Guyana Chronicle Pepperpot

Agriculture in Tapakuma

CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 18, 2024

From farmlands to markets

David James (Samuel Maughn photo)

Sunday, February 18, 2024

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CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 18, 2024

‘The Gyaff’ New podcast gaining momentum on social media

“The Gyaff” is one of the newest podcasts to be launched locally and is quickly gaining momentum on social media platforms.

Launched by sibling content creators Alex and Victoria Arjoon it serves as a new avenue for casual face-to-face conversations.

The podcast is an audio/ visual forum for open/candid conversations to share with the public and globally. This medium has become very popular among celebrities and influencers, many of whom host their own podcasts to share their own content and conduct interviews.

Alex told the Pepperpot Magazine that on ‘The Gyaff’, they invite people to share their experiences, knowledge, and opinions on Guyana and that it is a space where honesty is the hallmark and the Siblings: Alex and Victoria Arjoon (Shaniece Bamfield photo) differences of opinions are “I see the podcast as a learning process for me. Engaging welcome. the guests on the audio/visual show is quite something and it He related that the discourse varies on topics including is [published] on Spotify and YouTube…the feedback been Guyana’s “outrage culture” which, according to him, is quite a big thing on social media. Meanwhile, Victoria stated that good so far from the target listeners,” Alex said, adding that the podcast was birthed during the pandemic but was dormant many young people tune into the podcast.

Victoria noted that the partnership between herself and for one and a half years. But they revamped it three months ago with the aim of continuing their open conversations with her brother has been quite interesting. They have been brainstorming and trying to come up with ways to keep it interpeople from various sections of society.

Victoria added that they are back with “The Gyaff” with esting, a place where people are invited to share experiences an investment of new equipment in their makeshift studio on on ‘how they are and who they are’, especially among young professionals. the East Coast Demerara, where they host the forum.

Victoria added that the podcast is about sharing positive experiences, connecting with people as human beings, and empowering each other through conversations. “‘The Gyaff’ is something to ponder, something to take with you as you go about your daily life and to think about as listeners; the podcast aims to entice conversations,” Victoria said.

Alex and Victoria told Pepperpot Magazine that it is their hope that “The Gyaff” will soon be sponsored, but they will continue to press on until it comes to fruition.

“The podcast is an everyday job like most people do and we are always working but not making money, but it is what it is,” the siblings reasoned.

Originally, the sibling partnership started Reel Guyana, a leading video production and marketing company focusing on highlighting Guyana’s natural environment, rich cultures, and heritage through high-quality content.

Aside from these endeavours, the Arjoons are actively looking for full-time work and remain hopeful of getting opportunities in the public sector. In the meantime, while the search could be frustrating, they are hoping that their current ventures, like Reel Guyana will help them in their capacity to earn.

Reel Guyana is sharing perspectives of Guyana through their lenses, capturing their experiences to educate people about what’s out there.

Alex noted that Reel Guyana is a video production company that promotes awareness, documentaries, advertisements and photography. It usually has contractual employees when the need arises, but business has been slow and is still a growing small company.

The siblings are equal partners in Reel Guyana, established by Alex in 2017 and when Victoria returned to Guyana to reside in 2019, she joined.

“To earn, we have to produce and with no jobs permanently, it has been kind of slow, so we are holding on nevertheless, with the hope that will soon change, the siblings said.

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CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 18, 2024

Guardians of Minds Exploring the emotional toll on mental health professionals

By Shaniya Harding ANJU Vivekanandaraj is, in simple terms, an extraordinary woman. Hailing from South India, Anju is now a therapist who has been living in Guyana for six years and practising for the last five years. Her journey did not begin as most may expect. Her family did not initially support her aspirations of joining the field of psychology. Some years later, however, with her life taking new turns, Anju decided it was time to take her dreams into her own hands.

She told Pepperpot Magazine that, “It was something I was not much encouraged. But psychology and mental health [are] somethings I have had an interest in for many, many years. After my marriage, I left my teaching job, and I had my daughter. That was when I had to decide if I wanted to go back into that field because I was not happy in that field.”

After some time at home, Anju acquired her Master’s in clinical psychology. In the more than six years since then, Anju has continued to develop her skills as well as her academic capabilities. She is one of Guyana’s registered clinical psychologists andfounded Inner Peace Psychotherapy and Counseling Services. She is also a certified EQ Practitioner, NLP Practitioner, and Mindfulness Trainer. Being recognised for her accomplishments, Anju received the 25 Influential Women Award in 2021, and her services received GCCI’s Microbusiness Award of the Year in 2023.

Coping to help others cope In the same manner that doctors get sick, therapists are not infallible to mental stress or immune to the pressures of life. The topic of a psychologist’s mental health is often not talked about, but Anju says it is something that should be addressed. She shared that, “It really is an important thing in the sense that because I am a psychologist or a professional in the mental health field, it does not mean that I am in any way safeguarded from emotional challenges.” Anju went on to express a sentiment echoed by professionals in most healthcare fields.

That is, caring for others requires strength. Across the world, every day, millions of men and women take up the mantle of caring for millions more, and according to Anju, there are moments when it gets a bit too much, even for a psychologist.

“In this profession, I am listening to people. I am, in a sense, taking in some of the emotions,” stated Anju. She went further to explain that the mental strain of her work is felt.

Although subtle, Anju says that sometimes it does get to her.

She said, “What others may be sharing, what others may be unburdening in my presence. It is something that can affect you in a way that is not so obvious.” Anju has made it her mission to practice what she preaches. She ensures that she pays attention to her mental well-being so that the problems of others do not creep up to become her own. She also ex-

pressed the importance of selfcare. Like any other individual, Anju has moments in which she takes a step back. But it is not just good for herself and her patients; she says it is necessary for everyone. She stated that, “Down the line, as you go about your daily life you may notice that it is getting too much. The major thing is self-awareness.

You need to have that level of self-awareness that you are conscious of how it is going for you.”

Anju’s integration into the melting pot that is Guyana Anju was led to Guyana, almost by fate, six years ago. Her career in psychology was just taking flight, and her daughter was just three years old. Her husband had visited Guyana and told her about the country.

With our welcoming people and melting pot of culture, the idea of starting a family in Guyana was captivating. The peaceful nature and concept of individuality have kept her in Guyana.

Speaking about her experiences in Guyana thus far, Anju stated that, “I love this place. I am Anju Vivekanandaraj happy in this place. It has an individuality that I was looking for. This is the fifth country that I have moved to.” She shared that, coming from India, she never felt out of place in Guyana.

The mix and collaboration of cultures in Guyana create a tradition of inclusion. An inclusion that made Anju feel at home.

She said, “I did not feel totally out of place here. Because of the similar cultures that we have, the Indian culture is here.

It did not feel totally out of place. It was not a big challenge for me.”

The Role of a Therapist As much as Guyana’s pool of mental health workers has grown, there is certainly space for other newer additions. As the field grows, we must understand and appreciate the work

done by professionals like Anju. As someone tasked with teaching people what self-care means, Anju firmly believes that everyone is equipped with the skills to care for their mental health. And the role of a therapist is simply guidance.

In her interview with Pepperpot Magazine, she shared that, “As I’m turning 40 in another two months, looking back on my choices to be in the mental health field, it’s more fulfilling and gives an overarching sense of purpose in life. I believe each and every one of us has innate abilities and resources within ourselves to deal with challenges in life, but sometimes, we are so overwhelmed that it becomes difficult to access them. I believe my role as a therapist is to guide individuals to access their inner resources and strengths to manage their emotional challenges.”

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CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 18, 2024

Promoting the value of sports Sports enthusiast committed to youth development

By Michel Outridge

children.

When called upon, he would not hesitate to visit the FRANKLYN Bisport-Luke is a sportsman who is very depressed communities across the country, where he goes active in several sporting activities and a volunteer with into action to engage the children and youths alike in sports non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in Guyana, activities. where he offers free coaching sessions for youths and He has done a lot of coaching for the children and youths of Tiger Bay and other areas where the NGO network has a presence.

Bisport-Luke is an ‘on-the-go’ kind of man who is very passionate about sports. The 55-year-old is involved in powerlifting as an athlete and official (referee), boxing as a referee, bodybuilding as a Judge for the past 10 years accredited, and an official of the Athletic Association of Guyana (AAG) as an official. He is also Franklyn Bisport-Luke (Japeth Savory phoa CPL cricket official and tos) coach for a gym at his place of employment, the ticipated in voluntary work as an official in the Amateur Demerara Harbour Bridge Athletics of Guyana from 2009 to present, part of the local (DHB), where he also organising committee Guyana CWC Vibes from 2007, CWC: trains. Bisport-Luke told T20 Tournament 2010 local organising committee from 2010, the Pepperpot Magazine Carifesta- Caribbean CWC X-Tras volunteer from 2008 and that he has been volunteer- RTDA- Region 10 Tourism Development Association voluning with several NGOs for tary administrative member from 2008. a long time and he hosts He has actively coached many sports for the children and free coaching lessons across youths of Tiger Bay and other communities across Guyana.

Guyana to promote sports.

Bisport-Luke related that promoting sports via his coachBisport-Luke relat- ing is his way of giving back to society, and he sees it as a ed that he is a resident of blessing to make children and youths sports-ready and realise Amelia’s Ward, Linden and their true potential. would make the daily comThe father of five and grandfather of eight told the Peppermute to work. He is a Level pot Magazine that he has been involved in sports for more than Two Coach for weight- 30 years, because he grew up with a passion for it. lifting in the International He had his eyes set on becoming all he could be and he Olympic Committee (IOC), worked towards achieving it and it was possible through hard Grade ‘B’ Sports Admin- work, discipline and dedication. istrator, IOC, and qualified “From secondary school in Linden, it was imbedded in in nutrition in sports via the me and I guess it’s because of who I am. I have the abilMinistry of Culture, Youth ity. I also took part in numerous sports disciplines such and Sports. as volleyball, football, and dominoes. I also work for the Bisport-Luke added that CPL, the ICC Worl Cup and numerous other events and he worked at several places, projects when called upon, either by my workplace or any including Banks DIH, Omai other NGOs,” he said.

Gold Mines, the Regional Bisport-Luke explained that he loves sports and, when Democratic Council, Re- called upon, would not hesitate to assist via his teaching skills gion 10, Guymine and his and knowledge, and he feels that it is his talent to impart to current place of employ- others to bring out the best. ment,the DHB. He revealed that as a sports enthusiast, discipline should The avid sportsman stat- be a part of your lifestyle, and to get the best, you need to train ed that he is the Vice Presi- and have a good diet to remain focused. dent for the NGOs Network When Bisport-Luke is not in the limelight in sports, he in Guyana and President is behind the scenes doing the most to promote sports and of Electra Group, an NGO engage children and youths to maximise their potential in within Guyana. sporting activities as a hobby and also a career.

Franklyn Bisport-Luke poses with some of his sports credentials Bisport -Luke has par-

CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 18, 2024

Popular storyteller and singer ‘Auntie Comesee’ turns 103 AT first, Guyanese folklorist Pauline Thomas, popularly known as “Aunty Comsee,” was reluctant to consent to an interview, citing that she doesn’t want to “show off” after achieving the landmark of 103 on February 8.

However, after much persuasion, Thomas consented and, in her true Guyanese style, revealed that her academic achievement at the age of 79, which saw her earning a Bachelor of Arts Degree from the University of Toronto at the insistence of her daughter Dawne, remains a life-long and fulfilling experience.

As she did when she spoke to the Pepperpot Magazine on attaining 100 years, a beaming and delighted Thomas once again reiterated that she would not trade the experience of obtaining the Bachelor of Arts Degree in World Religion and Fine Arts Studios for anything, boasting that it was a life-changing one. She explained that while her stint at the University of Toronto was supposed to be four years, she went an extra year to complete studies.

“What thrilled me was the fact that the young students looked at me as just another student. They accepted me as though we were buddies and did everything together,” she confessed. “Sometimes, when I looked outside and saw the snow, I was reluctant to go, but it never deterred me, and for five years I had to plough through that type of weather. I did it not only for myself but for other women, especially Guyanese women.”

The famous storyteller and singer who has thrilled audiences in Guyana and Toronto, Canada with her unique style over the years, still maintains that mellow voice, sounding as though she hasn’t aged a bit since her last interview over three years ago.

In 2021, when she turned 100, Thomas was involved in a virtual birthday celebration via Zoom, organised by the Canadian and Ontario Provincial authorities where Member of Parliament Julie Dabrusin of Toronto–Danforth, selected family and close friends played a prominent part.

Thomas also received a congratulatory certificate from Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, reserved for all Canadian citizens who have

gramme, Thomas disclosed that some persons didn’t approve it and even wrote letters to the local newspapers condemning it. “My argument was that creolese was part of our culture. It was more than just a social gig.

We must understand it.

“I am not saying it is an official language, but you must know and enjoy your creolese. In my mind, when I am doing it, I think of Auntie Comesee as being semi-literate but a very self-opinionated person. She will give her opinion on world affairs and personal views,” she said.

“She is not an unpleasant person. She wants to tell you what to do and how to do it, since she has been down here a long time. When I am performing, I am really not myself. When I am talking creolese, I am not Pauline Thomas at all.”

Prior to leaving Guyana, Thomas worked as a teacher, a profession she joined at age 16, performing duties at Mahaicony Scots School and the Dolphin Government

School before joining the Civil Service as a Child Welfare Officer, describing the latter as the most challenging job in her entire working life. She also worked as an Inspector at the National Insurance Scheme (NIS).

As a Child Welfare Officer, she was responsible for assessing the suitability of persons applying for the adoption of children and making the necessary recommendations and recalled being approached by the Jim Jones cult for the adoption of a child. She, however, pointed out that the application was rejected since all the requirements weren’t met.

A former member of the popular Woodside Choir in Guyana, Thomas performed with the Stadium Singers, a community choir in Toronto and the Chamber Singers and was also an avid churchgoer at the Main Street Church of the Nazarene.

Thomas’ several awards include the African Canadi-

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an Achievement in Arts as a classical singer and actor in 2000; the Guyana Folk Festival Award from the Guyana Cultural Association of New York in 2007; the GAMA Storyteller and Actor Award in 2008; and the Guyana Awards (Canada) for Media and Culture, recognising excellence in 2008.

The eldest of eight children, born to Ralph and Edna McArthur, Thomas has two children: Wayne, who is a veterinary doctor who resides in Long Island, New York and Dawne, a retired deputy headmistress who taught at a Community High School in Toronto.

Auntie Comesee’s favourite pastime is playing crossword games, and she credits her longevity to working out at the gym, eating healthily and living by the philosophy: “Enjoy when you can; Endure when you must.”

Aunty Comesee at 103 achieved that milestone. The certificate, signed by the Prime Minister, read: “It is a great pleasure to send you best wishes and warmest congratulations on the occasion of your 100th birthday.”

Thomas disclosed that she also received numerous gifts from well-wishers, including the Bishop’s High School Old Girls Choir, which she taught for several years, who presented her with an album consisting of her interaction with the members.

Born at Fellowship, Mahaicony, East Coast Demerara, on February 8, 1921, “Auntie Comesee” was a household name in Guyana, featuring prominently at the Theatre Guild, while her thrice-weekly creolese skits heard on the Guyana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) were massive hits.

Thomas, who still lives alone, spoke candidly about growing up in Guyana, her contributions and achievements to the art form, both there and in Canada.

A singer of repute, Thomas was also a member of the University of Toronto choir during her academic pursuit there.

Commenting on her role as “Auntie Comesee,” Thomas said that to make the character, “I use to visualise a woman by the name of ‘Aunty Mimi,’ who lived in Central Mahaicony in those days. She was a well-known character and I used to imagine myself being her,” she said.

However, it all started one night at a dinner and dance at the Theatre Guild in Georgetown when she was asked to give a “Thank You” speech, using creolese. At first, she was reluctant but decided to, following several requests.

Thomas was immediately “spotted” by a producer from the GBC who asked that she try out for the station, which she readily agreed to. So impressed with her performances and the audience the programme was attracting, she was offered a full-time job at the radio station but refused, citing that she didn’t want to give up her job as a civil servant. Nevertheless, the programme continued until Thomas migrated to Canada in 1980, heeding the call of her daughter, Dawne.

Touching on the pro-

Aunty Comesee poses with her gifts when she turned 100 in 2021.

Tapakuma VI

CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 18, 2024

A village forged by faith and nature

THE village of Tapakuma is captivating at first sight, with the mysterious and serene red dirt road leading into the village, surrounded by a blackwater lake, and home to welcoming people. A community built by strong and courageous individuals, Tapakuma embodies community strength and is on the road to success with its rich history propelled by the cooperation of its residents.

Tapakuma’s Origins Discovering the serene haven of Tapakuma entails a 14mile journey past the nearest township of Anna Regina. Venturing into the village takes you down a unique red dirt road sheltered by a canopy of trees. Home to more than 400 people, very little is known about how the community acquired its mysterious name, Tapakuma. However, the Toshao of the community, Aubry Fredericks, shared with Pepperpot Magazine how the village earned its alternative title, St. Denys.

Like so many other communities, Tapakuma was founded on faith. The village was started by a church and has been a home and haven to many over the years. The toshao explained, “Long ago, many different people passed through here. Even the Dutch passed through here; we found their bottles all over the place.”

But it was the people of Tapakuma’s first church who made a mark. As the toshao stated, “We had our first church, an Anglican church, built in the village. And our first priest, his name was Denys. So that is how the village became St. Denys, because of the priest’s name at that time.” Today, the community is officially referred to as St. Denys Tapakuma, as an ode to both history and culture. The village is a cultural melting pot, hosting people of all races within its boundaries.

Tapakuma’ss information hub (Samuel Maughn photos)

The beautiful Tapakuma Lake

Although many of the community’s residents are people from faraway places, captivated by the village’s beauty, various indigenous peoples still live there. The toshao is one such person, born and bred in the community.

The toshao shared that most of his youth was spent in the village, living a happy and

vibrant life in his home community. He eventually attended St. Rose’s High School, which presented its own unique set of challenges, stating, “I used to attend school right here at Tapakuma Lake Primary and then I wrote exams. I actually went to St. Rose’s High School, but unfortunately, I did not complete my education; I had to leave.” Upon returning home, the toshao engaged in various jobs around the community. But there was always something that highlighted the community’s issues and gave him the urge to find solutions. “I returned and started to do just like everybody else, face the hard life in the village. I mean, farming, lumber, and fishing are the ways of life in our village,” he added. “I remember the first time I decided I was going to contest; it was because I wanted to see changes.”

‘Change’ scarcely sums up the development seen in the community of Tapakuma. According to the Toshao and residents, Tapakuma has developed significantly. Although the community has a long way to go, there is no doubt it is developing at a rapid rate. The most significant improvement in the community has been the state of its road. The access road is a recent gift to the community, but venturing into Tapakuma was a nightmarish journey. Toshao Fredericks shared that, although not yet perfected, Tapakuma’s road has been developed. “In 2019, the road was improved and built up higher. So that was much better; life is much better for us.”

The village has always had its own school and health centre. In recent years, however, they have seen the implementation of an information hub and improvements in the existing school and health centre. These have boosted the community, particularly benefiting its students. Discussing the development of the information hub, the toshao stated, “It is something good for the village, especially for those using the internet. We have a few people doing the GOAL programme, and it benefits them.”

The community’s tourism potential Although unique, Tapakuma easily identifies with its neighbouring counterparts, villages such as Capoey and Whyaka. But as much as the trifecta shares similarities, Tapakuma stands out with one major differing factor.

It is the only one among the SEE PAGE XXIII three that has not developed

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CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 18, 2024

Life In Serene Tapakuma

By Shaniya Harding

NELISHA Ramdeo has called the village of Tapakuma home for almost a decade. Before beginning her life in Tapakuma, Nelisha lived in Anna Regina, Essequibo. Being born and raised in Anna Regina, although just 14 miles away, was a different world entirely from what she now knows in the community of Tapakuma.

Nelisha ventured into the community to live with her now husband. But due to her upbringing in the bustling town of Anna Regina, moving to Tapakuma meant leaving a lot behind. As a town, Anna Regina has developed and is far more equipped than the small community of Tapakuma. Although living in the community has its challenges, the serenity of the village is unmatched.

Even though she grew up among the constant shifting of things, the peace and quiet that Tapakuma offers is what keeps her in the village.

“Anna Regina and Tapakuma are very different,” Nelisha stated. “Tapakuma is a quiet place. It is quiet and I like living here.”

People and places St. Denys’ Tapakuma hosts upwards of 400 people who are spread across a few miles of community and

farmland. After traversing the access roads, entering Tapakuma shows the true diversity that Guyana has to offer. Compared to places such as Anna Regina and Lima Sands, the difference, peace, and quiet the village has managed to retain throughout the years is almost unbelievable. Nelisha told the Pepperpot Magazine that, “Anna Regina and the rest of the coast is noisy, I would say. But Tapakuma is a nice place to live.” Nelisha and numerous other villagers came to Tapakuma to start a new life.

When Nelisha moved into the community all those years ago, she admitted that initially, it was difficult. She stated that, “When I first came here, the only person I knew was my sister. But as time went on I met more people and I like living here so far.” Although primarily and originally an Amerindian community, people of all races have ventured into the community to start life.

Nelisha is one such person, and she says that the longer she calls the village home, the more the villagers treat her like family.

Way of Life and Development Tapakuma, with its many people and booming natural diversity, has developed amidst the many challenges

the village faces. The adversities of living in the community have persisted; however, according to Nelisha.

The people of Tapakuma try to make as few trips to Anna Regina as possible. Because of the time, money, and difficulty leaving and returning to the village presents, people like Nelisha leave the community once a week.

However, the village and its people are working on becoming self-sustainable.

As a community of farmers, the people of Tapakuma are dedicated to agricultural development. In many cases, the community does manage to rely on itself, with more villagers farming and selling within the village.

Getting groceries into the community, particularly “greens,” was and perhaps still is a hassle for Tapakuma’s people. Nelisha explained that in recent years, however, the community has strived to farm and sell among themselves, as she stated, “It is hard to get food and “greens.” But sometimes we buy from other villagers from what they plant and sell.” This practice has made life in Tapakuma somewhat easier. Although Tapakuma is not ideal, residents of the village say that their village is perfect for them. The people of the community have a profound love for each other and their community.

Nelisha Ramdeo (Samuel Maughn photo) The village has implemented an enhancement team, of which Nelisha is a part. Along with her fellow villagers, they work on various aspects of commu-

nity development. Nelisha believes that the village’s hospitable nature is owed to its people. She shared that, “These people are really nice people to live

around.” And whether you visit the community or you are passing through, it is hard not to be captivated by the village of Tapakuma.

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CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 18, 2024

Progress and unity The evolution of life in Tapakuma

By Shaniya Harding HOME to a rapidly growing population, the village of Tapakuma has a captivating aura and the villagers are working towards a better future; from creating more jobs to exploring the field of eco-tourism, the community is hard at work on self-development. Tapakuma has drawn people from far and wide, creating a culture of togetherness and unity that survives amidst the village’s greatest struggles. The Pepperpot Magazine spoke to two of the village’s long-time residents as they shared how far the community has come and how hard they are working to take it further.

Yvonne Lowe is a woman of the soil, having been born and raised in the village of Tapakuma. The mother of six has only ever known Tapakuma to be home, and throughout the years, her home has seen many changes. She explained that the community has progressed a great deal. She shared that, “Tapakuma is not how it was before. It has developed more now. It has developed a lot. As years go and come, different projects come into the village.”

These different projects have done much to develop the community, especially in the area of job opportunities.

Finding work outside of the norm is oftentimes a chal-

lenge in Tapakuma; because of the village’s location, most people try to find work within the bounds of the community.

Apart from farming, lumber, gold mining, and the occasional wildlife trapping are popular jobs among the men of the community. For those who see the need to stay close to home, nursing or teaching at the community health centre and schools are among the options for work. Although Tapakuma is seeing an influx of work now, Yvonne says that a few years prior, job opportunities were scarce. This placed many people under immense financial strain. As Yvonne explained, “Before we started getting jobs in the community, it used to be rough. Sometimes, there are no jobs, and we do not get any food to eat. We had to see what was growing or go and catch fish.”

As much as the community was founded on farming and self-sustainability, there are challenges with living off the land in current times.

According to Yvonne and a few other residents, getting work in the community was among the biggest challenges. Although farming and fishing are easy ways to get food, in some instances, living authentically made it almost impossible to survive. Yvonne stated, “Jobs used to be really rough at one time.” But things are changing. Several projects

have been introduced into the community. Small things like the expansion of public buildings and services have greatly impacted the village’s economic state.

One such project introduced is the community enhancement project. The project was introduced as a way of preserving the natural beauty of the community.

And for people like Yvonne, it has been a major job opportunity for themselves, their families, and the community’s overall development. Yvonne believes that little projects such as this one can go a long way in developing the community.

“Now the place has developed. We count our jobs, we could get our own money,” she stated. Although the project is not yet a year old, it has played a big role in the village’s upward trajectory.

Yvonne explained that most people in the community enhancement team have never worked in community preservation before. However, the team has worked tirelessly with each other and are growing well into their new responsibilities.

Yvonne shared that, “Not all of us were in the job before.

But we are working and now everybody likes the work.”

The team is tasked with various aspects of community development, including the community’s cleaning and the lake’s maintenance.

Members of the lake have long depended on the lake.

Yvonne Lowe (Samuel Maughn photo)

Yvonne explained that some time ago, and even in current times, people depended on the lake for countless things.

Apart from providing fish for the people of Tapakuma, the lake is also used as a major water source for many of the villagers’ everyday activities. The

village of Tapakuma has, without a doubt, come a long way. People of the village are happy to call it home, and many like Yvonne do not see themselves leaving the community. Despite the challenges, they say that the peace, serenity, and love

that Tapakuma offers are invaluable. The life of the people of Tapakuma may be somewhat different from people living in other places. But the people of Tapakuma are dedicated to developing both themselves and their community.

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CHRONICLE PEPPERPOT ― Sunday, February 18, 2024

Agriculture in Tapakuma The challenges from farmlands to markets

By Shaniya Harding EVIDENCE of Tapakuma’s simplistic and self-sustainable way of life lies all around. The village is home to vast farmlands that are alongside the villagers’ homes, creating a unique experience. Tapakuma is home to more than 400 people, many of whom are farmers. Today, agriculture is widely thought of as large scale and with great industrial involvement. The farmers of Tapakuma, however, are used to a different way of farming. With cutlass in hand, the men and women of Tapakuma cultivate acres of land by hand. And although they do hope to develop their way of farming, they share that there is just something special about doing things the old-fashioned way.

Farmer and long-time resident of Tapakuma, David James, spoke to the Pepperpot Magazine at his Tapakuma farm. David has been a Tapakuma resident for more than a decade. Like so many of the village’s people, David was not born in Tapakuma; rather, he fell in love with the community throughout the years he has visited. He is, however, from the community of New Amsterdam in Berbice. Although two entirely different worlds, David’s decision to move to the quaint community of Tapakuma was not completely unfounded. Although he was not born in Tapakuma, his foreparents called Pomeroon home. For David, coming to Tapakuma was like coming

home. He shared that, “My late foreparents were from the Pomeroon, and my wife is also from Essequibo, so we came to reside here to continue farming.”

Agriculture had been a major aspect of David’s life growing up, and it has remained so today. David is among the many farmers that Tapakuma has. Whether in the form of a kitchen garden or across tens of acres, agriculture has developed to be stable in the lives of Tapakuma’s residents. Life in Tapakuma drastically differs from what he was used to in New Amsterdam. In New Amsterdam, David shared that contrary to life in the hidden community of Tapakuma, things were far more accessible in Berbice. He shared that, “Growing up in New Amsterdam is just like here, but we have access to more resources.”

The farmer explained that some things are far easier to access and develop in the community of New Amsterdam versus the village of Tapakuma. Everything from schools and shops to markets and hospitals requires a journey out of the village.

David shared that, “Living in New Amsterdam, we had access to electricity, potable water, transportation, education and so on.” Life in Tapakuma, however, is a bit different. This village is currently without running water and electricity, issues that the community’s leaders, as well as the relevant authorities, are working towards solving.

David stated that, “The only source of electricity we have

is solar. We do not have potable water; whenever it rains, we get potable water.”

Transportation is perhaps the biggest day-to-day challenge faced by residents of Tapakuma. The main access road into the community is a 14-mile-long trail. This has made travel in and out of the community an everyday issue for the people of Tapakuma and has had countless adverse effects. David shared that, “In terms of transportation, only people in the village have transportation that we have to wait on to get out into the town.” Transportation has also been a major contention for farmers. David and a few of his fellow farmers explained that getting their produce to the market is sometimes a collaborative effort, whereby a villager with a tractor is tasked with taking the produce of other farmers to Anna Regina and beyond.

There are various places in Guyana where farming is done on both large and small scales. But very few places have the soil diversity that Tapakuma has, and even fewer places have farmers who have mastered the cultivation of different crops. The rich, tightly packed soil of sand, loam, and clay makes Tapakuma prime farmland for countless crops, the most popular of which is pineapples. Agriculture in Tapakuma is a family affair, as David explained that most of his relatives are farmers.

He stated that, “Myself and my family plant pineapples.

And the period for pineapple is two years.” The twoyear wait to reap what is David James (Samuel Maughn photos)

acclaimed to be the sweetest pine on the Essequibo coast is a long one. This means it is almost impossible for farmers to survive on pine cultivation alone. Even if they do plant in stages, they cannot reap more than two or three times a year. So, the farmers have found alternatives.

David and his fellow farmers have taken up fruit cultivation, and they say it has been quite successful thus far. David shared that, “Besides the pineapples, we have permanent crops such as coconuts. We have pears, mangoes, cherries, golden apples, and passion

fruit. We have a variety of things.” Agriculture is no walk in the park, but it is the backbone of a people.

This is perhaps why farmers like David say that as challenging as farming is, it is their way of life -- and it is an existence they do not think they will give up.

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ENSURING SAFETY AND STANDARDS OF ALL HOSTELS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE ON January 19, the Report of the Commission of Inquiry (CoI) on Mahdia Hostel Fire was presented to the President. Major General (Ret’d) Joe Singh was appointed Chairman of the Commission, whose main terms of reference were to investigate and report on the events leading up to the dormitory fire and its causes. General Singh pointed out that though an act of arson caused the fire, it could be attributed to “an unfortunate outcome of several

other factors”. General Singh is one of the most able and versatile Guyanese who has willingly and successfully undertaken challenges and tasks of national importance over the years, and his work has invariably been of the highest quality.

The fire occurred on May 21, 2023, at the one-flat hostel, which housed 57 children from distant Amerindian villages who had gone to Mahdia to be able to attend school. In the fire, 19 schoolchildren and the 5-year-old child of the house parents perished. This is one of the greatest tragedies in Guyanese history.

Both the population and main politicians were deeply saddened and demanded a Commission of Inquiry, which was duly appointed and was able to complete taking its evidence in September. The Commission inquired into the building, safety concerns, teachers, children, house parents and community and made their recommendations.

Among the more important of these were:-

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I SEE ONLY YOU UNDER the shade of a flamboyant tree in the neighbourhood park he sat, his pencil moving slowly, smoothly over the sketchpad, bringing to life a thousand times on a thousand pages, the face of someone whose image was imprinted on his mind. His mind, though, was a blank page, except for her beautiful face glowing with a happy smile.

“Who are you?” he often asked the portrait, “Which part of my life were you in?”

tle for a familiar hand to hold his arm to cross the street for home.

It was his little sister Sandhiya, who had been sitting a little further away, keeping a close eye on him, for it was not safe in his mental state to leave him alone. She served him lunch and waited patiently for him to finish his meal. There was no hiding the sadness in her eyes for her big brother.

A promising future crushed, spirits broken.

He had earned a scholar-

restaurant, she always looked at him with a warm smile.

That smile so mesmerised him, it dissipated the uncertainty in his mind, and he spoke to her one day at the park.

A casual friendship blossomed into something beautiful and stronger, but her elite family disapproved of the South American middle-class boy, for compared to their wealth and status, he was just rags and crumbs.

But Virat managed to hold his own respectfully against

He sat alone each day as seasons changed, his hair grown long, beard untrimmed, for the world held nothing for him.

Two old men nearby playing a game of checkers glanced at the young man with concern; the wrinkles on their faces could tell stories that spanned decades, and even without seeing the portrait, they knew what his deep worry was. One old man said quietly to his friend, “It’s a woman his heart is aching for.”

“True,” his friend agreed, “There’s no light in his eyes and no happy smile.”

The young man stood up, bracing on the tree for a long moment, his head bent, then he sighed and walked slowly out of the park, pausing a lit-

ship to advance his studies in engineering in the United Kingdom, and for a boy from a farming family, that was an outstanding accomplishment.

“London, here I come!” he had exulted.

After two years of excelling in his studies and staying focused on graduating with a master’s degree, something new walked into his young life.

Her name was Aleysha, a second-year medical student. She was Indian but British-born, from an elite family of celebrated doctors.

“And I am just an ordinary boy from a farming family,” Virat had thought.

Not sure how he could talk to her, but everywhere their paths crossed, whether the library, park, theatre or

her family’s insults and unkind words.

Often, he would look in the mirror, not to see the young man with classic good looks and great hair, but to tell himself, “I have my own worth, ambitions, selfless and genuine kindness.”

So, despite the strict objections to their relationship, they stayed together.

Then tragedy struck.

It had been her birthday, a special dinner he had planned, and as he waited for his ride, a black Sedan from nowhere struck him down, dragging his helpless body a good distance before driving away.

She had waited hours for SEE PAGE XXIX

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Understanding the EPA Regulation Process THE Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) plays a pivotal role in safeguarding the nation’s natural

20:05. Its primary mandate is to promote and coordinate environmental management and conservation efforts. The

include: Project Assessment and Approval: Before any major devel-

resources and promoting sustainable development through its rigorous regulation process. Understanding this process is crucial for businesses, industries, and individuals alike as they strive to coexist harmoniously with the environment.

The EPA was established in 1996 under the Environmental Protection Act Chap

agency operates as a semi-autonomous body, overseeing various sectors to ensure compliance with environmental laws and standards.

The Regulatory Process The EPA regulation process is a comprehensive and systematic approach designed to safeguard the environment and promote sustainable development. The key stages

opment project commences, proponents must submit Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) to the EPA. These assessments thoroughly evaluate potential environmental impacts, providing a basis for informed decision-making. The EPA SEE PAGE XXV

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THE IMPOSITIONS OF DIVERSE VALUES

- AN ASSAULT ON THE IMAGINATION

WE should not quickly shed values and proven traditions the way a reptile changes its skin. As humans, many new rules, twisted creeds and trendsseek to envelop us. These

truths and projections are embracing, while others can be interpreted as threatening from where one stands - a new-age colonisation of values.

The assault on the imag-

ular music and fashions.

Mind-altering drugs, first marijuana, then swiftly after, cocaineswooped in. Now, we have a full-fledged drug problem across gender and age groups supported by

new rulescreep in from the anxieties that arise from the new technology information platforms, with clarifications and background explanations that surprise and challenge us daily. There is a host of information that unveilsan enveloping world. Some

ination is, in many ways, an assault on cultural and core values and spaces, which, if allowed to intercept,nurture, and grow, can lead to a diminished space for self and the preservation of proven self-consciousness.

From the late 1970s on, new trends intruded through pop-

the deceiving,enticing hype.

That ‘the high’ provides alternatives to frustrations and mental fatigue, then back to normalcy. Thus, there is a new version of ‘consuming forbidden fruit’.

Technology has indeed SEE PAGE XXIV

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Tapakuma...

Toshao of the community, Aubry Fredericks FROM PAGE VI

in the field of tourism. The toshao says this is due to the community and its lake’s unique location. “The lake is about a mile away from the village, and we do not have easy access to it.” This has been a hindrance to the village’s development. Despite this, the toshao and his council are working to develop the famed Tapakuma Lake and unlock its full potential.

Tapakuma is a great example of the importance of natural beauty and how captivating authenticity can be. Tapakuma may not have fully leveraged its natural resources, but it still attracts people from everywhere who come to see its beauty.

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THE IMPOSITIONS OF DIVERSE ...

assaulted areas of employment once open to many. Incomes today seldom provide the means to basic comforts, and innovative ideas, when voiced, are easily stolen by those who feign concern. We live in a world of illegal finances in many areas managed by a species of humans whose callousness is not contained by morals. So how do we survive? By the things we were taught that we have archived as ‘old-time-ish’. An example of that rests with our experience with the COVID-19 virus. Most of the values we grew up with were the preventable measures the advisory indicated: do not go into the home with your shoes on. You wiped your shoes on the ‘crocus jute bag mat’ at the step or the door. Then,you would removeyour shoes on the landing and rest yourfootwear outside of the door until you completed the other procedures.Take off the clothesworn during the day, especially the shirt, and put them to wash. If you sneezed and coughed in the handkerchief-dump it.(Most kerchiefs were made on a Singer machine from plain cotton cloth for school children at an early age). Change clothes, put on house clothes, which most times consisted of short pants and a vest, and “wash yuh hands befo yuh eat”.COVID-19 proved that those simple old-school treatments were rooted in solid health values.

Relationships between male-female ‘young people’ were subject to parental involvement, values mattered. Of course, there were hard times and many fell through the torn basket into the mud, but most relationships involved family interactions. What is adjusted is the reality check with some families that our children don’t spend time with other relatives because it is necessary.The family wouldn’t be happy at all if a ‘marijuana joint’ is introduced to one of our infants. So, we avoid the problem. It was agreed that not all juveniles wouldsuccessfully gravitate towards the humanities or the sciences because the finances were not there for special tutoring or the atmosphere was not cultivated earlier through appropriate toys or literature in the earlier stages.

Thus, in the Creole environment, at least, one had to learn a trade. Most who did that and were literate evolved to become professionals and masters of the ‘Trade’ rather than “Jack of all Trades, master of none.”

We must comprehend the values of our fathers, for many of them were self-taught. Two important schoolbooks followed many progressive school leavers into young adulthood: the ‘Student’s Companion’ and the ‘First Aid in English.Adictionary was also added to support with vocabulary. Because once you can read, diagrams can be deciphered, as well as contracts. But in the greater evaluation of values, they differ with the circumstances. Therefore, we can only conclude that sometime before electricity,beneath a pale moon, what this article explored was discussed between wise men and women to enable their descendants to live and in time to sensibly wrestle with the challenges that possibly will confront them, with the same humour that revolves around ‘why the dungs tree by the old latrine does got the FROM PAGE XVIII

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Understanding the ...

FROM PAGE XVI

reviews these submissions to determine the feasibility and environmental sustainability of the project.

Permitting and Licensing: Once a project is deemed environmentally viable, the EPA issues permits, outlining the conditions that must be met to ensure adherence to environmental standards. This step is crucial in balancing economic development and environmental preservation.

Monitoring and Compliance: The EPA plays a crucial role post-approval. Regular mon-

itoring is conducted to ensure that ongoing projects comply with established regulations. This includes inspections, data collection, and engagement with project stakeholders to promptly address any emerging environmental concerns.

Enforcement and Penalties: In cases where non-compliance is identified, the EPA has the authority to take enforcement actions. This may involve issuing fines, revoking permits, or taking legal action against violators. These measures are essential to uphold the integrity of the regulatory framework and deter potential environmental transgressions.

Public Engagement: The EPA recognises the importance of public participation in the regulatory process. It actively seeks input from communities, stakeholders, and non-governmental organisations to ensure a more comprehensive understanding of local concerns and values. Public consultations are conducted during the assessment phase, allowing community members to voice their opinions and contribute to decision-making.

As Guyana continues to experience economic growth and development, the EPA is poised to evolve and adapt its regulatory processes. Key focus areas will be the embracing of technological advancements, fostering international collaborations, and staying abreast of emerging environmental challenges. The agency remains committed to its mission of safeguarding Guyana’s environment for current and future generations.

You can share your ideas and questions by sending letters to: “Our Earth, Our Environment”, C/O Communications Department, Environmental Protection Agency, Ganges Street, Sophia, Georgetown, or email us at: eit. epaguyana@gmail.com. Follow us on Facebook and Instagram and subscribe to our YouTube channel.

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ENSURING SAFETY AND STANDARDS OF ALL ...

FROM PAGE XII

The hostel buildings countrywide should be equipped with modern amenities with sports and socialisation areas. The windows of the Mahdia hostel were all heavily grilled to prevent children from leaving the hostel without the knowledge or authorisation of the house parents.

The CoI recommended that there should be secured fencing and security cameras monitoring the entry and exit of all persons instead of grills on the windows and doors of hostel buildings.

A national inspectorate should be appointed, which should regularly visit the various hostels to ensure that the buildings conform to standards of hygiene, comfort, safety, socialisation spaces, gender sensitivity, food and general discipline and to address complaints and suggestions from the children and house parents.

Fire-fighting and emergency evacuation drills should be regularly scheduled in the schools and dormitories and should be unfailingly enforced. The fire services would be able to assist in this.

House parents and supervisors generally have no training for the tasks and responsibilities with which they are entrusted and this could sometimes cause the children to take advantage of them. They should, therefore, be exposed to continuous training. Such training would have many elements of a formal Diploma in Education, such as Child Psychology.

Children in dormitories, especially from the interior regions, need mentoring and monitoring since leaving their communities and families is often traumatic. Efforts should be made to incorporate their social and cultural values in the schools and dormitories and to imbue in them a sense of self-management, teamwork and social cohesiveness.

Adolescent children going through life-changing experiences and emotions need close attention, according to the Report’s recommendations, since they could be drawn into indulging in experimentation with drugs such as marijuana and vaping and because of their vulnerability to the lure of money and grooming by unscrupulous adults.

The memory of the tragedy should not be allowed to die but should be kept alive as a reminder that such a tragedy should never again be permitted to happen and the Commission recommended that a permanent memorial be established.

Although Minister Robeson Benn’s recent recommendation during the Budget debate was not part of the Commission’s Report, it is apposite that we mention it: He proposed that ‘Fire Victims Awareness Day’ be commemorated every year in remembrance of the victims of the Mahdia fire and to raise awareness of fire prevention and safety.

The recommendations made by the Commission should be effectuated without much delay since they will have quick positive results.

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I SEE ONLY ...

FROM PAGE XIV

him, unaware of the tragedy. He had not called to say anything and she was about to give up seeing him that night when the hospital called.

She had broken down crying when she saw his helpless body as doctors battled to save his life. The hit on his head had left him in a comatose state and though the doctor said he had a good chance to awaken from the coma, he may lose his memory for an indefinite period.

His family had been so devastated, for he was their only son, that Aleysha could not find enough words to comfort them, but her family showed no concern.

One month and two weeks later, he awoke from the coma but had no recollection of what had happened that night, and remembered no one or anything.

Life interrupted and dreams shattered, he had to return home.

She had watched him leave with deep sadness, for there was nothing she could do for him then.

The years went by slowly and after three years of therapy and the love and care of family, his mind still remained blank.

Aleysha had called often, hoping she would hear some good news one day, but nothing. With hopes fading, unable to focus on her studies and unhappy at home, knowing somehow her family was responsible for Virat’s accident, she had left. She joined the World Health Organization and dedicated herself to humanitarian work in remote areas of Africa and Asia.

Virat’s family, though under great stress with his mental condition and shrinking finances, never gave up, but now, after three years, the realisation that he may never recover, they had to now accept.

Then, one day, on the way to the city for his visit to the therapist, a horrific accident involving two cars and a mini-bus stopped traffic. Virat exited his father’s car before anyone could stop him and approached the accident scene. He stopped, rooted to the spot, as he stared at the badly damaged black Sedan and the young man lying just outside the door.

The impact of that scene on his mind triggered a sharp pain and he held his head and screamed as lights flashed inside and scenes of the past returned like a floodgate. He sank to his knees and bent over crying, his family standing close around him, not sure what was happening to him. After a long while, Virat got up slowly to his feet, took a bottle of water from his sister, drank half of it, and poured half over his head.

He pushed back the hair from his face and, looking at his family, he said, “Where did all of you go? I haven’t seen you in a long time.”

It took a while for it to register on the family that he had regained his memory.

“Oh my god!” his sister gasped, “It was the accident scene--” and she broke down crying.

A week later, groomed again and back to his normal self, he held the portrait of Aleysha and said, “All the time my mind was blank, I could have still seen you.”

“That night when the accident happened,” his sister told him, “You were going to have dinner with her for her birthday.”

“She was all that was on my mind that night,” he said with a little smile, and there was no denying the love in his eyes.

There was a short silence, then his mother said, “She really loved you.”

He smiled again, and this time there were tears in his eyes when he said, “I know.”

He inhaled deeply to compose himself then asked, “Where is she now?”

“Somewhere in Africa or Asia through work with the WHO,” his sister told him.

He held up her portrait and said, “I will find you.”

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THOUGHT FOR

TODAY

Festina lente Make haste slowly SUETONIUS (c.6 9-c.130) Augustus, 25

February 18, 2024 STUDY SUCCESS Dear student, Welcome, dear friend.

Today we link up paraphrasing skills and the reading of technical informational manuals and instructional guides.

You read such manual to be guided to perform a task; and you may need to restate information in your own words to help you understand directions as you progress. Purposeful and cautious reading helps you to clearly notice details and steps to be completed. Reading all the details completely before following them really helps. Regard all organizational aids. Be wise.

Love you.

7) A gerund phrase is a gerund with modifiers or a complement, all acting together as a noun. Gerund phrases and gerunds virtually never require punctuation.

[Remember: a gerund is a noun formed from the present participle of a verb by adding -ing. It can be used as subject, direct object, predicate noun, and object of a preposition.]

Examples: a) Setting diamonds in silver clasps is a specialised jewelry-practice. b) Some hinterland groups teach basket making to tourists.

IMPROVING SENTENCE VARIETY Sentence variety

Something to Do: Identifying phrases Label the phrases in the following sentences as adjective prepositional, appositive, participial, gerund, and infinitive.

1. Moving the arm through the air and water pulls the swimmer through the water.

2. The backstroke, which involves turning the back to the water, resembles the crawl.

3. The swimmer, who lies face down in the water, moves forward after making a series of horizontal movements.

4. The butterfly stroke brings both arms over the head; then, they are pulled backward through the water.

5. For the dolphin leg kick, which is more difficult, the swimmer needs to keep the feet together.

6. Write a paragraph or two employing most of the kinds of phrases on a well-chosen topic. Examine the finished piece with your study partners and make corrections if necessary. Put your effort on display. Did you find using sentence variety a challenging effort?

Hope not.

Note: A phrase is a group of words that comes without a subject and verb, and functions in a sentence as one part of speech.

Reminder: Last time we stated that a skilled writer can incorporate sentence variety into his writing by varying his sentence style and structure.

We now look at six creative ways (including four from last time) to help you produce great sentences: 1) An infinitive phrase is an infinitive with modifiers, complements, or a subject alongside, all acting together as a single part of speech.

Examples: a) At first, I was too busy enjoying my new dress to notice how the little ones were behaving. b) The vehicle to drive around here is the highland truck.

2) A prepositional phrase: this phrase includes a preposition and a noun or a pronoun that is the object of the preposition. Examples: near the village for them 3) An adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun by telling what kind or which one.

Example: Ms. Nors brushed her hand over the cat’s back in the settee….

4) An adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb by pointing out where, when, in what manner, or to what extent.

Example: The roses were faded where the sun was fierce.

5) An appositive phrase is a noun or a pronoun with modifiers, placed next to a noun or a pronoun to add information and details.

Example: The story, The Tale of the Rat Trap, takes place in a palace kitchen.

6) A participial phrase is a participle modified by an adjective or an adverb phrase or accompanied by a complement. The entire phrase acts as an adjective.

Example: Riding at maximum speed, he soon caught up with his long-distance cycle-training buddies.

THE PASSAGE Comprehending the passage Read the passage below carefully and then answer all the questions that follow.

Cakes are a different matter entirely. With the exception of plain, wholesome sponge cakes, instead of comforting, the scent of some cakes can be quite maddening. Soaked in essence or spice, the scent bursts forth from them as from ripe fruits.

Then there’s sound. If you are not in the habit of listening to your cakes as they emerge from the oven, I don’t know that there is much point in trying to explain the language of baked goods. Something between a sizzle and a bubble, it is a deeply satisfying sound that says, I am here. I am ready. I will not disappoint!”

But better than the sounds of the finished product are those of the preparation stage. Can I really be the only one who tries to emulate in her own kitchen the sounds made on cooking shows? In the staging of a TV show, batters sound thicker and creamier; the wooden spoon against the ceramic bowl so strong and confident; sugar and butter being creamed is an exquisite torture.

(Adapted from “Not Bread Alone”) (a) What is the passage all about? (b) What particular kinds of baked food are described in the passage? (c) Identify two expressions which suggest the pleasant effect from the smell of baked foods. (d) The writer appeals to our senses. To what senses does he appeal in paragraphs 3 and 4? (e) The writer finds the sound made by baked food as it is taken from the oven satisfying. Why is this? (f) Two sounds are compared in the last paragraph.

Tell what they are. (g) What does the “language of baked goods” mean? (h) Why does the writer use “emulate” to describe her efforts in her own kitchen concerning the sounds on a TV show?

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Medical questions in dentistry

DENTISTS do not treat teeth. Instead, they treat people with teeth. The famous British physician Sir William Osler once said one should “never treat a stranger.” His statement is especially applicable to dentistry, in which the physical and emotional stability of the patient is determined primarily by using medical history.

Indeed, patients do not always appreciate the significance of medically related questions asked by a dentist. Because dentists face this disadvantage, they are forced to develop and master the science of inquiry and establish the rapport that precedes the unguarded flow of pertinent information. Let us examine a few general conditions which have dental implications.

One of the most common types of infection is the urinary tract infection, of which sexually transmitted disease is an important part. Patients with such infections are on particular drugs such as sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin, methamine, mandelic acid and phenazopyridine.

Because these diseases have reached epidemic proportions in this country, when we discuss venereal diseases, we must therefore take into account the increase in orogenital activity that can be accompanied by corresponding increases. For example, most chronic, hard–to–treat sore throats are really gonorrhoea of the oropharynx. So, the extent to which the recognition of these conditions requires modification of dental therapy and the clinical implications for office personnel are obvious.

The foci of dental infections and transient bacteria in the bloodstream associated with dental procedures must also be a cardinal concern to orthopaedic surgeons. The involvement arises from varicose veins - dilated, tortuous vessels usually resulting from incompetent valves. However, with a history of heaviness, aching and swelling of legs, especially toward the end of the day, the condition may be secondary to thrombophlebitis, injury, increased venous pressure, pregnancy, or heart failure. Swollen, painful joints and bone deformity may be due to trauma, infections, metabolic and immunologic disturbances, or tumours (growths).

A history of deviated septum and polyps in the nasal cavity should alert the clinician to possible mouth breathing, leading to xerostomia (dry mouth) and dental caries.

Evidence of cardiovascular disease or its symptoms ( shortness of breath, pain and pressure in the chest, swelling of the ankles, high or low blood pressure and heart murmur) suggestive of heart disease should be carefully evaluated prior to any dental procedure.

A shower of sparks in one quadrant of the eye followed by a curtain moving across the eye may be suggestive of retinal detachment. Black spots moving in front of the eyes, followed by “bad feelings” is the first and most common sign of migraine headache. Patients with glaucoma often omit mentioning in drug history, particularly if administered as eyedrops, and this omission may lead to the inappropriate prescription of contaminants.

Listing most of the significant aspects of medical conditions that directly or indirectly impact successful dental treatment would appear endless. Because tradition does not easily allow for the dentist to probe and physically investigate most medical conditions on a routine basis, the onus is on the patient to voluntarily provide the relevant information to him.

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