 Hurricane Sandy. The Dryline proposed a protective system around the low-lying topography of Manhattan beginning at West 57th Street, going down to The Battery, and then back up to East 42nd Street that accumulates a total length of 10 miles of development; encompass a dense and vibrant urban area of mix functional typologies.

The proposal consists of a flood-protection system in Southern Manhattan with a series of raised berms and other strategies to create public spaces along the water’s edge. The infrastructural barrier integrates a variety of community functions and programs that foster local commercial, recreational, and cultural activities.

4.2.2.1 Flood situation in Downtown Manhattan – Sandy Hurricane

In fall 2012, one of the most devastating hurricanes in the decade hits the East Coast of the United States with the wind the originates from The Caribbean. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimated that Sandy Hurricane damaged at least $19 billion in total lost in addition to 305 000 houses being damaged or destroyed, making it among the costliest storms in U.S. history.

55

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

The superstorms hit massively in the coastal area of New York and New Jersey. This disaster causes parts of New York, especially in Lower Manhattan, where the project is proposed, Brooklyn and Staten Island were flooded severely, thus causing temporary paralysis of the city’s power system. Overestimated 8 million people lost electrical power access, and the outages were going for several days in a major city.

Battery park recorded water surge of 13.88 ft, and seven subway tunnels under East River were flooded.

Figure 4.11 High Water Events in Lower Manhattan (NYC.gov retrieved from NOAA)

4.2.2.2

Policy and Development Plan (The East Side Coastal Resiliency

Project)

Due to the devastating aftermath of the Sandy, City of New York and the federal government of the United States have jointly funded the coastal protection project of East Side Coastal Resiliency (ESCR) and Lower Manhattan Coastal Resiliency (LMCR) that aimed to reduce flood risk due to flood storm and rising sea water level.

HUD has injected a total of $511 million that includes Rebuild by Design Initiatives in addition to $305 million in capital funding committed to New York City 56

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

to start the first phase of both ESCR and LMCR projects. Through these initiatives, various stakeholders were involved in a partnership to implement the coastal flood protection system, starting with The Dryline as the winning proposal to achieve floodresiliency goal of the urban area.

The City of New York published the Lower Manhattan Climate Resilience Study on March 14, 2019, as part of assessing current and future climate risk and impact on Lower Manhattan flood vulnerability.

Figure 4.12 Masterplan of Lower Manhattan Climate Resilience Study (NYC Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC), 2019)

The proposal seeks to achieve a flood protective system around Manhattan that shall be addressed by the needs and concerns of the community. The project aimed to shield the city against flooding and stormwater surge, following the devastating occurrence of Sandy Hurricane aside from providing social and environmental benefit to the community.

The community engagement profoundly influenced the design process through several public workshops. The BIG team cooperatively worked with LES Ready, an umbrella organisation of 26 community groups to conduct a series of workshop at different location of the neighbourhood.

57

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

4.2.2.3

Design Principles – Tailored Resiliency

In the Design report provided by BIG, the organisation highlighted several vital principles for the Dryline to achieve flood-resiliency that encompass infrastructural and community scale: i. Flood protection is not merely based on infrastructural defence system but integrates the entire neighbourhood and the site into accounts ii. The flood-resiliency design shall be community-driven iii. The system should be compartmentalized and allow the project to be built incrementally iv. Physical resiliency shall be combined with community resiliency v. The requirement of different sectors (housing/transit/energy/urban development) shall be address under one solution Flood protection should integrate community benefit (better open space, better accessibility to housing, jobs and education, lower insurance rates and the possibility for growth) to allow government investment to leverage with local and sectoral funding in Resilient Community District.

4.2.2.4

Feature 1: Big Bench

Figure 4.13 Big Bench – Non-Flooding, Author, 2020

58

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Figure 4.14 Big Bench – Flooding Author, 2020

The exact location of this proposal lies underneath between Brooklyn Bridge and Manhattan Bridge, crossing South Street extending to Chinatown. The microsite issue is the concerns of the Smith House community around the area about losing the view towards the river and blocking light of the waterfront space due to the elevated bridge.

One of 2 alternative solutions to this issue (another being the deployable wall as further discuss in feature 6) is by inserting a system of zigzag 4 feet tall bench underneath the elevated FDR.

Figure 4.15 Big Bench – Urban Nodes and Programs Author, 2020

59

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

This insertion allows the creation of public nodes for socializing, street art event, recreational facilities, skateboarding, and a pool for community activities. This initiative would lead towards enhancing the vibrancy of pedestrian walkway beneath the bridge.

Figure 4.16 Big Bench – Enhancing Pedestrian Experience Author, 2020

The programs introduce the space would allow rejuvenation of the dark-lit public environment beneath the elevated road and thus enhancing the security and surveillance.

The rejuvenation would also enhance pedestrian experience by redefining space with adjacency to the sea.

Figure 4.17 Big Bench – Multi Flood Level Designation Author, 2020 60

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

At the time of flooding, the big bench serves as a protection wall for the floodwater.

The bench is designated to be 4-feet tall based on Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 2050 50 Year Flood Plan that precast the future designated flood level of the area. The deployable wall is proposed to be inserted in-between the Big Bench as a measure to counter the 100 Year Flood Level Plan addressed by FEMA. The deployable wall shall reach 9 feet level from the ground level to achieve height clearance for splash allowance.

Figure 4.18 Big Bench – Cross Section BIG TEAM, 2014 The zig-zag curvature geometry profile of the big bench provides dampening process to the water wave in case of storm surge to minimise the damage done to the public area.

Figure 4.19 Big Bench – Wave Dampening Geometry Author, 2020

61

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

4.2.2.5

Feature 2: Big Berm

Figure 4.20 Big Berm – Non-Flooding Author, 2020

Figure 4.21 Big Berm – Flooding Author, 2020 The big berm is a system of the undulating berm that is located between FDR Road and the park. It aimed to protect the neighbourhood from storm surge and rising sea water level. The berm includes of wide ramp and bridge at a frequent interval to allow mass circulation and provide a legible and passive wayfinding corridor to the park.

62

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Figure 4.22 Big Berm – Multi Flood Level Elevation Author, 2020 The berm is densely planted berm to enhance the ambience of the park and create passive social spaces according to the locals’ request. The berm was raised to 9 feet for flood allowance and further raised 8 feet for design flood level of 100 years according to FEMA 2050 100-year flood-plan.

Figure 4.23 Big Berm – Resilient Vegetation Author, 2020

63

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

The usage of various species of planting allows the breaking of the wave during a storm surge. The strategy of planting vegetation would also provide a porous surface on the berm surface to allow hydrological runoff for flood water to discharge. This measures would avoid the water from being accumulated due to lack of absorptive surface. Jogging track, bicycle lane, water activity facilities and street furniture are also inserted along the undulating berm for the vibrancy of activities and programmes. The vibrancy of programmes would stimulate the social interaction and turned the berm park as an attraction towards the city.

Figure 4.24 Big Berm – Urban Park Programme Author, 2020 The proposal seeks to set up a future framework to extend the berm, covering the whole LDR Road as contiguous park space. The current financial and complex construction limitation only enable the berm to be built in-park. The berm is graded as an earthen levee berm that creates low slope ramps up to the bridge crossing. Earthen berm usage is maximised due to its relatively low cost compared to other protection structure and thus, saving construction cost.

64

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Figure 4.25 Big Berm – Cross Section BIG TEAM, 2014

Figure 4.26 Big Berm – Masterplan BIG TEAM, 2014

4.2.2.6

Feature 3 : Harbour Berm (Reverse Aquarium)

Figure 4.27 Harbour Berm – Reverse Aquarium Author, 2020 This approach tends to achieve flood-resiliency beyond an active system that involves communal resilience of flooding through education and awareness (programmatic). The site is in dilapidated waterfront compound of Coast Guard Site at 1 South Street. The local management has expressed their concern for this project to be community-friendly rather than being left isolated.

65

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

BIG has proposed that the site is perfect for the Museum of Ecology And Economy of New York and a Middle School for the New York Harbour School due to its adjacent proximity with the waterbody and accessibility from Battery Park. The museum is dedicated to raise public awareness on climate change. The museum provides views towards the harbour as well as containing the feature - the Reverse Aquarium.

Figure 4.28 Reverse Aquarium Architectural Feature Author, 2020 The structure consists of water-tight marine grade glass structure that is placed on the water edge to a designated below sea water level. This strategy enables the user inside to feel being partially submerged inside the water. The experience of the user towards sea vista is further enhanced by marking on the glass to indicate the floodwater level. The various flood level indication on the glass allows the user to observe tidal variation, thus induce the awareness towards future flood risk due to rising seawater level. The exhibition space reaches a total height of 40 feet tall, making an elevated impression of the vista upon arrival to enhance the experience.

66

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Figure 4.29 Reverse Aquarium – Cross Section BIG TEAM, 2014

Figure 4.30 Reverse Aquarium – Interior Perspective BIG TEAM, 2014

Figure 4.31 Reverse Aquarium – Green Roof Author, 2020 The roof area of the museum is turned into an artificial hill with the usage of the green roof. The hill provides an opportunity of attraction as a waterfront park with greeneries and vista towards the sea. The green roof also serves as a porous surface to allow efficient water discharge to drainage and avoid the accumulation of floodwater.

67

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

4.2.2.7

Feature 4: Landscape Berm

The artificially elevated berm is used again in the southern tip of the masterplan to turn the place as an urban attraction. The low-lying site of the Battery Park City is considered to houses of the city and global financial assets with a direct connection to the financial district of Manhattan. The battery park berm system consists of several continuous public spaces that linked each other with different design intervention.

The first one is an elevated pedestrian promenade along the tip of South Street that provides sufficient elevation to protect against flooding. The elevation also enables the pedestrian and user of the public realm to notice the condition of water level from a distance, thus creating subconscious perception and preparedness for risk of flooding.

Along the promenade, several permanent oval pavilions are inserted to house permanent programs to the community. The pavilion is anchored to sturdy central flood walls that contain deployable pocket door in time of flooding as a means of protection.

The Battery Park Berm consist of curved augmented natural topography to form a continuous levee berm that stretches along the park as a natural flood defence system as per discussed in the Big Berm. The berm also serves as visual interest and enhance the vibrancy of the park. The Battery Berm connects the elevated Battery Park to the west, thus allowing easy access from commercial districts to recreational park.

4.2.2.8

Feature 5: Deployable Wall

Figure 4.32 Deployable Wall – Non-Flooding Author, 2020

68

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Figure 4.33 Deployable Wall – Flooding Author, 2020 Among strategies that are being implemented throughout the scheme includes the insertion of a Deployable wall as a flood-protection system. One of the usages of

the deployable wall is as an alternative solution for the Big Bench along the underside of the FDR Drive.

Figure 4.34 Deployable Wall – Flappable Wall Author, 2020 The deployable walls will be attached underside the bridges with the preparedness to be flipped down in times of flooding to avoid floodwater from entering inner districts.

69

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

The underside areas of the bridge are expected to be damaged worst based on Sandy Hurricane precedent.

Figure 4.35 Deployable Wall – Street Art Author, 2020 When in time of no flooding, the deployable panels will serve as a public art installation, decorated by local artists. This alternative usage allows the visual revitalisation of the previously mundane area of waterfront and further acts as an attraction.

Figure 4.36 Deployable Wall – Light Panel Author, 2020 The panels are integrated with a panel of lighting to provide better surveillance and safety for the dimly natural lighted space, especially during night-time.

70

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Another application of the feature is also being implemented in the South Street Pavilion Series beneath the elevated FDR Road. The oval pavilions are anchored by a sturdy central flood wall that houses temporary market stalls and art exhibition. The floodwall contains pocket flood door that can be deployed in time of flooding to provide a continuous vertical barrier.

Figure 4.37 South Street Deployable Wall – Cross Section BIG TEAM, 2014

Figure 4.38 Deployable Wall Light Panel BIG TEAM, 2014

71

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

4.2.3 Cheonggyecheon River Restoration Programme

Cheonggyecheon stream is located in the heart of downtown Seoul, South Korea that houses key districts for the city’s economic development and innovative hub.

Elevated highway road was built beneath the stream to serves as an artery of urban transportation for the city. Starting in the 1980s, significant changes in the city’s economic scale had led to the obsolescence of the downtown area. More people were migrating to the suburban area for residence due to a more comforting environment and only left the downtown as the business district that focuses on production and business.

As the downtown area failed to adapt to a rapidly changing economic phase, people and businesses started to turn away from the area. Approximately 24.1% decline of business number in downtown was recorded from 1991 to 2000.

4.2.3.1 Concept – urban revitalisation

By considering the natural terrain of the river, Cheonggyecheon stream has been the lowest-lying area of the old downtown with a gently sloped bank to form an extensive basin for rainwater collection thus making the area prone to flooding. Another concern to be considered for the downtown revitalisation is the safety issues imposed by the elevated highway. The structural deterioration and high cost for maintenance became the driving factors of removing the highway to enable the restoration of the Cheonggyecheon River Programme, although the initial plan of government was to reconstruct the elevated highway. The paradigm-shifting of environmental-cautious development started to take place in the late 1990s, and this pioneer the path towards development that focuses on humanity, historical and sustainable value to take place in Seoul.

The local authority drafted the Cheonggyecheon River Restoration as an ultimate goal of urban revitalisation in the downtown area of Seoul that seeks to attract more population and more business activities. The restoration framework consists of several elements: 4.2.1.1Restoration of historical value 4.2.1.2Flood prevention and safety measures 4.2.1.3Sewerage treatment 4.2.1.4Water supply and quality 72

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Although the restoration project was initiated to restore historical and environmental values, flood prevention and management issues become crucial as part of practicality for the project. The initial terrain of the river that is naturally prone to flooding has been utilised to securing the river as designated flood discharge area for the downtown. The municipality had set the designated target flood recurrence interval of 200 years for the design to solve. Another crucial intervention of the policy includes securing the water discharge system by excavating the underneath of both banks.

4.2.3.2 Feature 1: Landscape Discharge

Figure 4.39 Landscape Discharge Author, 2020 A considerable amount of underground sewerage was constructed beneath the stream since the river was used traditionally as part of the sewerage system for the city. It was a crucial challenge for the municipality to segregate the sewerage system and rainwater collection separately; thus, the decision was to adapt to the double-box system.

Unpolluted rainwater will be discharged to the stream at times of overflow, and highly polluted water would be segregated into the separate pipeline while the sewerage will be treated as a combined system.

73

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Figure 4.40 Underground Discharge Author, 2020 The usage of resilient vegetation was mainly as part of an ecological conservation area.

Native willow swamps, shallows and marshes were added to 29 different locations along the river to provide breeding habitat for fish, amphibians, insects and bird.

However, by synthesizing the data from literature study, it can be deduced that the usage of vegetation helps to improve flood-resiliency in reducing the hazard probability.

The soil and vegetation would provide a more porous surface to allow faster discharge of torrential rain, thus avoiding possibilities of faster accumulation of rainwater that would lead to flooding. The vegetation would also help to counter shore erosion at the natural edge of the river during high water level.

Figure 4.41 Flood Level Elevation Author, 2020 74

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

The vegetation embankment was constructed at a higher level to provide sufficient allowance height of 200-year flooding level from entering the public realm.

However, the initial width of the stream was too narrow to create a desired gradual slope to the ground level. The municipality had to negotiate with public sectors that own properties surround the vicinity of the stream. When the private landowners hand over the land for public usage, the municipality provides an incentive to allow the landowner to develop with higher plot ratio and density. In other words, the municipality secured horizontal public space while allowing more development vertically.

Figure 4.42 Park Ambiance Author, 2020 The landscape vegetation provides an attractive ambience of the waterfront area as an urban park. In the 2013 survey, 89% of respondents were on the fence or satisfied with the walking trail along the stream. Another intangible achievement of the restoration projects includes enhancing citizen’s awareness of the value of the natural environment. According to a survey on citizens' willingness to fund a river restoration project, the annual economic value of a natural stream appreciated by the citizens jumped from KRW 20,226 to 37,724 per household.

75

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

4.2.3.3

Feature 2: Stone Bridge

Figure 4.43 Steppingstone bridge Author, 2020 Natural stone bridges are inserted in various points of the river stream to create a pedestrian linkage between 2 banks that crosses the stream at shallow water level.

This unique feature provides direct engagement to water bodies for the pedestrian as opposed to a conventional linkage that usually comes in the form of an overhead bridge.

Figure 4.44 Steppingstone bridge – pedestrian linkage Author, 2020

Figure 4.45 Steppingstone bridge – water speed regulator Author, 2020 76

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

The feature serves as water speed regulator that dampened high-speed water when moving from high area to low lying area. The natural sound produced by the barrier also masked the hustling noise pollution from the neighbouring vehicular road and provided a more natural ambience.

4.2.3.4 Feature 3: Geometry Streamline

Figure 4.46 Geometry Streamline Author, 2020 The form of the river was transformed as it stretches from the central area of Seoul to the Han river where it is integrated as part of the urban theatre. The design intervention was intended to make the river more natural by replicating streamline geometry.

Figure 4.47 Wave Dampening Geometry Author, 2020 77

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

The water edge regulates water speed by using curvilinear geometrical integration on the shoreline that consists of the multi layered slab. This approach is considered a preparedness stage that is capable of reducing the probability of flooding.

Figure 4.48 Event Space Author, 2020 The slabs were arranged in a staggering layer to provide seating space during the time of low water level for public usage. In a 2013 survey, 59.6% of respondents indicated that the river restoration project provides a place to relax in the urban environment. Cheonggyecheon also became a venue for diverse cultural events: 259 events were hosted in 2005-2007. The linear park is fully integrated into Seoul’s urban fabric and host art installation, exhibition and festival. The park is brimming with people, even late at night, making the public space an attractive haven.

78

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

4.2.3.5 Feature 4: Terrace Vertical Wall

Figure 4.49 Terrace Vertical Wall Author, 2020 The terrace vertical wall feature was introduced to the river restoration as part of public space that provide direct engagement to the public with water body. The terrace wall was inserted at different point across the stream.

Figure 4.50 Terrace Vertical Wall – Dynamic Space Author, 2020 The idea behind the features is achieving an interchangeable space that is created when water level changes periodically from regular time to flooding season. As the water level change, the level of the terrace wall will be partially submerged and reemerge throughout the cycle of water level change. This changes would allow the transformation of pattern towards the spatial accessibility as the visitor can access a different level of the terrace at different time. As the subject is further synthesised, this 79

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

type of engagement would passively induce environmental consciousness for the raising of flood risk by observing the changes in water level in the long run.

Figure 4.51 Terrace Vertical Wall – Artificial Marsh Author, 2020 Artificial Marsh plantation was inserted alongside the vertical wall to reduce river shore erosion further and provide natural ambience. The juxtaposition of human-made feature and natural plantation would create a unique value to the urban space aesthetic.

Figure 4.52 Terrace Vertical Wall – Direct Water Engagement

Author, 2020 In the time of no flood occurrence, the terrace wall can be utilised as a seating area for socialising and thus, creating a vibrant urban space.

80

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

4.3

Interview

The data analysed from the desk study has identified different strategies that are being used in other waterfront developments. Two interviews were conducted with a student and academician/ architectural practitioner that has direct experience of proposing and researching flood-resilient waterfront development in the Malaysian context. The discussed points throughout the interview will be used as a basis to speculate the potentials of implementing the flood-resilient intervention in Malaysia.

4.3.1. Selangor Maritime Gateway winning proposal by Hazrini Hassan

To further study the flood-resilience design strategies and its implementation opportunity in Malaysia context, a video-conference interview was conducted with a representative of the winning team from Universiti Teknologi Mara for Klang Island Reinvigoration Conceptual Design Competition under Selangor Maritime Gateway Project. Selangor Maritime Gateway project is intended to be the extension of River of Life rehabilitation programme that extends towards the Klang River estuary, crossing several flooding hotspots along the river. The interview seeks to identify the approach that was taken by the team in designing the flood solution.

4.3.1.1 Background of Respondent and Project

Hazrini Binti Hassan, a semester three student of Master of Architecture in Uitm Puncak Alam was chosen as the sample for the interview. She was the responsible individual that involved in researching and designing the flood-resilience issues and solution as part of the whole design proposal.

The design competition was adapted into the design brief for design subject that focuses on urbanism study. The studio lecturer and advisor, Associate Prof

Dr

Esmawee Hj Endut, took this initiative to integrate teaching syllabus and hands-on experience of designing masterplan proposal.

The team approach was divided into seven main themes or programme that focus on different segments of urbanism. The seven themes were derived from complementing the Menteri Besar Selangor Incorporation’s (MBI) vision; to develop a sustainable waterfront development at the gateway of Klang River. The overall scheme 81

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

is designated to be implemented in exponential behaviour toward three different phases that each different time interval: 2035, 2050 and 2075.

The whole masterplan encompasses a 400-acre wide land that consists of several islands including Pulau Klang, Pulau Ketam and Pulau Tengah. The islands are mostly made up of mangrove forest ecosystem, and only a few local communities inhibit the area that mainly located in Pulau Ketam. The brief requires the ratio of development are limited within 20% while the other 80% shall be preserved for the mangrove ecology system.

4.3.1.2 Flood Issue and Concept in Klang Island

To be envisioned by 2075, the scheme that was proposed by Hazrini seeks to solve the issue of rising seawater level in an exponential time-based consideration through the marriage of maritime educational and entertainment dogma. The maritime sustainability factors and challenges of the site and community were highlighted as the focus to be resolve with the scheme proposal. The issue argument was strongly influenced by the current United Nations vision of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) that were adopted by all United Nations members in 2015, including Malaysia to promote peace and prosperity and tackling the issue of climatic change. Under the agenda, UN outlined clause 14 of the goals as the Life Under Water that seeks to improvise sustainable maritime development.

The study made by Hazrini has highlighted that majority of urban coastal site will be facing severe seawater level rises by the year 2030. It is predicted by that year, 40% of Jakarta’s land will be submerged underwater. To further analyse the future condition, a hydrological study of the site was conducted, with the data provided by NASA database, to identify the rate of change in water level for Klang Island throughout the year of 2040 until 2100. She synthesised the hydrological study through 3 stages of hydrological model:

82

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Figure 4.53 Hydrological Model of Klang Island Hazrini, 2019 (retrieved from NASA website)

In conclusion to the study, it is expected that the site of the proposal will be facing a devastating sea water level rises in the 100-year interval; thus, expecting the surge of flooding disaster towards the area.

By resolving the issue as stated above, the concept of Tanah Air was introduced as the proposal of reclaiming water body as an opportunity for sustainable development.

The integration of water bodies was maximised into macro planning. Hazrini also introduced the concept of enduring versus flighting, that focus on achieving adaptability and flexibility towards living with water and flood condition, rather than providing uncertain solution towards solving the issue of flooding. This concept was heavily influenced by Bjarke Ingels hedonistic sustainability theory that idealises sustainability development as a pleasurable product, rather than a sacrification of an enjoyable life for the benefit of the environment.

This concept negates the typical stereotype of contextualising sustainability as an obligation to preserve the natural environment that beholds advance technological development. Hedonistic sustainability brought the idea of injecting enjoyment and pleasure towards experiencing the sustainable design and clean technology. Among the example of hedonistic sustainability, the application can be found in recent work by Bjarke Ingel Architects (BIG) which is Copenhagen Harbor that serves safe swimming area in Copenhagen’s Port and Amager Power Plant that inserts functional ski slope on top of the facility pumping out clean air. The main agenda of this idea is to promote public engagement towards climate-conscious design.

83

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

4.3.1.3 Design Intervention in Masterplanning Scale:

Figure 4.54 Hyd[re]silience Masterplan Hazrini, 2019

Figure 4.55 Aquapolis and Habidatum site plan Hazrini, 2019

With the concept and objective of adaptable and sustainable maritime development, three major design intervention strategies were proposed: 1. RESHAPE: Majority of the coastal area that has potential water access were determined as being proposed to be reshaped into specific curvilinear geometry for wave dampening. This geometrical reshaping can be seen in Aquapolis; residential 84

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

zoning lies on top of the hydrological surface where the wave dampening mechanism is crucial.

2. INTRODUCE TO WATER: The water body within the site compound is optimised for development. This approach seeks to explore how water bodies can be perceived as an opportunity for adaptation, rather than a challenge. Some core programs were proposed to be built on top of the water body, such as aquapolis (3) and habidatum (5). Both of the zonings adapts the concept of amphibious living; water is utilised as a resource for development as opposed to constructing on land.

3. BRING WATER TO INSIDE: Some part of the coastal area is adapted to bring more water element to the interior environment for a programmatic purpose. The programs introduced shall provide active interaction between the public and the programs that consist of water activities such as Marine Biology and Ecosystem Institute (1).

4.3.1.4 Design Intervention in Architectural Typology Scale In the proposal, Hazrini briefly elaborated on the typologies of a housing scheme that is envisioned for amphibious living. The housing typologies were divided into three different categories that each have different function and contextual usage.

1. Landed House: Conventional landed housing scheme were proposed onland that has a minimal threat to flooding and rise of water level.

Figure 4.56 Landed Housing Typologies Hazrini, 2019

85

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

2. Floating House: The housing scheme for an adjacent site that is prone to flooding and sea level rises are elevated to designated height to avoid the flood from flooding in the designated interval.

Figure 4.57 Floating Housing Typologies Hazrini, 2019

3. Submerge House: Adaptation principles are used to accommodate the housing scheme to be accustomed to flooding. The scheme proposed this new type of housing to be submerged with floodwater due to sea-level rise through material proofing and design intervention to create a new ambience of living inside water.

Figure 4.58 Submerged Housing Typologies Hazrini, 2019

86

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

4.3.2 PhD Research on Flood Mitigation - Mr Fairuz Reza

To further strengthen the understanding of the flood-resilient design strategies in waterfront, it is important to get insights from the industry practitioner that have been involved in the industry and have involved in related flood-resilience development project or research. An architectural and academic-practitioner that is actively researching flood-resilient mitigation urban design was interviewed for further information and in-depth comprehension of the contextual situation of flood-resilient development in the Malaysian context.

4.3.2.1 Background of Respondent And PhD Study

An educator in Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam and architectural practitioner, Mr Fairuz Reza Razali is currently conducting PhD research in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia that entitled Resilient Flood Mitigation and Adaptation Urban Design Revitalisation in Sungai Pinang Riverfront, Georgetown, Malaysia. The research is centring on developing resilient flood mitigation model that will be proposed on the ongoing development of Sungai Pinang Waterfront by Penang State Government.

His research focuses on the urban design of flood-proof and adaptation strategies and the opportunities for implementation in waterfront river development, specifically in Sungai Pinang. The research is a collaboration between the researcher and local agencies that are directly involved in the Sungai Pinang Mitigation Project and other agencies that participated in local waterfront development such as River of Life and Selangor Maritime Gateway. The whole research is planned to be three years and a quarter long for five different phases of implementation; from data collection to producing prototypes for the flood-mitigation model. The contextual scope of the study focuses on adapting the rejuvenation and flood-mitigation principle of river waterfront.

4.3.2.2 Flood- Resilient Intervention Categorisation

Mr Fairuz had categorized different types of flood resilient strategies and intervention according to the respective nature of the strategies as the first step of defining possible intervention strategy: 87

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

1. Natural -Based Method: Intervention by the natural diversity of flora and fauna that focus on preserving and utilising the natural element of the river.

This intervention would allow positive environmental value to the urban environment and almost no cost is needed as structural construction is absent. However, the feature practicality is doubted for the capacity that it can endure when considering massive rainfall in the Malaysian climatic context, and maintenance consideration is quite challenging.

2. Engineering-Based Method: Man-made intervention that focuses on the flood-combating mechanism by using a technological application such as waterways, hydraulic conveyance, sewerage and drainage. While the intervention of engineered based is may be effective in reducing flood risk, the positive environmental development and humanistic contribution towards the urban environment in the long-term application.

3.

Hybrid-Based/ Mitigation + Adaptation: Hybrid based method combines both interventions to be the in-between point between natural and engineered based intervention. This kind of intervention is expected to be effective towards mitigating flood risk and at the same time, contributes to the sustainable and humanistic urban development. The application of this method, however, requires higher cost and longer time to be well developed and executed in the industry. More time is needed in the design phase to ensure the benefits can be well utilised towards combating flood and catalysing sustainable urban development.

4.3.2.3 Flood-Resilient Development Situation in Recent Decades in Malaysian Built Environment Industry:

One of the critical discussions that were highlighted during the interview is regarding the contextual scenario of recent flood-mitigation development in Malaysia.

Since 1960, flood-mitigation have been prioritised and managed by the Drainage and Irrigation Department (DID). DID that mainly consists of engineer have become the key figure in resolving flood issues in Malaysia through various river and drainage system that is heavily based on engineering intervention. This effort, however, seems to be ineffective in recent years due to the statistics of flood issue that continue to rise in the country. The solution is also speculated to be unsustainable for human 88

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

development and urban condition improvement. The design implementation is unlikely to encompass humanistic, ecological and sustainable development.

Existing solutions that have been anticipated to be efficient such as SMART tunnel, flood gates and levee cannot be appreciated by the public thus becomes a wasted opportunity towards social development in the urban environment. In his research, Mr Fairuz Reza aimed to proposed different intervention than a conventional engineeredbased solution to demonstrate that flood resilient development can be integrated into more humanistic approach rather than structural emphasis that have been implemented in Malaysia for decades.

4.4

Comparative Analysis

Comparative analysis between each case study seeks to identify different categorization and approach in a different contextual application based on defined resiliency factors as described in the research framework. The comparison would further provide insights and comprehension for future references in researching or implementing flood-resilience waterfront development.

89

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

4.4.1 Design Principles and Concept on Resiliency

Case Study

Concept on Resiliency Concept and Principles

Flooding Context

Policy Enforcement

Vietnamese Mekong Delta

Adjustability – living with water lifestyle

Monsoon river flooding with three different scales of Local knowledge and expertise as a vernacular lifestyle of the community flood

The Dryline

Convertibility – tailored resilience for the community

Coastal flooding with the vulnerability of storm surge East Side Coastal Resiliency (ESCR) and Lower Manhattan Coastal Resiliency (LMCR) by New York such as Hurricane Sandy City Council and Federal Government of United States

Cheonggyecheon River Revitalisation

Convertibility – urban River flooding due to the low-lying area of the revitalisation as a flood defence stream vicinity mechanism

Cheonggyecheon river restoration project by Seoul Municipality to boost economic and social development of downtown, including removal of highway

Expandability – allocation of urban space for flood discharge Table 4.1 Design Principles and Concept of Resiliency Author, 2020

90

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

4.4.2 Design Features and Categorization

Case Study

Features and Categorization (based on literature review criteria) Reducing Hazard Probability

Vietnamese

Reduce Exposure to Flooding

Reduce Sensitivity to Flooding

-local flood defence: stilt house

-dry proofing: an elevated makeshift bridge for accessibility during and

Mekong Delta

The Dryline

after flooding

-living shoreline: big berm as a natural resilient

-multifunctional flood defence (MFD): big bench as elevation

-wet proofing: harbour berm and big bench to be submerged (flood-

mechanism

barrier integrated to the urban programme

proof) in water as sea level rises

-breakwater: big bench and big berm with wave

-Integrated flood solution (IFP): deployable wall as active flood

-community resilient: reverse aquarium through awareness programme

dampening geometry

wall mechanism integrated with the urban programme

on sea level raises

91

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

-land elevation: multi designated elevation based on Hurricane Sandy level 100-year FEMA guideline and splash allowance

Cheonggyecheon

-living shoreline: resilient landscape and

River

vegetation

-land elevation: 200-year flooding level

-wet proofing: vertical terrace wall as dynamic space based on water level raises

Revitalisation

-storm surge protection: stone step as a water

-on-site flood protection: underground discharge system

speed regulator

92

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

-breakwater: wave dampening geometry on the river shoreline

Table 4.2 Design Features Categorization Author, 2020 4.4.3 Stages of Flood-Resilient Intervention

Case Study

Stages of Intervention Mitigation

Preparedness

Adaptation

Recovery

Vietnamese

-structural application to elevate housing and

- space between stilt is utilised as

- emergency storage on the upper part of

-usage of water-friendly accessibility for transportation

Mekong Delta

infrastructure

household storage

stilt panel

the makeshift bridge as evacuating access during flood

93

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

The Dryline

-The flood warning system of a reverse

-Design allocation of flood elevation

aquarium

level

-active mechanism: deployable wall

-Integration of flood defence mechanism with the urban programme to promotes economic and social growth

-Awareness on seawater level rises through architectural feature

-resilient features such as vegetation and

-allocation of the wet-proof public area as

geometrical integration to reduce

flood retaining space

exposure

Cheonggyecheon -Land usage of the surrounding river area as

- Design allocation of flood elevation

River

flood discharge

level

Revitalisation

-water speed regulation by a series of the

- Redundant space dedicated for flood

stone platform

containing area

Underground Stormwater discharge

-Transforming redundant flood retaining area as event space to boost the vibrancy of the urban environment

94

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Table 4.3 Stages of Flood-Resilient Intervention Author, 2020

4.4.4 Contextual Location of Flooding

Case Study

Waterfront type Coastal

Vietnamese

Riverside

Mekong

The neighbourhood surrounding Mekong River Delta

Delta The Dryline

Coastal urban space of eastern, southern Manhattan

Cheonggyechong River

River shore that stretches along with downtown Seoul

Revitalisation Table 4.4 Contextual Location of Flooding Author, 2020

4.4.5 Stakeholder Involvement and participation

Case Study

Stakeholder Involvement and Participation Government

Vietnamese

-To support local development and

Mekong Delta

integration of vernacular development

Developer/ Private Stakeholder

-

Consultant

Public Community

To review, adapt and improve vernacular intervention

-local knowledge sharing and contribution of

into contemporary solutions

vernacular design

into policy The Dryline

-Initiate and finance ECSR and LMCR -Rebuilt by Design: commissioned design -Initiate public engagement as a main priority in the -Actively participating in public workshop and on the federal and regional level

competition for ideas on resiliency approach design stage

-collaborate with another stakeholder to be used and implement in future projects.

- Conduct public workshop, seminar and activities to

to engage the project

collect data for design development

initiative done by other stakeholders.

-Act as the ultimate end-user to benefit from the project.

95

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

- Extensive design development effort to consider various aspect of the technical and social aspect of urbanism Cheonggyecheon -South Korean government and Seoul

Cheonggyecheon

Restoration

River

municipality initiated the project after

Headquarters:

Revitalisation

extensive research on cost and impact

develops the project that involves key various scope of development; flood discharge

research of maintaining the elevated

decision making.

main

stakeholder

Project -Collaborating with different expertise of consultancy Citizen's Committee: managing conflict between that to provide a holistic intervention that encompasses the local authority and merchant’s union

mechanical

highway -Negotiation with a private landowner

system,

landscape

intervention,

architectural design Envisioning

and

prioritising

public

to pass the surrounding vicinity land of experience as the end goal of urban the river in exchange of increase

development

vertical allowance for development Establish several organisations to oversee the projects in private and communal sectors Table 4.5 Stakeholder Involvement and participation Author, 2020

96

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

4.5 Speculation on Possibilities of Intervention Application in Malaysian Context Based on the case study review and interview with local practitioner and students, cross- reference of data and opinions can be made to deduce and speculate the potentials and opportunities in implementing the interventions in the Malaysian context.

Subjects of Speculation

Interview Discussion Points

Case Study Data

Deduced Speculation on Implementation in the Malaysian Context

Increase in Flood Malaysia is facing sea water level rises as studied by Hazrini, The Big U: Integrateted FEMA 100 years flood plan in designing Vulnerability due to and the argument is also stated in the Literature Review that flood elevation level to incorporate sufficient elevation Southeast Asian Countries are susceptible to flooding due to allowance for flood water to reach rising sea level water rising seawater level

The low-lying coastal area shall be revised to have major redevelopment or improvement in existing floodmitigation measures to incorporate the future risk of flooding due to rising seawater level

Data provided by NASA has shown that Klang Island and The Cheonggyecheon River Revitalisation Project is designated Intervention in Malaysian waterfront especially in a surrounding coastline is subject to changing of the coastal line with a flood level elevation of 200 years plan. coastal area should apply future-planning of allocated due to rises in seawater level in the 100-year interval flood level elevation for long term resilience Amphibious Living

Concept of Tanah Air proposed by Hazrini utilised water body as a resource for development. Living with water lifestyle is proposed to be the future lifestyle of Klang Island to adapt to rising sea water level.

1. In the concept of amphibious living, Hazrini highlighted three approaches that can be seen have a similarity with the case study reviewed: i. Reshaping of coastline area to accommodate housing parcel ii. Introduction of several programmes to be developed on the waterbody iii. Allocation of infrastructure to exploit waterbody as programmatic design features

The neighbourhood of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta in the case study has clearly demonstrated the local vernacular style of living with water. The locals designed the housing typologies and public accessibility to accustomed to the local flood and climatic environment through intervention such as structure on stilt.

Design features that apply amphibious living include: i. Wave-Dampening geometry streamline to regulate stormwater surge in Big Bench of Big U and event plaza in Cheonggyecheon Stream ii. Big Bench and Vertical Wall features are anticipated to accommodate floodwater into the public space to during flood thus making the space as interchangeable space iii. Reverse Aquarium features shall utilised sea water level change as a programmatic feature for the Harbor Museum Adaptation principle has become a fundamental principle for the case studies reviewed ; i. redundancies of public space area to allow excess water flow ii. resilient vegetation to provide discharge surface iii. on-stilt platform and water-friendly accessibility to accommodate flood situation.

Endure vs Flight Concept In the discussion, Hazrini pointed out the contradictory nature of intervention between ‘enduring or avoiding’ flood vulnerability. In the existing community in Pulau Ketam, all of the infrastructure and accessibilities were constructed to adapt with a high tide of water level rises. It was thus indicating the endurance principles that have been applied by the local community in enduring flood vulnerabilities instead of avoiding it.

Intervention In his research, Fairuz had categorised flood-mitigation Design features in the case studies that have been reviewed Categorization – interventions into three different types: consists of similar categorization : Defining the suitable i. Natural-Based that use natural elements as a resilient i. Landscaping and vegetation – Big Berm and intervention to be adapted Cheonggyecheon that provide park as a resilient defence defence line line ii. Engineered-Based that emphasise on active and structural intervention to regulate flood

The vernacular typologies of housing in Malaysia, especially in Malay society, have been regarded to be adapted with a tropical flooding situation. Thus, vernacular architectural design principle can be reviewed redefined into modern usage and development.

Amphibious design features that have been proposed by Hazrini opens up possibilities that the approach can be adapted into urban waterfront with more practical solutions have been demonstrated by the current case study.

1. Based on the discussion with Hazrini, avoiding and preventing flood is a common practice in Malaysia. The reviewed adaptable design features and scheme proposed by Hazrini illustrates that waterfront development in Malaysia should incorporate enduring or adapting principles in the future.

Although the intervention has been implemented in Malaysia as stated by Fairuz, extensive research is needed to integrate different types of intervention in development, primarily through a hybrid-based intervention that anticipated to be sustainable and practical compared to other forms.

97

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

iii. Hybrid- Based that consists of combination from both natural and engineered-based interventions

ii. Active mechanical system – BIG U’s deployable wall and Chenoggyechon River Discharge System iii. Big Berm – Integration of natural landscaping and terrace plantation wall as porous surface that provides more discharge surface for flood water

Natural-based intervention that currently exists in Malaysian such as natural mangrove forest in the coastal area is expected to serve as a natural coastal defence mechanism. A detailed study on the effectiveness can be researched to suggest further the opportunity of implementing the features and its principal in the waterfront area.

As Malaysian flood mitigation intervention relies heavily on structural based intervention as stated by Fairuz, an innovative solution such as Big U Deployable Wall that combines street art programme into the flappable wall can be seen as an inspiration. The creative improvement on the engineered-based solution may provide added aesthetical value in the urban environment, thus improving public experience to promotes social growth. Artists in Malaysia can express their art not only in backside street that has become a trend in recent years, but they can also be given the opportunity to flourish the structural intervention of flood-mitigation.

The crucial issue of As discussed with Fairuz, the primary concern regarding The holistic intervention has been illustrated by Bjarke Ingels Collaboration between multi-disciplinary stakeholder for dependency on flood mitigation in the Malaysian context is the significant architects by their initiatives to promote the concept of tailored design-decision making could be further implemented in Engineered-Based resiliency where a wide range of stakeholders was involved in Malaysian flood-mitigation development and dependencies on the engineered-based solution.

Solution the design decision making and development process. management.

Over the recent decades since independent, flood mitigation intervention was mainly executed by DID, which mainly Six months of public seminars were conducted with various While the top-down approach has been dominated the consists of engineers. Based on the annual report by DID, the agencies, consultancies and other public community flood-mitigation development in Malaysia, possibilities on flood mitigation initiatives in recent years only comprises organisation in the Manhattan area to achieve a holistic decision executing the bottom-up approach shall be studied. The active structural intervention such as the levee, floodwall and making that considers all stages of the community will be approach would allow effectiveness in addressing essential tidal gates. benefited. urban experience towards end-user in interventions applied.

Fairuz stated that the intervention would be proposed in his The vernacular intervention in Vietnamese Mekong Delta study seeks to explore other opportunities on what are the hamlets would also demonstrate the other possible intervention other solution that could contribute to humanistic aspects and aside from engineered-based solution. The traditional wisdom provide a better experience for the public community as end- and knowledge on local materiality and construction method are user. anticipated to become accustomed to the flood condition.

Table 4.6 Speculation on Possibilities of Application in the Malaysian Context Author, 2020

98

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion Throughout this study, it can be concluded that the study has identified and reviewed different design strategies from different case studies and compared to different scopes and factors of resiliency. The comparison of different design strategies would allow clear differentiation of contextual application that can be adapt for future reference. The study has also reviewed the precedent flood-resilient design strategies that are anticipated to contributes towards humanistic aspects of urban development.

This proves the argument of flood-resilient development shall not only heavily relies on the structural method of intervention, but able to contribute to humanistic development such as social, economic and phycological development in designated flood defence area of the waterfront.

By comparing different contextual situation and elements of each case studies, different limitations and vulnerability towards flooding can be seen as an opportunity to design a unique solution. For instance, by analysing different monsoon-flood situation of Mekong Delta, a unique design feature of the make-shift bridge that tackles on pedestrian accessibility can be made into a creative flood adaptation intervention and passively formed the urban fabric of the site. This strategy demonstrates that design intervention solution towards flood-vulnerability can be addressed to not only solve flooding issues but also improve the urban condition of a place by enhancing urban elements such as accessibility and robustness for public usage.

The reviewed design strategies are deemed to solve flood vulnerabilities and may have successfully mitigated flood risks. However, further studies can be done to analyse, evaluate and identify the practicality and workability of the designated features for better effectiveness. Potentially, scientific methods can be adopted to obtain definitive data in studying the practicality of the interventions.

Another aspect that can be improved from this study is the feasibility of implementing the reviewed design strategies in Malaysian waterfront context. As mentioned briefly in the study, Malaysia has a viable opportunity to implement floodresilient elements in waterfront development. A detailed feasibility study can be done in the designated flood-prone site in Malaysian waterfront and proposed preferable design features according to the local context. The data analysed in this study could be 99

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

referred to as a suggestive option to implement a flood-resilient feature in the local context. The case study comparison can be used to establish a cross-reference framework through a feasibility study of the local context. The interview that has been conducted with academician has also strengthened the argument of introducing floodresilient development that is oriented towards human-centric goals and reducing the reliability on the structural intervention that has been dominant in flood-mitigation development in Malaysia. Thus, it could be concluded that this study has fulfilled its objectives to suggest a series of exemplary design solutions to be further revised and studied its opportunities to be implemented in Malaysian waterfronts.

Recommendations

The design strategies reviewed from this case opens various possibilities of further research that can be done in enhancing flood-resilience development to be more holistic and sustainable towards urban development.

In the design scope, further research on effectiveness can be conducted systematically on the designated site to prove the practicality and workability of the design features. A detailed method such as flood-modelling and hydrological experimentation can be done by a multidisciplinary collaboration of researcher and related stakeholder. Cooperation between diverse background of different entities such as public community, environmentalist, public health sectors, for instance, would enhance the decision making of the implementing intervention to be human-centric in urban resilience. Comparison of different contextual application of the design features can also be integrated into a designated proposal or scheme of future waterfront development. The diagrammatic features are expected to provide comprehensible information towards future researcher and stakeholder in deciding design strategies that can be adapted into research or development projects. In addition, the visual data are expected to provide better communication with all levels of development that consists of the general public so that they can understand the execution of the designated intervention.

Another aspect is the influence of micro contextual elements towards the efficacy of proposed interventions. An in-depth study on how each design strategies are affected by factors such as topography, the demographic, climatic situation would 100

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

provide a more precise understanding of how unique design intervention of flood vulnerability can be developed. An inversed study can also be done to learn the implication of the design features towards the micro-urban environment.

In other aspects of resilience development, the study would also suggest that existing policy and regulation can be reviewed to promote more sustainable and humancentric flood-mitigation development and intervention. More incentive can be given at the regional and state level of municipality enforcement to encourage more publicengaging research or design decision making to be done with bottom-up oriented to promotes humanistic intervention.

101

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aerts, J. C. J. H., & Botzen, W. J. W. (2011). Flood-resilient waterfront development in New York City: Bridging flood insurance, building codes, and flood zoning.

ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES(Flood-Resilient Waterfront Development in New York City), 1–82.

Al-Shams, A. R., Ngah, K., Zakaria, Z., Noordin, N., Hilmie, M. Z., & Sawal, M. (2013).

Waterfront Development within the Urban Design and Public Space Framework in Malaysia. Asian Social Science, 9(10), 78-87. doi:10.5539/ass.v9n10p77 Amaratunga , D., Haigh, R. P., & Malalgoda, C. (2014). Challenges in Creating a Disaster Resilient Built Environment. Procedia Economics and Finance, 18, 736 – 744. doi:10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00997-6 Architects, B. I. (2014). THE BIG U : Rebuild By Design. Retrieved from http://www.rebuildbydesign.org/our-work/all-proposals/winning-projects/bigu Architects, R. I. o. B. (2018). The value of flood-resilient architectural design.

Retrieved from Batica, J., & Gourbesville, P. (2012). Flood resilience and urban systems: Nice and Taipei case studies. Paper presented at the 2nd European Conference on FLOODrisk Management.

Buslima, F. S., Omar, R. C., Jamaluddin, T. A., & Taha, H. (2018). Flood and Flash Flood Geo-Hazards in Malaysia. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.35), 760-764.

Clemens, M., Pathirana, A., Rijke, J., & Nguyen, H.-Q. N. (2014). Effective Stakeholder Analysis for Urban Flood Resilience in Vietnam Using Design Proposition.

Paper presented at the 13th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Flood. (2020). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press 2020.

Hirabayashi, Y., Mahendran, R., Koirala, S., Konoshima, L., Yamazaki, D., Watanabe, S., & Kim, H. (2013). Global flood risk under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 3, 816–821.

Jabatan Pengairan Dan Saliran, M. (2017). Laporan Tahunan 2017. Retrieved from https://www.water.gov.my/jps/modules_resources/bookshelf/Laporan_Tahuna n_20174/index.html#page/1 Jabatan Pengairan Dan Saliran, M. (2018). Laporan Tahunan 2018. Retrieved from https://www.water.gov.my/jps/modules_resources/bookshelf/Final_Deraf_Lap oran_Tahunan_2018_-_low1/index.html#page/1 Lennon, M., O'Neill, L., & Scott, M. (2014). Urban Design and Adapting to Flood Risk: The Role of Green Infrastructure. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 19(5), 745-758.

Liao, K.-H. (2019). Living with Floods: Ecological Wisdom in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Innovative Approaches to Socio-Ecological Sustainability. In Ecological Wisdom.

Md. Yasin, A., Mcdonagh, J., & Eves, C. (2010). An evolution of waterfront development in Malaysia. Paper presented at the 16Th Pacific Rim Real Estate Society Conference, Wellington. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/48333210_An_evolution_of_waterfr ont_development_in_Malaysia 102

Flood – Resilient Design Strategies Case Study of Urban Waterfront | Hazwan Bin Husain

Menteth, W. (2018). Coastal flood resilience: delivering thriving waterfront cities. The Cork Papers, 80-86.

Mohamad Amin, I. A., & Hashim, H. S. (2014). Disaster Risk Reduction in Malaysian Urban Planning. Malaysian Institute of Planners, XII, 35 - 58.

Mok, O. (2019). Faced with more floods, Penang bumps up Sungai Pinang project to mid-2020.

Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/10/28/faced-with-morefloods-penang-bumps-up-sungai-pinang-project-to-mid-2020/1804483 NYC Lower Manhattan Coastal Resiliency.

Retrieved from https://www1.nyc.gov/site/lmcr/background/background.page Rani, W. N. M. W. M., Kamarudin, K. H., Razak, K. A., & Asmawi, Z. M. (2019).

Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction in Urban Development Plans for Resilient Cities. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science The 1st International Conference on Urban Design and Planning, Semarang, Indonesia.

Resilience. (2020). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press 2020.

Roslan, A. F., Abd Hamid, Z., & Dul, M. N. (2015). Strategic Framework Towards Flood Resilience in Malaysia. Retrieved from Sani, G. D. i., Gasim, M. B., Toriman, M. E., & Abdullahi, M. G. (2014). FLOODS IN MALAYSIA: Historical Reviews, Causes, Effects and Mitigations Approach.

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations, 2(4), 5965.

Thaler, T., & Meike, L.-K. (2015). Multi-level stakeholder engagement in flood risk management—A question of roles and power: Lessons from England.

Environmental Science & Policy, 55, 292-301.

Timur, U. P. (2013). Urban Waterfront Regenerations. In M. Özyavuz (Ed.), Advances in Landscape Architecture.

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 - 2030, (2015).

Van Veelen, P. (2016). Adaptive planning for resilient coastal waterfronts Linking flood risk reduction with urban development in Rotterdam and New York City.

Delft: A+BE | Architecture and the Built Environment. doi:10.7480/abe.2016.19 Walker, B., Holling, C. S., Carpenter, R. S., & Kinzig, A. (2004). Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability in Social–ecological Systems. Ecology and society, 9(2).

Wallemacq, P. (2019). ECONOMIC LOSSES, POVERTY & DISASTER 1998 - 2017.

Retrieved from Wenger, C. (2015). Better use and management of levees: Reducing flood risk in a changing climate. Environmental Reviews, 23(2). doi:10.1139/er-2014-0060 Yatim, B., Mohd, E. T., Maimon, A., Saljimah, S., Ching, Y. C., & Heng, L. y. (2013).

Impact of Climate Change on Flood Risk in the Muar River Basin of Malaysia.

Disaster Advances, 6(10), 11-17.

103