A rose among the thorns
Determined to succeed
Keisha Higgins is a resident of Circuitville, Soesdyke/Linden Highway and is also a qualified school teacher. But in an effort to “bring the bacon home” she has taken up the side- hustle of coal mining; an occupation dominated by men (Carl Croker photo)
Sunday, February 21, 2021
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CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
Under the ‘Union Jack’ then the ‘Golden Arrowhead’
By Francis Quamina Farrier
How time flies! So too, The Golden Arrowhead, all over the Land of Many Waters. For elderly Guyanese, they realise that they are special. They lived under the “Union Jack” in the past, and now under “The Golden Arrowhead”. They are now elderly and
have vivid memories of colonial British Guiana when, among other things, as students, they sang “patriotic” songs such as “Rule Britannia, Britannia rule the waves, Britons never, never shall be slaves.” Now, imagine the ridiculousness of young Africans and Indians in British Guiana, the majority of whom were descendants
A large Golden Arrowhead on a flagpole in the Catholic Presbytery compound on Brickdam at Republic 2020. (Photo by Francis Q. Farrier)
of enslaved Africans and indentured Indians, singing with gusto such “patriotic” songs! That was the era of what is referred to as “Massa Day.” That was the era when overseers on sugar plantations, as Dr. Cheddi Jagan used to say, “Hardly knew the difference between tall grass and young sugarcane.” They were usually young English, Scottish, Welsh or Irish who were recruited by the giant Sugar Production Companies Bookers and Sandbatch Parker. It was the era when Sugar was King; when those young white men came and many with an attitude of superiority - and were greeted as “Massa” or “Sahib” by the locals. But those days are now long gone. Our ancestors knew and kept their places in the colonial society for the better part. However, some were planning and executed
The Golden Arrowhead dominates this scene in the play “Journey to Freedom” by Francis Q.Farrier at the National Cultural Centre (Photo by Francis Q. Farrier)
the inevitable change. By dint of hard work for a better way of life, the people’s representatives in British Guiana were successful in their fight to gain political independence for their country. Colonial British Guiana was elevated to Independent Guyana on May 26, 1966. Forbes Burnham and Cheddi Jagan were heralded as the principal national leaders. The story of how they hugged each other at the National Park just after Col. Desmond Roberts had hoisted the Golden Arrowhead for the first time, has been told many times. Businessman Peter D’Aguiar who was of Portuguese heritage, headed the conservative political party, The United Force (UF). Stephen Campbell emerged as the Leader of the Indigenous Guyanese. Sadly, he died just two weeks
before independence in May 1966. Guyanese were now going to rule themselves. No more “Rule Britannia.” The first relatively simple thing which had to be done was a new name for the country. There were quite a series of extremely humorous debates regards the change of spelling from Guiana to Guyana. Four years later, on February 23, 1970, the country was further elevated to the status of a Cooperative Republic. The Cooperative movement was identified to be the principal means of economic development. As a playwright, I wrote a play that foreshadowed that future of our country. It was for the National Independence Playwrighting Competition. The plot of “TIMBERLINE’ is as follows: the workers on a tim-
ber concession are at odds about their future when the white colonists had decided to close down the concession and return to England. “What are we to do?” the workers worried. That was until they decided to pool their individual meagre financial resources and establish a cooperative society to run the Timber Concession. I entered that play of mine, “TIMBERLINE” in the National Independence Playwriting Competition. It won the “Best Play” First Prize. What needs to be emphasized, is that the theme and plot of that play were about the cooperative movement. Guyana was elevated to a Cooperative Republic some four years later. Another play of mine See Page XXII
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CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
A smile as bright as ever Slingshot remains optimistic after health scare
IT’S now been 10 months since overseas-based Guyanese Calypso and Soca powerhouse John ‘Slingshot’ DrePaul suffered a stroke that left his limbs immobile, but thankfully his brain and face were spared, thus allowing him to still exude the “Slingshot signature smile,” speak fluently, remain focused and articulate his thoughts coherently. Having been released from hospital, Slingshot has been in therapy and has been recovering nicely. The tremendous outpouring of love and moral support from the public at large has only served to comfort and reassure him. “To know I am appreciated, and that my modest cultural contribution to Guyana was not forgotten -- buried in the sands at No. 63 Beach. I was also humbled by the innumerable well-wishers on my Facebook page,” Slingshot ex-
With his beloved wife, Ingrid
pressed, while speaking to the Pepperpot Magazine recently. Having left Guyana in 1970, the entertainer/author/actor/ dramatist is now based in Florida, currently editing his postBeach House memoirs -- Slingshot: From No. 63 Beach to Madison Square Garden and beyond. From the hospital bed to a wheelchair, to a walking stick, Slingshot is taking it a steady step at a time and staying positive. “Slowly getting back to my once usual self; Ingrid [his wife] finds joy assisting with my lyrical compositions and music creativity,” he said. He has already scripted the five music videos that were supposed to have been filmed in Guyana last year during the Christmas holidays, and this year, and has composed 20 songs, music already arranged. He is now waiting for his healing and the easing of the Coronavirus Pandemic to start the recording production. Slingshot and his wife have composed and arranged over 100 original songs, and have numerous music videos on YouTube. Manifesting his Guyanese creativity, a great majority of his songs appeal to and urge patriotism from his fellow Guyanese and his compositions cover all genres of music: calypsos, soca, reggae, waltz, ballads, social and political satire, and commentary. His music has universal appeal as he has performed in London before a predominantly Nigerian and Ghanaian audience; his music videos are seen in several African states, New York, Canada, UK, and a few other countries. This Guyanese entertainer, who has presently attained iconic status in the eyes of his peers and fans of all races and colours, has written and sung chutney-flavoured soca songs as are reflected in his “Sweet Island Woman” CD. He has also written chutney songs for Indo-Guyanese singers of calibre. Slingshot has chosen to use his style of music as musical tools to weld strong social, cultural, political, as well as racial harmony among Guyanese both at home and in the diaspora. It is no secret that he is very much welcomed and appreciated in homes in the inner city, and surroundings.
Whenever he is in Guyana, he never hesitates to visit and mingle with the youths and adults in such places as Ruimveldt, La Penitence, Charlestown, Albouystown, Lodge, Roxanne Burnham Gardens, and such. Surely not leaving out places away from Georgetown, Slingshot is no stranger to West Demerara, the East Coast Demerara villages such as Annandale, Buxton, Friendship, Nabaclis, Victoria, and along the Corentyne Coast. Putting on a performance, clad in his His music is Guyana get-up played and appreciated daily over local airwaves. He is heard in the hinterland of Guyana, as it is played over Radio Paiwomak, located in the North Rupununi district. Slingshot, Ingrid, and their daughter Annabelle Rianne DrePaul have produced, directed, and featured in over 50 music videos, among which are the “Christmas in Guyana” and “A Very Merry Guyanese Christmas,” two very prominent Christmas songs heard daily in Guyana and the diaspora during the Christmas season over the past several years. Slingshot has received numerous local and international awards among which are the Mayor’s Award of Excellence in 2004 for outstanding achievements in the field of music; GT Lime 2005 Award for Charitable Works in Florida; Guyana Folk Festival’s 2005 Wordsworth McAndrew Award; 1986 Brooklyn Carnival Calypso winner; Miami 2005 Soca Monarch; Miami 2005 Calypso Monarch; and Guyana’s Accolade Award for his outstanding satirical composition, “Pirates.”
Slingshot’s music has universal appeal
John ‘Slingshot’ DrePaul
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Popular storyteller and singer ‘Auntie Comesee’ turns 100
By Frederick Halley
LAMENTING that she hasn’t been able to attend church, concerts and the gym over the last year or so because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, Guyana-born Pauline Thomas, popularly known as “Auntie Comesee,” celebrated a significant milestone on February 8. The famous storyteller and singer who over the years thrilled audiences in Guyana and Toronto, Canada with her unique style, turned 100. When the Pepperpot Magazine contacted her via phone on Tuesday last, she was ecstatic, her mellow voice sounding as though
CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
she hasn’t aged a bit since her last interview with this same medium just over three years ago. Asked how she spent the auspicious occasion, the ebullient Thomas said she was involved in a virtual birthday celebration via Zoom, organised by the Canadian and Ontario Provincial authorities where Member of Parliament Julie Dabrusin of Toronto – Danforth, selected family and close friends played a prominent part. Thomas was also the recipient of a congratulatory certificate from Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, reserved specially for all Canadian citizens who have achieved that milestone. The
certificate, signed by the Prime Minister, read: “It is a great pleasure to send you best wishes and warmest congratulations on the occasion of your 100th birthday.” Thomas disclosed that she also received numerous gifts from well-wishers, including the Bishop’s High School Old Girls Choir, which she taught for several years, who presented her with an album consisting of her interaction with the members. Born at Fellowship, Mahaicony, East Coast Demerara, on February 8, 1921, “Auntie Comesee” was a household name in Guyana, featuring prominently at the Theatre Guild while her thrice-weekly creolese skits
“Auntie Comesee” during the interview in October 2017.
heard on the Guyana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) were massive hits. During an interview at her Toronto home in October 2017, the still lucid and affable Thomas who lives alone, spoke candidly about growing up in Guyana, her contributions and achievements to the art form, both there and in Canada, and earning a Bachelor of Arts Degree from the University of Toronto at the ripe old age of 79, at the insistence of her daughter Dawne. According to Thomas, she would not trade the experience of obtaining the Bachelor of Arts Degree i n Wo r l d R e l i g i o n a n d Fine Arts Studios for anything, boasting that it was a life-changing one. She explained that while her stint at the University of Toronto was supposed to be four years, she went an extra year to complete Studios. “What thrilled me was the fact that the young students looked at me as just another student. They accepted me as though we were buddies and did everything together,” she confessed. Thomas pointed out that “sometimes when I looked outside and saw the snow, I was reluctant to go but it never deterred me and for five years I had to plough through that type of weather. I did it not only for myself but for other women, especially Guyanese women.” A singer of repute, Thomas was also a member of the University of Toronto choir during her academic pursuit there.
Commenting on her role as “Auntie Comesee,” Thomas said that in order to make the character, “I use
Thomas was immediately “spotted” by a producer from the GBC who asked that she should try out for the station which she readily agreed to. So impressed with her performances and the audience the programme was attracting, she was offered a full-time job at the radio station but refused, citing that she didn’t want to give up her job as a civil servant. Nevertheless, the programme continued until Thomas migrated to Canada in 1980, heeding the call of her daughter, Dawne. Touching on the programme, Thomas disclosed that there were persons who weren’t in approval of it and even wrote letters to the local newspapers condemning it. “My argument was that creolese was part of our culture. It was more than just a social gig, we must understand it. “I am not saying it is an official language, but you
“Auntie Comesee” during a recent picture with family friend Melanie Seaton, daughter of Retired GDF Colonel Pluto Martindale (deceased).
to visualise a woman by the name of ‘Aunty Mimi’ who lived in Central Mahaicony in those days. She was a well-known character and I used to imagine myself being her,” she said. However, it all started one night at a dinner and dance, held at the Theatre Guild in Georgetown, when she was asked to give a “Thank You” speech, using creolese. At first, she was reluctant but decided to, following several requests.
must know and enjoy your creolese. In my mind, when I am doing it, I think of Auntie Comesee as being semi-literate but a very self-opinionated person. She will give her opinion on world affairs and personal views. “She is not an unpleasant person, she wants to tell you what to do and how to do it, since she has been down here a long time. See Page V
CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
Young entrepreneur empowering vulnerable women By Alisa Lashley THE word “empowered” is often defined through varying gestures. Whether it be the likes of individuals, becoming their own bosses or creating a form of employment for others, it is without a doubt that today’s young women have transcended the norm and are becoming more innovative, given the wide array of women-owned small businesses that are geared towards empowerment. Hailing from the Ancient County of Berbice, one such young woman is Whitney Gill, proprietor of “Ethos Maid Service”. Describing herself as a very family-oriented individual, Whitney expressed that after spending her childhood years in Berbice, she was offered the opportunity in the form of a scholarship to further her studies at the University of Guyana, where she would later meet the man who would become her husband and play a major role in the forming of her aforementioned business. “As a young woman who grew up in a closely knit family after moving to Georgetown, for a while I had noticed a lot of women, more so young women, are either being mentally or physically abused by their partners, but are not in
a position to do anything about it. One day I even met a young woman who has been suffering abuse from her husband until it got so bad he almost murdered her. She tried getting away from him, but due to the fact that she was dependent on him for the day-to- day survival of herself and kids, it was difficult for her to leave. “So my husband and I, as a means to help this young woman, decided to start a funding programme with the little that we had to help her and her family out, until it became a norm for us, so we started asking family members and friends for donations to help individuals facing the same problem,” Gill conveyed. Further expressing that things would later take a turn out of their favour, Gill noted that the funding project was suspended for a period, which would allow the birth of her business, “Ethos.” Ethos Maid Service was birthed as a way of creating employment for women and males in vulnerable situations. The word “Ethos” is a Greek word which was firstly used by Aristotle that refers to one’s character, custom, values or practices. However, Whitney did note that she was fearful of making the first steps to becom-
ing a business owner, but it was motivation from another young entrepreneur, Daniella Da Silva, who along with Whitney’s husband motivated her to take the leap of faith. “I had said to myself instead of just helping when I can, why not try to create something stable so they can no longer feel hopeless and dependent, but rather strong and independent. Even though Ethos Maid Service has only been in full operation since November of last year, we are working hard not only to meet clients’ satisfaction, but also to fulfil our mandate with helping women who have potential but need that motivation to further push themselves to higher heights,” Gill articulated. When asked about the progress Ethos has made since its launch date, Gill replied, “As Ethos progresses, I am for discussions with stakeholders who like myself are trying to make a difference through the use of our business. Yes, I’ve heard, ‘but you’re too young to make a difference’, but I believe if you’re persistent you will get it and if you’re consistent you will keep it,” she said . In Her response to advising up-and-coming y o u n g e n t re p re n e u r s , Whitney stated, “ The ad-
make the necessary recommendations and recalled being approached by the Jim Jones cult for the adoption of a child. She, however, pointed out that the application was rejected, since all the requirements weren’t met. A former member of the popular Woodside Choir in Guyana, Thomas performed with the Stadium Singers, a community choir in Toronto and the Chamber Singers, and is also an avid churchgoer at the Main Street Church of the Nazarene. Thomas’ several awards include the African Canadian Achievement in Arts as a classical singer and actor in 2000; the Guyana Folk Festival Award from the Guyana Cultural Association of New York in 2007;
the GAMA Storyteller and Actor Award in 2008; and the Guyana Awards (Canada) for Media and Culture, recognising excellence in 2008. The eldest of eight children, born to Ralph and Edna McArthur, Thomas has two children: Wayne, who is a veterinary doctor who resides in Long Island, New York and Dawne, a retired deputy headmistress who taught at a Community High School in Toronto. She also has two grandchildren. Auntie Comesee’s favourite past-time is playing crossword games and she credits her longevity to working out at the gym and eating healthy and living by the philosophy: “Enjoy when you can; Endure when you must.”
Popular storyteller and ... From Page IV
When I am performing, I am really not myself. When I am talking creolese, I am not Pauline Thomas at all,” she said. Prior to leaving Guyana, Thomas worked as a teacher; a profession she joined at age 16, performing duties at Mahaicony Scots School and the Dolphin Government School, before joining the Civil Service as a Child Welfare Officer, describing the latter as her most challenging job in her entire working life. She also worked as an Inspector at the National Insurance Scheme (NIS). As a Child Welfare Officer, she was responsible for assessing the suitability of persons applying for the adoption of children and
vice I would give to any aspiring entrepreneur is to run your race, your only competition is yourself, wake up, put your all into what you want to do and make it work. Pray and stay focused and all will fall into place.
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Owner/ proprietor of Ethos Maid Services, Whitney Gill
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Circuitville
CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
An ‘up and coming’ community
By Michel Outridge This week the Pepperpot Magazine visited Circuitville which is located on the Soesdyke/Linden Highway. This village is relatively large e and can be accessed through the bus shed road which is situated right on the highway and there is a road which goes through the village, till to the South Dakota Racing Circuit. Circuitville is an up and coming community with diverse people who came from as far as, Region One (Barima/Waini) and settled there
with their families hoping for a better life. The people of this village live simple and they are welcoming and did not hesitate to engage in a conversation with the team. Though the village does not yet have electricity, potable water, roads, some residents have small solar to power a bulb in the night while others have generators. Circuitville Village is a hillside community that goes uphill and downhill; a breezy and quiet place for families who don’t like the urban setting.
Some people have been residing in the village for more than 20 years and it was then overrun by thick foliage and bushes.
Circuitville Village (Carl Croker photos)
The place was cleared and more people began occu-
pying the lands where houses were erected and it became a
there is a section where coal miners utilise to burn wood to make coals. The Guyana Defence Force (GDF) Rifle Ranges and Bulkan Timer Works Inc. and Superior Shingles and Wood Products Inc. are also in this village, on the Circuit Road which runs through the
Community Development Council (CDC) Chair, Melisa Mundo
growing village. As years passed on, the population grew larger and to date, there are 700 residents in Circuitville which has many sandy tracks leading to cottage-like houses and many nooks and crannies. There is a track in that village that is called ‘Wrong Turn’ but it is quite safe to go there because the people are harmless and friendly. This community is the home of coal miners. At a site in the rear of the community
The Bus Shed road where the village can be accessed
community. Circuitville has a few shops, snackette, two churches and 90 percent of the residents are coal miners, a handful of working professionals, who commute from the village to their respective places of employment and skilled persons, who are carpenters, masons, miners and contractors. Circuitville Village is located between Dakara and Haurauni and on the other
side is the large community of Yarrowkabra. This village has a Community Development Council (CDC) and is led by Melisa Mundo and other members from within the village. The CDC was formed last year and Mundo was elected by the people as the CDC leader, who makes representation on behalf of the residents. The villagers are, however, calling for the community to be regularised so that they can benefit from the basic necessities for an enhanced life. A lot of school children reside in the village and internet access is not affordable and they would travel twice a week to uplift worksheets and books to be marked. There are a few elders in this community and they too, also work to support themselves while enjoying the serenity of the environment. In this village, it is either you work at the sawmills nearby or become a coal miner, which is no easy task but a few folks have their own small shops and are self-employed. Within this village, residents state that there is a high rate of unemployment among the youths, who are engaged in some rather See Page XI
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CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
The way of life in Circuitville
By Michel Outridge Gwendolyn McLean is the oldest resident in Circuitville, Soesdyke/Linden Highway and these days she is taking things easy. At 69 years old she spends her days keeping an eye on her grandchildren, while her daughter is at work. The mother of six has resided with her daughter for the past two years and she is assisting with tending to the children who are home due to
Her mother is from Region Nine but moved to the city for a better life before Rayman was even born.
Gwendolyn McLean (Carl Croker photos)
The at-home beautician
Rickford Williams
the pandemic. Her daughter, Diane Caesar works at a gas station at Friendship Village, also on the East Bank Demerara and she would have to commute daily from early in the mornings too. She has at home five children she is trying with home-schooling via worksheets since they do not have internet access. Their house is tucked away on a small hill in the village among many trees and under a shed there is a hammock for relaxation purposes. McLean was inside the house, after a day of cooking and doing small chores around the cottage-style house, which is quite unique in its design. They are from Grove Village, East Bnak Demerara but relocated to Circuitville to escape paying rent and would use water from the creek to bathe and do household chores. Rain water is stored for cooking and drinking and they make do with lamps and a small solar for lights at nights.
The Pepperpot Magazine also met Roberta Rayman, a mother of one, who is the village beautician and nail technician, who works from her home in Circuitville. The 31-year-old is from Albouystown, Georgetown
The stay-at-home mom Meanwhile, Karen Cameron, another resident, who is looking after her ill husband stated that she has been living in Circuitville for the past seven years. However, one night she was at the hospital tending to her sick husband who had come from the hinterland when her house was broken into and everything of value including, her generator was taken. The 53-year-old told the Pepperpot Magazine that she was living in Berbice but came to the village to have a quiet life. The mother of seven stated that she used to work at the Yarrowkabra Primary School but since the pandemic last March she is at home. Cameron explained that she came to Circuitville to assist her sister who was building her house and that’s how she get to like the place and moved there permanently and residing in her own house, rent-free. She disclosed that her husband had malaria and was diagnosed wrong as
Karen Cameron
but relocated to that village many years ago. She is a resident of “Wrong Turn” Street in the community and her husband is away at work in the interior. “At home I would do nails and hair and make-up to earn but business is slow but I am trying with what I have,” she said.
such, he was taken to West Demerara Regional Hospital for further medical attention and she visited him, leaving her house unattended. When she returned home, she found the place broken into and ransacked and everything such as her television, gas bottle, stove, generator, DVD player, clothes even wares missing.
A report was made to the police and she said they visited, looked around and left, adding that nothing came out of the matter and no arrest was made. Following this breakin, a handful of residents too, reported that their homes were also broken See Page XI
Roberta Rayman
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CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
The coal miners of Yarrowkabra/Circuitville eking out a living in harsh conditions
By Michel Outridge
Leroy Henry is the Chairman of the Yarrowkabra/Circuitville Coal Miners Association and a father of 10. He is also a coal miner who oversees the operations of more than 32 active members. He described coal mining as a hard day’s work that is never-ending with a lot of challenges that can be hazardous to health and well-being. Henry related that coal mining is a technical piece of work and one must know what they doing to have a successful outcome.
Leroy Henry (Carl Croker photos)
He disclosed that they used to get the scrap wood free of charge from the sawmills but two years ago they began buying it when the saw millers stopped giving it away and they too, have to
pay the transportation cost, which adds up. Henry added that being a coal miner one is exposed to smoke inhalation, dust and other conditions which are harsh but they endure it daily to earn since jobs in the village are non-existent. He reported that depending on the size of the pit and the amount of wood it takes days to get coals and you have to check the pit often then the coals have to be cooled before they can be placed in bags for sale. “When we produce coals on large scale and the buyers come they do not want to pay more than $1,000 for a bag
Shaundel King and her husband packing wood in a pit for coal mining
and it is unfair to us because we are not making any profit, just sell to buy wood and pay transportation,” he said. Henry told the Pepperpot Magazine that they have to pay $5,000 per crate of scrap wood and $5,000 for the truck to bring it to the location. At the time, he was manning a pit which he lit since Saturday and it will take about eight days to fully burn to produce coals and even more days to cool. Henry added that an average pit would produce about 60 bags of coals and they would sell it at $900 per bag. He stated that he is from
the job because when she was job-hunting she came up empty-handed and started to burn coals to earn. The mother of two stated that instead of ‘clutching at straws’ she learned the trade by observing others and finally was able to start doing her own coal mining. The 34-year-old reported that the job is her livelihood and is the only source of income to support two children ages six and 16 years old respectively. “When it rains it slows the process of coal mining by two extra days and there is nothing we can do to speed up the process but wait it out
Coal Mining in Circuitville
Nabaclis, East Coast Demerara but relocated to Circuitville with his wife many years ago. His sons are all grown and left home and it is just his daughters at home now and the work of coal mining is too hard for them to assist. Althea Peters, the coal miner Meanwhile, the Pepperpot Magazine spoke to the Secretary of the Yarrowkabra/Circuitville Coal Miners Association, Althea Peters. She pointed out that she is a coal miner for the past 12 years, she was forced into
but the rain cools the coals faster,” she said. Peters disclosed that they had about 37 coal miners before they didn’t have to pay for the wood but after that, some people simply could not afford to continue and had to quit. She explained that on every bag of coals produced $10 charge is paid to the Association which covers the cost of paperwork and permits for coal mining. Peters said a shed was erected with money collected from coal miners for their rest area from the weather and in time they will develop
Althea Peters
the place. She reported that they have the permit to mine on eight acres of land and they would like to construct a washroom facility and a canteen for coal miners, who spend a lot of time at the location without any proper facility for rest. The shed is also used for storing coals and serves as a place to hide from the rain and sun and to eat, as well. “This job is not easy but at the end of the day it is a job and I am working with myself so I have to try to endure whatever conditions come with this kind of work,” she said. The Kings are self-employed coal miners Another coal miner, Shaundel King and her husband were setting up a pit outside their yard in Circuitville to produce coals. The 28-year-old stated that she is originally from Bartica but came to the village when she was younger with her mother and remained there and got married. The mother of two added that coal mining is their only source of income and 90 percent of the people in the village, do it for a living. She was packing $75,000 worth of wood in the pit alongside her husband when the team met her.
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CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
The cosiest place in Circuitville Village
By Michel Outridge
Roxanne Archer-Smith is probably one of the most straight-forward persons you will ever meet but she is also comfortable to be around and when you visit her shop, one gets the homey feeling of being at your
ulated back then but was an industrial site, where workers supported the small business. The businesswoman related that she constructed her own small house and opened a shop and began living and selling there, a place she loves and would spend the rest of her life there since
go with pastries, cold beverages and packaged snacks. Her little shop has small and decorated tables and chairs to make one’s stay quite comfortable and cosy. Archer-Smith disclosed that back in the days, when she was younger she used to make fresh oven-baked bread
Roxanne’s Quality Corner
Her little shop is a good place to have a cold drink and snack, a place weary travellers passing through would visit. Archer-Smith reported that she would hardly leave home because vans, buses and canter trucks would visit daily to bring produce, goods and other things to sell and
Roxanne Archer-Smith in front of her shop
home away from home. The 64-year-old told the Pepperpot Magazine that she is ageing but still has some fire left in her and she wants to do so much more before her chapter closes. She is a shining light in Circuitville, Soesdyke/Linden Highway and is among the first settlers in this community. Archer-Smith is also one of the eldest residents in the village and she is well-known for a lot of good reasons, including her home-cooked foods and warm personality which draws people to her place, Roxanne’s Quality Corner, on Circuit Road. The mother of one stated that she has been a resident of Circuitville for more than 20 years and is a city girl. She recalled back then, her first husband had a snackette in the village and since she was a good cook, he asked her to go along with him to work. She cooked and he sold the pastries and foods and life was going good for many years until they parted ways. The couple had a nice location at their shop, road front, by the highway in Circuitville and it was not pop-
Décor inside the shop (Carl Croker photos)
she likes the tranquillity and peace. Archer-Smith noted that the place had a lot of thick trees and bushes and she cleared the spot she is living on and began her new life there and has never regretted that move, not for once since she doesn’t like crowds. “I used to exercise and walk this road daily and I saw this place and fell in love and said in my mind, I will soon live here and that became a reality and for that, I am happy and contented,” she said. At Roxanne’s Quality Corner, she would prepare at least one meal for the day to
and pastries daily and people used to line up and wait for it but these days she would buy pastries to sell. It was after some time, Archer-Smith remarried an 84-year-old gentleman, Cedrick Smith from Linden, he used to have a shop but closed it after he advanced in age and is retired. She would make the journey from time to time and he would likewise and the couple seems to be doing just fine, in their living arrangement. Archer-Smith stated that for St. Valentine’s Day she made a special takeaway lunch and the venture was supported by villagers and people from as far as Linden. She decorated the tables with red tablecloths and white napkins adorned the edges of the tables, creating a unique design in itself.
she would make purchases for her home and shop. Meats would be sourced from the nearby village, Yarrowkabra, which has a lot of poultry farms and fruits and vegetables farms, as well. “In this village, almost everything comes to your door selling so you don’t really have to go anywhere
to shop and it is quite convenient for me,” she said. Archer-Smith stated that despite being a city girl, she is used to living in the countryside and it is the best thing that has happened to her. She is at peace in a good place to live despite the challenges that come with a hillside village.
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CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
A rose among the thorns Coal miner, Keisha Higgins is determined to succeed
Keisha Higgins working at the coal mining pit site in Circuitville (Carl Croker photos)
By Michel Outridge In an effort to ‘bring the bacon home’ this qualified school teacher is also a coal miner in Circuitville, Soesdyke/Linden Highway, an occupation dominated by men. But Keisha Higgins is made up of tougher things and is not fazed by hard, back-breaking work as a coal miner, she works even harder than most men. The 24-year-old started coal mining with her mother, Natasha Higgins, who began coal mining to support her children and home. Higgins is attached to the Yarrowkabra Primary School and since she was a young girl, she has been with her mother doing coal mining. “This is my side hustle and I prefer to work by myself even though the conditions are not right, the dust, the smoke and the weather be it rain or sun, the environment is harsh but is a job for me and I do it because it brings in an earning to the home,” she said. When the Pepperpot Magazine caught up with her she was packing wood in a pit; lifting heavy pieces of wood and placing it in the pit which was already sandfilled. After packing the pit it will be covered again with
sand and zinc sheets then set alight where it will smoke continuous for many days before it produces coals. The coals, once cooledwhich takes days - will be placed in salt bags and ready for sale at less than $1,000 per bag to wholesale buyers. Higgins is one of a few women who work at the coal mining section of Circuitville for a living and it is indeed hard labour with no shortcuts. It is almost amazing to watch Higgins work; she exhibits such strength and endurance most young men lack. “I have the drive to be successful and I know what I am doing because I have been doing this since I small so this is my living and that motivates me to keep going and I can out-work my brothers, who would come peep and leave,” she said. Higgins comes from a family of six, the first teacher in the family and she isn’t afraid to get her hands dirty. She related that before the pandemic she was a full-time teacher and on weekends she used to help her mom but after schools closed its doors she took up coal mining as a full-time job because she needs to earn. “Before the virus, I used to play cricket with the youths in my village but
now people don’t gather up too much and we can’t have a crowd so I prefer to work,” she said. Higgins and her mother Natasha Higgins, 42, are part of the Yarrowkabra/Circuitville Coal Miners’ Association and they pay a fee for every bag of coals produced. She told the Pepperpot Magazine that coal mining isn’t a fancy job and many people cannot withstand the dust, smoke and harsh conditions she works under but she has a mind-set to succeed and that she will do. Higgins stated that being a coal miner entails being patient and it is not a fast money job but it is a sure thing. The teacher added that wood is bought for coal mining and there is another cost for transportation from the sawmills. “It is a give and take kind of work so with that in mind I still do it hoping to make even a small profit,” she said. Higgins’ determination is nothing buy admirable and she works side by side with a lot of men who admire her perseverance as well. The people around her have only good things to say about her because she is respectful and a quiet person, who goes about her job well.
CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
Circuitville From page VI unsavoury hobbies much to the annoyance of the mature people. The Village Leader Meanwhile, the Pepperpot Magazine spoke to CDC Chair, Melisa Mundo, whose house is in the centre of the village and she is wellknown. She stated that a year ago when more people began settling in the village, she was elected by the people to become the leader because they yearn for development in the village. The CDC leader disclosed that they really need a well to get water because it is difficult to source drinking water. Mundo added that with their limited internet access, they would like to have the daily newspapers to read to know what is happening in terms of news because like the internet, the radio isn’t reliable. The mother of three stated that they need the village to be regularised to get potable water, electricity and roads.
The 50-year-old reported that they desperately need water because the spring dries up fast in the hot season and they have to venture further into the village to a creek for water. Mundo related that from the age of 13, she left her home village of Aishalton, Region Nine in search of a better life and came to the city, where she was adopted by Ina Khan and lived throughout her teenage years with that guardian and went to school. However, when she attained the age of maturity she began working in Bel Air Gardens where she met a young man who became her husband. After years of moving from one rented house to another, Mundo was frustrated and money was slow in coming so she decided to settle at Circuitville, back then there were only a few houses and a handful of people occupying the lands. Mundo told the Pepperpot Magazine that her parents and two siblings still reside in Aishalton, the Deep South in the Rupununi and for the very first time they will be visiting her in Circuitville and she is looking forward to
The way of life ... From page VII
into and valuables including, household appliances missing. “This place does be very dark at nights and it would be good if we can get a few street lights to brighten the village because I cannot see a thing in the night,” she said. Cameron reported that she was devastated to find that everything in her home was taken and it is difficult to replace those things, even today she cannot afford to buy a generator. The church elder Rickford Williams is an elder at the Full Gospel Church in the village and he operates a small shop. The 62-year-old reported that he is on annual leave and sick leave from his job as a security guard at a sawmill and is at home because he is not well. He stated that the church started about eight years ago and he became a family and began attending bible classes and Sunday services. The father of eight stated
that he is originally from Kairabo, Barima, North West District, Region One (Barima-Waini) and left his hometown in search of a better life for himself and family. He explained that he was a farmer and did not make any profit from his hard labour as such, decided to relocate to Circuitville, where he was living in the backlands area for more than 15 years and moved to the front of the village, eight years ago. The church has a membership of 40 to 60 and he also serves as the village counsellor, his doors are opened to people, who need a bit of encouragement and advise. He is a member of the Community Policing Group which is not functioning because they need uniforms and a vehicle for patrols. Williams stated that his siblings reside at Herstelling, East Bank Demerara and his father passed away. He would pay $100 to charge his phone at a neighbour’s house daily because there is no electricity in the village.
that family reunion. It has been years since she has seen them and it will be a good occasion to see her elderly parents after such a long time on March 8. Mundo stated that she applied for a house lot but every time she checked with the Ministry she was informed there is no application there for her and she could no longer afford to rent. It was when her husband, a miner/diver, who used to work in the interior got sick and came out of the ‘bush’ having suffered a stroke he had to quit that kind of work and became a carpenter after his recovery. “The husband is not too well so he is trying with some construction work and two of the three boys are working so it is just the last going to school and we are trying to rear some creole chickens and try with what we have,” she said. Mundo added that annually in September she would get the villagers to come together to celebrate Amerindian Heritage in the village where there is an unfinished community centre ground with a stage. She has been residing in Circuitville for the past eight years and they are hoping to form a women’s group and a youth group to foster skills training such as craft-making, sewing and other handiwork to empower both young people and others.
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CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
FINDING LOVE FROM WITHIN THE BROKEN PIECES OF THE PAST PART 2
HIS father’s voice seemed to be coming from afar as he introduced his young bride. “Alvin, this is my wife, Marissa.” She smiled pleasantly as though she was seeing him for the first time but behind the smile, he saw a flicker of surprise. His father put his arm around his shoulder, a proud look on his face as he now introduced him. “Marissa, this is my son, Alvin.” The smile froze on her face and disbelief flashed in her eyes. “Your son?”
“Yeah, I am seeing him now after ten years.” The father hadn’t missed the surprised looks on both their faces but understanding why Marissa would be, he asked Alvin, “I am guessing no one told you about her?” “It was mentioned casually,” he answered, “But I was not told she was such a…” “Young woman?” his father finished for him. Alvin nodded and smiled a little apologetically, still somehow stunned. They sat down for dinner and he noticed how relaxed and happy his father was, a pleasant tone in
his voice and Alvin silently questioned, “Does he know what he is doing, married to a woman more than half his age who parties at nightclubs as a single woman?” After dinner his father requested he join him in the study for a few drinks so they can continue their conversation. She stayed for a little while then excused herself ‘Good night’ and to Alvin she said, “It was nice meeting you.” He smiled cordially holding strong against the desire to look at her as she left the room. After a few drinks his father asked of him, “What
do you think of my decision to marry someone so young?” Alvin took a long moment and a shot of Scotch before voicing his opinion. “It’s unacceptable to the family because your three children are older than her, but if that makes you happy then I guess I will have to accept your decision.” His father smiled with deep relief, “It’s good to hear that son.” It was late when Alvin let, happy that he had reconnected with his father and he felt in his heart that he wanted to make things better between them but how could he visit often whilst she was there? He paused by his car on the driveway, looking at the upper flat and saw her standing by the window, partially hidden behind the curtains looking at him. A moment woven by magic touched his heart as he looked at her. Questions burned his mind as he drove away. “Have I fallen in love with my father’s bride? How did that happen?” This unexpected situation was quite troubling in his mind but he stayed firm because he was now mentally strong to deal with whatever problems or challenges came his way. “I will have to fight against this feeling of love,” he said to himself. But it wasn’t that easy when their paths continue to cross at several places. She always smiled at him but he just nodded courteously and walked away until one late afternoon at the seawall lime, Kevin asked him, “Why don’t you talk to her, I thought you liked her.” She was parked not too far away with a couple of friends. Alvin sighed deeply and said to his friend, “Yes I like her but she’s married to my father.” Kevin choked on his beer and when he stopped coughing, he exclaimed, “Good God.” Alvin clapped him gently on the shoulder, “It’s okay, man.” He met with his father a few times for lunch at restaurants, thankful he didn’t have to go to his house, but one
day he walked into a nice, little, high-end gift shop to buy a gift for his sister, not knowing the place was owned by Marissa. The moment she saw him, she walked over to him. “Hi…” “Hey,” he answered politely but looked away, not wanting to start a conversation. “Why are you avoiding me?” she asked directly. He turned and responded in a serious tone, “Shouldn’t I?” He could see the regrets in her eyes when she answered, “I’m sorry about that night, I didn’t know you were…” She left the sentence unfinished. He relaxed his serious look, “That’s okay, we did not know each other.” She tried to smile and said, “Thanks, I do not want you to hate me too.” Those words left him feeling a little guilty for avoiding her. During the next few weeks, he focused his mind on the prospects of starting his own company, in regular discussions with his father, when one day over lunch he noticed the pale look on his face and loss of appetite. “You don’t look good,” Alvin observed, “What’s wrong?” “Nothing, I’m fine,” he answered nonchalantly. Alvin expressed concern to his mother, but in her unforgiving mind, she thought differently. “How long do you think an old man like him could last with a young girl?” It was a question he had no answer for which left a kind of worry on his mind, so when his father invited him to his house one evening, he did not decline. He was looking paler than the last time Alvin saw him. “Are you sure you’re not suffering from any form of illness?” “I have a good doctor son, don’t worry about my health.” They spoke for a fairly long period, on several topics, then his father said, “I have been living with the hope that I will see you again, one day.” For the first time, Alvin saw a flicker of pain on his
father’s face, a brave and strong man, now older and weaker. “And I want to ask of you, one thing,” he continued. “What’s that?” “Please don’t hate Marissa like the rest of the family does, she’s a nice young woman.” Alvin responded with what had been on his mind. “I think it’s unfair to hate her for being married to you because that was your choice.” His father smiled with relief, “Finally someone with real understanding.” Marissa came home not long after, looking incredibly beautiful in a white bodycon dress. “How can I hate her?” Alvin questioned himself, “When every time I look at her, there’s an overwhelming feeling of love.” His father called her and she came and sat down next to him, but a few moments later he excused himself to make an important phone call. There was an uncomfortable silence, neither of them looking at each other, then Alvin asked, “How sick is he? He seems to be hiding something.” “He’s fine most of the time,” she answered, “just not good some days.” “So who looks after him at nights when you’re out?” She looked at him a bit defiantly, knowing that question would come up. “I’m here all the time, that night was just a girl’s night out and he was out of the country.” “Sorry,” he apologized, “Just trying to understand what’s happening with his life.” There was another moment of silence then he asked a question he needed to know the answer to, “Why did you dance with me?” Their eyes met this time and for one hushed moment, the world seemed to stop, then she answered him, her soft voice almost a whisper, “There was something unique about you that I liked.” Neither of them saw the father came out of the study and stood there, quietly watching them. To be continued…
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CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
ON THE AWARENESS OF THE AESTHETIC AND THE ‘BEING’ OF OUR YOUNG NATION IN the Guyana Review Magazine 1995, an interesting article by Elfrieda Bissember and Lennox Hernandez with a cover article title of “THE DECLINE OF ARCHITECTURE,” a look at architecture, design and the aesthetics was explored with a promising but limited addition on preservation. This article does require a second look 26 years later. What have we lost? Why is it important to sustain and is the current trend better or just less expensive? I’m referring to the choice of material of wood or concrete. I saw a former neighbour from the range apartments in West Ruimveldt, Idris Hodge, poised in Chapel Street, Lodge, in front of his late dad’s home, where I went to photograph what I assumed were the oldest houses in Lodge, that now lay on Chapel Street between Durban and Princes Streets. From way back when Lodge was a village, we started the discussion on why I was so interested in the old architecture. I related that for both emotional and practical reasons: the emotional reasons lie with what has been happening over the past 35 years: Georgetown is becoming a town of military pillboxes and unattractive Brandwagts; there’s indeed an obvious absence of design and ornamentation that reflected any artistic attachment to the original style. It may very well reflect the preferences of the householder rather than the architect, but what is, is. We entered that area of practical experience of living in West Ruimveldt, where across the scheme area concrete prevailed; it was better for low-economic housing. However, front doors were mostly opened and the privileged head of the apartment lay at the door, no! Not to keep a check on passersby, well, in a way that was an incentive,
but mostly because those damn apartments were ‘HOT’ and often too humid to remain upstairs. We reflected on the other observation that could not be avoided: many persons, especially the women, were subject to health problems such as arthritis, breathing problems, joint pains and vision problems. The men would gather on the corner, back then that would be the two-foot walls of the bridge that covered the gutter waterway when you passed the two-family, 309-310 of Singh and Kennedy, or head for the football practice on the dump. Those outdoor habits possibly saved the male occupants; they would only turn in to sleep or to
prepare to take the mistress out to the cinema mostly on week-days. I also lived in a concrete house on Robb Street, Bourda, and all my children developed allergies. On moving out, I realised that the allergies were gone. In retrospect, I had blamed the contractor for us-
ing bad paint, but after talking to a pal in the medical field I realised that the fungus in the paint was not a product of the paint, but instead was a direct result of the house being at the rear of the yard, some six feet from the clogged, concrete canal that children used as a street two generations before. The stagnant water was seeping into the yard and possibly infiltrating the walls of the house; this is possiblY the reason that all the support wooden exercise benches had rotted. I then understood why in early Georgetown stilt-posts were demanded and bottom flats discouraged. I was reminded that assessments on building materials have to be viewed
in our context from the position of our tropical environment and that naturally “timber for building occurs mainly in the hot,humid climates -- these areas ranging from 15º north to 15º south of the equator.” See Design and tropical timber housing by John P. R. Falconer: nature has determined the balance best for our housing; we choose materials that require AC units etc. to manage basic comforts. It should be necessary that our professionals in this area publish a fact outline of what materials are best for our health when building, from what I have witnessed and experienced. I look mainly at our forests. In Chapel Street I located the old, admired Lodge buildings; they are in a bad way and one is almost gone. In the brief travelling I did I learnt that in some countries the authorities
intervene in sustaining such structures identified as National Trust locations, for which owners are indebted to the state in a recovery cycle. There are laws against destroying historically significant buildings, with harsh penalties; here also we are behind. One can use the argument that they should go to the bank, take a loan and fix their houses. It is a stupid argument; a man retires after he has raised and educated his children and will not get a loan to fix his steps from any bank. He and his house are doomed unless he has the skill needed to continue earning. The awareness and move towards this level of preservation rest with City Hall and the National Trust, and the support of the state. What we have lost will be dealt with in a subsequent article.
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CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
Afternoon tea and storytelling
“I USED to think that writing a book was only for special people and now I am one of those special people,” were the words echoed by Wendy Hermonstine who launched her first book in Guyana. I requested a comment from her exclusively for this column. “With a grateful heart, I sing praises to Almighty God for his mercies and compassion. I am overly elated to note that among all my accomplishments is that of an author. This Valentine’s Day release was amazingly beautiful. It was beyond my comprehension that Wendy Hermonstine was actually launching ‘A Compilations of Daily Reminders.’ This pow-
erful, inspirational and spiritual guide provides guidance on what persons should do to live purposeful, successful, positive, and fulfilling lives. In fact, everyone is born with innate abilities, but it is up to that individual to identify and unleash his/her true potential. This I have done successfully and anyone who believes in themselves can. I was exposed to a weekend Writers workshop organised by Dr. Sonia Noel along with Claudia Vidal and Richard Young with participants from at least 12 countries, including North America and Africa. We were all challenged to write a book and have a grand launch, and this was to be accomplished before
the end of 2021. I was able to meet that deadline, since the soft copy was launched on Amazon in November and February 14 in Guyana. It was truly wonderful to have so many friends and family celebrate with me, albeit virtually, or in person. Thank you United Bridge Builders Mission, Mr&Mrs Marshall, and Dr. Sonia Noel for the guidance and opportunity to write and publish. The launch was indeed a momentous occasion that will be etched in my memory. Thank you God!” Mr. Austin, founder of Austin’s Book Services was invited to speak and mentioned in his presentation that he is looking forward to
having a number of inspirational books from local authors. Wendy’s book will be available there from next month. This inspiring book has earned a place in my memory bank because she was intentional immediately after the retreat to have this project completed. Self-publishing has allowed many people to become authors. Not so long ago this was not possible without a publisher. I have heard stories from people of rejections from publishing houses and some people got frustrated and stopped trying. I feel so blessed to be able to assist individuals to write and publish their fiction and
CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
non-fiction books. Every month through this year new authors in my circle will be launching their books, God’s willing. My entire weekend was consumed with books which added to the awesomeness. We hosted an Invaluable life Experiences Afternoon Tea
and Storytelling event . A limited number of contributors dressed elegantly in all-white illuminated the Tower Hotel poolside for this meaningful interaction. Many of the contributors were from various parts of Guyana and some were meeting for the first time, but meet on zoom
for our discussions. The weather, the energy, the decor and the various flavours of teas were in sync. The exotic teas came from L’heure du Thé, which is a local business that imports teas and packages them in Guyana. Each benab at the poolside was branded with a different tea and these were the options: Creme Brulee Oolong, Early Grey Black, Large Leaf Masala Chai ,Vanilla Spice Herbal, Sweet Peach White and Moroccan Mint Green. Some of the contributors read their stories, while others opted to share a story with someone. The plan is to make invaluable life experiences storytelling in an ongoing series like the book. Part proceeds of the 365 Invaluable Life Experiences go to a youth-empowerment project. Registration for the next edition has commenced. If you are interested in sharing your story, email livingwithintention11@gmail. com Remember that your story can transform the lives of some as we continue to celebrate this beautiful journey called life BEYOND THE RUNWAY.
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CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
Forging ahead with a ‘Cooperative’ Guyana
WHEN I think back to the ‘Republic Jubilee’ column I wrote last year, in commemoration of our 50th year as a Cooperative Republic, I remember being filled with so much hope and enthusiasm. Between then and now, however, I’ve come to realise that in many ways, we still don’t understand the value of aspiring to this cooperative state. For me, Mashramani last
year was the last bit of normalcy I can recall. We were able to celebrate the fact that ours is the only country in the world where the development model of ‘cooperation’ is captured in the official name of our country. This was not only a name but perhaps a model towards which we have been striving for years. Soon after our Republic Jubilee, we were solely focused on March 2, the
“Mother of all Elections” as it had been dubbed. And while we spent a long, long time navigating those precarious elections -- an epidemic of sorts -- we became enveloped in the COVID-19 pandemic. We descended into the familiar chasm of tribal politics, neglecting to realise that this, much like the novel coronavirus, was detrimental to our country. It was quite the opposite of the cooperative developmental trajectory towards which we we have been
striving. And so, in the 50th year of our Cooperative Republic, in many ways we failed to realise what we can be and we hurt one another. Yet, I remain optimistic that we have not done irreparable harm. Following his swearing-in, President Dr Irfaan Ali touted the importance of national healing, no doubt influenced by the events that took place during the protracted elections, but hopefully also influenced by Guyana’s history of strained relations. More recently, during his inaugural address to Parliament, he announced the formation of a ‘One Guyana Commission’ that will be tasked with fostering one nationality and a common love for Guyana. It was reported that the President indicated that the commission will be empowered to foster nation-building efforts through practical steps while respecting Guyana’s diversity. I agree with the President that we need to heal, we need to respect and harness our diversity, and that we all must contribute to nation-building efforts. National healing is necessary, therefore, but it is not going to be achieved without great effort. Similarly, the idea of ‘oneness’ and aspiring to that place where we proudly embody this one Guyanese nationality is not an easy fix for years of varying lived experiences.
Though Guyana, as a whole, may have been striving towards the ‘One Destiny’ espoused by our national motto, different Guyanese have had different experiences as they move towards that destiny. To avoid ambiguity, I mean that Indo-Guyanese, Afro-Guyanese, Indigenous-Guyanese, and so forth, have all had different learned perceptions and different lived experiences that have influenced the lives of people in each of these social groups. For further clarity, in real terms, Afro-Guyanese for example have been forced to contend with an inherently anti-black societal structure -- replete with barriers to resources -- developed and embedded by the colonial powers since the days of enslavement. Then there are nuances in the challenges faced by various sub-groups, for example, those challenges faced by Afro-Guyanese women. Indigenous communities, too, have faced unique barriers to their development. Their geographic locations, away from the more “developed” population centres, mean that resources and the quality of resources and services to which they have access and benefit from are widely different from others. Consideration also has to be given to European destruction of their rights and culture and how western models of
development do not take into account their traditional way of life. Careful analyses have illustrated the nuances in the lived experiences and challenges faced by each of our ethnic groups, not just the two I mentioned. Therefore, I submit that aspiring to this model or idea of a Cooperative Republic doesn’t simply mean forgetting the far-from-perfect history and experiences of various Guyanese. Instead, it means acknowledging the various challenges by which we are each confronted and then trying to overcome those, equitably. To add to my point, I’ll borrow a sentiment shared by my Social Development Policy lecturer this semester: “Equality is the goal, but equity is the method through which we achieve that goal.” We all face challenges, but we do not face the same challenges. And as such, our collective, cooperative development depends upon recognising that there need to be equitable solutions crafted to remedy the wounds and legacies of our various experiences. Maybe then the words “Cooperative Republic” can be much, much more than just part of the official name of Guyana. If you would like to connect with me to discuss this column or any of my previous works, feel free to email me at vish14ragobeer@ gmail.com
CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
Quality time alone
SINCE my column on love and well-being for Valentine’s Day last week, I received a few emails that expressed some sadness about being single. Some said they are not able to meet new people due to COVID-19 restrictions, while others mentioned that they are too “anti-social to meet people, but it does not mean that I am not lonely.’ Therefore, today I would like to focus on this because he further added, “what’s wrong with me?” First, the word ‘anti- social’ has a negative connotation to it, but even the more positive options such as introverted do not really have much of a difference. Many people call me anti-social for lots of reasons; I do not like to go out much and when I do, I do not talk much unless I am extremely comfortable with the group of people or environment in which I am. If it is with people I do not know, a lot of the time, I’m in a corner. I am going to talk about the benefits of this, so that all of you who feel this way can stop being so hard on yourselves for simply being who you are. It’s not that the introverted don’t like other people; it’s that the days are sometimes so overwhelming that time alone is needed to just recharge. Many of us are around people most of the day, needing to
be as productive and as energetic as possible. Not to mention all the other sources that can bombard us with information and much of it negative - news, social media platforms or any gatherings/ meetings that you are pressured into attending. Many people need to take alone time to regroup, collect thoughts and build a fresh set of patience. This is important to really process what has happened throughout the day and how we really feel about it. Many people equate being alone with being lonely, but those are two very different things. It may sound like a cliché, but only when you spend quality time alone can you really know who you are and what you want out of life. You are open to clear, uninterrupted and un-influenced trains of thought. I promise you, that all your important realisations, logical thinking and decision-making happen when you are alone -- or maybe in counselling; it does not happen when you are out liming and possibly drinking. One of my favourite sayings is, “you’re not missing anything when you’re getting your act together.” This way of life tends to allow one to build friendships that really matter. These healthy and important relationships are only built and flourish only during one-on-one time and in the right environments. This means that if you choose a more ‘anti-social’ life, it can actually consist only of meaningful relationships and conversations. I cannot speak for anyone else, but I really dislike small talk, which drastically increases the more you go out. There is a theory claiming that in a two-hour-long conversation, there are only 10-15 minutes of quality information being shared. I live a much healthier life during my anti-social periods. We all know that when we go out, we are more likely to eat unhealthily, consume more alcohol than intended, as well as have less sleep than intended. All of this contributes to having low energy and motivation the next day -- whether there is an official hangover or not. For example, I rarely go to the gym or do any additional work the day after a night, or even late afternoon out. You also save tonnes of money. It aids in a drama-free life. You will always have some kind of issue in your life, but often when we go out, you may either make it public or get sucked into other people’s issues. May sound cool and funny, but have you ever tried peace instead? Something I’ve noticed is that people trust me more because I don’t go out. They feel more comfortable opening up
to me because they don’t see me with lots of people all over the place as if I don’t have a house. This aids in another point, when I do choose to go out, people are always excited to see me as they rarely do in general. You know those people who are out so much that you almost get tired of seeing them? Yea I don’t have that problem. If you are hard on yourself because you are not as social as most others, that’s okay too. Not only is Guyana an extremely social culture, but our generation is the most social of all with social media and other technology that allow us to easily have friends all around the world. I am also not necessarily pushing anyone to spend more
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time on your own; if being around people all day makes you happy, then good for you. I’m just trying to get people to simply accept who they are. Focus on the benefits it brings rather than any potential downfalls. Thank you for reading. Please continue to send any topics you would like to talk about to caitlinvieira@gmail. com. If you would like personal counselling sessions, please contact me at +592 623 0433 Say Yes to Life and No to Drugs! Always! Suicide Prevention Helpline – 223-0001, 223-0009, 6234444 or 600-7896 Do not be afraid to reach out!
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CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
Is there any rationality behind spirituality? Spirituality and its definition vary for every individual. The first thing that perhaps comes to our mind is deities, religion or to be more mainstream; a hippie with colourful hair who meditates 24/7. Nowadays, it can even be considered burning sage and candles to keep negative energies away. It can be one or all of these things listed but I really do believe in some ways, it is more than what meets the eye. Taking on perspective through beliefs and most of the times letting go of materialistic beings is the standard definition for spirituality for many. In hind-
sight, it is believed to be an extension of one’s soul and involves deeper thoughts ideas—more than what the eye can meet. On the topic of eyes, the concept of the ‘third eye’ is linked to New Aged Spirituality. It is said that one is enlightened and outer-worldly knowledge through a deity, especially that of Shiva and Buddha. For many, spirituality is a pure and divine experience that is better to leave unexplored and questioned while for others it’s just a myth of feelings that close-minded people feel to comfort themselves away from the real world. The
biggest debate people often have around this topic is the question, “Can one be spiritual and still be rational?” Well, can we? Maybe, maybe not—I can’t seem to pick sides. However, it’s based on perspective and in a state of being spiritual, one’s mind wanders off away from our day-to-day existence and we wander off to a peaceful and wisdom-like place. I believe one does not necessarily need to be in an awkwardly physical yoga position, light incense or enter a place of worship to feel spiritual. Perhaps, travelling the world or reading a book and even enjoying the sunset can evoke that feeling—it solely depends on the individual. As I was researching, I came across a concept that suggests spirituality can also be an escape away from our egotistical selves. It entails letting go of what we materialistically desire and have as well as, the pleasures we seek and grasping and appreciating the little life has to offer and mirroring the best versions of ourselves. On that note, it
can also be used to escape our body and become whoever and whatever we want to be—looking at life in the perspectives of unfamiliar angles. Being spiritual also is known to open up our affective sides a bit more and allows us to feel intensely in ways we never have before. This might sound like a bunch of nonsensical words, especially if you’re an atheist or someone who simply does not believe in spirituality. To me, that is the mistake we always make—it is to believe that for one to be spiritual, they must also be religious. If you haven’t heard it already, let me be the first to say that’s not true. One can simply be ‘religious’ but never even felt what it feels to be enlightened or soulful—vice versa. Some ways people normally practice spirituality can be eating healthier, giving to charities and the less fortunate, praying, meditation, self-care and my favourite—sharing love. Love is very important when it comes to being spiritual. It extends beyond your friends, lover and families—it reaches to the point where it’s infinite to the world, the unknown and everything in between. My main point by writing all of this is to shed light on the fact that we look at spirituality on a spectrum of mostly ignorance. It is more than just going to church and being vegan, it’s a lifestyle of pureness and the generosity of emotions towards ourselves, others and even the unknown. While, I cannot fully answer the question, “Can one be spiritual and rational?”, I can at least leave something for you all to ponder upon and answer the question for yourselves—the School of life said, “A spiritual experience is neither ineffable nor absurd; the term refers rather to a deeply sustaining interval of relief from the burdens and blindness of being us” and that to me, is all we need to know!
CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
BUDGET RESTORATION OF EXEMPTION FROM CAPITAL GAINS TAX ON PROPERTY OWNED FOR 25 YEARS WELCOMED IN simplistic terms, capital gains tax is a 20 percent tax on the amount a seller receives over and above what he had paid for the property. For example, if he had bought the property for $100,000 and sold it for $130,000,he would have gained $30,000 more than for what he had bought the property and it is this $30,000 which is the gain and is subject to a tax of 20 percent. Until a few years ago, if a seller owned property for 25 years and over, then he/she was exempted from paying capital gains tax. The last government abolished this 25-year rule and all property, no matter how long one would have owned it, became subject to capital gains tax. In the case of the abolition of the 25-year rule, its negative effects were not immediately seen or felt, but began to make their impact only afterwards. For although it appeared to be of comparatively small significance, its social and economic effects were immense. Mr Nicholas Boyer, Chairman of the Private Sector Commission, on behalf of the private sector petitioned the government to reinstate the 25-year exemption from taxes on capital gains. He pointed out that the removal of the capital gains tax exemption on properties owned for 25 years and over “not only affected the construction and real estate industries, but also the desire to invest in real estate and to hold real estate on a long-term basis.” He also pointed out that though countries around the world have capital gains tax “they all have such an exemption in order to encourage investment into real estate.” He also pointed out that the removal of the 25-year exemption from capital gains tax would encourage tax evasion: “It also incentivises people not to report the correct sales figures and to try to find illegal ways of getting around the taxes and this is something we do not want.” Dr Jagdeo, when in Opposition, remarked on the removal of the 25-year exemption on capital gains: “All the older folks who own their buildings across Guyana would not have had to pay capital gains tax if they had sold their property before now.” The consumer community is in full support of the private sector on this issue, since, when the construction and real estate industries are expanding and are prosperous, more employment is created and more wealth is generated in the society. But the consumer community also supports the reinstatement of the 25-year rule because it will bring justice to poorer property owners: After Emancipation, the freed slaves left the plantations and settled on various parts of the coast and in the vicinity of Georgetown. Their settlement in the coastal areas is known as the Village Movement, whereby the freedmen founded various villages such as Buxton, while those who settled in the vicinity of Georgetown mostly occupied the bush-covered
belt south of Brickdam. In this area, they and their descendants cleared the land, drained it and acquired house lots. They filled up their yards against floods, maintained their mud roads and painstakingly built their cottages or ranges. The same pattern was followed by the indentured immigrants when their indentures had expired and they settled in areas such as La Penitence and Campbellville.
The lots acquired by these original settlers and their descendants and friends remained in their hands and today when they decide to sell them because of old age or because their families have emigrated, they are offered higher prices than their ancestors paid. Their higher prices were due to their improvements, inflation and currency devaluations over the years and not because of speculation. Indeed, they probably barely broke even with such sales and to demand capital gains tax from such people verges on the confiscatory. The
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reinstatement of the rule exempting owners who have held their properties for 25 years and over from payment of capital gains tax is fair and just. In reporting on the budget, the media have so far given no notice to this measure because of its apparent insignificance as against the bigger and fundamental issues, but its social and economic effects are far-reaching and important.
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A variety of talents Entrepreneur proud of her diverse background in business services
By Dillon Goring AS the coronavirus pandemic rages worldwide, small entrepreneurs, by and large, have been severely affected as it pertains to garnering revenues to sustain their businesses and their families. It is against this background that Sabrina’s Specialised Services (SSS) consultancy was established to employ young people across the country.
The company was established in July 2020. During an interview with Pepperpot Magazine recently, founder of SSS consultancy, Sabrina Martindale, explained that her business not only caters for persons who are planning events on both a large and small scale, but also caters for persons who have needs in other areas. These services include academic and business services, event management services, immigration services and office services.
Founder of Sabrina’s Specialised Services, Sabrina Martindale
Martindale further explained that measures have been put in place by her company to ensure complete adherence to safety between her employees and her clients. “I still try to reach out to them despite the hurdles, by providing guidance to the clients through technological methods, such as WhatsApp and other social media platforms,” Martindale told Pepperpot Magazine. Since the novel coronavirus pandemic hit the shores of Guyana back in March of 2020, several businesses have been creative and have tailored the businesses to meet the demands of a new and changed world . Martindale brought to bear her diversity in the industry as a catalyst to her uniqueness. “I am bringing my professionalism, I am bringing a lot of stuff that other persons wouldn’t have, inclusive of expertise-- my background in accounting, business management, project and event management makes me stand out,” Martindale told Pepperpot. Martindale pointed her success in event management to her motivator Joy Agnes, a Guyanese entrepreneur who resides in the United States of America, whom she met years ago. As a result of her training, she also impacts people, specifically youths, thus offering mentorship, training, academic and business coaching and career guidance. Martindale expressed that she is an advocate for reading, her training provides her with the leverage to promote reading and personal development to young people.
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Legal consent for treatment DENTAL practitioners in this country invariably assume that they are obligated to treat every patient who seeks their services. This is because they generally do not know that some patients are legally incapable of giving consent to therapy. More specifically, it is unethical, professionally prohibitive and immoral to treat anyone whose mental state cannot accommodate certain basic elements involving his or her treatment. The person may be too young to be intellectually competent to meet the criteria for independent consent, or may be mentally disabled. In such cases, they should be accompanied by an adult who would make relevant treatment decisions. Before beginning dental therapy the patient must: (1) possess the ability to understand the specific procedure being contemplated and the risks and benefits associated with the treatment; (2) can retain an understanding of the overall proposed procedure, being able to describe the therapy and its associated significant risks and benefits ( in lay terms); (3) evidence the ability to choose( demonstrate a preference) between alternative therapies ( including the refusal of treatment); (4) choose a therapy based on rational reasons, and the expected outcome of that choice must be percipient( “right” and “responsible”); and (5) be able to appreciate and execute correctly post-procedural precautions. There are numerous situations in which an apparently “normal” looking patient should be denied treatment based on his mental state. Dementia, depression and delirium are three common conditions encountered that may interfere with obtaining informed consent. According to the population census, there were 28,342 Guyanese over the age of 65 years in 1992. These people are the most susceptible to mental illness, especially dementia. The essential features are a global progressive deterioration of intellectual functioning and changes in mood and behaviour to such an extent that they interfere with social or occupational functioning, and the patient’s ability and willingness to perform appropriate oral hygiene. During the early phase of the disease, patients frequently go to the physician with a confusing medical history consisting of multiple complaints of physical problems and psychiatric symptoms that do not conform to a specific disease process. Delirium may mimic or be superimposed on dementia. Many conditions can cause delirium. Toxicity due to drugs, alcohol, and narcotics are probably the most reversible causes. Symptoms include clouded consciousness, often associated with delusions, illusions and vivid hallucinations. Other common causes are cardiovascular disease, liver disease, and kidney disease. Fatty plaques may break off from the walls of large blood vessels and partially occlude blood perfusion to the brain. With kidney and liver disease, there is an impaired ability to convert ammonia to urea and this build-up may result in encephalopathy(delirium/dementia). Depression, like delirium, may mimic and/or coexist with dementia. Recent investigations suggest that a third of the patients with dementia have concurrent depression.
Symptoms include sleep disturbances, fatigue, memory loss and retarded muscular reflexes. Many mental diseases such as Alzheimer’s go unrecognised and untreated in this country. Once someone does not walk the streets nude or extremely unkempt, or behave very irrationally and violent, he or she is accepted by our society as normal. Professionals of the healing arts (dentistry and medicine) need to dedicate some time to initially psycho-analyse their patients before treating them. Failure to do so may result in more harm for such patients.
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Under the ‘Union Jack’ then ... From Page II
Singer/Songwriter Courtney Noel interacting with his audience during a performance of his popular composition, “I LOVE MY GOLDEN ARROWHEAD” during a performance at the OAS Headquarters in Washington DC, USA (Photo by Francis Q. Farrier)
with a national theme, was “Journey to Freedom” in which the action commences on the evening of May 25, 1966, as residents of a community complex are preparing to head down to the National Park in Georgetown for the Independence Celebration. Back in the colonial days, there was apartheid practised right here in British Guiana. Not only on the Sugar Belt but also in the Bauxite Industry and others such as the timber industry. Most folks in speedboats going by Stampa Island in the Essequibo River, located about 10 miles north of Bartica, are unaware that the now uninhabited island was once active with a large sawmill and other buildings. There were also scores of workers including managerial personnel of Englishmen living and working on Stampa island. The timber was supplied from Manaka, a timber concession owned by the CDC, a British Company. Manaka is located on the west bank of the Essequibo River, directly west of Fort Island. One of the plays which I have written is entitled “MANAKA” and is about life in that timber community. Growing up on the eastern extremes of McDoom village, facing the sugar cane fields, I saw for myself the way the young whites from Britain operated. They riding on their mules while a “Mule Boy” - usually of Indian heritage trotted behind carrying such things as cloak and umbrella for the white overseer. The estate roads were usually extremely muddy during the rainy season, and hard and dusty during the sunny dry season. The Mule Boy was always bare-footed. By the time he reached manhood, his toes were all clearly and permanently separated due to the mud squeezing between them during their growing-up years. During the 15-year period in which I interviewed elders for my Radio Programme Series, “The Eighty Plus Club” I had quite several former sugar workers as guests. They spoke of the pleasant inter-action between African and Indian sugar workers. There was centenarian, Gajadar, an East Indian Immigrant who lived at Anna Regina, and who I had interviewed for my Eighty Plus Club. He spoke in detail of his work as a weeder in the sugar cane fields at Anna Regina on the Essequibo Coast. He also related the inter-action of Barbadians of African Heritage and how they got along well with the Guianese of African Heritage as well as those of Indian Heritage. Gajadar, small of stature, spoke with a deep Indian Guyanese accent, tinted with a bit of a stutter. I thoroughly enjoyed interviewing him and he remains the favourite of all the East Indian Immigrants who I have had the opportunity to interview for my “Eighty Plus Club” Radio Programme Series. At this time - February 2021 - there are no more East Indian Immigrants here in Guyana. That Immigration programme ended in 1917. I feel privileged that I was someone who got the opportunity to interview some of them while they were still with us, and were pleased to share their knowledge and experiences. There was a particular Immigrant who told me of being brought to British Guiana by his father. Working their five-year contract and opting to return to India. To his father’s dismay, they were not welcomed back by the villagers in India. As such, they returned to British Guiana. There are so many stories that I garnered from those elders who shared their life stories with me when I interviewed them for my Eighty Plus Club. Their stories are a part of the story of Guyana - the history of Guyana. Having interviewed Elder Guyanese from all the ten Regions of the country over a fifteen year period, one gets a good idea of where our Elders desired the country to go in the future along Highway Unity, travelling happily under the freedom of the GOLDEN
CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
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THOUGHT
FOR TODAY IF a man’s char acter is to be abused, say wh at you will there’s nobody like a relation, to do the WILLIAM MAKbEusiness. EACE THAC KERAY (1811-P 1863) Vanity Fair, ch. 19.
February 21, 2021 STUDY SUCCESS Dear Student, Welcome, dear friend. The two-fold revision process is valuable to every student. Firstly,
it helps you to remember facts, figures, topics, skills, and methodologies that you have already covered. Secondly, it helps improve self-confidence and reduces anxiety that some students are prone to develop facing an examination. Correctly approached, revision makes changes to learning and brings it more in keeping with the requirements of the examination. The examination itself greatly motivates study and later verifies learning. Be wise. Love you. READ THE PASSAGE Strengthen your reading comprehension. NOTE: In preparing for this part of the examination, it is not a great point to continue reading at too many words per minute (w.p.m.), if you find that you do not understand what you are reading. If you have lost the thread of the story, or you cannot remember clearly the details of what was said, re-read the section. Read the following paragraphs carefully and then answer items 1-4 on the basis of what is most accurate to the information given in the passage. Hints for Reading Practice Set aside time each day. Most of us can find 15 minutes or half an hour each day for some specific regular activity. It may be a free period or a regular wait, say in the queue for a bus or meal – even while eating breakfast. One famous surgeon always made it a rule to spend at least 15 minutes on general reading before he went to sleep each night. Whether he went to bed at 10 p.m. or 2:30 a.m. made no difference. Even if you cannot keep to this kind of discipline, it is a good idea to make sure you always have a general interest book in your pocket. Stop reading the book at regular intervals. Ask yourself a few questions about what you have been reading. If you find that you have lost the thread of the story, or you cannot remember clearly the details of what was
said, re-read the section or chapter. IDEAS 1. The passage recommends setting aside for reading practice, a) two hours a day. b) one hour a day. c) 15 minutes or half an hour a day. d) three times a day before meals. 2. One famous surgeon always made it a rule to read a) for 15 minutes at 10 p.m. each night. b) at least 15 minutes at bedtime. c) at least 15 minutes at either 10 p.m. or 2:30 a.m. d) whenever he had a spare moment. 3. It is always good to carry in your pocket, a) a book you will never forget. b) a book of general interest. c) several books of various kinds. d) an easy story or textbook. 4. The purpose of pausing for thought every so often is to a) rest the eyes. b) prevent brain fatigue. c) make sure you have not missed any sentences. d) make sure you really understand what you have read. VOCABULARY Read, and then answer items 1-4. Find the following words in the passage and select the meaning you think is most likely to correspond among the choices given. 1. hints (title) a) tests c) obstacles b) suggestions d) rewards 2. set aside (sub-title) a) reject c) push out of the way b) put aside d) allocate 3. specific (line 1) a) particular c) specimen b) uninteresting d) intellectual 4. thread a) cotton c) sequence b) step d) beginning MAIN IDEAS Read the passage, and then answer items 1-4. Select the proper completion in each stem of question. NOTE: The stem of a multiple-choice question contains the problem that you must answer. Some-
times the stem is in the form of a question, and at other times the stem is an incomplete sentence, or a complete one. The stem or lead-in provides context and instruction for guidance. Passage For years, my home office was a mess. Papers were piled on my desktop in a disorganised way. It always took me a long time to find important forms and documents, if I found them at all. I hired an office consultant and that changed my professional life. The consultant convinced me that everything must have a proper place. At her suggestion, I bought manilla folders, labeled them by topic, and filed each paper in its appropriate folder. Then I organised the folders in a file drawer alphabetically. What an improvement! Working in an efficiently organised office has increased my productivity and saved me time. I can finally see the top of my desk! 1. What is the main idea of the passage? a) Papers should be discarded. b) The consultant gave the author bad advice. c) A messy office is a creative office. d) Keeping papers filed properly avoids clutter and saves time. 2. Which of these steps is part of the author’s reorganisation? a) File papers in a different room. b) Organise furniture and space. c) Buy a new desk. d) Label folders by topics. 3. What lesson did the author learn? a) Blue folders are a boon to office work. b) Every office needs a big file drawer. c) Check your “To Do” list each morning. d) It is more efficient to keep an organised office. 4. Choose the best title for this passage. a) Clutter is Better b) My Office is a Mess c) How to Have an Efficient Office d) Tomorrow is Another Day
CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 21, 2021
The value of meaningful stakeholder engagement
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UBLIC participation involves you! This was the theme of last week’s article. Public participation is integral to the operations of the Environmental Protection Agency, and as we would have learnt last week, this can take various approaches. This week we want to focus on the value of stakeholder engagement, a critical approach to public participation. What is stakeholder engagement? This is the process by which companies communicate and get to know their stakeholders. By getting to know them, companies can better understand what their stakeholders want, when they want it, how engaged they are and more so how the companies’ plans and actions will affect both long and short term goals of stakeholders. In the environmental arena, stakeholder engagement is also an important ingredient for successful project delivery. However, it is often regarded as a fringe activity or one that can be outsourced to business-as-usual functions. Project managers depend on people to respond to the outputs and benefits that they deliver. People will only respond if they are engaged. Stakeholder engagement includes ways to attract and involve individuals, groups, and organizations who may be affected by a project or may affect the project. Engagements can take many different forms, which include print media, television and radio programmes, virtual platforms, physical engagement, focused-group meetings, public scoping and disclosure meetings, one-on-one consultation, etc.
How does Stakeholder Engagement differ from Public Participation? Stakeholder Engagement is the practice of influencing a variety of outcomes through consultation, communication, negotiation, compromise, and relationship-building, thus, arranging for stakeholders to be present and involved. On the other hand, Public Participation allows individuals, groups and organisations’ involvement as optional. In other words, stakeholder engagement is more thorough and intentional. The Importance of stakeholder engagement The successful completion of a project usually depends on how the stakeholders view it. Their requirements, expectations, perceptions, personal agendas and concerns will influence the project, shape what success looks like, and impact the outcomes that to be achieved. Meaningful stakeholder engagement is an essential part of professional project management. It not only applies to projects but even when you are starting a business, the feasibility study is important, connecting with your potential partners, suppliers and customers will help determine the success or failure of your business. Stakeholder engagement provides for several benefits, including: 1. Clear communication and education; 2. Effective decision-making; 3. Building trust and capacity; 4. Economic and cost-efficient management; 5. Risk management and 6. Accountability. Join us next week as we examine stakeholder engagement and the Environmental Protection Act.
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