The Design of Breathing in O2 by Hanan Fatina

THE

design

breathing

in

of

O2.

a design proposition by

HANAN FATINA

taylor’s university lakeside campus

“You can spend as much as you want on equipment and it will only last for the lifetime of the equipment.

Unless you have s u b s ta n t i a l ly changed the system, the biomedical, maintenance, distribution, and the economic purchasing system. you will be back in the same situation in 5 years.”

Hamish Graham

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter one acknowledgment introduction

research background research issue

scope of research

theoretical hypothesis research questions

limitations of research

significance of research

6

6-7 8

9-11

12-16 17

18-22 23-24 25-26

Chapter two summary of chapter one definition of topic

theories related to the topic

application of theories towards spaces clientelle/financial sustainability site mapping

28

29-30 31-34 35-39 40

41-44

Chapter three chosen area & rationale design feasibility

design reasoning

46-47 48-54 55-56

chapter four critical reflection

direction for next semester

references

58-59 60

61-66

CHAPTER ONE

In this chapter, it will begin to develop a series of thought provoking questions about my design topic and research on past and current thought processes to build a strong case for my design rationale.

It will firstly attempt to question the correlation between a written narrative and the materiality involved in the communication of a particular idea. It will then delve into the formulation of a hypothesis through the lens of a theoretical character such as a positivist, constructivist, etc to build a research framework deemed suitable in relation to this hypothesis. Design strategies are crafted to set in motion the possible resolution of ideas.

5

Acknowledgment This research is based on topics of my interest for my Advanced Interior Architecture subject, although, mainly its for my Design Proposition. It is co-related to the design practices that I will apply in my programming and design concepts in my Final Year Project.

This assignment with the wisdom

is for me to dive and guidance of my

in further into my mentor, Mr Vickram

research Thevar.

Introduction to the topic With the interest to the current pandemic or endemic, as we speak, some events and observations had led me to think of the possibilites in the nature of this new virus, Covid-19, to spark and mutate into an uncontrollable state. Based on true events that took place out of the country, I took into account two things: the state of the country and how human behaviour had affected them in desperate times.

It really questions the benevolence. Therefore, I had an outlook of the future of these trying times in a exaggerated setting to ponder upon.

A is

disclaimer

that based

my

design on

project

a

in

Advanced Interior fictional

Architecture setting.

The divided social class system among the poor and wealthy, with a government that is only willing to protect those who could pay the cost. A discriminated alliance against the less fortunate and marginalized communities when resources such as oxygen tanks become scarce and limited.

Could interior design/architecture be intergrated in this situation? How would it look like? Would It be able to help the less fortunate? Or could it help us all as a whole in future built environments so, a possiblity of a dystopian future be avoided and protect us for the better against the real silent enemy, such as a deadly virus.

6

1. Introduction

An overall introduction to the topic

THIS

IS

FICTIONAL

DYSTOPIAN FUTURE: IN 5-10 YEARS LATER, WHAT IF THE COVID VIRUS MUTATES AGGRESSIVELY AND THERE IS NO CURE

SOCIO ECONOMIC REFLECTION METAPHORICALLY OXYGEN FOR FREEDOM, SURVIVAL, SOCIAL ASCENDENCE ETC

7

FIGHTING FOR ACTUAL OXYGEN; IT BECOMES A CURRENCY

INTERESTING PARALLELS DRAWN WITH ECOLOGICAL CRISIS WE ARE LIVING IN EXTICTION OF SOME SPECIES & DESTRUCTION OF HABITATS

2. RESEARCH BACKGROUND

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3. Research Issue The factors that causes the “lack of oxygen” issue?

CONDITIONS OF HOW IT FIRST BEGAN In late December 2019, the emergence of the global pandemic known as Covid-19, was first identified in Wuhan, China. Researches explained that presence of SARS-Cov-2 originally came from bats. This was similart to how Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronaviruses began, as well.

It was also claimed that this was most likely due to the conditions of the “Wet Markets” in Wuhan where the virus was suspected to have transmitted. The mentioned “Wet Market” were selling meat of illegal wild animals such as raccoon, cobras and wild boars which meant that the nature of several different viruses from wild animals could possibly have lead to a genetic exchange to humans (Bhargava, 2021) WHERE DOES OXYGEN COME IN TO PLAY? tudies have shown that the blood oxygen level which falls below 92% rapidly, followed by shalS low breathing were linked with the surprising death rates of hospitalized patients of COVID-19.

Thus, was advising individuals who tested positive to stay vigilant towards these symptoms when at home.

F urther tests were shown to solidify this statement. 45% were predicted to unsuccessfully pass the test and die. 1095 of the mentioned patients (18%) died in the hospital as compared to the hospitalized patients with stablized oxygen levels as their high respiration rates were 59% more higher than the ones with normal blood oxygen saturations (V. Beusekom, 2021)

BASIC RIGHT TO HEALTHCARE DURING A PANDEMIC IN INDIA The Indian government has had an increase in demand for the regulation of healthcare costs from the private sector that holds the mass of the nation’s medical treatment. The number of private hospitals in India is a two to one ratio compared to its public sectors - despite having a high number of its urban population left without health care insurance (K. Thiagarajan, 2020)

9

A CLOSER CONTEXT TO HOME ( MALAYSIA ) The writers of an article titled ‘The Life-or-Death Cost of Being Stateless in a Global Pandemic’ had discussed that while relationship between the State and the stateless is quite clear, it yet highlights specific discrimination. The subjects of racism, xenophobia, patriachy and intolerance was increasing over the duration of the Covid-19 crisis in Malaysia Maalini Ramalo of NGO DHRRA Malaysia asserted, the lower communities were in fear to step out of their abodes to simply purchase basic necessities such as food and medical assistance, in fear of the discrimination held against them.

(L.V. Waas, O. Spearman, 2021).

Malaysia was used as a highlighted example for the grant and marginalized communities during times of need

mistreatment of miin the article above.

10

O

X

YG

E

N

BUT WHY OXYGEN? Philippe Duneton, Executive Director of Unitaid asserted that the presence of Covid-19 has affected the health system significantly. Hospitals in many LMIC’s oxygen were depleting. He added, the impact of this should be given the utmost attention from relevant organizations and donors, and should be addressed by many globally. Philippe lastly highlighted that certain nations had failed to accomodate to their expected demand in oxygen prior to the pandemic (A. D. Usher, 2021)

n another note, Hamish Graham, a specialist in oxygen therapy at the Murdoch Children’s ReO search Institute in Melbourne, Australia, mentions that oxygen should be seen as a cardinal rule when the subject matter is the infrastructure of health facilties.

(A. D. Usher, 2021)

ith that being said, with COVID-19 triggering the desperation of oxygen, this should open W the eyes of many health officials and governments to press on the importance and highten the availability of medical oxygen. Moreover, this does not include other diseases such as Sepsis, Malaria or Pneumonia or other illnesses that require the attention of medical oxygen.

11

4. Scope of Research

TYPOLOGIEs S

c

i

e

n

t

OF i

f

i

OXYGEN c

a

l

l

y

12

OXYGEN therapy Humans with breathing disorders are not able to obtain sufficient oxygen in their systems naturally. Hence why supplemental oxygen, or in other cases, oxygen therapy may be needed to support them. Oxygen Therapy was proven to improve their energy levels as well as their sleep. In general, they had better living quality. While some of these people highly depend on Oxygen therapy, others could use it occassionally under certain circumstances. It is performed with supervision from of a doctor in most cases, but could also be done from home with an oxygen supply or a portable oxygen system.

(Stubblefield, 2017) Individuals who experience Hypoxaemia can be given oxygen in high or low concentrations. Hypoxaemia is associated with illnesses such as lower respiratory tract infections, severe asthma, upper airway obstruction, birth asphyxia etc.

(Chukwuemeka, Oxygen therapy) In other quire the

words, there are attention of oxygen

many respiratory therapy to help

related improve

illnesses that retheir living quality.

The oxygen delivery systems can be divided in two main groups:

Low flow oxygen delivery system Nasal Cannula, Simple Mask, Partial Rebreather, Face Tent

High flow oxygen delivery system Venturi Mask, Aerosol masks, tracheostomy collars, Nasal Cannula

13

physiological t

y

p

o

oxygen l

og

y

15

16

5. Theoretical Hypothesis

hypothesis If

an

such

interior as

space

an

had

adequate

good amount

air

quality

of

control,

oxygen

content,

or

is

accessible within ly

virus

medical prolonged

17

to

an

bespoke

space

the outbreak,

it

attention,

may

provide

a

that

oxygen solution could

or

during to be

the

tank a need

deadof

either

urgent be avoided.

6. Research questions

Question 1: Could Oxygen be a form of currency in the future?

Question 2: With the evolution of new technology and designs, could it possibly pollute the indoor air quality of a built enviroment and its inhabitants?

Question 3: Would the resurgence of a new variant of the Coronavirus cause an increase of patients in hospitals needing medical oxygen, or could there be a simpler, accessible method be made from residential units and commercial spaces for public usage?

Question 4: What if medical supplementary oxygen could be integrated with nature and interior architecture to cure illnesses related to respiratory health issues?

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Question 1:

Could Oxygen be a form of currency in the future?

In this podcast, it discusses the invention of money among economists, relatively how money first began during historical times for example, a wheel or and inclined plane. But basically, how did we start using money? During ancient times, money was defined as money as it was a simple substance that held value; a commodity. Similiar to gold and silver. In a nutshell, a newer, representable substance replaced that. It also known as commodity money.

(Functions of Money - The Economic Lowdown Podcast Series, 2021)

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Question 2: With the evolution of new technology and designs, could it pollute the indoor air quality of a built enviroment and its inhabitants?

The Climate, biological and geological systems was observed through multiple simulations and predicted, as time progresses along with technology, so would the conditions. The said data anticipate that in a billion years, planet Earth will be depleted. Earth would be completely inhabitable for the organisms with complex systems, such us humans. Life on this planet would be dominated with creatures that dont necessarily require oxygen.

(Krosofsky, 2021)

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Question 3: Would the resurgence of a new variant of the coronaVirus cause an increase of patients in hospitals needing medical oxygen, or could there be a simpler, accesible method be made from residential units and commercial spaces for public usage?

Potentially speaking, what if we designed a device that could be made accessible, in the event that could relieve Hypoxia, the lack of dyspnoea and extremely low oxygen saturation levels. As the Coronavirus is known to attack the respiratory system, which could lead to Hypoxia and Pneumonia in some severe cases, what if there would be an opportunity for breathing in such situations? Could interior spaces contain such a device that could lower the severity of this?

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Question 4: What if Medical supplementary oxygen could be integrated with nature and interior architecture to cure illnesses related to respiratory health issues?

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) involves breathing oxygen in its near purest form in a special room or small chamber.

HBOT is linked to cure diving-related illness but further studies shows its potential in the healing of other respiratory diseases with various conditions. It was first tested in 1662 by a physician who built a hyperbaric chamber.

What it is, is a confined room with many bellows and valves. Its objective was to use the pressure to treat certain respiratory related illnesses.

(Brazier, 2019)

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7. Limitation of Research Identifying the areas of focus.

L i m i tat i o n s The main subject matter would focus on mainly Oxygen as a important resource in our everyday lives. This research will contain topics relevant to our social living, interior spaces and the possiblities of harnessing oxygen easily into our daily lives.

HOWEVER, This research would not focus on, primarily, COVID-19, but to discuss it as the relevance to the need of medical oxygen in life-threatening situations. It also doesnt aim to solve COVID-19 but provides solutions to reduce the severity and to increase the time needed to seek urgent medical attention.

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objectives TO UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF OXYGEN AND HOW WE COULD SAFELY BRING IT INTO INTERIOR SPACES AS A SUSTAINABLE AIR SOURCE FOR HUMANS.

TO

PREVENT

THE

DEPLETION

OF

OXYGEN

TANKS

IN

THE

FUTURE.

TO UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF OXYGEN COLLIDING WITH A VIRUS OUTBREAK AND ITS RELATION TO OUR INTERIOR AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES.

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8. significance of Research

POT E NTIAL OUTCOM E S The importance of this subject is to achieve an interior space(s) which provide good air quality for those able to inhale air normally, as well as those highly dependent on medical oxygen as a supplementry source of regular oxygen. ther outcomes include experimenting with different methods to solve the limitaO tions of the availbility of oxygen in private/public hospitals in times of desperation.

In addition, this research aims to bring awareness to the depletion of oxygen in our atmoshphere caused by the ever growing technological advancements at present day and how it harms the enviroment that we highly depend on for our bodies.

Last but not least, it aims to have a possible outlook on the future sociopolitical impact and issues it would have on a country if the higher authorities were to give priority to those that could pay a higher price and fee for an additional fraction of their lifetime.

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take this time to breathe

26

CHAPTER TWO

In Chapter 2, the theoretical emphasis and underpinning of the chosen topic and project begins to take shape. The implications between imaginary and realized projects are conceptualized and postulated through multiple theories that could help inform the design of the space.

Moreover, a clear relationship between the site, nature of the topic, as well as the theories and application of the theories into design elements is crucial to establish a legible line of thought from conception to formation of the design process.

A tangible understanding of the site characteristics are also developed in this process as it forms a comprehensive understanding between the needs of the site through its demography and the proposed design ideas.

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1. Introduction to O2

Summarize a brief overview from Chapter 1

O2 Socio-Political environment Diagram 2.1

The diagram above is an understanding to the socio-political system in the project proposed.

Oxygen ( in this case, surgical oxygen tanks ) would serve as a currency in the country, due to the high demand post Covid-19 outbreak and, potentially, cause a social class divide.

Through this research, the objectives would be as follows: 1. To understand the nature of oxygen and how we could safely bring it into interior spaces as a sustainable air source for humans.

2. To prevent the depletion of oxygen tanks in the future 3. To understand the nature of oxygen colliding with a virus outbreak and its relation to our interior and external environmental issues.

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2. Definition of Topic Borrowed from French

oxygène In Lavoisier’s words, in the form principe oxygène, meaning the ‘acidifying principle’.

In Ancient Greek, it means two meeanings into one; ὀξύς (oxús, “sharp”) + γένος (génos, “birth”) in reference to oxygen’s supporting part it holds in the formation of acids.

(Oxford Dictionary, 2021) RELATED DEFINITIONS OF OXYGEN

ACID

AIR

has acidic-like properties or contains acid; with a pH value below than 7.

1. The Fluid which we inhale, and which surrounds the earth; the Atmosphere.

(Cambridge Dictionary, 2021)

2. Symbolically: Something Unsubstantial, Light, Or Volatile

Breathe a: to draw air into and expel it from the lungs broadly b: to inhale and exhale freely 6: to spend a great deal of time, thought, or effort on (something) : to be wholly devoted to (some interest or activity) 4: to pause and rest before continuing

3. A Particular State of the Atmosphere, 4. A Musical Idea, Or Motive, rhythmically developed In consecutive Single Tones, so As To Form A Symmetrical and balanced Whole, which may Be sung by A Single Voice To the Stanzas of A hymn Or song, Or Even To Plain Prose, Or played Upon an instrument; A melody; A tune; an aria.

5. The Peculiar Look, Appearance, and Bearing of A person; mien; demeanor;

5: to feel free of restraint needs room to breathe 6a: to permit passage of air or vapor (Merriam-Webster, 2021)

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(Merriam-Webster, 2021)

Ultimately, Oxygen is a component in air which results in breathing.

THE IN BETWEEN OF AIR AND ARCHITECTURE According to Space For Health, “Breathing Architecture” can be explained as, a principle that applies architecture and aesthetic strategies to improve the movement of natural air and enhance the indoor air quality of a space, through mechanical venitlation.

These practices add to the aesthetics of the a building, providing a more open experience of a space with enhance breathability in a space.

(Elevate, 2021) Based on the earlier definition of the word “air”, it is translated in the following context:

i. Air | Breath | Architecture | Life ii. Air | Oxygen | Indoor Air Quality Since the concept of “breathing architecture”, literally, enables spaces of a built environment to “breathe” through mechanical and architectural means, this could be interconnected to the multifaceted meaning of “air”.

Through philosophical anthropological means, “air” has a link in meaning between what it means to breath and life. Through spatial design and architectural synthesis, a space would contain air. A built environment containing a cavity within it’s structure, would be also be defined with the quality of air. Although, the intangible property of air within a structure, is unthought despite it’s significance and role to a building. Connor emphasizes that, just like human bodies, buildings respire, excrete, age and sweat - they are alive.

(Connor S., 2004)

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3. Theories related to Topic Theories that may help support the research topic.

PROSPECT REFUGE THEORY

PACED BREATHING THEORY

ATTENTION RESTORATION THEORY

1. Prospect and Refuge Theory What does it mean?

Prospect and Refuge is a theory described when the connection of the feeling of security and the needs of the human psychology are met. These two aspects are activated when one could observe their surroundings and environment without exposing themselves, or be watched by others. In other words, it is to see without having to be seen.

(Annemarie S. & Michael J., 2013) Through design?

In the means of design practices, the three identities that could be applied to for this said theory to work would be space, form and context. It is said to have an effect on our emotional frame of mind.

(Crankshaw N., 2008) How does this theory work with humans and spaces?

In a study researched by Kaplan and Kaplan, is the observation between spatial context between settlements in rural areas which shows dwellings in an enviroment with a small amount of a natural setting in its surrounding. It further explains the relationship between livable spaces and the postive effects for the human psychology wellbeing and fatigue.

Kaplan and Kaplan proposes that the sight of nature could further propel the sense of security that could reinforce social interaction .

(Kaplan and Kaplan, 1989)

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HOW FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT APPLIED THIS THEORY IN AN ARCHITECTURAL SETTING Frank Lloyd Wright applies this theory to his works. In Wright’s work, prospect is defined and seen through monism, procreated when occupants meets nature.

PROSPECT The occupant is said to be viewing the interior space and the natural surrounding around the built environment, as one. This allows the viewer to perceive as if the connection of nature and their internal environment to be seamless, and is said to be Wright’s exact intention of his work.

(Kim K.H, 2002) REFUGE He built it just like an ordinary structure of a home; entryways, hallways, personalized spaces and such with a few key elements that enhances the Refuge aspect. This is through the characteristics of lowered ceilings, smaller wall lengths and a sense of limited light entering the space. Suggesting the characteristics of a cave-like environment. In contrast, the external setting would be bright accompanied with a vast space, that is the landscape. (Kim K.H, 2002)

Diagram 2.2 Root sketches a scene applying Prospect and Refuge in an architectural aspect. (Root, 2021)

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3. Theories related to Topic 2. Paced Breathing Theory What is Paced Breating?

The article states that through Eastern Millenary Tradition, we can achieve a state of concious that is meditative through the practice of breathing. And since, our respiratory systems are interconnected with our mental wellbeing, the essence of this is applied in a majority of meditating-related practices.

(Zaccaro, A., Piarulli, A., Laurino, M., Garbella, E., Menicucci, D., Neri, B., & Gemignani, A., 2018) How does it affect our mental state?

Paced breathing is linked to the psychological and physiological adaptations in our system and could be responsible for the postitive effects it has on it. Study shows, that the heart rate and respiratory system resonate with our Central Nervous System through slow breathing and this controls the outcome of human behaviour through psychological means. This also translates to a change in various emotional control such as comfort, relaxation and alertness take place, but also shows a decline in depression, confusion, anger and anxiety.

(Zaccaro, A., Piarulli, A., Laurino, M., Garbella, E., Menicucci, D., Neri, B., & Gemignani, A., 2018) Does slow breathing help those with illnesses?

A study explains that modern day treatments are costly and unnatural; such as taking medication for treatment post therapy. In contrast to natural remedies such as meditation like yoga, which has been practiced for centuries. Targeted slow breathing could be directed purely to the stimulus through neurotransmitters in our brain. Sleeping disruptions and disorders could be treated as these timed breathing sends signals to our nervous system that would help us get better rest.

(R. Jerath, C. Beveridge and V. A. Barnes, 2019) Asthma is a respiratory and circulatory related disease that was treated with slow breathing by Konstantin Buteyko over many countries back in the 50s and 60s. It was said that his treatment was proven with results and was further practised by other clinicians in treating chronic diseases related to the respiratory system (Courtney R., 2009).

Diagram 2.3 Paced Breathing in a natural setting (Okumura, 2019)

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3. Theories related to Topic 3. Attention Restoration Theory What is Attention Restoration Theory?

As the theory suggests, the ability to restore attention is due to the observation of a natural setting and this improves our mental state and our ability to focus (Ohly, White, Wheeler, Bethel, Ukoumunne, Nikolaou, & Garside, 2016).

Why ART? It began when the paradigm shift of tech advancements brought adults and children indoor for entertainment. Rachel and Stephen Kaplan first studied this theory and it was later recognized and researched by many. The new narrative of this shift raised concerns as we had minimize and disconnected from nature overtime. At present day, it is relatable to lack of rest due to overworking and burning the midnight oil for an upcoming test. Through ART, the theory suggests the revival of our attention can thus be restored by spending a significant time being in nature.

(Ackerman, 2019) Can this be applied in an interior setting?

Wilson asserted that humans, by nature, dependent on the ecosystem as we naturally evolutionized through prehistoric times and have been on survival mode ever since. Therefore suggests that naturally, humans would choose their natural habitat based on preference. Furthermore, a setting a natural habitat mentioned earlier was considering a variety of factors such as basic human needs like food, water and shelter, which enables them to carry forward while being nourished, mentally and physically. (Kellert, 2008) In a interior space, when it is introduced with elements of nature, it would be know as a spaced infused with Biophilic Design. This particular design practice creates a significant impact to human behaviour and cognitive abilities. The introduction of a natural element in interior settings or one with a clear link to such, is proven to boost the wellbeing and improves fatigue. (Ulrich, 1984) This was similiar to Kellert’s opinion on Biophilia as he had emphasized the promising results, and as the theory suggests, a positive impact to daily human development and its surroundings (Kellert, 2008) Is it a present day issue?

Globally, a vast majority live in an urbanized community or neighbourhood and this simultaneously has an effect with this lifestyle has put a pressure against our psychological wealth and the reaction to these demands have a known link to mental fatigue. (Kaplan 1995; Kaplan and Kaplan 1989). However, the ART, could restore this imbalance with reconnecting ourselves in natural settings from time to time and recharge our concentration and increase focus.

(Ohly. H., White, M.P., Wheeler, B.W., Bethel, A., Ukoumunne, O.C., Nikolaou, V. & Garside, R., 2016)

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4. Application of Theories towards Space

Diagram 2.4 Illustration of breathing apparatus

o2 A description of O2 O2 is an interactive space that has hanging algae, to introduce Horticulture. The algae would be contained in flask-like glass connected to tubes for carbon dioxide ( exhalation ) to enter the flasks. Over a period of time, algae would grow and be transferred into photobioreactors where it will contribute to the developement of algae, as well as energy to the building and the environment. Pocket of natural light would beam into the space, allowing the algae to grow, while providing the interior environment to welcome a natural scene to enter. Patrons would be able to observe this process and understand that within the cavity of the building, our own bodies woul d be able to contribute in the living environment, syncing with the structure to “breathe”.

Theories applied in O2 Paced Breathing As the pressure of exhaling and inhaling could disrupt the specimen within the flask, patrons have to pace their breathing. This would allow them to also observe and enjoy the process.

Attention Restoration Theory Through spatial experience, patrons would view the mentioned pockets of light beaming into the space with the exterior Biophilic nature of the architecture. They’re greeted with green along they way in O2.

Sensory Experience Through O2 Sight - Able to view the development of algae; Horticulture.

Smell - Slight Earthy, Musty Odour emitted from Algae.

Touch - The feel of tubes on hands and face through breathing apparatus, collecting CO2.

Taste - As they inhale and exhale through mouthpieces, it would also emit a slight taste.

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4. Application of Theories towards Space

pandora A description of Pandora Pandora, is the heart and core of the environmental system and is filled with nature. Hues of green of leaves and participating activities that invites patrons to do gardening. This is a pivotal aspect in O2 as Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy is proven to be the cause of physical fatigue after treatment as the pressurized chambers would put the human cells and organs to work during the process.

Theories applied in Pandora Paced Breathing With this theory, it is understood that cognitive behaviour is affected in a positive manner, when mental fatigue in the mind, comes across the sight of nature. Similar to the nature of the fictional story created of O2, is the existence of Pandora.

A study shows that rock climbing is subjected to a few factors that determine its level of difficulty.

These factors would include inclination, pace of climber’s breathing, their body mass and shape and number of holds they could achieve in their climb. However, the highlight of this study asserts that inclination would be the main variable that dictates the physiological response it has on humans.

(J. Baláš, M. Panáčková, B. Strejcová, A. J. Martin, D. J. Cochrane, M. Kaláb, et al., 2014) Attention Restoration Theory We can call them Climbing Gardeners. As patrons can train in an activity that challenges their stamina and endurance, it would be met with gardening. as an option. It promotes a sport while being connected with nature. And as the theory suggests, improve our concentration and mental focus while working. Pandora is indoor, set with a minimum of 60 feet, of a rock climbing wall with soil “pots” located through the journey, as if being in the outdoors.

Sensory Experience Through Pandora Sight - The greeneries met as they climb vertically, or plant.

Smell - Soil and flora would emit scents.

Touch - Physical endurance and strength is needed to climb the wall.

Diagram 2.5 Illustration of Pandora’s Interior climbing wall

v

36

4. Application of Theories towards Space

Diagram 2.6 Illustrations of Recycled Oxygen Bell made from unused oxygen tanks.

lyra A description of Lyra Lyra has two sub-activities; A meditational space through sound and breathing meditation and a workshop, to create art (oxygen bell tanks). It will be located very distant from these two spaces despite their shared name. As the workshop would be loud during its creation, this would disrupt the quiet and peaceful atmosphere held for yoga classes.

Theories applied in Lyra Paced Breathing This theory applies in the meditational space of Lyra. A research titled ‘Physiology of Long Pranayamic Breathing’ tells us that the regulation of heart rate and autonomic responses stem from our paced breathing. From a yogist definition, this practice can be referred to as “Prana” which translates to ‘Energy’ and ‘Breath’, and this energy is what tranfuses in life itself (Jerath et al., 2006).

Sensory Experience Through Lyra Sight - The concentration needed in body posture, and during iron works.

Smell - This involves the controlled breathing required during meditation.

Touch - Hands on workshops and classes in yoga sessions Hear - With a minor interaction with bells and chimes made from workshop would be used for sound healing purposes that aid in mentioned Yoga Classes

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4. Application of Theories towards Space

Genevieve A description of Genevieve In Genevieve, a programme which offers Hyperbaric Oxygen therapy to patrons, they would most likely be in an interior environment which is small and could potentially be claustrophobic to some. As this experience could be frightening to some, and due to the nature of Covid-19, we would often find ourselves socially distant, as most places enforce this ruling.

Theories applied in Genevieve Prospect and Refuge Theory With this theory, it is understood that it seeks to control the manner in which bright and open spaces are structured spatially. The behaviour suggested of this theory would lead to choosing edges/corners of rooms, as compared to its center, sp aces with covers or spaces in ceilings, few entry points. (with their backs covered or side). They’ll find themselves in an environment which they could survey their surroundings, and feels more familiar.

Diagram 2.7 Illustration of a spherical, multi-story Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Chamber.

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Attention Restoration Theory

Diagram 2.8 Chart respresenting the variables related to ART

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5. Clientele/Financial Sustainability SELECTED CLIENT:

Diagram 2.9 official logo of UNICEF

UNICEF Who will the these spaces be funded?

Through client based ownership, UNICEF as an NGO representing O2.

SUSTAINABILITY How? UNICEF sustains its organization on goods and donations that are given from various volunteers from both government and private sectors. As their main goal and objective is to protect the wellfare of children and the underprivileged.

(Funding to UNICEF, 2021) UNICEF and initiative made during the Pandemic?

It was reported on their official website that UNICEF Malaysia contributed the oxygen concentrators that were donated from the people, along with medical supplies to hospitals. after a state of emergency was declared to save the lives of children that took place on the 31st of July 2021. The list below is a number chart of supplies given out by UNICEF (COVID 19 emergency appeal & supply to hospitals in Malaysia, 2021).

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6. Site Mapping

PARAMIT FACTORY Lorong Perindustrian Bukit Minyak 21, 14100 Simpang Ampat, Pulau Pinang

Diagram 2.10 Captured through Google Maps, Paramit Factory is situated in Simpat Ampang, Penang.

Paramit Malaysia manufactures appliances and tools for medical usage.

Its location shows that it is almost near coastlines and surrounded in industrial buildings.

After careful observation within a 5KM radius, below is gathered elements simplified.

Factories

Rural Neighbourhood

Jawi River

WITHIN A 5KM RADIUS

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Main Expressway

6. Site Mapping

SITE ANALYSIS .

SATELLITE CAPTURED

Diagram 2.11 Captured through Satellite, shows the planning the city and natural landscape.

The image above shows a few characteristics: i. That the spatial placement of buildings are highly clustered, but segregated by rivers and roads. ii. A small percentage of vegetation is seen mostly near rivers. iii. Map shows a dense working population as the placement of rural neighbourhoods close to factories.

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WEATHER CONDITIONS . 2020 factors affecting the surrounding environment Paramit’s location shows us the following weather conditions in the area in November.

Diagrams 2.12 Images of Wind Direction in Simpang Ampat

The diagrams above show Simpang Ampat’s wind direction and air quality in the area. Despite its location consisting of many industrial buildings within a 1KM radius, not all these contain chimneys which pollute the air quality. Based on the images, in fact, measures to good standards.

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SITE CONDITIONS . 2020 Reasoning for selection of site Despite Paramit’s location that is surrounded by factories and a small percentage of greenery, its highlight is its Biophilic architecture of the factory itself.

BIOP H ILIA These collective images of the architectural and natural intergration of greenary has Paramit Factory deemed as “The Factory In The Forest”.

Shared by ArchDaily, the elements and engeenering has lead this building to be biophilic and sustainable. These two factors heavily impact the quality of air indoors, and the psychological state and well-being of its workers.

Special features such as pocket gardens and lightfiltering panels to control the amount of sunlight entering the building using collected reasearch of sun orientation in Malaysia’s tropical climate.

SELECTION

OF

SITE

REASONING

To conclude the selection of this site. A few key aspects of the selection was: i. Location provides good air quality within surrounding and is discreet. ii. Biophilia is introduced in its architectural spaces which has an impact various aspect studied in this research. iii. The factory is built to be sustainable such as having Rain Water Harvesting Sytems which aligns with some of my reasearch objectives of sustainable designs.

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CHAPTER Three

In Chapter 3 & reasoning of the research in relation component rationale design direction for design process 45

4, we will begin to delve into the chosen area to be designed, design to the design component, the design and a critical reflection of the the project.

Chapter 3 & 4 distills the and rationale into realization.

Diagram 3.1 Pandora’s initial progress design development for a wall climbing concept within Paramit Factory.

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1. Chosen Area & Rationale

P a

n

d

o

RA

R

a t

i

o

n

a

l

e

Why Pandora?

outcome of Pandora

Indoor Built Environment

Pandora represents one of the major activites in O2 and demonstrates the definition of breathing within the cavity of the built environment in relation to the human bodies.

Through breathing, pandora emits oxygen from the foliage in a controlled environment . This also trains our system mentally through endurance while providing the opportunity to release tension with the greens as they ascend.

To practice their paced breathing and train their endurance and stamina while encouraging to “give back” to our surroundings. The cycle which both tangible and intangible exchanges within an internal environment, sustainably.

An outcome of this research was to research ways to improve the internal built enviroment which could help its indoor air quality or could prevent/reduce the possibility of airborne diseases.

Prolonged exposure to these pollutants could cause a deadly effect on our system.

it enhances the indoor quality of the space.

Oxygen and moisture, in general, are released in the air by indoor plants. This is not only beneficial to our health, but this addition could improve the comfort and indoor air quality within a closed space. It was also mentioned that plants within an interior space encourages phytoremdiation, that is to cleanse the air, water and soil of contaminants with the presence of hazardous substances by using living plants.(Lohr V.I, 2010).

In addition, the air quality in the space is effected in various of ways such as reducing air pollutants, relative humidity, particulate matter and the acoustics (Lohr, V.I, 2010) Further studies that were conducted by the U.S National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) proved that plants could , in fact, cleanse air. It was conducted in space stations which concluded that mainstream plants decreases the amount of formaldehyde and carbon monoxide present in the air in constricted space (Wolverton et al., 1984; 1985). In conclusion, this was made possible due to the presence of bacteria which stem from the root of the plants, growing simultaneously (Wolverton et al., 1989; Wood et al., 2002).

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2. Design Feasibility

A demonstation of feasibility of the design direction through research and how it would practically function.

Circular curtain wall the natural sunlight coming thru will provide sufficient light coming thru to enable growth of plants and providing the indoor outdoor experience.

Rain water harvesting Enables sufficient water flow from Rain Water Harvesting system.

Diagram 3.2 “Lines of Life” designed by Nikken Sekkei, is a 15 mile stretch containing water reserves, bicycle lanes and climbing wall and foliage with “acitivity nodes” such as outdoor screen viewing, board walks and a view of a rainforest reserve. (Sekkei, 2021)

Rock Climbing Does the currently

+

technology

Vertical Gardening of

the

concept

design exist?

No, although there were very few similar attempts made such as diagram 3.2 which incorporates Landscape Architecture and rock climbing.

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2. Design Feasibility Design feasibility will be divided and elaborated into 4 components:

Rock Climbing Wall Ve r t i c a l G a r d e n

Rainwater Har vesting System Automatic Belay Devices

1. Rock Climbing Wall What is it made of?

The selection of fiberglass plastic was made due to its sustainable quality in the long run.

It is reinforced with plastic to reduce the damage and impact by climbers and is extremely resisitant to external factors (Fiberglass climbing walls CityWall, 2021). Therefore, the need for its replacement is further prolonged, saving the need for installation and cost factors.

Diagram 3.3 Project Fissure designed a climbing centre. Connecting an urban area and external landscape with manmade canyon while using the climbing wall to introduce light within the cavities. (Gias, 2021)

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2. Design Feasibility

Diagram 3.4.1 technical drawing of mainframe, kicker struts and climbing wall construction

How is it constructed?

The above diagram shows several wall panels and a mainframe. A modern construction method know as “webbing” is a primary technique for the positioning of the wall panels. The mainframe are connected to the kicker struts, connected to the mounting bracket adjacent to the wall which enable the wall to project further from the mainframe, allowing and controlling a variety of elevations (Postma, 2016). Each wall panel has a pre-made surface form that integrated for climbing (Postma, 2016).

Diagram 3.4 Artificial rock climbing wall sectioned, exposing the mainframe and kicker struts and climbing surfaces.

Diagram 3.5 panel design using softwares to avoid material wastage

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2. Planter Boxes + VerticAL GARDENS

Sustainable Planter Boxes

How is it constructed?

Ocean Plastic Pots makes sustainable plastic plant pots made from discarded rope and fishing gear to combat the 8 million tons of plastic entering our oceans every year.

(Plant Pots made from 100% Rope & Fishing Net, 2021)

By using Ocean Plastic Pots to contain the vegetation, prior to the construction of the wall cutouts, it will be integrated to have the mentioned Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Walls to be moulded around these pots to conceal it, similar to the system of a Vertical Garden.

Polyamide Felt

Within the back cavity of the wall would contain the drainage system for these pots to prevent root rot, caused by stagnant water in bottom portion of the planters to ensure fertile growth. Excess water would be channelled downwards to provide moisture gradually.

An alternative method that requires less volume and space is the design of polyamide felt that holds the root of the plants within to sheets of the felt. Not only does this hold the plants, but feeds the nutrients and moisture required to ensure successful fertility Diagram 3.8 shows this innovative technique and how it is applied on exterior architecture.

Vertical gardens are briefly explained in page 50.

Diagram 3.6.1 section of vertical garden system on a building facade.

2. Design Feasibility 3. RAIN WATER HARVESTING

How does it work?

Harvested rainwater can provide a source of alternative water to federal facilities. Alternative waters are sustainable sources of water, not supplied from fresh surface water or groundwater, that offset the demand for freshwater. Rainwater harvesting captures, diverts, and stores rainwater from rooftops for later use.

(Water-Efficient Technology Opportunity: Rainwater Harvesting Systems, 2021)

Implementing with design?

The current site selected, Paramit Factory already has this system catered for the landscape and vegetation internally and externally.

Despite this, minor adjustments to the pipes could be channelled to be intergrated with the wall to enhance the entirety of the system and design.

The sectional cuts of this design would resemble the system of a vertical garden through diagrams 3.6 ( 3.6.1, 3.6.2 ) such as the concealment of pots to the drainage for water .

Diagram 3.6.2 Alternative vertical gardening system on the facade of building.

Diagram 3.7 Section of site selection and the flow of rainwater sprout used in rain water harvesting system.

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2. Design Feasibility 4. Vertical Garden system A brief explaination This system, pioneered by Patrick Blanc, is composed of two layers of synthetic fabric with pockets filled with the plants and growing media .The fabric walls are supported on a framework and backed by a waterproof membrane against the building wall.

Nutrients and water are delivered through an irrigation system at the top of the wall.

(Horticulture : Landscaping Vertical Gardening, 2021)

Diagram 3.8 Sectional diagram of vertical garden using Polyamide felt to hold plant roots fo growth on exterior of building.

Diagram 3.9 Vertical garden system in a interior of Westfield Warringah Mall, Brookvale, Australia.

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2. Design Feasibility 5 . AUTOMATIC BELAY Devices

How does these devices work?

Automatic belays are magnetic braking devices that takes in the slack as the climber ascends. It also prevents the climber from falling if they lose their grip, automatically to avoid fatal accidents.

Additionally, there would be no need for human labour to assist the climber, although it requires a certain skill to be able to use the belay devices

Diagram 3.10 Automatic belay devices are placed at the peak of the climbing wall.

(Auto Belay Devices - Honor Safety & Consultancy, 2021).

How do these devices prevent a fall in an event of a slip?

The magnets and friction play the main role to prevent this. It engages with the centrigufal force within the spinning of the drum from various ways as an advantage. For instance, frictional drag that opposes the rotation on the brake shoes point outwards against a metal drum , occurs. When this happens, the brake pads come into play by slowing down the webbing resulting into the fall control of the climber (How Do Auto Belays Work: What’s Going on in There?, 2021).

Diagram 3.11 a diagram which shows the internal mechanism of the auto belay devices.

Diagram 3.12 a detailed sectional line persepective of the componenents which are activated in auto belay devices.

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3. Design Reasoning

Discussing the design and the rationale behind the decision making process.

Pandora Design Rationale Form design reasoning Mimicking the outdoors.

Wall climbing mimics the outdoor sports of Rock Climbing. As this comparison suggests that the form of the wall in Pandora, would also mimic the natural contours of the mountain walls to test the abilites of the climbers through some factors.

Rock climbing utilizes special equipment and different techniques to climb, as well as facing bare rocks and outcroppings. Similar to mountain climbing, the foundation of rock climbing could begin at many different elevation and is not constricted to reaching the peak of a mountain.

Whereas, wall climbing is made artificially from synthethic material made to mimick the outdoors, but in not subjected to being made only indoors. Its man made environement could be in both environments (Encyclopedia, 2021).

Design Development As Pandora provides a unique experience to intergrate rock climbing while gardening, these planter pots located throughout the wall as they ascend would change variously through the months to challenge the climbing gardeners.

Diagram 3.13 Concept of indoor climbing wall proposed by Studioninedots for The Child Centre for Cultural Symphaty.

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3. Design Reasoning

Narrative Summary of the concept of Pandora O2 is a safe haven for those taking shelter or in need of assistance from the tyrannical government that was narrated in the fictional story that created O2. Its purpose that connects every activity and space is the theme that is to breathe. This created the idea of Pandora, encouraging patrons to engage in a sport/activity which affects our physiology and psychology.

How it encourages oxygen intake while climbing A study was conducted between the relationship of ones climbing ability and physiological responses to rock climbing. Variables such as participants, climbing test, treadmill test, respiratory and heart rate analysis and statistics were observed. The objective was to study the differences in submaximal and maximal physiological responses with their differing climbing skills (J. Baláš, M. Panáčková, B. Strejcová, A. J. Martin, D. J. Cochrane, M. Kaláb, et al. , 2014).

It was concluded that the physiological demand of the climb is relative to the inclination of the climb which led to further data analysis tha had suggested that the volume of oxygen intake (VO2) during submaximal climbing provides useful information that aid the climbing economy estimation (J. Baláš, M. Panáčková, B. Strejcová, A. J. Martin, D. J. Cochrane, M. Kaláb, et al. , 2014).

This study is to indirectly relate back to the relationship of the climber and oxygen intake as they ascend that varies based on their climbing abilities as well as the inclination of wall which effects their heighten physiological responses individually in Pandora.

With the addition of foliage The presence of an indoor containing a natural setting visually stimulates an emotional response by observing organic patterns and activates the mind to process visual information such as having a focal point or content that involve water and the foliage. The visually input that our brains process from these characteristics show a positive shift that effects our emotions and thoughts and reduces mental fatigue, just by observing foliage in an indoor environment (S. Shibata and N. Suzuki , 2010).

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CHAPTER Four

In Chapter 3 & reasoning of the research in relation component rationale design direction for design process 57

4, we will begin to delve into the chosen area to be designed, design to the design component, the design and a critical reflection of the the project.

Chapter 3 & 4 distills the and rationale into realization.

1. Critical Reflection

Reflection on the design direction taken for the semester, both on the strengths as well as weaknesses of the project.

STRENGTHS CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM

The closed loop system is defined when a system is dependant on their input from their output and could contain a few feedbacks intermittenly between these two (Difference Between Open Loop & Closed Loop System - Circuit Globe, 2021).

Pandora is design while intergrating this closed loop system. For instance, the input would be these climbers having to plant foliage within the space, and would exhale carbon dioxide profusely as the engage in an activity which engages in endurance. This in return, provides one of the basic needs of plants, carbon dioxide, the output. The rain water harvesting pre built into the architecture would be synergized with the wall to reduce human labour needed to maintain the foliage.

A design research conducted, Closed-Loop Plant Factory, for a semi underground solar greenhouse contained similiar elements such as Pandora. The controlling variables need for this closed loop were layouts, liquid nutrient supply through pipelines, culture bed, artificial lights and automated carbon dioxide controllers. This simultaneously provided good thermal insulation and increased indoor performance that could harvest the cultivation within the greenhouse (Quan, Q., Zhang, X., Xue, X. Z. , 2018).

ENCOURAGES TO PARTICIPATE IN ENDURANCE STRENGTHENING ACTIVITY Pandora, like Lyra, focuses on paced breathing. Neither both of this activites harms the environment and focuses purely on what the human body can achive in an active and relaxed state.

AN ACTIVITY THAT TRAINS US TO BE MINDFUL Hollistically, the act of wall climbing require physical and mental interaction, involving physiological means. This indirectly, teaches us to be mindful and concious of our internal bodies and external surroundings. This cavity we call our bodies are filled with a complex yet fragile internal system that requires exercising and it is not limited to physical strength but mental endurance.

THE COLOUR GREEN ON OUR MINDS The colour green is known to have an adaptive effect on our physio-psychological parameters, regardless if we are walking or running.

Studies focused on exercise under controlled laboratory environments also revealed that perceiving green enhanced positive affective and cognitive outcomes and diminished negative ones (e.g., Akers et al., 2012; Barton et al., 2012; Briki et al., 2015; Briki and Hue, 2016). Briki and Hue (2016)

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1. Critical Reflection

WEAKNESSES CONSTRUCTION AND FORM As the form of the wall would require a lot of supporting structures in a wide and tall space, the selected area of Pandora, may or may not, be able to cater to such a wide wall and additional system .

After a careful observation and estimation of height and consideration, perhaps the size of the wall may be reduced.

Design wise, I would need to reconsider the seamlessness of the structure and how I could incorporate this two activities: wall climbing and gardening, in a manner that is more innovative and aesthetic manner. I hope to address this weakness better as I study the concept further.

MAINTENANCE In addition, the vegetation has to be carefully selected that works well within the space. Plants have a very specific need for their basic care and these include factors such as light sensitivity, water absorption capacity, acidity of soil and space need for the plant to grow, sustainably. e.g ach

if the maintenance is difficult, easier harvesting plants such a spincould be used instead of expensive and high maintenance foliage.

HAS NOT BEEN DONE BEFORE

The concept of this design has not been experimented before. It is an intergation of a physical indoor climbing sport and a hobby like activity that requires zero vertical climbing. The hybrid, through guided research, shows it is possible. Although a proper mock up of this concept is much needed to prove this design concept.

NOT SUITABLE FOR THOSE BELOW 10 YEARS OLD AND ABOVE 60 YEARS OLD As wall climbing is considered an extreme sport, it is highly NOT recommended for those below 10 years or above 60 years of age to try this activity.

They however could observe the climbers as they ascend and descend.

It could harm their physical strength in an event of a fall from the inclination or slip on a the grip.

But rest assured, other activites in O2 would offer opportunites for those unable to perfom this activity.

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2. Direction for Following Semester

Where I’ll be taking this project design direction wise for the following semester based on the strengths and weaknesses that I have identified.

Based on the strengths ther wish to enhance my

and weaknesses I have identified, I furdesign for this activity through several factors:

Firstly, I would improve on the permeability of natural light within the space, in consideration of the limited allowance of light remaining if a climbing wall would intercept the cavity. I would consider using a material that is translucent or transparent.

In addition, the careful selection of vegetation must be evaluated to ensure its sustainabilty and suitability in the built enviroment given the restricted factors. Despite our tropical climate, some plants may still be sensitive to its surrounding environment. Therefore, further intensive research maybe needed to enhance the program further.

Furthermore, the limitation of space due to the structural elements that are unhackable after careful observation and discussion, the intergration of the climbing wall may need to be studied further to overcome this architectural challenge.

The intersection of a built on site staircase could be a hybrid extension of the wall.

Despite this weakness, after a brief consideration, it may even be an added advantage instead, to the climbers who wish to view from a bird’s eye angle without needing to climb the built wall and use the ready made staircase to ascend and assist, when needed.

The maintenance issue could be improved with a research of the type of environment suitability for the vegetation’s lifespan. I could consider reducing the selection to several species of plants or perhaps provide for more ventilation or openings to assist air circulation, wind flow and thermal control as it involves a lot of movement within a limited space and considering the needs of the species selected. In addition, the maintenance need to maintain the wall such as to water the garden, would be assisted by the exisiting rainwater sprouts in the space.

Though the construction could be a challenge or an added advantage with the mainframe and kickerstruts that needs to exist with the climbing wall. Perhaps, the kickerstruts could also hold the pipelines channeled to the wall or the method of vertical gardens that utilizes polyamide felt to keep the plants fertile could also be taken into consideration.

In conclusion, there are many weaknesses addressed in this research and design concept but it also has its strengths. After much careful thought, I would improve the design further through the solutions stated above and perhaps even clearer and much simpler solutions could arise in the near future during my next semester as I apply them in my technical drawings produced for my final year.

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