Dissertation report _Harshita Mangal_Role of place identity on Built Environment

DISSERTATION Year: 2020-21 Batch No. 18

ROLE OF PLACE IDENTITY ON BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Undertaken by: Harshita Mangal Enrollment No.: 16E1AAARF40P041 V Year B.Arch (A)

Prof. PUSHPAK BHAGWATI

Prof. ARCHANA SINGH

GUIDE

COORDINATOR

Aayojan School of Architecture ISI-4, RIICO Institutional Block, Sitapura, Jaipur-302022

APPROVAL

The study titled “Role of place identity on Built Environment” is hereby approved

as

an

original

work

of

Harshita

Mangal

enrolment

no.

16E1AAARF40P041 on the approved subject carried out and presented in manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as per the standard laid down by the university. This report has been submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Architecture degree from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.

It is to be understood that the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, any opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose it has been submitted.

12. 12. 2020 Jaipur

Prof. K.S. MAHAJANI EXTERNAL EXAMINER 1

PRINCIPAL

Prof. ARCHANA SINGH EXTERNAL EXAMINER 2

COORDINATOR

i

DECLARATION I, Harshita Mangal, here by solemnly declare that the research work undertaken by me, titled ‘Role of Place identity on Built Environment’ is my original work and wherever I have incorporated any information in the form of photographs, text, data, maps, drawings, etc. from different sources, has been duly acknowledged in my report.

This dissertation has been completed under the supervision of the guide allotted to me by the school. Further, whenever and wherever my work shall be presented or published it will be jointly authored with my guide.

Harshita Mangal V Year B. Arch (A) Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the research titled, Role of Place Identity On Built Environment is a bonafide work by Harshita Mangal of Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur. This research work has been completed under my guidance and supervision in a satisfactory manner. This report has been submitted in partial fulfillment of award of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE degree from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.

This research work fulfills the requirements relating to the nature and standard laid down by the Rajasthan Technical University.

Prof. Pushpak Bhagwati Guide Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am taking this opportunity to share my profound sense of gratitude and the indebtedness of Prof. K.S. Mahajani, my Principal, for providing a suitable atmosphere for healthy learning.

I would like to thank Prof. Dean of Academics and my guide.

Prof. N. S. Rathore for his continued guidance during the project, motivation and support. I'm very grateful to my training coordinator Prof. A.S. Rathore for providing me with this chance to carry out this dissertation and her valuable guidance and time.

I express my deep gratitude to my guide Prof. Pushpak Bhagwati, for his valuable insights, guidance and support. Thank you, for being patient with me.

I wish to thank my family, friends for being a constant motivation and for their valuable inputs.

Thank you, Rachit, Jatan, Anshuman for patiently listening to my rants and always giving me valuable inputs, innovative ideas to relate to, books to read and most importantly for always having faith in me.

I also express my gratitude to my colleagues for their help and guidance.

Thank you, Dad, for helping me with the case studies and Mom for always being supportive.

Harshita Mangal V Year B.Arch. (A) Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur

iii

ABSTRACT

This study explores the relation between the meaning of places - localized communities - and the changing spatial and cultural conditions. The role of contemporary heritage and cultural tourism activities in the expression and construction of location and group identity is discussed specifically.

The role of the past in defining the character and sense of place, especially the past as it is expressed through heritage practices, is addressed by a secondary research query.

The conceptual structure for this debate will be focused on interpretations of the cultural and political character of space, as established in recent communication and geographical theory traditions.

This work's broader aim is to provide a deeper understanding of the popular cultural structures and public discourses that play a role in the construction of space.

In this light, in often new contexts, attention turns to how local identity, place and memory are not important but struggled for and reconstructed.

In this research, with the aid of architecture, I am raising a forum for preserving the identity of the place and providing a connection between the built environment and the identity of the place that helps to preserve the place's identity.

iv

CONTENTS Page No. Approval

i

Declaration

ii

Certificate

ii

Acknowledgement

iii

Abstract

iv

Contents

v-vi

List of illustrations

vii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1-5

1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Criteria of selection 1.3 Hypothesis 1.4 Aim 1.5 Objectives 1.6 Scope 1.7 Methodology

CHAPTER 2: PLACE IDENTITY

6-22

2.1 Definition 2.1.1 Place identity of Ziro, Arunachal Pradesh 2.1.2 Tribal Architecture of Ziro 2.2 Physical Setting 2.3 Environmental Psychology 2.4 Factors on which it depends 2.5 Evolution of places

CHAPTER 3: BUILT ENVIRONMENT

23-27

3.1 Definition 3.1.1 Tribal Built Environment 3.2 Factors on which Built environment depends 3.3 Impact of Built Environment on human

v

CHAPTER 4: REFLECTION OF PLACE ON BUILDINGS

28-43

4.1 Definition 4.2 Case studies 4.2.1 Structure of Survey and Study 4.2.2 Case Identification 4.2.3 Krushi Bhawan, Bhuvneshwar 4.2.4 Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur 4.2.5 Hawa Mahal, Jaipur 4.2.6 Fortune Tower, Bhuvneshwar

CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS

44-48

5.1 Comparative Analysis

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

49-52

6.1 Conclusions 6.2 Recommendations GLOSSARY OF TERMS

vii

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ix

ANNEXURES

x-xi

vi

List of illustrations Fig 1.1 Fig 1.3

Pinterest https://www.holidify.com/places/ziro/

Fig 1.2

https://www.pinterest.com

Fig 1.4

https://unconventionalandvivid.com https://www.pinterest.com

Fig 1.5

Author

fig 1.6

fig 2.1

Research paper

fig 2.2

Sustainable Ethnic Tourism: A Study of the Apatani

fig 2.3

Sustainable Ethnic Tourism: A Study of the Apatani

fig 2.4

Sustainable Ethnic Tourism: A Study of the Apatani

fig 2.5

Sustainable Ethnic Tourism: A Study of the Apatani

fig 2.6

Sustainable Ethnic Tourism: A Study of the Apatani

fig 2.7

Sustainable Ethnic Tourism: A Study of the Apatani

fig 2.8

Apatani- Tribal Architecture Malvika Bajaj

fig 2.9

Apatani- Tribal Architecture Malvika Bajaj

fig 2.10

Apatani- Tribal Architecture Malvika Bajaj

fig 2.11

Apatani- Tribal Architecture Malvika Bajaj

fig 2.12

Apatani- Tribal Architecture Malvika Bajaj

fig 2.13

Apatani- Tribal Architecture Malvika Bajaj

fig 14.Place Identity Architecture- Sandra Dorozynska

fig 2.15

https://domz60.files.wordpress.com

fig 2.16 https://i.redd.it/tobbyozwlm541.jpg

fig 2.17

Apatani- Tribal Architecture Malvika Bajaj

fig 3.1 www.i-fink.com

fig 3.2

talking streets

fig 3.3 talking streets

fig 3.4

Research paper

fig 3.5 Research paper

fig 4.1

issuu.com/okristal/docs/place_culture_architecture

fig 4.2 www.architectandinteriorsindia.com

fig 4.3

Wikipedia

fig 4.4 author

fig 4.5

Google

fig 4.6 Arch daily

fig 4.7

Arch daily

fig 4.8 Google

fig 4.9

Google

fig 4.10 Google

fig 4.11

Google

fig 4.12 author

fig 4.13

author

fig 4.14 author

fig 4.15

author

fig 4.16 author

fig 4.17

https://www.google.com/maps/uv

fig 4.18 https://www.google.com/url

fig 4.19

Author

fig 4.20 Author

fig 4.2

Author

fig 4.22 https://www.google.com/url

fig 4.23

Google

fig 4.24 https://www.google.com/url

fig 4.25

www.creativeaechitects.com

fig 4.26 www.creativeaechitects.com

fig 4.27

www.creativeaechitects.com

fig 4.28 www.creativeaechitects.com

vii

1

2 1

1.1 Background of Study Thesis Topic: Sustainable Ethnic Tourism Center, Ziro, Arunachala Pradesh A place has always been a major role in depicting its Culture, people and architecture.

Tourism has always been developed due to these factors of a place. So, to develop a Tourism center We need to study how we can relate a Building to a place compiling it’s all aspects.

Ziro is a town in Arunachala Pradesh which is famous for its Unique Tribal Culture. This town has an increasing Tourism which leads to development of a Built environment of that place keeping in Mind the essence of its original Place Identity.

Fig 1.3

Fig 1.4

1.2 Criteria of Selection 1) This research will help in learning the connection of a place to architecture and built environment 2) This will take in context about psychological as well as Design needs simultaneously of people belonging to a specific place for designing of Public based Architecture.

3) This Study will help in understanding Place Identity and how it affects the bond between People and Built environment.

4) It helps in keeping the Essence of a place Alive.

3 1

1.3 Research Questions Q1 How Architecture helps in Preserving the Culture of place?

Q2 How a Building reflects culture of a community?

Q3 How identity of a place affects Built environment?

1.4 Hypothesis Sense and identity of a place defines it’s Built Environment and helps preserving Culture of a Place.

1.5 Aim The purpose is to find a relationship between a Place Identity and Built Environment to provide a better connection between People, Culture and architecture of a place.

Once the relationship is established it helps in understanding the needs of a user and place which helps in designing of a building according to its surroundings and user.

fig 1.5

fig 1.6

Example: Hawa mahal is a building which depicts the

Example: Temple in south India depict the

Parda culture of women in Jaipur

importance of common place

4 1

1.6 Objectives 1) To study various theories and standards relating to Place Identity Architecture 2) To study the Place Identity of Ziro, Arunachal Pradesh 3) To Study the aspects of Built Environment and its relation with place Identity.

4) To understand the needs of a User to give a comfortable environment.

1.7 Scope 1) Understanding impact of a place on architecture.

2) To study existing examples of place identity 3) Understanding behavior of users in a self-made space.

4) It will be based on specific cultures 5) The typology of buildings for study will be limited to Public buildings

1.8 Methodology

5

CHAPTER 2 PLACE IDENTITY

6

2 PLACE IDENTITY According to Zeisel (1981), ‘identity is one of the most difficult concepts to define because it refers to the relationship of self to the environment.’

2.1 DEFINITION Lynch's (1981) defined identity as the simplest form of sense, of which the narrow meaning of the term is sense of place.

Sense, on the other hand, was defined by Lynch (1981) as the clarity by which a city can be perceived and linked with other places in a coherent mental representation.

Hence, identity according to Lynch (1981) is "the extent to which a person can recognize or recall a place as being distinct from other places as having a vivid, or unique, or at least a particular character of its own " (Lynch, 1981, p.131).

7

According to Norberg Schulz (1980) to respect Genius Loci we should determine the identity of place which implies that the identity of place must be interpreted in new ways instead of copying the old models.

Place Identity describes a person residence and culture. It connects a person to its Community.

Fig 2.1

According to Lewicka (2010), about 70% of research on place attachment focuses on neighborhood, 20% on home, and only 10% on city.

But according to Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological model, in addition to neighborhoods, cities contain other important places with which people interact. This may explain why the links established with city are stronger than with neighborhood.

8

2.1.1 PLACE IDENTITY OF ZIRO, ARUNACHAL PRADESH

Fig 2.2

9

Ziro is a census town in Lower Subansiri district in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. In a meeting of Archaeological Survey of India on 12 December 2002 it was shortlisted for inclusion in the Tentative List for further nomination to UNESCO for inscription in the World Heritage Site(wiki)

Historical background of the Apatani tribe The Apatani, like the many tribes of Arunachal Pradesh, have no written script depicting their historical evidences from the past. It is only in the oral traditions, performances of rituals and beliefs and the material culture that the stories relating to their origin and migration is reflected.

Cultural characteristics of the Apatani tribe Haimendorf (1947) in his “Ethnographic Notes on Tribes of the Subansiri Region” had noticed that the Apatani tribe was one among the many tribal communities who constituted a separate endogamous community which was different from others with distinct language, customs and economy.

Fig 2.3

Fig 2.4

10

Fairs & festivals Fairs and festivals play an integral role in the life of every Apatani. It is an expression of their culture and tradition. Although there are many ceremonial fairs and festivals in the Apatani society, the three important and focused are Murung, Myoko and Dree festivals, celebrated in the month of January, March and July respectively.

-

Murung is an individual family festival celebrated for the wellbeing of the family by bringing richness of health and wealth. Although it is an individual festival, it brings together the participation of all the people in the villages.

-

Myoko is one of the most famous and significant festivals of the Apatani tribe.

Now-a-days it has become internationally known where many foreign tourists come to participate. Myoko is mainly a festival defining friendship, prosperity and fertility. It is celebrated by a group of villages arranged in cyclical manner.

-

Dree is a festival that signifies fertility related to agriculture and literally means borrowing or purchasing of food items when in scarcity as well as to add to the existing stocks.

This is a period of traditional performance of dance and music and also arrangements of many traditional as well as modern games and sports and also fashion shows.

Fig 2.5

Fig 2.6

11

Traditional sports The Apatani tribe has many traditional sports among which, the most popular one is Babo game, where the physical strength, courage, cleverness and will power of the men folk is showcased. This traditional sport is mainly witnessed during the time of Myoko when the babo or the bamboo poles are erected in the villages.

Art and crafts The Apatani tribe is known for making many items made of bamboo (bije) and cane (tarpi) for their daily requirement. These traditional products have now become craft items with attractive designs sold as souvenirs.

Fig 2.7

They have many forms of baskets named as Lera, a carrying basket taken to jungles, Yopo, the grain storage basket and Supung pinta, the gourd bottle. Other products are Byopa, the cane hat worn by Apatani men, Rapya, basket for collecting firewood, Puping, a hand woven mat from bamboo, Yatii, the traditional bamboo raincoat, etc. (Sundriyal, Upreti and Varuni)

12

2.2.2 TRIBAL ARCHITECTURE OF ZIRO Layout and Planning Apatani’s believed in living together. Oral history says that they always lived in a colony together as a family. Apatani’s live in middle altitude region. They follow Row housing system. Walls of all the adjacent house are attached. The planning of house is done in continuous pattern in a row until or unless there is a breakage like a road or any other obstacle in between. Initially the colony was separated by the cow paths. Even today the Apatani colony is separated by the roads which are made the government.

Colony divided

Internal Road Main Road

The image shows how the roads and natural landscape of the Apatani region divides the area into different colonies.

Fig 2.8

Traditional Houses in Ziro Apatanis live in small houses, in nuclear families, in settled villages where they practice wet rice cultivation (Blackburn 2008).

A typical Apatani village is very congested with hundreds of houses standing very close to each other.

The houses stand continuously in a row pattern unless there is a breakage by road or cow paths.

Construction of houses takes place during the month of August to December with the help of clan members.

It is a community affair which calls for celebration in the form of feasting and merry making.

13

1. Veranda (Sembiya) Store 3. Living Area/Family Space 4. Fire Place (Oogu) 5. Veranda (Sembiya)

Fig 2.9

Plan is divided in two parts, first part of the house is used as storage space, hen coop. The second part of the house is the main living area, where almost all the activities are done like cooking, sleeping, resting, changing, chit-chatting, house hold work, practicing handicraft, sewing.

1. Dony-Polo Flag 2. Abya (Stairs) 3. Simbya (Veranda) 4. Ahgya (Entrance) 2 8

7

6 5

3 4

5. Storage Space 6. Oogu (Fire Place) 7. Living Area 8. Simbya (Veranda) Fig 2.10 Typical Plan of Apatani house

At the center of the living area is the fire place called ‘Oogu’. The fire usually burns throughout the day, especially during the cold season. It is not only for cooking and warmth but also to keep insects away. The area of the house is adjusted according to the size of the family. The Fire Place is defined by placing wooden logs in a rectangular form called ‘Piri’. The wood and meat which is to be used is placed right above the fireplace in two levels. The place where it is kept is called ‘Darake’. It is made of wood and hang with the help of jute or cane rope tied to the ceiling.

14

The houses are on Silts and are called ‘Chang Ghar’. The height of the slit varies from 1.5-2m.

The reason for using Slits: • Protection against disaster (Arunachal is landslide prone area).

• Space of the stilts are used as pig pit.

The main stairs ‘Abya’, leads to the veranda called ‘Simbya’ leading to the entrance to the house.

1.Dony-Polo Flag 2.Abya (Stairs)

1

3. Simbya (Veranda)

5 6

4. 1st part of the house used for storage.

7 11

5. Maalo (Roof)

8

9 10

4

3

2

6. Space between roof and ceiling used for storage 7. Darake 8. Oogu (Fire place) 9.Living Area

Fig 2.11 Typical Section of Apatani house

10. Aai jiri (Pig pit) 11. Simbya (Veranda)

Elements of Apatani House 1.) Abya (Staircase):

Abya is the Staircase leading to the veranda of the house 2.) Simbya (Veranda): Simbya is a veranda leading to the entrance of the house 3.) Aangya, Babo (Totem) It is a post made of bamboo, which can be seen outside every house. It is believed to be sacred for the Apatani’s. These are of two type ‘Aangya’ and ‘Babo’.

4.) Aai jiri (Pig pit) The houses being built on the stilts have space below them. This space is used for the pigs and is called ‘Aai jiri’.

15

5.) Aaiye (Door) Aaiye is made of bamboo or timber. The standard door size for an Apatani house is 750X1800 mm as the Apatani people are short.

6.) Tarsi (Walls) The Tarsi are made of bamboo or timber. The main supporting columns for the walls are long bamboo

Fig 2.12

Exterior of Apatani house

or wooden logs.

7.) Myopii (Floor) and Reke (Ceiling)

Myopii and Reke are made of bamboo or timber placed in different pattern and style accordingly. For supporting the Myopii and Reke bamboo or timber joists are used.

Materials used are: • Bamboo • Wood • Stone • Dry paddy straws, thatch grass, cane leaves, banana leaves.

Fig 2.13

Interior of Apatani house showing different materials used

8.) Malo (Roof) Malo is made of bamboo supported by bamboo or timber purlins and rafter.

9.) Storage space All the regularly needed things are used in the first part of the house, it is also as hen coop.

All their extra things like utensils, wood, food, their local drink (Apong) is also left for fermentation there.

16

2.3 PHYSICAL SETTING Place identity is perceived from its physical setting that defines what type of place it is; therefore, the physical setting has an important role in flagging the place identity. ‘Place lessness’, or the situation in which there is no place identity or a lack of sense of place, happens when places are stripped of their unique attributes and commonalities, thus compromising place identity (Arefi, 1999; Relph, 1976, 2008a).

Place identity is a major component of the identity of self, manifested through own ideas, beliefs, preferences, values, and objectives that are relevant to such a place (Kyle et al., 2004; Pretty et al., 2003), as well as through the way place is understood and perceived (Jorgensen & Stedman,2001, 2006).

2.4 ENVIRONMENT PSYCHOLOGY Place is the core concept in environmental psychology, place attachment refers to bonds that people with places.

Along with place identity, place attachment is another important concept that refers to people's bond’s with places.

These concepts are used interchangeably but senses of place are also very personal.

According to Benedict Anderson 1983 in his analysis of nationalism, reminds us that although its critics may dismiss nationalism as brutal and myopic form of identity, nonetheless many people believe in the rights of their nation passionately enough to kill and die for it. Senses of place may be as impassioned and violent as this. In trying to understand how identity is involved in the often-intense emotional construction of senses of place.

17

2.5 FACTORS ON WHICH IT DEPENDS A review of related literature suggests that there are three major components of identity. They are the physical (environment, activities and meanings (Garnham 1985, Schulz,1980, Rapoport 1990).

i. Physical features and appearance.

This is the actual physical structure of a place which included buildings, quality, landscape, climate and aesthetic ii. Observable activities and functions.

This relates to how people interacted with a place and how the buildings and landscape was used. iii. Meanings or symbols.

This is the most complex aspect of identity because it is the result of human intentions and experience. Thus, the character of the place is derived from people's reaction to its physical and functional aspects.

18

Physical form and appearance are the characteristics of the physical environment, especially buildings, which are distinctive and easily recalled (Appleyard 1969, Harrison and Howard 1980, Worskett 1969, Rapoport 1977).

In Appleyard's (1969) research on why buildings are known, the distinctiveness of the physical form was among the most frequently quoted reason by people. Lay and Reis's (1994) research on the impact of housing quality on urban image also suggested that user perception of visual appearance was intrinsic to the process of image making.

Table 1

19

From a review of literature, the attributes relating to the physical form can be identified as follows: size, height, shape, contour, skyline, movement, surface, quality, texture, signs, age, design, materials, condition (landscaping), general visual appeal, other factors related to appearance (time, smell, noise and lighting), features on facade, arrangement of building, openness, spaciousness, enclosure, level of orientation and territorial definition. These characteristics are derived from research carried out by Rapoport (1977, 1990), Worskett (1969), Harrison and Howard (1980), Appleyard (1980), Crosby (1965), Lay and Reis (1994) and Smith (1977).

Fig 2.14

Visual sign systems, such as architectural styles, are the customary construction and ornament (Hamlin, 1891) that encode and showcase a city’s history and culture.

For example, Paris’ recognizable architectural style of white stone facades provides visual continuity across arrondissements (Lynch, 1960/2005).

20

2.5 EVOLUTION OF PLACES Initially all the places used to have their own identity and Culture which was reflected in the Buildings of City and these Buildings are the ones which help the Tourism Development of a place since it helps the tourist to learn about the Culture of a Place and explore the kind of life people of that place live.

Fig 2.15

Buildings are the major identity of a place which, now in global modern time is being lost due to the Modern Architecture style that has been adopted all over the world, which does not suits every place climate and does not reflect the background of a place.

Fig 2.16

21

- Evolution of Architecture in Ziro There is a lot of difference in Apatani architecture these days. The changes are due to modernization, influence from neighboring states, tourists, easy accessibility of different materials.

Initially only bamboo or timber was used but with time people started using cement plaster on bamboo to make it stronger. These days people use R.C.C, cement mortar, glass and steel for their construction. People have started to use paint also. Space for chimney is provided and separate space for toilet is also given. Some of the houses have a separate space for animals.

Fig 2.17

Modern Apatani House Slits in the house no more exists in most of the houses. Whereas some of houses still have the slits but they don’t keep animals there. Some of the houses have a separate space for animals.

Commercial shops have been opened in the residential areas. Many houses have shops in the front part.

Corrugated Tin roof has replaced the bamboo roof. Some of the houses have bamboo roof above the tin roof to maintain its traditional look.

22

CHAPTER 3 BUILT ENVIRONMENT

23

3.1 DEFINITION According to Bartuska (2007: 5), the Built Environment is defined as: Everything humanly made, arranged or maintained to fulfil human purpose (needs, wants and values) to mediate the overall environment with results that affect the environmental context.

However, Moffatt and Kohler (2008: 249) describe the Built Environment as: The manmade surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging from the large-scale civic surroundings to the personal places.

Fig 3.1

Hallsal (2011) explains that, the built environment is the physical human created surroundings such as roads, bridges, and building structures, contrasting that of the natural environment. The connections between components of the built environment, such as individual buildings, transport systems, urban landscapes and other infrastructure is important. The built environment revolves around communities full of cultural experiences that connect with people and the interaction of these factors create a stronger and a more sustainable community with increased psychological well-being Jenkin and Pedersen (2009) believe that the built environment does not only consist of buildings, infrastructure and transport but it also includes human community, cultural experiences and interactions of people.

24

3.1.1 TRIBAL BUILT ENVIRONMENT Tribal architecture is not Pukka but defined as Kacha, built by local people using impermanent building materials such as mud, grass, fiber, or semi-permanent wood, coconut or palm frond. Kacha architecture is replaced on an annual or seasonal basis as is therefore a short-lived dwelling without stability or endurance, that constantly requires replacement.

However, the advantage is the traditional building materials are readily available from the land, they are cheap and low maintenance, but interestingly the indigenous walls and floors often reflect a strong form of regional decorative embellishment.

Fig 3.2

Fig 3.3

Tribal architecture was neglected, often regarded as backwards and primitive, associated with underdeveloped societies which became a cultural metaphor for the people (Oliver:1992).

25

3.2 FACTORS ON WHICH BUILT ENVIRONMENT DEPENDS The built environment involves human and cultural issues (why people build), environmental issues (natural and built context) and technological issues (materials, energy and financial resources, methods, and systems required to establish interrelationships and construct the built environment (Bartuska 2007). Building for sustainable development involves using design and construction methods and practices, which strive for integral quality (including economic, social and environmental performance) in a very broad (or holistic) way (Grierson 2009).

Fig 3.4

The built environment is not just about buildings, infrastructure and transport but it also includes the interaction of people in the local communities and their cultural experiences (New Zealand Ministry for Environment 2009). An efficient sustainable built environment that includes economic and socio-cultural sustainability supports local economy (Allen 2009).

26

3.3 IMPACT OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT ON HUMAN The shape and architecture of the building have an effect on the personality of the inhabitants. There is interaction between the urban framework and the human, and many people exchange influence with the physical environment in which they live.

Therefore, most of the treatments to solve the problems of the city were urban treatments.

The careful observation of urban life gives an impression of the rudeness of social relations, the prevalence of individuality, the lack of precise knowledge and the lack of deep emotional involvement, despite the abundance of means of communication between individuals and groups and the importance of this communication in expanding the circles of interest, participation and outreach out of the narrow confines of the small community to the wider boundaries of society and humanity. The design processes are capable of changing the habits, traditions and behavior of its inhabitants or users by using them for this origin.

Fig 3.5

27

CHAPTER4 REFLECTION OF PLACE ON BUILDINGS

28

4.1 DEFINITION Built environment involves the development of building forms, materials and construction methods resonant with the local culture and expertise (Williamson et al. 2003).

Culture plays an important role as a non-renewable resource that is a vital part of our cities; the adaptive re-using of the historic urban environment adds to the quality of life of them inhabitants by strengthening their sense of belonging, social cohesion and providing a pleasant environment that mitigates excessive urbanization (UNESCO 2012b).

Following is the example of Himachal Pradesh Built Environment response to Culture of Place (source: issu) Fig 4.1

29

30

4.2 CASE STUDIES 4.2.1 STRUCTURE OF SURVEY AND STUDY

31

4.2.2 CASE IDENTIFICATION CASE

DESCRIPTION

KRUSHI BHAWAN Krushi Bhawan is a facility developed for Government of Odisha’s Department of Agriculture & Farmers’ Empowerment Fig 4.2

JAWAHAR KALA KENDRA

HAWA MAHAL

Fig 4.3

Jawahar Kala Kendra is a multi-arts center located in Jaipur in India. It was built by Rajasthan government with the purpose of preserving Rajasthani arts and crafts.

Hawa Mahal is a palace in Jaipur.

CRITERIA OF SELECTION Krushi Bhawan is a newly designed building which helps in preserving the arts and crafts of Orrisa. It is a modern example of building explaining the place culture

Jawahar Kala Kendra is a public building in Jaipur which explains the planning of Jaipur and its Culture which is represented by architecture Hawa Mahal is a traditional building which explains the culture of parda done by women and how it led to it’s built environment.

Fig 4.4

FORTUNE TOWER, ORRISA

Fortune tower is the IT hub and is constructed recently.

It is an example which contrasts the type of building which reflects culture.

Fig 4.5

32

4.2.3 KRUSHI BHAVAN, BHUBNESHWAR It is a Government facility which helps connecting people of a place to its culture.

Krushi Bhawan is a facility developed for Government of Odisha’s Department of Agriculture & Farmers’ Empowerment.

HISTORY The Building’s most Striking feature is the incorporation of regional art and handicrafts that create a Symbiotic relationship with the architecture Overall, these details imbue the project with a strong sense of cultural.

Fig 4.6

Fig 4.8

Fig 4.7

Fig 4.9

Fig 4.10

Fig 4.11

MATERIAL The upper floors of Krushi Bhawan feature a distinctive brick façade inspired by Ikat patterns of Odisha handlooms, created using clay in three different colors that represent the geographical diversity of the region. This brick-louvered screen wraps around the building like a second skin.

33

PEOPLE

USER

SPACE

ELEMENTS Agricultural motifs have been displayed across the building through a variety of craft techniques – such as the bas-relief carvings in laterite along the Public Plaza, which depict ripe paddy crops illustrated in the Odia Pattachitra (cloth-based scroll paintings) style. the tribal craft of dhokra (cast metal craft) has been adapted to make light fixtures that wrap around the ground floor columns, as well as metal screens that line the building corridors.

Fig 4.12

Fig 4.13

PRESERVING CULTURE Carving on brick wall depict monsoon waves according to mythology of Orrisa culture. The carving is done on court wall where the local crowd will gather to provide a sense of place by depicting the local culture.

34

The Pedestal Level and North Wing use locally sourced laterite and Khondalite stone.

Hand- carved Khondalite lattices provide a sense of enclosure to the central courtyard.

Fig 4.14

Fig 4.15

SPACES

Plaza - court – courtyard The planning of Krushi bhavan is done according to the comfort of user(farmer) which is, an open space connecting to semi open and then closed.

It gives them comfort and sense of belonginess.

Bhubaneswar experiences significant drops in night temperatures through the year.

Taking this into consideration, a simple NightPurging system has been devised for cooling and ventilation. Through this mechanism, cool air gets pulled into the building through the northern façade when temperatures drop at night, by means of a custom designed ‘low-tech’ damper system.

Fig 4.16

35

4.2.4 JAWAHAR KALA KENDRA, JAIPUR JKK is a Multi art center located in Jaipur. It was designed by Charles Correa to provide the city of Jaipur a single place catering various spaces with diverse functions like art, galleries, amphitheater, library etc.

Fig 4.17

Fig 4.18

MATERIALFig 4.16 Locally available material Red Sandstone is used in JKK Inspired by the dominant Color scheme of Jaipur and have low heat gain capacity as compare to other material

High wall which give look and feel of periphery wall of Jaipur.

36

ELEMENTS AND SPACES

The administration dome depicts ancient cosmic painting and is strategically placed at the entrance surrounded by green.

Thus, it invites small informal gatherings in transition

Use of Elements from vernacular structures or widely recognized spaces, create a sense of belonging.

The actual experience of the museum begins to redefine the very act of cultural and heritage display.

The Journey through the building, the movement through its celestial divisions is marked by a diversity of spatial densities, open and built spaces.

The entrance door in JKK is a representation of Gates in Jaipur.

The main purpose of JKK is to establish an art and cultural center which depicts the architecture of Jaipur and helps preserving its own identity.

37

HISTORY

The plan is originated from Original Navagraha or 9 house mandalas used in the city planning of Jaipur.

One of the Square is pivoted to recall the original city plan and also to create the entrance.

Various Rajasthani elements like jali, narrow paths, high rise walls, opening are some of the elements that are derived from the architecture elements that are used in Jaipur architecture.

High wall which give look and feel of periphery wall of Jaipur. The fortification of Jaipur protects the inner activities of the city, the walls of JKK also ensure to maintain the privacy of the spaces.

These walls also give volume to a space and do not block the view. Step profile has been cut out at the junction of two walls.

Hence JKK is one of the best examples to describe the reflection of place identity on built environment. It helps user to have a sense of belonginess to this building and help preserving the culture of Jaipur 38

4.2.5 HAWA MAHAL, JAIPUR HISTORY It was built in 1799 by Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh, and designed by Lal Chand Ustad in the form of the crown of Krishna, the Hindu god.

Royal family ladies, who were under strict observance of purdah (the practice of preventing women from being seen by men), had to be given opportunity to witness proceedings in the market center and watch the royal processions and festivities sitting behind the stone carved screens.

Fig 4.20

Fig 4.19

Royal family of Jaipur, during their reign, also used the palace as a hot weather retreat, during the suffocating summer season of Jaipur, for several years, since the unusually designed window screens provided the much-needed cool breeze and ventilation. Its Cultural and architectural heritage is a true reflection of a fusion of Hindu Rajput architecture and the Islamic Mughal architecture; the Rajput style is seen in the form of domed canopies, fluted pillars, lotus and floral patterns.

Fig 4.21

39

Fig 4.13

MATERIALS

The interior of the Mahal has been described as “having rooms of different colored marbles, relieved by inlaid panels or gilding; while fountains adorn the center of the courtyard Walls Lal Chand Ustad was the architect of this unique structure who also planned Jaipur city, considered then as one of the best-planned cities in India.

Built in red and pink colored and stone, in keeping with the décor of the other monuments in the city, its color is a full testimony to the epithet of “Pink City” given to Jaipur.

Fig 4.22

Fig 4.23

ELEMENTS The front elevation, as seen from the street, is like a honeycomb web of a beehive built with small portholes. Each porthole has miniature windows and has carved sandstone grills, finials and domes.

It is a veritable mass of semi- octagonal bays, which gives the monument its unique facade.

The inner face on the back side of the building consists of need-based chambers built with pillars and corridors with least ornamentation, and reach up to the top floor.

40

SPACES The front elevation, as seen from the street, is like a honeycomb web of a beehive built with small portholes. Each porthole has miniature windows and has carved sandstone grills, finials and domes.

It is a veritable mass of semi- octagonal bays, which gives the monument its unique facade.

The inner face on the back side of the building consists of need-based chambers built with pillars and corridors with least ornamentation, and reach up to the top floor.

Fig 4.24

41

4.2.6 FORTUNE TOWER, ORRISA A Place which Houses Various companies under one roof and is centrally located in between J Jayadev Vihar to Nalco Square - Bhubaneswar.

Offices like INFLEXI, EXILANT, Tata Tele Services, ESSAR, BHP Minerals, POSCO India, Tata Steel, Reliance and many more are present in the same place.

This is one of the oldest tower Building dealing with corporate offices and has accommodated large number of employees who are linked up with many Good Companies out here.

Fig 4.25

MATERIAL RCC and Glass as the main façade material.

Stone cladding is done on the exterior of the building.

Waffle slab is used on the ground floor at entrance.

Fig 4.26

42

ELEMENTS There are some elements in this building like Atrium in center of building.

The exterior of the building is made up of glass and Stone Cladding.

PEOPLE The user of this place is IT based people.

The building is mostly functional between 9-5 during the day.

The Glass façade helps in letting Daylight in the office during the Working hours.

Fig 4.27

SPACES The major spaces are Office Cubicles and common spaces.

Atrium has corridor along all the floors in the building.

Every floor has Service core.

Fig 4.29

Fig 4.28

43

CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS

44

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

49

6.1 Conclusion On the basis of the research undertaken, it was concluded that Culture plays an important role in Built environment.

Based on the analysis drawn from different case study examples, we can prove the hypothesis that “Sense and identity of a place defines it’s Built Environment and helps preserving Culture of a Place.” the major factors that affect the built environment are Elements, Materials and Spaces.

Each building has a different city as a background attached to it, therefore Culture inhabited of the city should respond to the eventual Built environment of the building as well.

Therefore, the research data and conclusions can be used to study and understand the types of Parameters we can incorporate in our building designs relevant to its overall identity of city.

In this paper I have tried to do just that Recent discussions of place and localized community identity have overwhelmingly envisioned either their decline in the face of the onrush of a globalized, mass mediated world and its postindustrial landscapes or their perpetuation as inauthentic spectacle and a clinging to a false and illusory safe refuge.

Place does not exist in a pure state. Rather it is a social construct, constantly reconstituted and reasserted through the practices, words and images of individuals. Within the shifting forces that characterize the contemporary cultural environment, any stasis is limited. The expression of place identity then is a matter of reterritorializing of recording and inventing, fixing and establishing presence each moment, for the next.

50

6.1 Recommendations In our research we have studied various types of buildings and their relation with city, and how it represents the eventual identity of the Place.

Thus, while designing building with a Culturally based background that highlight the city’s identity, we must understand that what functional element and Culture of that place would best respond to the eventual purpose of the building.

Perforated wall which is a mix of jali and wall.

Pergola as the skylight element

The recommendations can be based upon three aspects: Elements

1.

Elements can be influenced with the architecture that made the place identity different from all over the world.

-

Elements influenced from Traditional architecture and Crafts.

Elements that are withdrawn from Vernacular architecture style and can be mixed with contemporary style to give a new look to the different elements of a Building.

2. Materials as an identity of the place Material used in building helps in providing a sense of belonginess to the user of the place.

It provides the comfort of the user and reflects the identity of the place by using the material of the place where the building is being constructed.

51

3. Planning promoting the culture Planning of the Building gives us spaces which is the soul of the building. Designing Building with the incorporation of the traditional planning with contemporary touch gives the Building a sense of place Spaces of the building influenced by the place’s traditional planning gives a touch of belonginess and provides comfort to the user.

Spaces provided which helps in preserving culture of the place by proving the space for the traditional activities to be rejuvenated.

4. Finishes of the Building

Buildings always speak by the special qualities it possesses through different details of it. Using different interior element which has been inspired by the ancient art and craft can be used as finishes of the building.

Material finishes and interior of the built environment of a particular area defines the identity of the building and help preserving the culture of that place.

52

GLOSSARY OF TERMS 1. Place Identity - Place identity is a fluid term that draws on many psychological theories of human-environment relationships.

2. Aangya: A Bamboo post covered with egg shells 3. Abotani: A Legendary ancestor 4. Agher: Dykes in rice fields 5. Ahu-Yari: A Loin belt worn by Apatani men 6. Ajang Buliyang: A messenger in village council 7. Aji Eha: Apatani festival 8. Aji Lenda: Traditional farmer group 9. Aji-ngyii: Wetland rice cultivation 10. Akha Buliyang: The highest authority in village council 11. Apong: Rice beer 12. Arirutu: Baskets of rice gifted by Apatani bride’s side to the groom during marriage ceremony 13. Atoh Piilo: Moon 14. Ayo Danyi: Sun 15. Babo: A pole made of cane and bamboo 16. Bije: Bamboo 17. Bijee Lenda: Traditional farmer group 18. Myoko: Apatani festival celebrated during March and April month 19. Myokung: Apatani festival 20. Apatani: Tribe in Arunachal Pradesh

viii

BIBLIOGRAPHY Chen, Wen-chyi, "Role of ethnic places in maintaining cultural identity of business travelers" (2008).

Malwika Bajaj,” Apatani- Tribal Architecture” Research and Documentation, Earthscapes consultancy (2015).

Shamsuddin, Shuhana (1997) Identity of place: a case study of Kuantan town center, Malaysia.

Alex Opoku (2015), University college London, “The Role of Culture in a Sustainable Built Environment”.

Jones, C & Svejenova, S 2017, 'The architecture of city identities: A multimodal study of Barcelona and Boston' Research in the Sociology of Organizations, vol. 54B Place Identity Architecture Rethinking moments of transition in the age of universality Sandra Katarzyna Dorozynska Master of Architecture 2017, Architecture Program, Ryerson University Lynch, K. (1984). The image of the city (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

ZEISEL J (1975), "Cities by design" in Mercer c Living in cities: Psychology and the urban environment, Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Lewicka, M. (2010). What makes neighborhood different from home and city? Effects of place scale on place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology,30, 35–51.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Experiments by nature and design.

Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Kyle, G., Mowen, A. J., & Tarrant, M. (2004). Linking place preferences with place meaning: An examination of the relationship between place motivation and place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 439–454.

Jorgensen, B. S., & Stedman, R. C. (2001). Sense of place as an attitude: Lakeshore owners’ attitudes toward their properties. Journal of Environmental Psychology.

Jorgensen, B. S., & Stedman, R. C. (2006). A comparative analysis of predictors of sense of place dimensions: Attachment to, dependence on, and identification with lakeshore properties. Journal of Environmental Management.

Barnali Patowary, Sustainable Ethnic Tourism: A Study of the Apatani Tribe of Ziro, Lower Subansiri District in Arunachal Pradesh References https://issuu.com/okristal/docs/place_culture_architecture http://www.talkingstreets.co.uk/ https://www.archdaily.com/941738/krushi-bhawan-studio-lotus ix

Questionnaire – User Objective of survey – to understand User experience Q1 What is your age?

-

< 20

-

20-29

-

30-39

-

40-49

-

>50

Q 2 Gender -

Male

-

Female

Q 4 Where do you live?

-

Jaipur

-

Other

Q5 Have you visited it before?

-

Yes

-

No

Q5.1 If yes, how many times have you visited it?

-

Descriptive

Q6 Which one do you think is better architecture according to your Comfort?

-

Modern Architecture

-

Traditional

-

Combine

Q7 Do you think we should inculcate Traditional Architecture in new era?

-

Yes

-

No

-

Maybe x

Q8 How is your experience here?

-

1

-

2

-

3

-

4

-

5

Q 8.1 If satisfied, why is it?

-

Descriptive

Q 8.2 If not, why is it?

-

Descriptive

Q9 Do you think there should be more Buildings which preserve the culture of Jaipur?

-

Yes

-

No

-

Maybe

Q10 Did this place Help you understand the culture and Architecture of Jaipur?

-

Yes

-

No

-

Maybe

Q10.1 If yes, how come?

-

Descriptive

xi