Bulrush

~ Typha orientalis ~

TYPHACEAE

The Bulrush wildflower, also called Cumbungi, is the face of slow-moving freshwater ecosystems throughout Australia’s east coast. It plays an important role in filtering pollutants out of waterways, and provides soil stabilisation, waterbird roosting sites and habitat, as well as protective shelter for small animals such as the Superb Fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) illustrated here.

WHERE TO LOOK

The Bulrush is a wetland plant that grows on the edges of ponds, lakes and slow-flowing rivers and streams on the east and north-east side of the country. Unfortunately because of anthropogenic changes, these plants have become invasive weeds in the wetter areas of south-west Western Australia and in South Australia.

FEATURES

The Bulrush is an aquatic perennial growing to 4.5m tall. Its tall spikes of brown flowers are velvety and measure 8–30cm tall. The flower heads are monoecious (containing male and female flowers) and are pollinated by wind. These then turn into thousands of tiny hairy seeds, resembling a ball of old hair you’d pull from a hairbrush. The seeds are effortlessly dispersed by wind and water.

FLOWERING SEASON

Summer and autumn → The Bulrush flower heads can be seen from December through to May in some areas.

TRADITIONAL USES

The plant has been a notable food plant with medicinal qualities for First Nations People for thousands of years. The rhizome can be roasted or boiled and the protein-rich seeds used in baking. New shoots can also be eaten. The leaves have been used for weaving and both the leaves and stems used for thatching.

PLANTING

The Bulrush can be cultivated in aquatic containers by seed or rhizome; however, planting these out in ponds is not recommended as it can lead to an invasive colony. Seedlings can flower after six months.

Resources for the curious mind

This book has relied heavily on the research conducted and compiled by many smart humans, as well as being a compilation of my own fermented knowledge based on many inspirational sources. The following list is a culmination of direct references used to write this book as well as resources that I think will help your garden of knowledge to flourish.

GENERAL

Books, booklets and articles

Aboriginal Plant Use and Technology, Australian National Botanic Gardens, 2000, anbg.gov.au/gardens/education/ programs/pdfs/aboriginal_plant_use_and_technology.pdf Aboriginal Plants in the Grounds of Monash University: A Guide, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 2010, monash.edu/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/542119/ Guide-to-the-Aboriginal-Garden-Clayton-Campus.pdf Zena Cumpston, Indigenous Plant Use: A Booklet on the Medicinal, Nutritional and Technological Use of Indigenous Plants, Clean Air and Urban Landscapes Hub, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 2020, research.unimelb. edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0030/173577/Indigenousplant-use-research-update.pdf David De Angelis, Aboriginal Plant Use in Melbourne Area, La Trobe University Environment Collective, maribyrnong. vic.gov.au/files/assets/public/aboriginal-plant-use-of-thegreater-melbourne-area.pdf Cliff Goddard (compiled by) and Rebecca Defina (updated by), Pitjantjatjarra/Yankunytjatjarra to English Dictionary, revised second edition, IAD Press, 2020. Vivienne Hansen and John Horsfall, Noongar Bush Tucker: Bush Food Plants and Fungi of the South-West of Western Australia, UWA Publishing, 2019. Koori Bush Tucker Garden, Greening Australia, 2017, greeningaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ GUIDE_Koori-Bush-Tucker-Garden-Book.pdf Peter Latz, Bushfires and Bushtucker: Aboriginal Plant Use in Central Australia, IAD Press, 1995. Ken Macintyre and Barb Dobson, ‘Traditional significance of Nuytsia floribunda’, anthropologyfromtheshed.com/ project/traditional-significance-of-nuytsia-floribundamooja-or-kaanya-tree Pauline E. McLeod, Francis Firebrace Jones, June E. Barker, Gadi Mirrabooka: Australian Aboriginal Tales from the Dreaming, Libraries Unlimited, 2001. Janette Brand Miller, Keith W. James and Patricia M.A. Maggiore, Tables of Composition of Australian Aboriginal Foods, Aboriginal Studies Press, 1993. Bruce Pascoe, Dark Emu: Aboriginal Australia and the Birth of Agriculture, Magabala Books, 2014. Victor Steffensen, Fire Country: How Indigenous Fire Management Could Save Australia, Hardie Grant Explore, 2020. Tyson Yunkaporta, Sand Talk: How Indigenous Thinking Can Save the World, Text Publishing, 2019.

Websites

Aboriginal use of Bogong Moths: austhrutime.com/ aboriginal_use_bogong_moths.htm Black Duck Foods – an Indigenous social enterprise committed to traditional food growing processes that care for Country and return economic benefits directly to Indigenous people: blackduckfoods.org/ Creative Spirits: creativespirits.info Indigenous seasons: Bureau of Meteorology Indigenous Weather Knowledge: bom.gov.au/iwk/ and nitmiluktours. com.au/about/seasons-nitmiluk Koori Coast Living Knowledge website: livingknowledge. anu.edu.au/learningsites/kooricoast/06_bush.htm

Koori History – Aboriginal Culture and History of South Eastern Australia: koorihistory.com Murnong (Yam Daisy) information: warndu.com/blogs/ aboriginal-bush-tucker-ingredients/murnong National Indigenous Television: sbs.com.au/nitv Parks Australia, for Traditional Knowledge on Top End plants: parksaustralia.gov.au/kakadu Walking Tours of Melbourne: Aboriginal Plants for Food, Tools and Medicine in Melbourne melbournewalks.com.au/ aboriginal-food-plants

REGENERATIVE FARMING

Paula Fernandez Arias, Tammi Jonas, Katarina Munksgaard (eds), Farming Democracy: Radically Transforming the Food System from the Ground Up, Australian Food Sovereignty Alliance, 2019. Andrew Campbell and Anna Featherstone, Small Farm Success Australia: How to Make a Life and a Living on the Land, Honeycomb Valley Pty Ltd, 2018. Charles Massy, Call of the Reed Warbler: A New Agriculture, A New Earth, UQP, 2017. James Rebanks, English Pastoral: An Inheritance, Penguin Press, 2021.

PERMACULTURE, GARDENING AND FOOD

Mathew Bate, With a Little Kelp from Our Friends: The Secret Life of Seaweed: History, Culture and Environment, Thames & Hudson Australia, 2021. Kirsten Bradley, Easy Peasy: Gardening for Kids, Die Gestalten Verlag, 2019. Kirsten Bradley and Nick Ritar, Milkwood: Real skills for Down-to-Earth Living, Murdoch Books, 2018. Lauren and Oberon Carter, Family Guide to Waste Free Living, Pan Macmillan Australia, 2019. A.B. and J.W. Cribb, Wild Food in Australia, Collins, 1974. Costa Georgiadis, Costa’s World: Gardening for the Soil, the Soul and the Suburbs, HarperCollins, 2021. Analiese Gregory, How Wild Things Are: Cooking, Fishing and Hunting at the Bottom of the World, Hardie Grant Books, 2021. David Holmgren, RetroSuburbia: The Downshifter’s Guide to a Resilient Future, Melliodora, 2018. Elizabeth Johnson and Katharine K. Wilkinson (eds), All We Can Save: Truth, Courage, and Solutions for the Climate Crisis, Random House USA, 2021. Tim Low, Wild Food Plants of Australia, HarperCollins, 1991. Pamela Mason and Tim Lang, Sustainable Diets: How Ecological Nutrition Can Transform Consumption and the Food System, Routledge, 2017. Lindsay Miles, The Less Waste No Fuss Kitchen: Simple Steps to Shop, Cook and Eat Sustainably, Hardie Grant Books, 2019. Michael Mobbs, Sustainable Food, New South Publishing, 2012. Hannah Moloney, The Good Life: How to Grow a Better World, Affirm Press, 2021. Matt and Lentil Purbrick, Grown and Gathered, Pan Macmillan Australia, 2016. Matt and Lentil Purbrick, The Village, Pan Macmillan Australia, 2021. Annie Raser-Rowland and Adam Grubb, The Art of Frugal Hedonism: A Guide to Spending Less While Enjoying Everything More, Melliodora, 2016. Carolyn Steel, Hungry City: How Food Shapes Our Lives, Random House UK, 2013. Cheryll Williams, Bush Remedies, Rosenberg Publishing, 2020. The Worm Monger, Compost Happens, 2016, thewormmonger. com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Ebook-3B.pdf

WILDFLOWERS, BIRDS AND ECOLOGY

Books

George Martin Adams, Foliage Birds: Australian Birds and Their Favoured Plants, Reed, 1981. Georgia Angus, 100 Australian Birds, Hardie Grant Explore, 2021. Kevin Collins, Kathy Collins and Alex George, Banksias, Bloomings Books, 2008. Leonard Cronin, Cronin’s Key Guide to Australian Wildflowers, Allen & Unwin, 2015. C.A. Gardner, Wildflowers of Western Australia, Western Australian Newspapers, 1959. Denise Greig, Field Guide to Australian Wildflowers, New Holland, 1999. Sara Levine, Flower Talk: How Plants Use Color to Communicate, Millbrook Press, 2019. Michael Morcombe, Australia’s Wildflowers, Lansdowne, 1970.

Murray Ralph, Growing Australian Native Plants from Seed, Bloomings Books, 2011. Ian White, Australian Bush Flower Essences, Kaminn Media Ltd, 1993.

Websites and online articles

Rhonda Daniels, ‘Photograph moths on Rutaceae for citizen science’, Australian Plants Society of NSW, resources. austplants.com.au/stories/photograph-moths-on-rutaceaefor-citizen-science/ Beth Gott, ‘Choosing acacia species for bushtucker’, Australian Bushfoods Magazine, Issue 4, Oct–Nov 1997, ausbushfoods.com/bushfoodsonline/backissues/Issue4/ Iss4_2.htm Warren Walker, ‘Native bees please’, Wariapendi Nusery, wariapendi.com.au/native-bees-please

OTHER SOURCES

Taxonomy sourced from the Australian Plant Census: anbg. gov.au/chah/apc. Plant conservation status sourced from the IUCN Red List: iucnredlist.org. Many brain pickings from ABC Gardening Australia articles: abc.net.au/gardening; and Bush Heritage Australia articles: bushheritage.org.au. Plant facts sourced from Australian Native Plants Society: anpsa.org.au; and from Growing Native Plants anbg.gov. au/gnp/. Some locations listed in this book were supported by inaturalist submissions: inaturalist.org. Some information sourced from Parks Australia: parksaustralia.gov.au.

SCIENTIFIC SOURCES

Geoffrey Bishop, ‘Briefing note on the importance of mistletoe and its effect of on regional biodiversity conservation’, Department of Environment and Heritage South Australia, 2010. Laura Boness, ‘Eucalyptus species has nano properties’, Science Illustrated, 11 November, 2011, scienceillustrated.com. au/blog/science/euclayptus-species-has-nano-properties Andrew Brown, ‘Orchid biology, ecology, phenology and fire response’, conference paper, 2004. Andrew Brown and Garry Brockman, ‘New taxa of Caladenia (Orchidaceae) from south-west Western Australia’, Nuytsia, 2015, 25, 45–123. Michelle Detoni, Eveline Vasconcelos, Elita Scio, Jair Aguiar, Rosy Isaias and Geraldo Soares, ‘Differential biochemical responses of Calliandra brevipes (Fabaceae, Mimosoidae) to galling behaviour by Tanaostigmodes ringueleti and T. mecanga (Hymenoptera, Tanaostigmatidae)’, Australian Journal of Botany, 2010, 58, 280–285. Kingsley Dixon and Raymond Tremblay, ‘Biology and natural history of Caladenia’, Australian Journal of Botany, 2009, 57, 247–258. Stephen Griffith and Susan Rutherford, ‘Flowering of Blandfordia grandiflora (Christmas bells) in response to fire frequency and temperature’, Australian Journal of Botany, 2020, 68, 449–457. Stephen D. Hopper, ‘Nuytsia floribunda’, Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, 2010, vol. 26, no. 4, 333–368. J.C. Huss, P. Fratzl, J. Dunlop, D.J. Merritt, B.P. Miller and M. Eder, ‘Protecting offspring against fire: lessons from banksia seed pods’, Frontiers in Plant Science, 2019, 10, 283. Tayla van der Kroft, David G. Roberts and Siegfried L. Krauss, ‘The critical role of honeyeaters in the pollination of the catspaw Anigozanthos humilis (Haemodoraceae)’, Australian Journal of Botany, 2019, 67, 281–289. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, ‘Self-healing seed pods: in plants of the Australian genus Banksia, special waxes seal fissures in the fruit wall’, ScienceDaily, 2018 Kosala Ranathunge, Hong-Tao Zhong, Andre Jardim Arruda and Hans Lambers, ‘Parasitic plants, galls, and witches’ brooms’, 2019, researchgate.net/publication/335337180_ Parasitic_plants_galls_and_witches’_brooms Adrian Renshaw, ‘The reproductive biology of four Banksia L. f. species with contrasting life histories’, PhD thesis, 2005, researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/ object/uws:3687 Roger Seymour and Paul Schultze-Motel, ‘Thermoregulating lotus flowers’, Nature, 1996, 383, 305. Helen Wallace, Glynn Maynard and Stephen Trueman, ‘Insect flower visitors, foraging behaviour and their effectiveness as pollinators of Persoonia virgata R. Br. (Proteaceae)’, Australian Journal of Entomology, 2002, 41. 55–59.

Acknowledgements

My gratitude goes to every single person who has connected with my work over the years. Your collective support and continual encouragement has allowed me to reach some of my wildest dreams and I will continue creating pictures for you.

To my publisher Melissa Kayser and Hardie Grant Explore, thank you for entrusting me with this incredible project; it has been a lifelong dream come true. Alexandra Payne, it’s been a pleasure to have you carve and polish my words – working with you has been one of the best parts of this whole project. Thank you to Erika Budiman (designer extraordinaire), Amanda Louey and the whole Hardie Grant team who worked hard to piece this book together beautifully.

Thank you to Lucy from Foraged and Fleurs (foragedandfleurs.com.au) for creating the incredible wildflower arrangement that inspired the front cover.

Thank you to Daniel McCawley (@moocattle) for all of your help and for providing some amazing photographic references.

Thank you to the language centres who have gifted me the permission to use their language in this book. It has been an incredible honour to work with you all. Thank you to Mirima Dawang Woorlab Communication Centre in Kununurra, WA; Wangka Maya Pilbara Aboriginal Language Centre in WA; Celeste and Karina at the Mobile Language Team in SA; Charley Woolmore and Aunty Gail at the Wurundjeri Woi Wurrung Cultural Heritage Aboriginal Corporation in Victoria; and Maroochy Barambah and Baringa Kukoyi for your assistance and permission to use First languages in this book.

Archer, my boy, this book is for you – my perfect son. I’ve written and illustrated the majority of this book with you by my side, while we watch Shaun the Sheep, eat dinner in bed and draw together. You’re dancing half-naked to ‘Come and get your love’ right now and I can’t stop laughing. I hope I can make you half as proud of me as I am of you. My Mum: beautiful, forever supportive, there aren’t enough words Ma – thank you for always being there and for perfectly critiquing every illustration in this book.

Neil, forever unwavering, grandad extraordinaire – thank you for showing me the best and for loving me via the platform of delicious food.

Dad, with Jeannie by your side … you both make storytelling an Olympic sport; with a tea and whisky in hand and the constant belly-laughs roaring through the tiny coastal neighbourhood you live in – these moments have been some of my most precious and formative.

To my Grandma for being one of the most influential women in my whole life – growing up in the love and warmth of you and Grandad has been one of the greatest privileges.

To my pals, who give me strength, endless laughter and a constant flow of inspiration; I would not have gotten this far without you all. Natalie Moore, my darling, thank you for being the first to read this book and provide the encouragement I needed to keep going – thank you for writing with me and being the sounding board for so many ideas.

Arika Crotty, my gratitude goes to your gorgeous soul and your precious time researching parts of this book with me.

George Levi, light of my life: thank you for looking after me and my silly animals and regularly gifting me with hysterical laughter – I love you for eternity, you perfect angel, and I’ll see you in hell.

Sophia, thank you for always having my back and for knowing just the right words to say to make me feel loved and supported – I’ll always be your #1 alibi.

Liz Daykin, your strength is humbling and your love and support always grounds me – Don Carlos 4eva baby.

Holly Day and Therese Smith, thank you for your love, coffee dates and epic chinwags.

Matt and Lentil, I’ll forever be grateful for our friendship, the delicious wine and the initial spark for all things garden. Thank you Lara Shprem for your help with the big-girl words and contracty-things that got this whole journey started. And finally, I’d like to acknowledge the brand I do all my scribbles under: Moonshine Madness. Designing and illustrating is my passion, my profession and my reason for being. It’s been a fruitful relationship of 15 years now, but it wasn’t until I bought my wooden house among the gum trees that I felt true guidance and direction. There is something out there, in the seemingly endless sea of bush – it guides, protects and inspires me. My gratitude goes to Country, which keeps me company, and the Turrbal people, the Traditional Owners of Meanjin (Brisbane) and the Moreton Bay region I call home.

A

Acacia aneura • 119 Acacia floribunda • 73 Acacia georginae • 73 Acacia podalyriifolia • 121 Actinotus helianthi • 59 Aketyape • 21 Alloxylon flammeum • 177 Anigozanthos humilis • 143 Anigozanthos manglesii • 167 Aniseed Myrtle • 89 annuals • xii Apple Berry • 95 Arleyalnge • 163 Arthropodium milleflorum • 63 Australian Cranesbill • 33

B

Backhousia myrtifolia • 81 Banksia

Coastal • 133

Lantern • 151

Old Man • 135

Scarlet • 179 Banksia coccinea • 179 Banksia ericifolia • 151 Banksia integrifolia • 133 Banksia serrata • 135 Banksia sessilis • 137 Barring-gootch • 49 Beard Orchid

Copper • 5

Red • 5 biennials • xii Billai • 157 Billardiera scandens • 95 Billy Buttons • 109 birds and bees • xv Black Fire Orchid • 195 Blandfordia grandiflora • 155

Index

Blue Grass-Lily • 7 Blue Pincushion • 9 Blue Tinsel Lily • 15 Bolwarra • 77 Boronia serrulata • 51 Bossiaea eriocarpa • 123 Bottlebrush, Common • 173 Brachychiton acerifolius • 97 Brachychiton discolor • 37 Brachychiton velutinosus • 37 Brisbane Lily • 57 Broad-leaved Drumsticks • 139 Broad-leaved Paperbark • 87 Brown Pea, Common • 123 Brunonia australis • 9 Bulbine bulbosa • 105 Bulrush • 201 Burchardia congesta • 69 Burchardia multiflora • 69 Burchardia umbellata • 69 Bush Apple • 91 Bush Nut • 97 Buttercup, Snow • 99

C

Caesia calliantha • 7 Caladenia dilatata • 3 Caladenia flava • 129 Caladenia parva • 3 Caladenia tentaculata • 3 Caleana major • 193 Calectasia narragara • 15 Callistemon citrinus • 173 Calochilus campestris • 5 Calochilus paludosis • 5 Calytrix exstipulata • 41 caring for Country • ix–x Carpobrotus edulis • 25 Carpobrotus glaucescens • 25 Carpobrotus modestus • 25 Carpobrotus rossii • 25 Casuarina equisetifolia • 157 Cat’s Paw • 143 Ceriops australis • 199 Chamelaucium uncinatum • 43 Cherry

Scrub • 91

Sour • 91 Christmas Bells • 155 Christmas Tree • 145 Chrysocephalum apiculatum • 105 Chrysocephalum baxteri • 65 Cinnamon Myrtle • 81 climate zones • xii, xiii Climbing Guinea Flower • 117 Coastal Banksia • 133 Coastal She-oak • 157 Cochlospermum fraseri • 115 Cockies Tongues • 165 Common Bottlebrush • 173 Common Brown Pea • 123 Common Fringe Lily • 13 Common Mint • 75 Copper Beard Orchid • 5 Corymbia calophylla • 83 Cowslip Orchid • 129 Craspedia glauca • 109 Cumbungi • 201 Curcuma australasica • 53 cuttings • xiv

D

Desert Pea, Sturt’s • 163 Desert Raisin • 21 Desert Rose • 39 dirt, compost and life • xi–xii Diuris orientis • 131 Doryanthes excelsa • 159 Drosera whittakeri • 71 Drumsticks • 109

Broad-leaved • 139 Duck Orchid, Flying • 193

E

Elderberry, White • 55 Eucalyptus macrocarpa • 175 Eucalyptus miniata • 147 Eupomatia laurina • 77 Everlasting, Fringed • 65 Everlasting Buttons • 107

F

Father Christmas • 5 Featherflower • 45 Morrison • 125 Fire Orchid, Black • 195 Firewheel Tree • 189 First Love • 127 First Nations communities • ix–x, xx Flame Kurrajong • 171 Flannel Flower • 59 flower sex • xvi–xvii Flying Duck Orchid • 193 Forest Jasmine • 93 Fringe Lily, Common • 13 Fringed Everlasting • 65

G

Gadwud • 25 Geebung • 141

Prickly • 141 Geraldton Wax • 43 Geranium, Native • 33 Geranium solanderi • 33 Goats Foot • 29 Golden Penda • 127 Goojang • 115 Gossypium australe • 39 Gossypium robinsonii • 39 Gossypium sturtianum • 39 Grass-Lily, Blue • 7 Grass Tree • 103 Green Comb Spider Orchid • 3 Grevillea, Scarlet • 181 Grevillea banksii • 181 Grevillea robusta • 153 Guava, Native • 77 Guinea Flower, Climbing • 117 Gumbarli-jiruna • 27 Gynea Lily • 159

H

Hakea, Pincushion • 185 Hakea bucculenta • 183 Hakea laurina • 185 Happy Wanderer • 17 Hardenbergia violacea • 17 Harlequin Mistletoe • 169 Hibbertia scandens • 117 Hibiscus, Native • 79 Hibiscus heterophyllus • 79 Hoya australis • 61

I

Ilintji • 197 Ipomoea pes-caprae • 29 Isopogon anemonifolius • 139

J

Jasmine, Forest • 93 Jasminum suavissimum • 93 Jibbong • 141

K

Kalpir-kalpir • 39 Kampurara • 21 Kangaroo Grass • 197 Kangaroo Paw • 143, 167 Kanyaa tree • 145 Kapok Tree, Yellow • 115 Kara • 69 Keeng-a • 25 Kennedia prostrata • 161 Kodjet (Kojet) • 185 Kotyeningara • 125 Kumbigi • 53 Kurrajong

Flame • 171

Pink • 37 Kurulbrang • 167

L

Lambertia formosa • 187 Lantern Banksia • 151 Large Christmas Bells • 155 Lechenaultia, Wreath • 35 Lechenaultia macrantha • 35 Leek, Native • 105 Leptospermum scoparium • 85 life cycle of plants • xii Lilly Pilly • 91

Powderpuff • 91 Lotus, Sacred • 47 Lysiana exocarpi • 169

M

Macadamia integrifolia • 97 Macadamia Tree • 97 Malukuru • 163 Mangrove, Yellow • 199 Mānuka • 85 Marri • 83 Melaleuca quinquenervia • 87 Mentha australis • 75 Mentha piperita • 75 Microseris lanceolata • 111 Microseris scapigera • 111 Microseris walteri • 111 Milkmaids • 69 Mint

Common • 75

River • 75 Mistletoe, Harlequin • 169 Moojar • 145 Moreton Bay Lily • 57 Morrison Featherflower • 125 Mottlecah • 175 Mountain Christmas Bells • 155 Mountain Devil • 187 Mulga Tree • 119 Mulla Mulla, Tall • 27 Murnong • 111 Mycorrhizal Fungi • 3 Myrtle

Aniseed • 89

Cinnamon • 81

N

Nall • 161 Native Geranium • 33 Native Guava • 77 Native Hibiscus • 79 Native Leek • 105 Native Passionfruit • 149 Native Raspberry • 49 Native Rose • 51 native seeds • xii–xiii Native Turmeric • 53 Native Violet • 23 Nelumbo nucifera • 47 Ngalyipi • 117 Ngantja • 169 North Christmas Bells • 155 Nuytsia floribunda • 145 Nymphaea gigantea • 19

O

Old Man Banksia • 135 Orchid

Cowslip • 129

Wallflower • 131

P

Pale Vanilla Lily • 63 Pandorea pandorana • 67 Paper Daisy, Yellow • 113 Paperbark, Broad-leaved • 87 Parrot Bush • 137 Passiflora edulis • 149 Passiflora herbertiana • 149 Passionfruit

Native • 149

Purple • 149 perennials • xii Persoonia juniperina • 141 Pigface, Pink • 25 Pimelea linifolia • 101 Pincushion, Blue • 9 Pink Kurrajong • 37 Pink Lacebark Tree • 37 Pink Pigface • 25 Pink Swamp-Heath • 31 Pink Turkey Bush • 41 Poang-gurk • 75 Powderpuff Lilly Pilly • 91 Prickly Geebung • 141 Ptilotus exaltatus • 27 Ptilotus obovatus • 27 Pudjak • 137 Purple Coral Pea • 17 Purple Passionfruit • 149 Puuyuupkil • 25 Pycnosorus globosus • 109 Pyrorchis nigricans • 195

Q

Queen of the Bush • 101 Queensland Tree

Waratah • 177

R

Ranunculus anemoneus • 99 Raspberry, Native • 49 Red Beard Orchid • 5 Red Pokers • 183 Red Silky Oak • 181 Riceflower, Slender • 101 River Mint • 75 Rose, Native • 51 Rosella • 79 Rubus parvifolius • 49

S

Sacred Lotus • 47 Sambucus gaudichaudiana • 55 Scarlet Banksia • 179 Scarlet Runner • 161 Scented Sundew • 71 Scrub Cherry • 91 She-oak, Coastal • 157 Silky Oak • 153

Red • 181

Silver Leaf Wattle • 121 Slender Riceflower • 101 Snow Buttercup • 99 Solanum centrale • 21 Sour Cherry • 91 Spider Orchid, Green Comb • 3 Spotted Sun Orchid • 11 Sprengelia incarnata • 31 Stenocarpus sinuatus • 189 Sturt’s Desert Pea • 163 Sun Orchid, Spotted • 11 Sundew, Scented • 71 Swainsona formosa • 163 Swamp-Heath, Pink • 31 Syzygium anisatum • 89 Syzygium australe • 91 Syzygium corynanthum • 91 Syzygium smithii • 91 Syzygium suborbicylare • 91 Syzygium wilsonii • 91

T

Tall Mulla Mulla • 27 Tasmanian Christmas

Bells • 155 Telopea speciosissima • 191 Templetonia retusa • 165 Terrat • 33 Thelymitra ixioides • 11 Themeda triandra • 197 Thurlamardamarda • 163 Thysanotus multiflorus • 13 Thysanotus tuberosus • 13 Tinsel Lily, Blue • 15 Tree Waratah, Queensland • 177 Turkey Bush, Pink • 41 Turmeric, Native • 53 Typha orientalis • 201

U

Undertaker Orchid • 195

V

Vanilla Lily, Pale • 63 Verticordia chrysantha • 45 Verticordia grandiflora • 45 Verticordia grandis • 45 Verticordia insignis • 45

Verticordia nitens • 125 Viola hederacea • 23 Violet, Native • 23

W

Wallflower Orchid • 131 Waratah • 191

Wirrimbirra White • 191 Water Lily • 19 Wattle

Silver Leaf • 121

White • 73 Waxflower • 61 White Elderberry • 55 White Wattle • 73 wildflower meadows • xix Wiriyagan • 135 Wonga • 67 Wonga Wonga Vine • 67 Woolewoorrng • 147 Wreath Lechenaultia • 35 Wurrganyga • 89

X

Xanthorrhoea glauca • 103 Xanthostemon chrysanthus • 127 Xerochrysum bracteatum • 113

Y

Yam Daisy • 111 Yellow Buttons • 107 Yellow Kapok Tree • 115 Yellow Mangrove • 199 Yellow Paper Daisy • 113 Yibooboong • 19

Published in 2022 by Hardie Grant Explore, an imprint of Hardie Grant Publishing

Hardie Grant Explore (Melbourne) Wurundjeri Country Building 1, 658 Church Street Richmond, Victoria 3121

Hardie Grant Explore (Sydney) Gadigal Country Level 7, 45 Jones Street Ultimo, NSW 2007

www.hardiegrant.com/au/explore

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Copyright text and illustrations © Mel Baxter 2022 Copyright concept and design © Hardie Grant Publishing 2022

Hardie Grant acknowledges the Traditional Owners of the Country on which we work, the Wurundjeri people of the Kulin Nation and the Gadigal people of the Eora Nation, and recognises their continuing connection to the land, waters and culture. We pay our respects to their Elders past and present. 100 Australian Wildflowers ISBN 9781741177817

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Publisher Melissa Kayser Project editor Amanda Louey First Nations consultant Jessica Staines, Wiradjuri Editor Alexandra Payne Proofreader Kate Kiely Design Erika Budiman, @pixels_and_paper_studio Typesetting Hannah Schubert Index Max McMaster

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