Guam Recorder 7, 2nd Series (1977)

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Volume7 I 1977

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iiiiiiijUniversity of Guam iiii :::::::l .i:.:.:

A Publicarion 0f The UNIVERSITY OF GUAM Produced

By The MICRONESIAN AREARESEARCH CENTER

Historically,the Universityof Guam beganas iiii:i:i fne Territorial Collegeof Guam in the summerof iiiiii,. :iiiiiii1952.The Collegewassomethingof an experimental opiiiiii',ventutein highereducation;and eventhe most timistic anticipationof those who were ..present i;i'i'i, iii'i; at the creation" could hardly have foreseenits 0.u"topmentinto an accreditediand grantUniversity. ii:i:iii The University of Guam today is a tribute to ii:i:i:i :i'i,i::tne faith and conviction of many individuals who

p_atientiynurtured its growth to maturity during iiii:::i the :i:i:i:: pasttwenty-fiveyears.The contributionsof these i,i,i,i' individualswill continue to inspire and motivate our for the improvemenf of our institution. iiii,iii endeavors In the midst of our domestic,economic setbacks, i:iii:il ASS OCIAE TE DITORS tt University'shorizon is blured and cliscourages i:i:i:i.

M a r jo rG. ie D r i ver E milie G.Johnst o rr i :i :i ::l qnr"r glowing ol n.',i - fnr an." + nt- .ar r + +L^ forecast about the next quartercentuiy. t::::i:: iiiiii:i1nv grt the Universityis here to stay; its mission and tl:iii:, ::i:i::l putposeare unchanged.

The future of highereduca- ,i:;:ii' STAFF iiiiii,, tion in the territory continuesto be our responsi-:i:i:i.

Elaine i,i'i'i, P.Concepcion :::::::r bility And inherentin that responsibility is the obli- iii:iii: Thomas B. lVlcGrath, S.J. gutio", imposedby the public trust which we have l:i:i:i: iiiiiii: Felicia Plaza, M.lV.B. acceptedas educators,to review and reassess our iii:::.: iiiiii,, Rosita M.Tosco i,i;i,i, individual a'd collectiveperformance.

Unless we do i:iiiii: AlbertL. Williams i;i;i;i this ourselvcs. orherswill do it ibr us and wirh i:ii':i neithercompassion ,i,i,i,: for. nor understancling of. the ::::i:: lingering problems we are trying to solve. :::iiii: i,ii'i'i WRITEFOBTHERECORDER Of immediateconcernto me is the quality of iiiii:l :ii::::i TheRecorder wantsarticles fromyou. ::i:i::: educationthat we are providingour students.The liiiiiil Sendthemto: validity of a justificationfor any programexpansio'r i:i:,ii ::i:::i; -susta]ned 1i1i1i1: ssnnsl, in my judgment, be aline by .iiiiiii pleadings iii:i:i:lesperate for quantitive considerations. iii;i;i,1.tn"tut. iii:iii iiiiiii THEGUAMRECORDER "."ria"r"il"rr.

Tnere There.must must be a concurrentdemonstration ;i;i;i: liiiiii of the iiii:ii iiii:ii Micronesian AreaBesearch Center upgraaingof instructionalquality and of academic iii:ii: iiiiii,i University of Guam managementefficiency. We are all compelledto ii:ii:ii :j:i:i:j P.0.BoxEK pursuetheseendsif we areto ensurethe University's :;i;i;i, liiii::i Agana, Guam96910 integrity as an institution of higherlearning.I ask :iiiiiii i:::i:i: tne entire Universitycommunity to assistin this ;i,i,i,i i,i,i,i, A l l p h o to g ra p h s a re fr om the MARC collection unless tast tasK we begi' begrnanother another twe'ty-five twenty{lve years yearsof service service fi:i:i:i o th e rw i se i n d i ca te d . fi:i:i:i iiiiii', :::::::: as we E DITOB Th omas B .IV cGrath S .J.

," thepeople or ourterritory. ,iiiii,

Published quarterly to provide scient if ic, cu ltu ral, and h istor icaI i nformat io n concerni ng Guam and M icronesia.

Printed

by GuanPublications

:i:':l: ,::i::i

ROSAROBERTOCARTER Presidcnt, Universityof Guam

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iiiiiii:

MICRON MAGAZINEOFGUAMANDMICRONESIA

By The Published Centel AreaResearch Micronesian of Guam University Agana, Guam

VO L UM E7

S E RI E S S E CO ND

1977

HISTORIC AND CULTURAL PRESERVATION IN MICRONESIA

by DirkBallendorf

30

3

FOREIGN SHIP CONTACTS WITH THE ISLANDS OF TRUK X. Hezel

by Francis compiled

33

5

GUAM'S FIRST FORT: SANTA MARIA DE GUADALUPE IN AGANA Plaza, M.M.B.

by Sr.Felicia

39

THE UNIVERSITY OF GUAM

by Rosa Rob erto C ar t er

A TRIBUTE TO PROFESSORPAUL CARANO

by Dr. Ped ro C. Sa nc hez ,Rober t G . P. Cr uz P au l B. Sau de r,an d Bis hop Felix ber t o C. Flor es

THOSE WERE THE GUAM DAYS OF PAUL CARANO bv Emilie G. Jo hn s t on

LUCKIER THAN BEN FRANKLIN: GUAM'S SCHOOLBOYSIN 1727

by LarryA. Lawcock THE ACCOUNT OF A DISCALCED FRIAR'S STAY IN THE ISLANDS OF THE LADRONES tran sla tedby Ma r jor ie G . Dr iv er

A SEARCH FOR IDENTITY

by La ura Sa ud er

THE NATIVE ORIGINS OF THE NEO-CHAMORROSOF THE MARIANA ISLANDS bv JaneH. Underwood

12 19 22 25

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GOVERNMENT HOUSE.1941 b y G e o r g eG . M c M i l l i n

GENERAL ORDERS AND REPORTS ISSUED

BY THE NAVAL GOVERNOR OF GUAM: SIXTH INSTALLMENT IN MEMORIAM: DALE S. MIYAGI

CONTRIBUTORS

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51 52

The o7:iniottsexpresseclin urticles publi,shedin th[s magazineare the private ones of the writers and should not be cons' truecl ir.tan)')t'a)'as reJlectittglhe views oJ the MicronesianArea ResearchCenter,the Universit.rof Guam, or the Go|ernment oJ Guam. l.olurrte I o.l the ret,ivetl ()uam Recorder cons[stedof only one issue, Volume 2 cortsistedof three issuesof wltich issu<:s Nunrber 2 uncl .i rr,r,rccr.tntbined,and Volume 3 consistetl of three issues.Subsequent volumes will coittcide with the caleltlar year. Ile resert( the right to aL'(('ptor reject any material submitted Jor publication.

Since Ferdinand Magellan discoveredGuam for the westernworld in 1521, hundredsof peoplefrom different parts of the world came to Guam to work and make their home here. Some, like Father Diego Luis de San Vitores, dedicatedthemselvestotally to their adopted community and made lasting contributions to the island and her people. One such person among the latter is Paul Carano - - teacher, scholar,and historian of Guam.

Paul Carano first came to Guam in 1941 to teach at George Washington High School, then located in Sinajana.He becamean elementaryschool principal, an administrator in the central office of the Department of Education and then a professor and director of the MicronesianArea ResearchCenter at the University of Guam. Beyond his regularwork, he served Guam in many civic and other kinds of community functions.

From the moment of his arrival on Guam, Paul Carano fell in love with the isiand and with her people and deciderd to devotehimself fully to teaching, researchand writing. To preparehimself for his work, he embarked on a personalmission to know the history, culture and everything else about his adopted home. He aimed also to write a history of Guam. His research and writing resulted jn the publication of a history book entitled "A Complete History of Guam" which he co-authored with a colleague.In addition to the book, he wrote several articlesand spoke to a countlessnumber of organizations here and in the States on the history, culture and other aspectsof Guamanianlife.

During the courseof his extensiveresearchwork on Guam and elsewhere,Paul Carano conceivedan idea whose time had come -- a center for studiesand researchon Guam and Micronesia.Starting with materialshe and a few of his colleagues had on hand, and obtaining statutory support from the Territorial Legislatureand the Governor,his idea finally resulted in the establishmentof the MicronesianArea Research Center at the University of Guam. A world renownedinstitution, MARC has the best collection of rnaterialson Guam and Micronesiain the world.

As the first director of MARC, Paul Caratro(19611916)., upon his retirement,left behind a legacyof unequal value to this ancl f uture generationsof scholars and historians interested in Guam and Micronesia.

In his many years of dedicateclservice to his adopted island, Paul Carano'scontributionsare as varied as they are lasting.Havingendearedhimself to the people of the territory, he is respected,adrnired, and loved fbr the good te:acher, historian scholarar-rd

that he was in his active days of public serviceand still is during his days of well-earned retirement.

As a colleague and close personal friend of Paul Carano, I am delighted to join in this fine tribute to a man who has really become one of our own - a true Guamanian and a true American. In this island community where people are known by their informal rather than their official or formal name, there is no more appropriate tribute that this island can give to a gentleman who has done more than any other person for the history of Guam and her people than to fondly name and remember himas: PAUL CARANO, teacher, scholar and historian, better known as "MR. GUAM HISTORY." Pedro C. Sanchez RegentsProfessorand PresidentEmeritus University of Guam

Paul Carano,the retired Director of MARC, the Micronesian Area ResearchCenter, its founder and mentor in its formative years,can justly be proud of the written heritagehe has providedand left the people of Guam.

Hts History of Guam in conjunction with Dr. Pedro Sanchez,the continuation of the GuamRecorder, his numerousarticles,his researchon Fort Santa Agueda, all have brought alive facts of our cultural background,frequently forgotten or not remembered by the people of Guam whom he has servedso well.

At a time when the Guamanianculture is undergoing rapid change,when our lifestyle is being altered by both seen and unseen forces,the need to record and evaluate that which has gone before, is most irnportant, and Paul has done an admirablejob in providing us with such background. Without such knowledge,accurateand detailed, we cannot plan intelligently to retain that which has made the people of Guam unique in their positive attitude towards others, their friendliness,their family spirit, their helpfulness.Thesecharacteristicsof our people must be preserved,they must be incorporatedinto the Guam being of tomorrow.

Paul is no immigrant to Guarn. It is his home. Its

people are his people. As citizensof Guam we can be proud of what he has done for us - - he hasbecomea true Chamorri.

PAUL SOUDER

I have great admiration for Professor Paul Carano. As Chairman of Guam's Historic Preservation Review Board for the past three years,he hasgreatly assistedthe preservationmovement on the island. In addition to being Chairman of this multi-discipline professionalboard, Paul servesas its historian member. In the courseof its work, the board has reviewed qualificationsin history of hundredsof historicaland archeological sites and structures resulting in the placementof T6siteson the Guam Registerof Historic Places. Placement on these registersis the highest recognition our community can give to sites of local or national significance.But the procedurefor inclusion is a long, drawn-out procedurerequiring dedication and hard work. With Paul Carano as head the Board hasaccomplishedits missionwell.

As Director of the MicronesianArea Research Center, he has directly helped the Department of Parks and Recreationby critiquing Guam's Historic PreservationMaster Plan and other related work, as well as indirectly by rediscoveringthe correct name of one of our historic sites,Fort SantaAgueda(incorrectly known as Fort Apugan)Park.

As a fellow member of the Board of Trusteesof the Guam Institute of Spanish- Chamorro culture, Paul has shown a strong interest in the need for an improved museum for Guam.

Paul further has my respectas one of the most outspoken individuals with whom I have been acquainted in government service. This quality, combined with his charm and background have made for many long and absorbing conversationswith him over the past years.

Although he has recently retired as Director ol MARC, I am certain Paul Carano will remain active and be a valuable assetto the historic preservation movementof the island for manv vearsto come.

ROBERTG.P.CRUZ Director,Departmentof Parksand Recreation

I first met Professor Paul Carano twenty-seven years ago in Agana on my ordination to the Priesthood. Our friendship has perdured all throughout these years mainly becauseof one common interest our concern for the Catholic Church, not only !ecauseof our onenessin Baptism,but becauseof the role that the Church hasvitally played in the history, the culture, the life-style, the spiritual, social and economic development of the Chamorro people since the arrival of the VenerableFather Luis Diego de Sanvitoresand the first missionariesin June"1668.

ProfessorCarano'sauthoritativeness in the history of Guam and its people is not so much authenticated by the scholarly book, "The History of Guam" that he in collaboration with Dr. Pedro Sanchez wrote, but also by the voluminousarticlesand monographshe has written about the history of Guam and the Chamorro people. I believethat is the real beginning and solid foundation for any objectively historical perceptionof a peopleor a race.

Neither was the history of Guam and its people close to him only when he was within the academic walls of the Micronesian Area Research Center (MARC), but his attitudinal orientation when he relatesto peoplenow is that of the richness,the depth, the strength,the faith and the simplicity of the Chamorro people steepedin a past repletewith the most exciting of human interactionsand gearedto a future that will bring into focus what now seemsto be at times a confusing searchfor the Chamorro identity in the midst of modern technologicalbarragesof the nineteenseventies.

ProfessorPaul Caranomay be retired now from Governmentservice,his associationwith MARC may not be constant, his deservedrelaxation may take away some of his time from arduoushistoricalprobings, but his interest for the Chamorrosand Guam is unquestionablyan on-goingconcernfor him, the man and the professor,who spent the best yearsof his life in Guam. I reminded him not too long ago before his retirement that we will always need him and his response was not only gentlemanly but challenging: "I will take a little vacation and then be available anytime I am neededhere."

MOST REV. FELIXBERTO C. FLORES. D.D. Bishop of Agana

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by Emilie G. Johnston

Visitors who stopped at his desk were greeted with a smile, and perhaps, a bit of history,

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The Director and Staff of the Center in 1976'

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The first Guam Flag to be flown over the island was hoisted into the wind at Adelup School in 1947. Paul Carano stands with one of his social science classes,who helped to prepare the flag.

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Paul Carano taught in Quonset huts - the classroomsol the first post war schools,

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Paul Carano often swam in the Camp Ethridge salt water pool before it was destroyed by typhoon in 1949

A f ine teacher he was always most helpf ul i n poi nti ng out the w ay.

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T h e Dir e cto r lo o ks u p from a memo under preparati onfor the admi ni strati on.

11

Juakles thsn Ben Fssnklin

Ouam's Schoolboys in l72l

Bv: Larrv A. Lawcock Uniforms The most distinctivegarmentof the schoolboyswas a kind of pullovervest of blue material.Ordinarilythey wore a white linen kerchief, but there was a specialone for holidays.Their pants were of white or blue linen. Around the waist there was tied a sashof fine cloth. Before going to church the boys completedtheir sartoriaiarraywith socksand shoes.

The boys walked to mass two by two carrying a banner and reciting prayers,sometimesin Spanishand at other times therewerespecialmasses in Chamorro.Besidesregularmasses, requestedby the governors.The carefully trained and meticulously groomed youth group attended other religious functions in and out of the church. They took part in the rosary sung every Saturdayby soldiersin the capital. The colegialessangthe misteriosto the accompanimentof a harp.

Without paymentor gifts, except an occasional candle,they attendedthe baptisms,weddingsand burialsof all the people of the community whether Spaniards,mestizos, creoles, Filipinosor Chamorros.

The eight oldest boys no longer attended classes,but continuedto perform useful work around the school.They, In accordwith the men's too, wore white white neckerchiefs. fashionof that period they dressedin blue or brown cloaks.

Theirs were ordereddirectly from Mexico while other males had to bargainwith the soldiersfor cloaks.

Sombreroswere worn by all of the boarderswhen they went out of the schoolor to church.

School uniforms were not prescribedto minimize social and economic disparity. In fact, the opposite was almost true. Especiallynice clothesbrought from Manilawere given to sonsof familieswho were consideredto be more "noble" or of "better blood." Similar articlesof apparelwere also given as awards to studentswho were outstandingin chamusic. racter,cleanliness and,especially,

The immediate problems of educationalsystemsare often so urgent that we tend to overlook the long history ofeducation. A glimpse of the past may put some of our current problemsin perspective.

We vaguely remember reading in our schoolbooksabout the colonial dame schools,Boston's Latin Grammar School (1635), The Bay PsalmBook (1640) and BenjaminFranklin's PhiladelphiaAcademy (1751), whose emphasison practical subjectsreformedAmericansecondaryeducation.

If Benjamin Franklin's genius captured your imagination as it once did mine, you may alsorecollectthat he left school at the age of ten to cut wicks and melt tallow in the family soapand candleshop. It was unfortunate,but JosiahFranklin could not afford further educationfor his son Ben, the youngestof l7 children.

Two boys Ben's age registeredfor the fiee course of instruction at the goverrvnent colegio in Aganain 1116, the same year that Franklin had to leave schooi. They were Matheo Lauchi of Anigua and Pedro Magugui of Tepungan.

By 1727, when the twenty-one year old Franklin was working for a Philadelphiaprinter,Guam'sJesuitrun boarding school could boast an averageenrollment of fifty residential students,forty-sevenof whom were sonsof nativeChamorros.

The remaining three were mestizos,two of them orphans.

The boardersrangedin age from eight to twenty-sevenyears.

Spaniardsborn in the colonies, Spanish ntestizosand Chamorro youths who stayedat the residenceof the priestsof Agana were among those who attended the school as day pupils.

Six or eight new boarderswere admitted each year. Be' of their homesto the school,only three causeof the nearness studentsborn in Agana, the capital of the Marianalslands, were among the boarders. Half of the students were from villagesadjacent to Agana. The rest were from Saipan,Rota, and southernGuam. to parents So that poverty would be no embarrassment who sent their sons to school,tuition, readers,paper, ink and pens were furnishedfree to all the students,residents and non-residents alike. Boardingstudents,moreover,were providedwith meals,clothing and shelterthrough a yearly subsidyof 3000 pesossent from Mexico upon instructions of the Queenof Spain.

Nutrition The yard of the schoolbuildingwas a veritablecornucopia of vegetables,particularly root crops. Maiz, nica, suni. and camote,among others,were raisedby the pupils.Therewas a pen which held fifty pigs.The boys had to feed and water them twice daily. While someboys openedcoconutsfor the pigs, others gatheredgreen fodder or hauled water. Tasks 1)

such as these were performed according to a duty roster which waspostedeverySaturdaynight.

Pigs or domesticfowls were butcheredfor a feast when it was desiredto give the boys somethingout of the ordinary.

Four meals were servedon school days. After attending early mass, cleaning the colegio and caring for the swine, pupils had a bowl of alaguanbefore going to classat seven o'clock. Alaguan, an ancient Chamorro dish, was a sort of rice soup thickenedwith arrowroot flour and enrichedby the addition of coconut milk. Sometimesit was sweetened with sugar o{ honey. If rice was in short supply atule, a popular corn soup, was substitutedfor breakfast.A specialtreat, a chocolate-flavoredrice porridge called champulado, was usuallyreservedfor the singersamongthe boys.

The schoolroomdoubled as a dining hall. Before mealtime the youngestboys would sweep the refectory and set the tables.

The main meai of the day was servedfrom elevento twelve o'clock in two seatings.The studentslined up betweenthe tables during the benediction and grace. While the boys ate, one of them would readaloud from a book of devotions or from an inspirationalvolume. Those who ate first served those who were seatedat the secondtable. This dinner consisted of broth, meat and the local equivalentof bread, which varied accordingto what was available:boiled rice, tqmales, breadfruit,camoteor nica,

Schooling The boys got up at five to say their prayers,washand dress.

After mass, chores and breakfast, academic subjects were studied for two hours. The start of schoolwas signaledby the ringing of a little bell.

At the opening exercisepupils knelt to pray that they would receivebenefit from the day's instruction. Next they spent half an hour memorizingtheir lessons.Thosewho knew how to write also practiced their penmanship.The teacher, apparently a layman, would correct the lessons.Then the Father Rector or his assistantwould come down to receive them.

The remainderof the classperiod was devotedto church rituals in Spanish choral responses,various chants, etc. including instruction in the way to serveat mass.Useful arts and crafts occupied the activity period from nine to eleven.

There was bookbinding, tailoring and embroidery.Pupils with musical talent used the first hour to practice on their instruments, particularly the rebec and harp. During the secondhour the teacherheardtheir pieces.

The singershad to master what they would sing on Saturday, at masson Sunday and after the Sunday afternoon platica. There were songsto be learnedfor religiousholidays, too.

Pupils who were not selectedto join the elite corps of singers,sewed clothes for their classmates,pulled weeds in the garden,or wove fishing nets during the activity period.

Meanwhile,the smallestboys readiedthe schoolroomfor the mid-day meal. They swept the floors and set the tables.When the rector observedthat the young ones had worked diligently, he would grant them a fifteen-minute recessbefore dinner.

The students prayed the rosary following the afternoon siesta.School resumedat 2:30 and lasted until 4:00 p.m.

An arts and crafts period was scheduledfrom 4:00 to 5:30 p.m. Both of theseperiodsfollowed the format of the morning session.

The daily program outlined here was considereda permanent one for work days, but Wednesdaysand Thursdays brought somerelief from this rigorousregimen.

Instead of school on Wednesdaymorning, the students went to the church in order to help explain the Christian doctrine to the children of the town. On certainThursdays, in place of studying,the students spent an hour in physical labor, such as shelling corn or cleaning the school garden.

On these Thursdaysthere was an hour for recreationin the morning and another hour in the afternoon. During these recreation periods the boys liked to bowl, throw the bar, spin tops and play handball or damas,a complex versionof checkers.

In the eveningsthere were prayers,novenas,and confession, as well as discussionsof Christian doctrine, customs and inspirational lectures delivered by the Father Rector.

If a free school, such as the Colegiode San Juan de Letran in Agana,hadbeen availableto poor boys in BenjaminFranklin's native Boston, would that great man's pre-eminentposition in American science,letters and diplomacy have been achieved earlier? Answers, whether pro or con, would be purely speculative.In any case,it is obvious that the boys of Guam enjoyed an opportunity unparalleledin most parts of the world to o6tain formal education250 yearsago. o

On fast days, during lent, or on the other frequent occasions when meat was not eaten,mongos or frijoles and fish were servedwith a crouton soup. If thesemenu items were lacking,the boys managedto get by with vegetables, milk and "bread."

All the youngstersworked together to clean the dining hall after dinner, then they had a short time to play while the padresrelaxed.The colegiowas closedduring the siestafrom 12:30 to 2:00 p.m. During this rest period the boys were strictly forbidden to leave their rooms, to talk or otherwise to make any noise.However,they were at liberty to decide whetherthey would sleep,reador mend their clothing.

The boarders received another helping of alaguan at a late afternoon "tea", but not until the hogs had been fed and wateredagainand the oil lamps which lighted the rooms and hallwaysof the building had been trimmed and filled for the night. Then the priestssangvariousprayers accompanied by stringedinstruments--rebecs(a kind of pear-shaped violin), a bassviol and aharp--untilthe supperbell soundedat seven.

It was during this time that those,who were responsiblefor founding this remarkable charitable institution in Agana, wereremembered.

Supper,the fourth meal of the day, consisted ofbread and meat or bread and fish, depending on what the calendar required. Food portions were smaller at the evening meal than at noon.

Everyone gathered in the great hall after supper to pray for the souls in purgatory and to recite evening prayers.

From then until bedtime the students practiced dancesor, if it was a moonlight night, played on the patio for half an hour.

The boys living at the school concludedtheir busy day by first paying respects to the Holy Virgin and then bidding the Father Rector and his assistant,a lay brother, buenas noches,

IJ

College of San Juan Lateran Agana List of Students VILLAGE/NAME OF STUDENT

DATE OF BIRTH

YEAR OF ENTRANCE

AGADNA PhelipeRamirez Thomasde la Conception Mathiasde Benavente

1 7 ll, Ma y 2 6 1 7 1 6 , De c . 2 6 1 7 1 6 , Ma 2 t

1124 1725 1726

1 1 0 6 , Ma 2 rl F e b .20 1706, 1 7 0 6 ,A p r. 1 0

714 116 1 l' 7 718

ANIGUAG JosephMuna Matheo Lauchi FranciscoTaisegui FranciscoQuico ClementeTaingatastas FranciscoTaitano PhelipeJusguma Juan Chatgadi Juan EstevanTetmachuga FranciscoIgnacioFatacaon PasqualAntonio Seli Martin EstanislaoTetmachuga

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July 10

1 7 1 1 , No v . 2 5 1712,Nov. 20 l7 | 6, Jan.l0 1717,Sept.28 1716, Feb. 1 1719,May 1 1716, Apr. 19 1719,Nov. 13

t"n9 t723 1124 1126

r726 t'721 1121 t] 27

AGAT

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EstevanAnao ASAN Juan Quizacha Ignacio Afchiho Manuel Chatpangon Pedro Taidiris

t706, Sept.4 1710,Jan. l3 ll 12,Dec.28 l'713,Iune 29

1 7t 3 1120 t725 1925

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INARAJAN JoachinMaldonado MERIZO EstanislaoErita Casimiro Agiguang

14

MONGMONG

1 7 0 0 ,De c .l0 1 7 0 8 ,F e b . 2 0 1 7 1 0 ,F e b . 1 17 15 , Ma y 1 0 1 7 1 2 , De c . 2 6 1 7 1 3 ,I u ly 1 7 1 7 1 4 ,S e p t . 3 0 llll, F e b . 4 1 7 1 3 ,Ma y 1 3 1 7 1 4 ,S e p t 1 7 1 4 ,A p r.

Miguel Matanani Nicolas Taisiyu Miguel Ninaysin Juan Anga Rafael Taifaihan Ignacio Tumero Miquel Charfauros Juan Fassi Francisco Taisongsong Juan Taiitig Juan Enam

tt t2 1 1l 6 1 7 18 1722 r722 r722 l1 23 1t z J 1a^a

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l7 24 1721

PAGO Ignacio Migar Ignacio Taitiguang Juan Taisipic Ignacio Madamang Francisco Eguazaf Manuel Mamloggas

1 l1 0 , F e b .1 4 1 7 0 5 J, u ly 6 1 7 1 2 ,J u n e1 3 1 71 4 , A u g1 9 1 7 1 8 ,S e p t .l0 ll1 9 , J a n 9

l7l8 1718

1 71 1, A u g .2 4

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1714,Oct. 2 l7 16, Dec. 26 1713,Feb. 13 l7l5,May 22

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LITERATURE CITED American Board of Foreign Missions.n. d. Papersrelating to Micronesian Mission.(microfilms).

Bastian. A. 1899-1900. Die mikronesischenColonien aus Geischtspunkten.

A. Asher and Co. ethnologischen Berlin.

Bowers, N.M. 1950. Probiemsof resettlementof Saipan, Tinian and Rota, MarianaIslands.CoordinatedInvestigationsof MicronesiaReport No. 31. Pacific ScienceBoard,Washington.

Carano,P., and P.C.Sanchez.1964. A CompleteHistory of Guam.CharlesE. Tuttle Co. Tokyo.

Castro,D. de. 1933-1934.Sull' estinzionedelle popolazioni indigine delleisole Mariane,Carolinee Palaos.Revista de Anthropologia, Roma, 1933-34 30: l13-174.

Freycinet,Louis de. 1829.Voyageautour du monde fait par ordre du Roi, sur ies corvettesde S.M. L'Uranie pendantl es.annees et Ia P hysi ci enne, 1817, 1818, P aris.

1819,et 1820.A tl as H i stori que, The Polynesian Gulick, L.H. 1860-61.Lectureon Micronesia. l 7: N os.29, 30, 32, 34, 36.

Haswell.W, 1917. Remarkson a voyageto the MarianaIslands (1801) by William Haswell, First Officer of the Barque, Lydia. In The Essex Institute Historical Collections53: 193-214.

CharlesScribner's Howells.W.W. 1973.The PacificIslanders.

Sons,New York.

Hunt, E.E., Jr. 1950. A view of somatologyand serologyin Micronesia.American Journal of Physical Anthropol ogy8 (n.s.):157-184. the years Kotzebue,D. von. l92I . A voyageof discovery...in 1815-1818..ithe n shi pR uri ck....3v ols.( H. E. Lloyd, translator).Longman,Hurst, Rees,Ormeand Brown; London.

Marche,M.A. 1889. RapportGeneralsur une Missionaux Iles Miss.Scientl7: 241-280.

Mariannes.

Prowazek,S. von. 1913. Die DeutschenMarianas.Ihre Natur und Geschichte.Johan Ambrosius Booth, Leipzig.

Purvis,D.L. (ed.) 1880. A Voyageround the world by Sir Francis Drake and William Dampier. William P. Nimmo and Co, Edinburgh.

Reed, E.K. 1952. Generalreport on archeologyand history of Guam. National Park Service,Department of D.C, Interior; Washington, Reinman, F. l9't3. An archeologicalSurvey and preliminary test Excavationson the island of Guam, Mariana Islands, 1965-6. California State University, Los AngeIes. Safford,W.E. 1901. The MarianaIslands:notescompiledby W.E. Safford, from documentsin the archivesat Agana, the capitol of Guam, and from early voyages found in the libraries of San Francisco.Chillicothe (Ohio): typescriptat the MicronesianArea Research Center.Guam.

Thompson, L, 1945. The NativeCulture of the Marianas' BerniceP. BishopMuseumBulletin 185.

1947. (3rd. ed) Guam and its People.Princeton UniversityPress,Princeton, Underwood,J.H. 1973.Populationhistory of Guam: context Micronesica 9 (l): 1l-44. of microevolution.

U.S. Bureauof the Census.1963,U.S. censusof population, of the population.

1960. Vol. 1: Characteristics Washington, D.C. Wheeler,Brig. Gen. J. 1900. The Islandsof Guam. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1n Foreman, J. 1899, 2nd ed. The Philippine Islands. Kelly and Walsh,Ltd, Shanghai.

by such distinctions as "Mestizos", "Mulattos", "Malayans", "Morenos" and "Pacific lslanders" strongly suggeststhat racial and/or genealogical features were recognizedand important variables usedin censusassignments.

Finally, whateverthe extent to which Spanish authoritiesemployed biologicalattributesfor census purposes,the alleged"Purity" of some hypothetical ancestralgroup is a speciousissuein unravellingthe genetic history of the modern neo-Chamorros.

The presenceof the Chinese,Choco, in Guam at the time .1668 dra-. of the arrival of the Spanish mission in matically belies any implied typological notion of formerly undefiledracesinterminglingin the Marianas lslands since 1521. Archaeologicalstudies in Guam (cf. Reinman, 1973) attest to the numerous sourcesof influencewhich had reachedthes eislands long before Europeansarrived, while the Spanish, Mexicansand Filipinoswho came to this part of the world in the wake of Magellan'sdiscovery were, themselves,all the products of mixed heritages.

Despitethe grossdecimationof the residentpopulation of the Mariana lslandsin the 17th and 18th Centuries,the genes of the survivorsof the indigenous population have been passedon through and to their hybrid descendants.

Summary and Conclusions

I

i

Recently discoveredrecords of Spanishcensus reports chronicle the persistenceof a native group which outnumbered every other recogniz edgroup among the total residentpopulation of the Mariana lslandsbetween 1793 and 1830. The finer distinctions of censusgroup categoriesmade in Spanish censusreports, as well as the probable absenceof marked socio-economicdifferentials between the two major ethnic groups-Filipinos and nativessuggestthat these categoriesreflectedracial and/or genealogicalfactors of categorizationin Spanish censusprocedures.

These materials also reflect the growing contribution of the Filipino group to the total composition of the residentpopulationof the Mariana '1856 lslandsduring these critical years prior to the smallpox epidemic. Subsequently,migration certainly contributed to augment their numbers.The rise of a mestizogroup was more likely to have inr olvedmixed marriages betweenFilipinosand natives than a massiveinfusionof Europeanand Asiangenes In this light, Howell'sconcern with the absenceof : ological evidenceindicatingsubstantialEuropean or Asiatic hybridizingmay be resolved,particularly :s the physicalanthropologyof the Philippinelslands o 3ecomebetter known. r Tltis project was supported by a grant from the Wennerj.tn Foundation for Anthropological Research,Inc.

29

by Dirk A. Ballendorf

The above account is typical of those commenting upon pre-WesternMicronesians.They were a people with hopes, fears, and sensitivitieswhich provided them with purpose, direction, and self-awareness.Iheir traditions were oral, not written, but still very real and served to solidify their identity.

All this began to changewith the advent of the Spanish.

It is curious that when one people beginsto exert influence upon another little thought and less action is given by the dominators to understandingthe vital elements of the dominated culture. The Spanishwere tenacious,evenbrutal, in imposing their culture, and in some cases--theMarianas but obliteratedthe Micronesians: for example--a11

senseof history and historic preservationrelatesto a country like the awareness of personalityand being relatesto an individual. Without personality an individual is without identity. Without an awarenessof historic roots a country's peoplehave little purposeand no national spirit. Somepeople think of history and historic prcservationas the adoration of objects and the cognition of facts and ,pasteventsin books.

It is this and more: historical awarenessis placesand events in a continuum of day to day experience.Awarenessof this continuum may not alwaysbe conscious,but it is nevertheless there and may have periods of greater or lesserawareness amongpeople. prior In Micronesiathere was a great period of awareness to outside intrusion by the West. One gets a glimpse of it through scholarlywritings about early Micronesians:

"R ebel l i ous C hamorrosw ere subdued . . . There w ere s poradi c upri si ngs, but the i sl anders took an oath of al l egi anc eto S pai n i n 1681. The nati ves took on more and more S pani s hc us toms. They l earned to w ear cl othes,rai secorn,and meat ani mal s ; they w ere taught to spi n, sew , w eave,and tan hi de s . They w ere soon forgi ng i ron, cutti ng stones, and bui l di ng European-ty pe houses. . . In 1680, w hen a typhoon destroyed mos t ofthe nati ve homes i n the Mari anasthe S pani ardsw ereabou t to round up the stunned peopl e and move them to assi gnedareas .B y l 69E tti e depopul ati on of al l i sl ands outsi de of Guam was eompl ete except for a few hundred escapees w ho hi d i n mountai n retreats .

The proud Mi cronesi answ ere reduced drasti cal l y i n numbers by w arfare, di sease,and uprooti ngs by the S pani ards.T he mi s s i onari es estl mated a popul ati on of 7O,000 to l 0O,O0Oi n 166E . The census of l 710 show ed onl y 3,672 and i n 1?56 it l i s ted onl y 1,600, A del bert von C hami sso,German poet and natural i s t,w ho

" ( M i c r o n e s i a u s a r e) r o b u st a n d m o r e vig o r o u s th a n Europeans . . . (and are) a very attractive people. Their mode of life is s im ple ( b u t t h i s i s n o t to in fe r th a t) th e y a r e o f a lo w o r d er of intelligence. They live in good houses. . . (The Chamorros) have a high s e n s eo f h o n o r a nd tr u th fu ln e ss. . . ( th e y) wo r sh ip spi ri ts (and) pay fevefence to their ancestors. (They) believe in the immort al i t y o f t h e s o u l . ( S o cia lly) th e y fe ffa in fr o m lo u d ta lk and v iolen t t h r e a t s ( a n d a r e ) m o st d e sir o u so f in d e p e n d e n cel. "

30

complete and required a greal deal of physical effort. When the House of Godeffroy closeddown in 1879 Kubary found ways to continue his work in Micronesiaand remainedthere until his death in 1896. He consulted,in some,depth,scientifically and socially, with F.W. Christian; their paths crossedon Ponape.ChristiandescribedKubary as a champion of historical,cultural, and scientificinterests:

w en t a ro u n d th e wor ld with the Russian explor er , Otto v an K o tze b u e i n 1 8 1 ? , said the sad histor y of the Cham orr os w as k no w n i n E u ro p e . Kotzebue quotes Chamisso as saying i n 1821 t h a t th e n a ti ve s co u ld not bear for eign dom ination and r es or ted t o h a n g i n g th e mse l ves, infanticide, and abor tion.2"

While the Spanish apparently had little regard for the :.neritsof the Micronesianculture and society as they found it. they did pay some small attention to the antiquitiesand Don Felipede la Corte,Spanish monumentsthey discovered. governorin the Marianasfrom 1855 to 1866, publishedhis nremoriesin 1870 and included a descriptionof the latte of Micronesian stonesin the Marianas.Written observations culture actually started in 1521 with Pigafetta,Mageilan's chronicler.And in 1683 the Jesuit,FatherGarcialpublished in Madrid, the life of the famous missionary Fray Diegb Luis de Sanvitores,in which is containedan historicalnarrative of the Marianas. The first definite archeological observationabout Micronesiacontainedin Westernliterature and sketch of the very large is Lord Anson'sadescription stone columns (House of Taga) on Tinian which he visited tn 1 7 42.

Such written observationsof Micronesiaand her "historical things" represent the beginningsof modern, Western-style historic preservationin Micronesia.But, as far as is known, the Spanishmade no official attempts at projects which were of historical or archaeological importance. Instead, private individuals, usually non-Spanish,made the most significant contributions during the more than three hundred years of Spanishtenure in the islands. Foremost iunong these were Jan StanislausKubaryf a German-Polewho made extensive collections and investigationsin Palau and Ponape during the latter part of the nineteenthcentury; F.W. Christian, a Britisher, whose publishedwork on the Carolinesappeared in London in 1899, and three Germans,Kramer, Thilenius, and Hambruch, whose careful anthropological work was accomplished in 1908-10and finally publishedin Germany in 1936-38.There were others - - Kramer, Thileniusand Hambruchactuallypost-datedthe Spanishtimes--but these areperhapsthe most important.

Jan StanislausKubary was an especiallyinteresting personality and is worth a digressionhere. He cilme to the Carolinesin 1871 as a young man of twenty-two.He was sent by and worked for the German businessman,Johann Cesar Godeffroy, whose trading company at the time operated throughout the Pacific. Besidestrading,Godeffroy established a museum in Hamburg, Germany, where he accumulated larious and valuable collections from all over the Pacific.

Kubary was perhapshis most famous collectorand published, in 1873, what might be describedas the lrst scientific ethnographic notes made from extended observation in the Palaus.6

" For many years i n theseremote i sl andshe (K ubary dev oted a grand and ti rel essenergy to cl eari ng up probl ems w hi c h hav e troubl ed so many E ui opean sci errti stsw ho from an armc hai r i n thei r studi es at home, are someti tnesi ncl i ned to s ettl e offhand. w i th a few i ndi fferent strokes of a p en, ques ti ons the weight of which they have only tested with a crooked finger' Onl y too often those w ho have borne the burd en on thei r s houl ders are pushed asi dei nto unthanked obl i vi on. Thos e c an s y mpathi ze best w ho have endured the scorchi nghea t. . ,the i nc l ement rain torrents . . fever and bad food, thirst and sleeplessness, the opposition of superstitious natives abroad and the indifference of men at home, such measureas the w orl d metes out to the man w ho ventures to seek out new met hods of arrangi ng facts. S uch men as K ubary duri ng thei r l i fe rec ei v es c ant thank s , but thei r prai se shoul d be a grateful duty to al l w ho honor pl uck and enterpri se.?"

Kubary's work, as well as that of Christian,Hambruchand others, has generatedinterest in Micronesiannatural history and anthropology and has inspired the work of others who have followed and continue to follow. The Germansmade a number of specific and very thorough investigationsand also promoted a greatdeal of practicaland appliedactivity contingent upon their investigations.An understandingof Microne' sian flora, and how Micronesianstraditionallypracticedagricul' ture, led the Germansto make huge investmentsin practical agriculture.The Japanesefollowed this exampleduring their tenure in the islands,although their pursuit resulted in tremendous exploitation and eventualloss of concern over the Micronesiansas a people. As their administrationprogressed the Japanesedid lessand lessto promote scientific research and more and more in the way of increasingtheir own gain.

It has been the Americans who have done most in the interest of historic preservationand in the promotion of scientific investigationswhich have shed more light and in' sights into Micronesia'spast. During and immediately after World War Two the United States Commercial Company (USCC) enlistedthe aid of many scholarsand expertsto pursue Micronesian studies. On July 18, t947 the Americans instituted a civil administrationin the islands'Extensivestudy and planningwasundertakenat this time which resultedin the most comprehensiveanthropological and scientific studies ever attempted in Micronesiabeing carried out between 1947 and 1949. Scholarsfrom the Pacific ScienceBoard, various universities,and museumswere sent to the islandsto partici' pate in the Coordinated Investigation of Micronesian Anthropology (CIMA). Never before or sincehas such quantity and quality of study and researchbeen achieved.Professor Leonard lvlasonof the University of Hawaii, rvho participated overview: in the effort hasprovideda comprehensive "The U .S . naval mi l i tary government and the U .S ' C ommerci al C ompany i n L946 cooperated i n the E c onomi c S urv ey of Micronesia. In the following year, the Pacific Science Board (N ati onal A cademy of S ci ence-N ati onalR ese arc hC ounc i l ), w i th iunds from the Office of Naval Research,launched the Coordinated Investigation of Micronesia (CIMA). Nearlv 40 anthtopologists from 20 universities and museums undertook field work in the Marshalls, Carolines, and Marianas, from 4 to 6 months each.

Their research reports have appeared independently as monographsand j ournal arti cl essi ncethat ti me'8"

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work was enhanced by his ability to quickly [\Uary's rearnthe languageof Palau,gain the confidenceofthe people :o ihe extent that he could participatedirectly in the culture is *'e1l as to observeit, and by his profound, total commit' rent and dedication to his task. In Ponape, which later :ecarne his Micronesianhome, he gatheredlarge collections ci -tlora and fauna, and completed extensiveand detailed _lroundplans of the Nanmadol ruins which were the most :recise up until that time. They took a great deal of time to

Historicalresearchon Micronesiawas an important by-product of these variousstudiesand this researchhas been--and continuesto be--significantin preservationwork.

31

II

introduced,but, unfortunately,neither carried.On July l, 1973,however,a greatboost was givenwhen President Nixon signedinto law 5-1201,which by its section 101 (b), made Micronesiaeligible to receivefederal funds under the historic preservationprogram administeredby the National park Service.The following year sawthe appointmentof an historic preservationofficer at Saipan to begin the furtherance of programsfor historic preservation.

In addition to researchefforts, public education was instituted by the Americans, and this policy- -that every Micronesian should have the opportunity to go as far in school as their abilities prescribed--hasdone a tremendous amount to foster an historic awareness on the part of Micronesians.The first Micronesiansto graduate from American collegesin the early 1950s did so with degreesin the social sciences--anthropology, history, and education.Of the many U.S. contract teachers who came to the islands after the war many have developedand used local history curricula and materials.Museumsehavebeenstarted.Folklorehasbeen gathered and promulgated through expandingmedia facilities.

While all this has been encouraging,it is clear that much more needs to be done. Even with the recognition of the importance of Micronesianculture, and its awarenesson the part of Micronesians,there still has not been the educational effort required for the equal Micronesianpractice and participation in the fieldsand disciplinesof socialscience.

Although there are many Micronesianswith undergraduate degrees,and many more now studying socialsciencesin colleges and universities,there are still no MicronesianPh.D. anthropologists,psychologists,historians,and others: no one to compete on an equalprofessionalbasiswith Americansand others in thesedisciplines.There are more than three hundred years of Spanish archives in Madrid which deal with Micronesia,and yet, as far as is known, there is not one single Micronesianstudying Spanish in order to investigatethem.

Similarly in the case of the existing German documents.

But there is reason for optimism, and Micronesiansthemselveshave played a part in initiating direction. In its Third Regular Sessionin 196'7, the Congressof Micronesiapassed PL 3-34 relating to historic preservationin the Territory. At the Fifth Regular Sessionin 1974 two money bills were

Extensivesurveysl0mustnow be made in the islands.Laree reporting and documentationefforts are called for. All this, however, should not be undertaken without the total involvementof the Micronesians at everystep of the way. Not only must they participate in the gatheringand documentation of information, they must alsobe encouragedand assisted in carrying on the work of preservation.No investigationof any historic site--either active in the field or passivein the library--shouldbe undertakenwithout a Micronesian workine side by side with a qualified professional.At every opportunity young people,especiallystudents,should be brought along in the effort. The surveyingof Micronesianhistoric sites can and should becomepart of the high school curriculum. Studentsparticipatingshould be encouraged to go on for further study in relevantfields which will equip them for subsequentprofessionalpursuit. This work will never end.

How will the next four hundred years look in retrospect to a future scholar with regard to historic and cultural preservationin Micronesia?Will they be similar to the last four hundred years--obliteration of culture and neglect? Will preservation,in the broadest sense,be the bailiwick, almost solely, of a few interested and concernedscholars?Or will it all be different: will Micronesiansassumethe leadership and direction?Will they be the ones to interpret their own culture and past on an equal basis with the finest non_Mi_ cronesianpractitioners?Time will tell. And time now must be wiselyinvested.

FOOTNOTES I Rowland Hill Harvey, "History of the Mariana Islands" master's thesis, University of Southern California, 1920, citing: Chas. Le Gobien, .Histoire des iles Marlanes, etc.

N ichoias Pep ie, Pa ris, 1700, and J uan G onz ales y M en d o z a , History of China, 2 Vo1s., Hakluyt Society, London, 1g54.

but Kubary's experience was much longer and more extensive.

7 F.W. Christian; The Caroline Islands, (London: Met h u e n a n d C o m p a n y , 1 8 9 9 ) , p a g ex i i i 8 Leonard Mason, "Anthropological Researchin Micron e s i a " , A n t h r o p o l o g i c a ,N . S . , V o l . X I , N o . l , i 9 6 9 , p p . g 5 _ g 6 .

2 Elizabeth Anttila, "A History of the people of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands', Dissertation.

University of Texas, 1965, pp 90-91.

9 In the Paiau District Hera and Bob Owen have devoted twenty years of their lives and much of their own money to creating a museum. The District Legislature took an interest and is now supportive. An authentic bai (tradrtronal m e n s 'h o u s e ) w a s b u i l t . T h e Y a p e s eh a v e a l s o b ui l t a m u se u m and now display a collection of traditional materials and artifacts. Similar proiects are underway in other Districts.

3 Portions of this very important source appeared in the Guam Recorder, 1936-39.

4 Lord George Anson was a British Commodore who, in l74O took a fleet to cruise off the Pacific coast off peru and New Spain to harass the Spanish, He sailed on around the world and spent some time at Tinian in 1742. His fleet returned to England in 1744.

a i0 Recently, a lot of folklore, historic and ethnographic salvagethrough interviewing and recording on tape has been done. The Palau Community Action Agency pioneered in this effort under the leadership of Kathy Kesolei. This work is being furthered now in other districts in connection with the new Bilingual/Bicultural Programs in Education which have been set up by the Trust Territory Education Department and which are assistedthrough the University of Hawaii.

5 Jan S. Kubary, "Die Palau-Inseln in der Sud-see", , Journal des Museum Godefroy, Heft IV, Hamburg, 1g73.

6 Captain Henry Wilson's visit to palau in lg73 yielded ethnographic material, pubiished by Keate in London in 17gg,

32

i

/

Foreigtt .hip contacts with the Islands of Truk cornpiledby FrancisX. Hezel Introduction The Truk Group and its satellite islands were seldom visited by ships until the last decade of the 19th century. Known by marinersas "dreaded Hogoleu" by reason of the hostile reputation that its inhabitantsbore, the Truk Group seemsto havebeen shunned by mariners in favor of the more promising islands of the Eastern Carolines,particularly Ponape and Kosrae. And yet there were some ship contacts during the last century and before, resulting in some published information on these little-known islands.

In the hope that this inforrnation will be of some help to anthropologists,historiansand others engaged in researchon this area of Micronesia,a list of ship contacts, along with sourcesfor each one, is being published in this volume of the Guam Recorder.

565 - Alonso de Arellano in the SAN LUCAS visited Truk (Feb. 17) and Pulap (Feb l9).

Skirmished with natives on Pulap and lost 2 men. Named this atoll "Los Martires." ( Colet:cirin de documentos ineditos...de []ltamar, III (Madrid: 1887), 11-25; translated

by MicronesianSerninar.)

l80l

1802 - COROMANDEL, an East India packet out of Sydney Cove, sightedislandsin the Truk area: Aug. 20: l-at. 5o 58'N; Long. l53o 44F,.

-Nama.

Aug. 23: Lat. 9" (?)N; Long. 151o 32'8.

-Murilo(?)

(East India Co. Logbooks, Microfilm M 106, Departmentof Pacific History, Australian NationalUniversity.)

-93 - Capt. WilliarnRaven,in Britishship BRITANNIA, sighted an island at 5o 14'N, l54oE -probably Satawan.(Journalof Britannia,1792 95, Peabod.yMuseunt,Salem,Mass.)

-.1-5- Capt. JamesMortlock, of the YOUNG WILLIAM, visited Lukunor on Nov. 27 and Pulliwat on Nov. 29.

(Krusentern, Beitrriga zur H.vdrographie tLeipzig1Bl9),95.)

1806 - Juan Baptista Monteverde in LA PALA sailing from Manila to Peru, sighted Nama which he called "San Rafael."

(Krdmer,Inselnum Truk, 138-9.)

-;q - Ship RESOURCE. out of Providence,visited Ulr-rlen route to Canton (Oct. 2l). Friendly trading.

(Journalof the RESOURCE:SanFrancisco \larrtir-ne Museurn.)

- :

- Lt. Juan Ibargoitia,in FILIPINO, sighted Pulusuk and Puluwat on his second voyage.

(Duperrey, L.T., Memoire sur les op,iratio ns giographiques(Paris: | 821), 7 0.)

iB08 - British merchantman COMMERCE, Capt.

E. Hutrell, passed through the Mortlocks.

Natives came off one island, possibly Lukunor, and visitedthe ship.

(S.vdneyGazette,l1 Feb. 1810.)

Lt. Juan lbargoitia,in the tiigate FILIPINO, sighted Pulusuk ("Kata") and Puluwat ("Bartolome") and Ulul in rnid-August.

(Josc Espinosay Tello, Mcnr,trias(Madrid:

1814 - Manuel Dublon, in the brig SAN ANTONIO out of Marseillesvisited and explored Truk.

18 0 9 .r r .2 8 - 3. )

33

(Dec. 10.)

(Freycinet, Voyage autour ,du monde... l8l7-1820, II, 88. Duperrey, Memoire, 66.)

1828 - Jules Dumont d'Urville, in ASTROLABE, passed through the Truk Islands on his first expedition (Apr. 26-21). Sighted Pulap (Apr.

28).

(Dumont d'Urville, Vol,sgsde I'Astrolabe; Histoire du Voyage,V (Paris: 1833), 242-52.)

1819 - Freycinet, in the L'URANIE sightedPulusuk, Puluwat, and Pulap (Mar. 12-I5). Traded with the islanders.

(Freycinet, Voyage autour du monde.....

1817- 1820,II, 69-13.)

1828 - WhaleshipCLAY, out of Salem,sightedthe Mortlocks (Mar. 29) and traded there. Sighted islands believed to be "Martires" or Pulap Island(Mar. 3l) and traded.

(Log of CLAY: PeabodyMuseum,Salem.)

lB24 - Capt. Bunkey (Bunker'?)sightedMagur Island and calledit "Ramp Island."

(Kramer,Inseln um Truk, 198.)

1828 - Capt. Folger, in the English whaler PARTRIDGE, was in Lukunor at the end of February. Tradedthere.

(Liitke, Voyage autour du monde, II, B3.)

1824 - Louis Duperrey, in the French corvette COQUILLE, sighted Losap-Nama ("D'Urville Island"). Visited Truk and mapped the group (June 24-29). Discharged two Englishmen there. Visited Pulap (June 30).

(Dumont d'Urville, Journal d'un voyage du monde, Mitchell Library, B1300; Lesson, Voyageautour du monde,II, 530-1.)

1828 - Fredrick Ltitke, in the Russiansloop SENYAVIN visited the Mortlock Islands from Feb. 1-13. Traded and reproducedmaps drawn by native chiefs. He passedTruk lagoon, then visited Namonuito and Murilo. Took Floyd off the latter island.

(Liitke, Voyage autour du monde... 1826I 829, II, 39-109.)

1824 - CapL.John Hall, in the British whaler LADY BLACKWOOD, saiiing out of Sydney en route from Calcutta to Mexico, passedalong the east side of Truk atoll and sighted Nomwin and Murilo Atolls (Apr'. 2).

(Duperrey, Memoire sur les operations g4ographiques,69 .)

lB28 - Liitke returned in sloop SENYAVIN to visit Murilo, Nomwin, and Namonuito (Dec. 8-13). Took William Floyd off Murilo and traded with natives.

(Liitke, Voyage autour du monde, II,

1824 - AmericanwlialeshipRAMBLER, Capt.

William Worth, sighted Nomwin Is. which he named "Worth Islands."

(Edward Stackpole,Thc Sea Hunters (New York: 1953),312.)

289- e8.)

1830 - Benjamin Morrel in the trade schooner ANTARCTIC, sighted Pulap, then visited Truk which he named "Bergh's Group" and traded there, sighting Namonuito on his passageback to Manila (Feb. 23-21). After sighting Pulap and Truk on his return voyage, he landed at Namoluk and Satawan in search of beche-demer (May 14-15). Visited Truk and Satawan again where he encountered natives at end of August.

(Benjamin Morrell, A Narrative of Four Voyages to the South Sea... 1829-31. (New York: 1832), 316-82,388-91,421-35;and John Keeler "Journal 1829-31 kept on board the schooner ANTARCTIC" G.W. Blunt Librarv.

Mystic,Conn.)

1826 - Capt. Renneck,in British trading ship LYRA, sighted Puluwat, which he names "Enderby Island."

(Damm,Inselnwn Truk,2.) lE27 - ECLIPSEsiglrtedMagur(Apr. I I ).

(Kramer,Inseln unt',!-ruk,198.)

1827 - Capt. Richard Macy, in the Nantucket whaler HARVEST discoveredNamoluk and named it "Harvest Island." Sighted the Hall Island.

(J.N. Reynolds, Report of 1828, in Doc. No. 105 House of Rep., Navy Dept., 23rd Cong.,2nd Session, Washington:I835.)

1821 - Capt. Callower, in the British whaler PRUDENT, visitedMurilo and dropped off a seaman, William Floyd, there (Liitke, Voyage autour du rnonde... 182629,11,151-2.)

1830 - HMS SOPHIA,on a cruisethrough the Pacific, sightedPuluwat (April).

(SydneyHerald,28 June 1832.)

1831 - CaptainWilliam Lawton,in the Englishwhaler

34

I t

I

KENT, visited Truk. Met canoes and traded (Dec.24).

(Thos. Beale, The Natural History oJ the S7:ermllhale (London: I 839), 292-3.)

England,L5671.)

1846 - Capt. John Pease,in the whaler CHANDLER PRICE sighted Halls and Namonuitos (Feb. 20-21).

(Stackpole,The SeaHunters,372.)

1831 - LAYTON of Sydney, Capl. Hurst, passed Truk and Namonuito, where she barely escaped shipwreck. ( Sydney Herald, 12 Dec. 1831.)

1846 - Capt. Andrew Cheyne,in STARLING, visited Namoluk (July), lower Mortlock Islands, and perhaps also Halls and Western Islands.Namonuito namedby him "Lutke Group. "3 (Cheyne, A Description of SomeIslands..., 130-1.)

| 832 - Capt. John Eagleston,in the whaling bark PERU of Salem, sighted islands (Jan. 5) which he called"Royalist lslands"(6o55'N, 157"401).

Visited Truk and met sailingcanoes.Described natives.SiglrtedNamonuiio.

(John Henry Eagleston'sJournal: Peabod;v Museum,Salem.)

1846 - Capt. Wallis anchored off Young William's Group (Satawan,I-ukunor.or Etal) on Feb.27.

Traded with islanders.Visited Mortlocks again orr return from Manila in June.

(Mrs. Mary Wallis, LiJ'e in Feeje (Bostan: 1851),183-5,195-1.)

lE32 - Capt. Fraser,in the ship PLANTER, visited Losap and named it "Royalist." Traded wittr the natives.Describednative canoes.

(Fraser, "Discovery of Wm. IV Group of Islands," T'he Nautical Magazine,III (1834), 74-6).

1851 - WhaleshipGEORGE AND MARY of New London, Capt. Green, lay off lower Mortlocks for a day (Dec.22).

(Loe of GEORGE AND MARY, G.W. Blunt White Library, Mystic, Conn.)

.833 - Capt. Harwood,of the British WhalerHASHMY (or HASTINGS?),visited Namoluk. Spent few days refresiringthere.

(Ward, American Activities irL Central Pacific,Vol. V,34.)

1851 - WhaleshipHARVEST of New Bedford,Capt.

Ahny, visited Nlortlocks and Halls (Dec. 23).

Canoescameoff to trade.

(Log of HARVEST, New Bedford Public Library,New Bedford,Mass.)

.:38 - Jules D'flrviile. in the French corvettesASTROLABE and ZELEE, entered and explored Tnrk lagoon (Dec. 22-21). Survey u,as interrupted by native attack on French party, scveral Trukesekilled.

(Dumont D'Urville, Voyage au pole Sud et dans I'Oceaniesttr les corvettesL'Astrolabe et la Zelee, 1831-40 (Paris: 184146), \/, 120-167, 309-328).

1852 - Bark ELEANOR, Capt. Woodin, sailingfrom Hong Kong to Hobart on trading voyage,sighted Satawan(Sept.24).

(Log of ELEANOR: Tasmania State Library.)

1854 - Whaler I{ARTHA put in for repairs at an island in Young Williams Group (Jan. l6), 5o15'N; 154"36'E. (Log of whaleship MARTHA: Old Dartmouth Whaling Museum,New Bedford, Mass.)

:-l-1- Capt. Andrew Cheyne,in the brig NAIAD and the schoonerWILL O'WISP, stoppedin Truk in search of beche-de-mer(Oct.). Schooner was attacked and almost cut off. Sighted Etal, ri'hich he named "Naiad Group." Visited Mortlocks tbr 3 weeksin April and againin October to coliectbechede-mer.

(Cheyne,A Desc:riptionof'Sr:rneIslandsin rlte ll'estern Par:ific Qr,:ean(London: 1852).

116 31.) r--'

1856 - WhaleshipEMILY MORGAN of New Bedford, Capt JosephChase,put in at Satawan.Trading with islanders.

(Log of EMILY MORGAN, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau,Microfilm No. 302.)

1862 - Capt. Edward Hobart Seymour of HMS SPHINX visited Puluwat (Feb. 25-28) and Truk (Mar. 3-18) in searchof the bark NORNA, lost near Oroluk. Rescuedthe crew in Truk and burnt housrrs in reprisal. Visited Nama and Losap.

- Schooner MARTERAS DE FUNKIN of \lanila, Capt. CarlosCuarteroir,visitedTruk in scarchof turtle shelland beche-de-mer.

(Skett'h oJ llogoleu, 1v"eryCarolincs, HyclrographicDept., Mrnistryo1'Defense,Taunton,

35

lB16 - Capt. Clark, an American trader, visited Truk. Brought a woman from Uman to Palau who became the mother of William Gibbon.

(Krdmer, Truk, x.)

("Papers relating to search of barque NORNA," ML MSS 557, Mitchell LibrarY, Sydney.)

1868 - Capt. Alfred Tetens, in the trading ship VESTA, was attacked in Truk. later visited Losap where he helped people in war against Nama.

(Tetens,Among the Savagesof the South Seas(Stanford:1958),90-7.)

1871 - AGNES DONNELL, a British trading schooner, r,isitedSatawanto drop off John Westwood as resident trader (April 21 ). Returned two months later.

(John Westwood, Island Stories (Shanghai 1905),88-95.)

1872 - Capt. Simson, in the British Man-O'-War BLANCHE, visited Lukunor (June 25) and Truk (July 1) to investigatemurder and kidnapping charges against blackbirder CARL. (John Brazier, "Notes: Cruise of HMS BLANCHE.....", ML 8512, Mitchell Library, Sydney.)

1878 -

Capt. Fisher,in GermanschoonerTUTTAWILLA, put in at Lukunor. (Westwood, Island Stories, 113).

1878-

Capt. Harris, in English brig VISION, visited Lukunor. (Westwood,Island Stories,

104_s.)

18'72 - Capt. Armstrong, in brig CARL, put into Satawanand other islandsin the Mortlocks for illegal labor recruitment. Took away at least 40 Mortlockeseto Samoaand Fiji.

(Letter of E. Doane, Jan. 13, 1812: ABCFM Papers, Vol. 5, Houghton Library, Harvard.)

1879

Capt. Felix Becker,in the trading schooner CAROLINE visited the Mortlocks (Nov. 20-22), and Truk.

(Journalof J.L. Young,PMB 23.1

1879 - Capt. Anderson, in the schoonerCORONET of Auckland, visited Lukunor, remaining two days(Feb.).

(Westwood,Island Stories, 117.)

1872 - Trading schooner ISERBROOK visited Satawan (June) left off a trader there.

(W. T. Wawn's Journal, Turnbull Library, Wellington,New Zealand),84.)

1879 TONGA TABU put in at Truk, bringing Adolph Capelle and John Rees, two traders. ("Statement of Charles Ingalls relative to the murder of Geo. Barrows," Espiegle Papers: Mitchell Library, Sydney.)

1873 - Trading schooner ISERBROOK returned to Satawan. Dropped off another trader there (Feb.).

(W.T. Wawn's Joutnal, Turnbull Library, Wellington,New Zealand),95.)

1880 'Capt. Williams,in the British schoonerBEATRICE, came to Satawan to pick up a trader for return to Ponape,(Feb.).

(Letter of Robert Logan, Mar. 31, 1880, ABCFM Palters, Vol. 7, Houghton Library, Harvard.)

1873 - Labor brig SUSANNE,Capt. Peters.stopped at Lukunor and Satawan to pick up native laborersfor Samoa(Jan.).

(W. T. Wawn's Journal, Turnbull Library, Wellington,New Zealand),95.)

1880 - EnglishschoonerBEATRICE, Capt. Williams, visited Satawan and picked up Joseph Kehoe who was trading there.

(Journalof J.L. Young,PMB 22.)

1874 - Missionary brig MORNING STAR sailed to the Mortlocks bringing Ponapeanpastors(Jan.).

They were met by a white trader. Thereafter, the MORNING STAR visited Mortlocks yearly.

(E. Doane, "The Caroline Islands," GeographicalMagazineI (1814), 204 ff .)

1880 - SchoonerBELLE BRANDON of Auckland, Capt. Harris, visited Satawan, Namoluk and other islandsin the Mortlocks (May).

(Julian Dana, Gods Who Die, (New York: 1935), i 00.)

1875 - B.F. Gall, in the British schoonerRUPAK, bound from Manila olt trading voyage, anchored off Tol in Truk lagoon (Apr. 14-16).

Then visitedMortlocks(Apr. 19.)

(R. Robertson,Transactittnso/ the Asiatic Societyof Japan,V (1876), 51-2.)

1881 - Schooner BELLE BRANDON from New Zealand arrived at Oneop. Brought the Logans to New Zealand.

(Logan, llork o.l' God in Micronesia, 3.)

36

't ' D umont d'U rvi l l e enteredthe Truk Lagoon i n D ec . 1838 w i th the C orvettesA S TR OLA B E ad ZE LE E .

L o u i s D u p e r r e y in th e F r e n ch Co r ve tte COOUIL LE s i g h t e d N a ma - L o sa pin Ju n e 1 8 2 4 .

i \

tsgRS A HTIN S O L E T A " MO B NI Hg S T A B .

FotsgraflE ilel Tealente de nsl'to Sr. Lanzoe

Br ig a nti neof the cl assw hi ch sai l edto Truk'

37

l88l - SchoonerCAROLINE, Capt. Becker,visited Truk, Namonuito and Mortlocks (May). Took on copra from trading stations.

(Journalof J.L. Young,PMB 22.)

1885 - FRANZISKA, a German trading schooner, came to Truk from the Marshalls (March).

The vesselwas almost seizedby the people of Iras.

(Letter of Mrs. Mary Logan,Nov. 24,1885: ABCFM Papers.)

lBBl - Capt. Anderson,in schoonerCORONET of Auckland, returned to Lukunor.

(Westwood,IslandStories, 130.)

1886 - ALBATROSS returned in July to remove German papers, thus yielding German claim to the islands.

(Letter of Robert Logan,March 20, 1886: ABCFM Papers.)

1881 - TradingschoonerMAZEPPAvisitedLukunor.

Ship then carried traders to Satawanand Namoluk.

(Westwood,lslandStores,130-1.)

1881 - SchoonerOLOSEGA,Capt. Schleuter,visited Losapon a trading voyage(May).

(Journalof J.L..Young,PMB 22.)

1886 - BRAZILIERA, a Germantradingbark, arrived at Truk to registera complaint about missionary interferencewith trade.

(Letter of Robert Logan,March 20, 1886: ABCFM Papers.)

1881 - Capt. William, in brigantine SHANGHAI sailing out of Shanghai,carne to Lukunor for short visit. Carried 2 traders destinedfor Poluwat and fIlul. Returned 8 native laborers from Samoato Lukunor.

(Westwood,IslandStores,126.)

l886 - H.L. TIERNAN, an American schooner, arrived in Truk from Marshalls and Ponape.

(Letter of Robert Logan, Mar. 20, 1886: ABCFM Papers.)

1B82 - Capt. Felix Becker, in trading schooner CAROLINE, againvisitedthe Mortlocks.

(Journalof J.L. Young,pMB 23.)

1886 - MANILA, a Spanishship, visited Truk (July 19). Formal possession of Truk was taken in the nameof Spainat Fefanon July 21.

(Letter of Robert Logan, Mar. 20, 1886: ABCFM Papers.)

1882 - German bark CASSILDA put in at Truk on trading voyage. Learned of August Hartmann's murder there. ("Statement of Charles H. Ingalls," Cspiegle Papers.)

1887 - Capt. Theet, in the British barkentineBUSTER of New Zealand,put in at Lukunor (Feb. 13). Meeting with Logan and the MORNING STAR describedin full.

(Federick Moss, Through Atolts and Islands...inthe Great South Sea(London: 1889) 163-8.)

1883 - MAZEPPA returned to Lukunor (Jan.) and took John Westwoodoff the island afier a stay of 6 years.

(Westwood,IslandStories, 132.)

1887 - Schooner KAPIOLANI visited Truk and Mortlocks in February.

(Last Words and Work of Robert Logan, 8.)

1884 - SchoonerMANGAREVIENNE, of San Francisco,put in at Truk in November.

(Letter of Robert Logan, Nov. 13, lBB4: ABCFM Papers.)

l8B7 - Capt. Jumpfer,in MONTIARA, cameto Truk from Ponapein October.

(Last l4)ordsand Work of Robert Logan, 40.)

1884 - New Zealand trading schoonerSOVEREIGN visited Satawan(July).

(Letter of CharlesRoberts, 19 July 1884, Western Pacific High Commission Archives, Inward Correspondence100/85.)

1887 - Unnamed American Schooner brought a Californian trader, John Millet, to Nama from Ponape(July 22).

(Last Words and Work of Robert Logan, 21.)

1885 - ALBATROSS,a Germancorvettecommanded

by Capt. Plindeman, visited Truk (Oct. 12) and raised the German flag over Fefan. Jan Kubary was aboard.

(Letter of Robert Logan, Oct. 2, l8g5: ABCFM Papers.)

1890 - Capt. Milander, in C.G. WILSON, brought missionary personnel to Truk in November.

(Letter from Mrs. Mary Logan, Mar. 22, 1890: ABCFM Papers, Vol. '7, Houghton Library, Harvard.)

3B

SontoMoriodeGuodolupe FirstForton Guom

By FELICIA PLAZA, M.M.B. In a letter from Antonio Saravia, Governor of the Marianas,to His Majesty,the King of Spain,on June6, 1683, Saraviawrites: "Since, in the Marianas,the typhoons destroy all wooden housesand buildings,I havedecidedto constructa Fort out of stone,mortar and limestone.It is at the point of completion and has a capacityfor four hundredmen. At each point, this Fort has a bastion in which I have placed four were retrievedfrom cannonsand a mortar.The three.cannons the neighboringislandsby FatherManuelSolorzano,S.J.,Vice Provincialof the Jesuits."

The letter is signed at : The Fort of SanctaMaria de Guadalupe,Isiand of San Juan, Capital of the Marianas.June 6, 1683. Antonio Saravia.(A microfilm of this document is found in the MARC Collectionof the Universityof Guam.The original is at the Archivo Generalde Indias, Sevilla,Filipinas, legajo11, ramo 8. A chart of the fort is included.)

A seconddocument:a report written by the Procurator General of the Jesuits in Manila to the Archbishop of the Philippines,Fray Pedro de la SantisimaTrinidad Martinez de Arizala,on November28,1149, addsto the aboveinformation of 130 soldiersat the Fort. The report saysthat the presence the entire description of the Fort was given to the Conde Marquesde la Laguna,Viceroy of New Spain,on de Paredes, September23, 1685, in the form of a Royal decree.(Real Academia de ls Historia, Cortes567, Legaio 12.)

Much like other bastionedforts of this epoch,Fort Sancta Maria de Guadalupehad four diamond -Chapelprojections.

These projections (bastions) were built into the forts at intervals and so arrangedthat their guns coveredeach other.

Becausethe usual forts had from five to six bastions, they werecalledstar fortresses.

The first SpanishFort in Guam may dateback to 1683.

Strengthenedpositionsagainstattack take on different names in the Spanishdocuments.Different types of fortifications are : castillo, for t aleza, fuer t e, est o cada,bat eri.a,empalizada. call.ed \lany of these words seem to be interchangeable.

Therefore, ro avoid confusion, when we say FORT, we mean a strong rcrtified placewith rampartsand bastions.

I,lhat then do we know about the first fort?

With the arrivalof the Spaniardsin 1668, thingsstartedto were ;hangein the Marianas.In the beginningthe missionaries acceptedby the natives.Not only did Quipuha,a chief 'r'ell Chamorri,donate a piece of land for the new mission,but the Padresbaptized 13,000 islandersin the first year. Hostility started,howeververy soon.Therewere severalreasonsfor this.

Christianitydemandeda strict codeof living. The missionaires :ried to abolishthe housesof the urritaos, or bachelots,who ,ived in them with unmarried women. Choco, an influencial Chinese,claimed that the waters of baptism were poisonous end killed the children. Many believed Choco. The native The chiefsand members societywas divided into three classes. rf the upper classeswould never intermingle with the lower :lasses.Consequently,the upper classfelt that baptismshould rever be conferredto those of the lower class.Thus relations letween the missionariesand the islanderswent from bad to .rorse.On luly 23,16'10, the nativesrose in open rebellion rgainst the Spaniards.An early record indicates that the Spanishhad dependedon a woodenpalisadewhich surrounded :he church and the entire Spanishsettlementin Agana, but :his palisadewaspartly burned down.

In all likelihood, this flimsy palisadedid not differ from built by the pioneersin colo:he early frontier log stockades :ial North America to defend settlementsfrom the Indians.

Since permanentfortifications are normally built in times of :eace,the palisadeat Aganamust havebeena temporaryone.

I: rvasconstructedin haste,during the rebellionof the natives, '*'ho constantly hindered the Spaniardsfrom getting the ne:essaryrows of logs.Possibly,for lack of blockhousesat the usedthe roof ofthe churchfor flanking ;orners,the Spaniards ire. Although the natives had no fite-arms,it was not long :efore they managed,in a hit-and-run raid, to hurl burning :"rrch es int o t he palis a d e .

Therefore,the Spanishdiscoveredthat wooden structures, ruLnerableto fire were of little value,sincethey lastedonly as -:ng asthe enemycouldbe held at bay.

During this period in Guam, the Spanishhad two main :*sons for fortifications: to maximize their own strengthand :: ninimize the impetusof the nativesby usingobstacles.The =ecoast fortifications belong to a later date sincethey were :uilt for protection against naval attack from foreign :ntruders,especiallyEnglish pirates, at times that Spain and Endandwereat war.

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Naval Government Repofts 6TH INSTALLMENT

GOVERNM ENT

is much accentuatedjust at present by the poverty still resulting from the hurricane. It is estimatedthat the money lossin copra'aloneduring the past two yearshas amounted to about 120,000pesos,not to mentioncoffeeand cacaoand will continue in the same proportion for probably another year.

The apparently widely entertainedidea that a bountiful natureeasilysuppliesall wantsin Guam is an error. Life hereis to many a hard struggleof toil and privation, and there are sectionsof the island- notably Ynarajanand Umatac-where the poorer class are actually not sufficiently nor efficiently does nourished.At the same time, direct personalassistance is, in my opinion, but indirectassistance not appeardesirable, imperative.

All the money raisedby directtaxation,and mote, during the past two years has been expendedin labor on public works, principally roads. It was hoped that by the time the ranchesshould recovera flourishingcondition roadswould be completedin severaldirections,which would stimulateexport trade by facilitating touch with the one port; and it is known that the generalfeeling throughout the community has been one of approval of this policy and of appreciationthat all money collected in the island has been spent in the island, with the rather small exception of expendituresfor tools and materials of various kinds, including stationery,schoolbooks, etc.,boughtin the United States.

But, for causesenumeratedin privatereports,all work on sent roads has had to be suspended,Americanschool-teachers home, and expensesrestrictedto the actual necessarycost of administration, so that the people can not fail to note that they are suffering hardshipssince and due to the American occupation, without the hope of better roads and other improvementsin the near future. The really noble action of the Jagatna Club (of Americans) in spontaneously guaranteeinga certain sum of money to reopen the public schools,althoughpossiblyineffectual for the lack of teachers, has without doubt excited grateful comment among those sufficiently advancedto understandthe importance of their children learning English;but money is neededto buy food, and this appeals to the majority as being of greater

HOU SE

Agana,Island of Guam,September26, 1902.

SIR: I have the honor to submit the following observations concerning certainconditionsin Guam,which I had been preparingfor submissionat the time of my detachmentfrom duty here.As the later newspapers seemto indicatethat that is not in immediatecontemplation,and havingregardfor the additionaldistresshere,causedby the earthquakeof the 22d, it appearsexpedientto sendthis on at the presenttime in case the Department should be contemplating suggestingany Congressional action.

During the two years ending on June 30, 1902, the amount of revenuecollected in the island was 98,008.92 resos(say,$44,000gold), or an averageof 49,004.46pesosa i ear. During the Spanishsovereigntythe revenuescollected w'ereless than one-tenth of that amount, and furnishedonly rbout 20 per cent of the expensesof the administration,the remaining 80 per cent of the expensesbeing paid from the PhllippineIsland treasury."Trust in God and the Philippines" w'asthen the motto expressiveof the attitude in budgetary matters. During these two years no external assistancehas beenreceived.

The increased taxation has been borne cheerfully, portion hasthe unattractivequality of rlthough a considerable reing "direct." Unfortunatelythe cost of livinghascontinued of various :.. rncrease appreciablyat this time in consequence - rnditions, such as import duties,the greaterdistancefrom .,.:rchmost suppliesare now brought (SanFrancisco),and the :::reciation of the Mexicandollar.The SpanishGovernment betweenManila,Yap, Ponape, ,.':sidizedbimontlily steamers .:'.: Guam; from thesesteamers cargoeswerelandedwithout --:'.. and a surely periodical means of exportation was :::;rished to those who had coffee,cacao,copra, and other :ioducts of the soil to sell. The island does not produce enough food for self-support;stapleshave to be bought in ioreign markets,and the increasedcost of rice, flour, sugar, and tinned and salt meatsand fish is producinghardshipwhich

41

importance, The resources of the islandcan not be reliedupon to do more than simply maintain the government,and I can not hesitate to suggestto the Department the apparent moral obligation that restsupon us to at least not fall short of what the Spanish Government did for these people. It is apprehendedthat possibly by some misunderstanding the money asked for last year (for schools and roads) was confoundedin the committeesof Congress with estimates for the naval station, and was for that reasonrefused.I can only suggestthat emphasisbe laid upon the fact that the island administration is wholly distinct from that of the naval station.All money that may be appropriatedby the Federal Covernment for the island will be applied to objects of permanentbenefit, but incidentally a portion of it would give the working people an opportunity to earna living better than the present,and would advancethem physically.

The default of the bimonthly steamers formerly subsidized by the Spanish Government causes personal inconvenience.The people were alwayssure of that meansof conveyance, not only for their merchandise, but for themselvesin person.At present the army transportswould probably give passage to those desiring it (except to missionaries), but there is no certainty in the matter, as of coursethose vesselsare not under the orders of the governor.

Futhermore, the transports only go one way; the people going to the Philippinescan not get back. The U.S.S.Solace makesonly two voyagesayear, and that vesselis sometimesso crowded that personsto whom transportationhas been granted can not go, but have to wait another six months. An instance of this occurred in last August, as four personsto whom transportation had been granted by the Department and six others to whom it had been grantedby the governor could not be accommodated, althoughthe captainhad been notified on the outward voyage that accommodationsfor them would be wanted on the homeward voyage. It is respectfullyrecommended, asmeansof convevance to all parts of thc world are abundantfrom Manila and practicallynil from Guam, that the plan be adopted for reserving accommodations in Cavitefor the numberof personsindicated b y th e gov er norasenti rl e dro i t fro m h e re .

Understandingthat it is expectedthat a cablewill be soon laid between here and Hawaii, I beg to suggestthat for the completion of the route to Manila a wireless-telegraph installation seems preferable as a war instrument, and presumably will in a short time be equally useful for peace conditions. The distancefrom here to the southeastpoint of Luzon is about 1,200 nauticalmiles, or about 1,400statute miles, which will undoubtedly soon be within the limits of useful work by the spark transmission.

The distanceto Manila is about 200 statute miles greater.In Guam the westernface of the summit of Mount Tengho has a sheer fall of several hundred feet, so that a vertical wire of desirablelength can be placed without the necessityof any structureto support ita tangible advantageduring typhoons and earthquakes.This crest, about 1,000 feet above the sea, is closeto the west coast,abreastof Sumay,but wholly securefrom any possible fire, and a telegraphline can be easily establishedand maintained betweenit and the proposednaval station at Sumay.

Touching the garrison of the naval station, it must be representedthat their life here is of a monotony which, accentuatedby the very equableness of the climate, is very

trying to all except thoseespeciallyfitted for it by temperament and disposition.All possibleresourcesof a milltary post are utilized to furnish mental and physical recreation, but at best the conditionsare depressing for the enlistedman.

A period of servicelonger than two yearsis very inadvisable lessthan one year would alsobe inadvisable, assuchfrequent changestend to a diminishedefficiency.It would be well to relieveone-halfof the detachmentat a time in order to have always a portion of the command acclimated and familiar with their duties. For some reasonsit would also be well, when practicable,to send the reliefsdirect from the United Statesbefore servicein the Philippines.

I should considermy seli-derelictin my duty if I neglected here to expressmy conviction that the health and moralsof the commandwould be benefitedby the suspension, in its applicationto this pecullarlysituatedstation,of so much of article 261, Navy Regulationsof 1900,as appliesto malt Iiquors.Thereare few, if any, stationswherea man on liberty can not get a glassof beer.No onein Aganawill opena saloon without a promiseof protectionfrom the navaistationin case of a few unruly charactersmaking a disturbance,which proposition,of course,couldnot be considered for a moment, as the garrisonis not the police of the island.There are few men in any walk of life at home who do not usually drink a greateror lessamount of beer,or wine,or liquor everyday.

If, with the safeguardsprovided by military surveillanceand discipline,the men here could buy a bottle of beerfor dinner and supperin the barracksmessroom, no troublecould arise, the meals would be more cheerful and wholesome,and in all probability there would be less going out to get tuba, which occasionallyproducessuchdire results.

The necessityof havinggeneral'courts-martial orderedin Washington instead of here frequently works hardship to both men and officersof the navalstation.Anvone who mav seean impendingseriousinfractionrealizesthat by reporting it he probably insures his being retained here at least six monthslongeras either witnessor memberof court. Recently the most important witnessin a very seriouscasehad to be sent away to the hospitalin Yokohama;it being a question of the man's life, there could be no question of approving the medical-surveyreport, althoughtheremay result difficulty in provingone of the specifications.

Very respectfully, SEAT O N

SCHROEDER,

Commander,U.S.Navy, Governor.

T he ASSIS?AN T

SEC R ET AR Y

O F T H E N AVY,

Navy Department, llashington, D.C.

U N ITE D S TA TE S N A V A L S TA TION ,

Islandof Guam,June26,1903.

SIR: Replying to the Department'sletter of April 9, calling for an opinion regardingthe employmentof civiliansat Guam to teach school part of the day and perform clerical work during the remainder,I haveto stateas follows: 2. There were two schoolhousesin Agana, both ruined by the earthquake.One was torn down and the otheris being rebuilt with islandfunds.

48

3. A schoolat Asanhas beenopenedby a memberof an officer'sfamily.

4. The Agana school will occupy three or four teachers, and twice that number if only half a day'swork is givenby each.This school will accommodateonly a part of the school ;irildren of this town. In the southern towns the conditions living would be such that I doubt if imported teachers ; --,uld be satisfied.

5. Womenwithout doubt could do the best schoolwork, :specially in teaching English, the most important thing to :e considered-and there is a prejudice againstsendinggirls to men teachers-but women would be wortliless for navalstauonpurposes.

6. Having the clerical force divide their time between teachingand departmentwork wouid by no meansbe an efficient arrangementgenerally,but in one or two cases, rvherethe characterof the work and the personality of the clerk suit, it would be a help. To sendpeoplehere from the United States,who are ignorantof the conditions,and who may prove dissatisfiedor unsatisfactory,is running great risks.

7. A good head teacheris needed,but I havehopesthat when the new marine guard arriveswe may be able to find sorle men who will do as teachersif this employment can be regularlyauthorized.

8. If speciallaborersact as teachersthey would want the samepay as now paid, $4 a day, with other guaranties.

The requirements are a clearvoice,distinctenunciation,patience, good clear handwriting, and an ability to teach all common Englishbranches,besidesa good characterand good health.

I believea woman'ssmoothface is an advantage in teachinga language.

9. I note that the emergencyappropriationhas been reduced.

10. This islandat presentcan not enterinto any financial obligations.

Very respectfully, M.

probably be sufficient to put up the necessarybuildings on the highergroundnear Piti.

5. I will soonconcludethe purchaseof landsnear Sumay for a coaling station, which will be sufficientfor the purposes of a naval station if the recommendationof the Guam survey boardis adopted.

6. The station strtpSupply arrivedon January29,andher roomy quarters and large storeroomsmake her well suited for the duty, but sheis not suitedfor surveyingwork or collier duty.

7 . Heaty permanentmoorings,brought out on the Supply, have been put down. Dangerousreefs and shoalshave been located by the Supply to the southwardand eastwardof the isiand, as previously reported to the Bureau of Equipment.

8. It is impracticableto land coal here under present conditions for the use of ships, a collier making the only availablecoal station.

9. The station is much indebted to the Army transports that stop here on their outward voyage, bringing mail and stores,including fresh provisions,besidescarrying passengers.

10. Cable connection by the CommercialPacific Cable Company with Manila was establishedon June 4, and is scheduledto be completedto San Franciscoon July 3. The cable station is located at Sumay, mostly on Government land. on the bluff to the eastwardof the town.

ISLAN D

11. The island has not yet recoveredfrom the effects of the typhoon of 1900; and there have not yet been any exports, except a very small amount of copra, this year.

12. A lepercolonywasestablished

by GovernorSchroeder and sincethen the land for samehasbeenpaid for.

13. The continuousadvancein prices and wageshas made it necessaryto raise the salariesof the island officials and the wagesof the other employees.The support of the lepercolony, althougha heavyexpense, is a necessary burden.

There is no correspondingincreasein revenuesto meet the increasedexpenses, leavingbut little for public works and about nothing for schools.

14, The earthquakeof last Septemberruined nearly all the privatestonebuildingsin the island,causinga gooddealof hardship;and it also ruined the only two public schoolbuildings in Agana, and threw down the walls of the parochial church,which wasbuilt in 1779.

15. The want of funds and the destructionofbuildings causeda suspension of schools;but one largeschoolbuilding in Aganais now beingrepairedat an expensethat will reduce the funds on hand to the dangerpoint, but teachingwill begin from as soon as the buildingis ready.Considering the disasters which the island has suffered,and the outside aid that the American occupationhas deprivedit of, I think it is justly entitledto substantial aid from the home Government,enough to build schoolhouses and to maintain the schoolsfor several yearsto come.

16. Ail those attachedto the naval station and doing additionalisiandduty receiveno extra compensation for such duty, and this should be consideredin providing for a civil government.

17. The Spanishlaws,in asfar asapplicableand with few modifications,are in force; but as soon as possiblefurther modificationswill be made in order to conform to the spirit

SEW EL L,

Commander,U.S.Navy, Commandqntand Naval Governor.

Th e AS S I S T ANT

S E C RE T A RY

M AT T ER .

OF THE NAVY,

llashington,D.C.

UNIT ED ST AT ES NAVAL ST AT ION ,

Islandof Guam,June 30, 1903.

SIR: I have the honor to submit the following general reporton affairsin the islandof Guam: L The affairs of the naval station are in about the same :l:,Cition as last year, except that the shoalingof the boat -'tnnel liom the anchoraseinto Piti has increasedthe diffi: and expenseof handlingstores.

'-:ies -1. The damagedone to the station property by the -:siructive earthquakehas been repaired,but no improve:--::-.tshave been made, and there are no facilitiesfor doing ..-.. :epair work on vessels, other than thoseaffordedby the :en tooisinstalledon the stationshipSupply.

4. Although convenientfor the islandbusiness.

Aganais most inconvenientlysituated for the purposesof a naval station,and the extra money alreadyspentfor transportation and in other waysdue to the distancefrom the landingwould

49

and to the island.

6. I wish to leave as little to experiment as possible, and am trying to adapt the work in the Philippinesand the later Spanishcodesto this Place.

7. The scarcity of funds and of legal talent rendersthe one. If it were possibleto have one problem an embarrassing judge of examination and another for trial judge it would relievethe situation.

8. The accusatorysystembefore the court of first instance will be adoptedas soon as possible,but it requirescareand time for its preparation,and I will try to adjustother matters first.

9. The only radical innovation I have in mind is to have having criminal trials by a jury consistingof three associates one vote eachand the presidingjudge with two votesto find on questionsof fact, and the judge to decidealone on all for questionsof law; four of the five votes to be necessary (district promoter fiscal the to acquit; two and conviction attorney) to prepareand presentindictmentsand prosecute

of our own institutions and to simplify the procedurein the interestof economyand a quick dispatchof business.

18. Some bridgesand many miles of roads should be built, and although plenty of cascao,an excellentroad-making material, is at hand, the state of the funds delaysthe work.

19. There is scarcelyany skilled labor in the island and the supply of common labor is small and uncertain,and the conditions in this respect will probably grow worse as the ranchescomein bearing.

20. The inducementsfor Americansto settlein the island are few. The nativesfortunately do not readily part with their lands, and there are no provisionsfor disposingof the public lands.

21. The existing tariff scheduleis not satisfactory,and I submit under another cover a copy of the regulations,with changesin red ink that I recommendbe adopted.

22. Shocks of earthquakeare quite frequent, but since February have not been heavy. The easternside of the island has risen during past year, and I estimatethe elevationabout the harbor to be from l0 to l2 inches.The nativesreport that the reefs on the other sideof the islandhavesunk from I to 2 feet,but this is difficult to verify.

Very respectfullY, w.E.sE\ryALL, Commander,U.S.Navy, Commandantand Naval Governor.

T h e AS S IS T A NT

S E C RE TARY

cases.

10. I inclosesomenoteson procedurethat I will submit to the peopleherebestqualifiedbeforeenactinginto an order' I believethat the 11. In regardto local self-government ofthis place' needs the to be adapted can old Spanishsystem It includesthe electivefeature,which the peopleunderstand' Very respectfully, M. S E W E L L ,

OF THE NAVY

Commander,U.S. l',ravy,Commqndantand Naval Governor'

Navy DePartment, lilashington,D.C.

The ASSISTANT SE.RETARY

oF THE NAVY washington,

D.C.

UNIT ED ST AT ES NAVAL ST AT ION '

Islandof Guam,August 26, 1903.

U N ITE D S TA TE S N A V A L S TA TION ,

SIR: Believingthat Congresswould, in the coming session, take action to changethe statusof this island, I have endeavas I had to make, ored to get ready such recommendations of the old modifications put operation in and to prepareand procedure. lawsand 2. I have been handicappedin severalways. My stay has been too limited for me to becomethoroughly familiar with the situation. I have not yet acquireda speakingknowledgeof Spanish,and have no knowledgeof Chamorro.I havenot had accessto necessarybooks of referenceand havenot had assistance.

3 . O n t he J uly tra n s p o rtC a p t. E .E. W e s t, U.S .M.C ., arrived with some valuablebooks on the Spanishand Philippine laws, and with his valuableassistanceprogressis being made.I earnestlyrequestthat he may be retainedon this duty until the work is comPleted.

4. The first and secondsectionsof the Forakerbill canbe conformed to, and I hope soon to have it in form of general of section2 seemsto presuppose orders;but the lastparagraph body, which it would take time legislative a the existenceof and thought to provide for, even if found practicable.The it third sectionI do not understand,and to my inexperience paralysis' The if not result, appearsthat confusion would in the United jury system,either grandor petit, as recognized States,can not be carriedout here, and what United States statutes are and what are not applicablehere would be too much for the legalability of this place. of the law should that the administration 5. It is necessary be simple, direct, and inexpensiveto the partiesconcerned

Islandof Guam,September8, 1903.

SIR: In addition to an allowancefor schools,previously askedfor, I considerthat this island is justly entitled to an allowancefrom the home Governmentsufficient to cover the expensesof the leper colony, which was establishedat an expenseof about 6,000 pesos,and which it costsfrom 5,000 to 7,000pesosa yearto run.

2. This colony is a necessityunder presentconditionsfor the protection of Americans residing here and to keep the horror out of sight; but it is a questionhow much benefit it does to the islanders,and of their own choicethey would oreferto takedirect careof the afflicted.

3. I recommendthat the islandbe givenan annualappropriation oi $3,000 gold for the benefit of the incurablesof this island.

Very respectfullY, M. S E W E LL,

Commander,U.S.Navy, Commandant.

T he ASSIST AN T

SEC R ET AR Y

OF T H E N AVY'

llashington,D.C.

50

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K' Dale S. Miyagi His smile and exbuberancebespoke tbe spirit of bis dearly loped Hawaii wbile his enthusiasctic inte' rest in Guam and Micronesia were filled with the promise of a talented scholar.

A l o ha ' oe, al oha ' oe , E k e onaona noho i ka l i po. a ho' i a' e au On e tond crmbracc:, A h u i hou aku.

51

Contributors

Bibliographer and resource person at the Center.All areas of Guam are her interest, she has special first hand knowledge of the plant life of the island. Mrs. Johnston is a welcome participant at International Conferencesbecause of the vast knowledge she can bring to bear on issuesrelating to Guam.

Photography is also a professional interest of Mrs. Johnston, and we are happy to present her photo essayto our readers.

DIRK ANTHONY BALLENDORF was educated at West Chester State College, Pa. (1961), Howard University in Washington, D.C. (1965), and Harvard University (191 3).

Dr. Ballendorf is weil known to the people of Micronesia from his time with the PeaceCorp, and for his contributions to the MICRONESIAN REPORTER and the GUAM RECORDER. His latest article was on the Micronesian Ellis Mystery. He is President of the Community College of Micronesiaon Ponape.

ALEJANDRO B. LIZAMA is majoring in anthropoiogy at the University of Guam. He is the Chief Technician to the Territorial Archeologist. On two occasions he worked as a research assistant and artist for Dr. Fred Reinman on his archeologicalfield work in Guam. (COVER)

ROSA ROBERTO CARTER graduated from Northern State C ollege in So uth Dakota ( 1953) , t he Univ er s it y of Sy d n e y i n Australia (1958), the University of Northern Colorado, in Greely, Colorado (1962), and Bowling Green State University (1976). Dr. Carter served with the Department of Education as a teacher and Assistant Principal before coming to the University of Guam. At the University she has been a Professor, the Director of Admissions, and a Consultant to the Teacher Corps Program. Dr. Carter is the 7th in a line of illustrous persons to lead the College and later the University; she is the 4th to hold the title President of the University of Guam.

G E O R G E J . M c M I L L I N , t h e n C a p t a i n i n t h e U,S. N a vy, w a s the 40th Naval Governor of Guam, and the 90th in a iong line of miLitary Governors dating from Capt. Don Francisco de Irisarri 1676, when Spain appointed its first formal one.

He assumed the post in April of 1940 and had his term cut s h o r t b y t h e s t a r t o f Wo r l d Wa r I I i n 1 9 4 i . A d m i r a l M cM i l l i n i s a g r a d u a t e o f t h e U . S . N a v a l A c a d e m y ( 1 9 1 1 ) a n d se r ve d in the Mexican and Dominican Campaigns, the first World War and spent the second World War in prison camp. He is now retired in Long Beach,California and shareswith us the home he once lived in as Naval Governor of Guam.

ROBERT GREGORY PEREZ CRUZ receivedhis education at the University of Santa Clara, Fu Jen University, and the University of Guam. He is currently with the Department of Commerce in its Parks and Recreation Division. He is a member of the Bishop Museum Association, International Oceanographic Foundation, Audibon Society, and the Wilderness S ociety.

YE SOOK RHE,E,was born in Korea. She attended George Washington High School and the University of Guam. Her interest is commercial art and she is presently studying in the States.

F E L I C I A P L A Z A , M . M . B . o b t a i n e d h e r M . S . D e g r e e fr o m St. Louis University. She has been the Principal of Mt. Carmel II.S. in Saipan, and a Professor at the University of Guam.

Sr. Felicia taught both Mathmatics and Spanish in addition to being the Senior Researcheron the MARC staff. MARC has sent her to Archives of Spain and she has always returned with new materiais on Guam and Micronesia. Presently she is w o r k i n g o n a R O O T S p r o j e c t i n c o n n e c t i o n w i th th e 1 8 9 7 census of Guam. It is a delight to speak with her on histcry in the region - she has a wealth of knowledge to share.

MA R JORIE G. DRIVER has s er v ed t he people of G u a m f o r nearly two decades as a teacher, research associate,editor, and administrator. Her great care in preserving the sense of the original document is an outstanding feature of her schoiarly work. Mrs. Driver is currently the Associate Director of the MicronesianArea ResearchCenter.

F E LIX BERTO C. FL ORES, D. D. r ec eiv edhis ear ly edu c a t i o n at the Guam Institute and later studied in the Philippines at the Ateneo de Manila, and San Jose Seminary, Calocan. He continued his studies for the priesthood at St. John's Seminary, Boston and was ordained a priest in 1949. From that time forward he was a teacher, editor, radio program director, administrator and pastor in the Vicariate of Guam. In 1970, he became the 6th leader of the people of God in the Marianas and the 2nd to bear the title Bishop of Agana. The Bishop is in the forefront of programs dealing with bringing the Word in the languageof the islands,Chamorro.

P E D R O , C . S A N C H E Z r e c e i v e d h i s M . A . i n Ed u ca ti o n a l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n f r o m C o i u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y , a n d h i s E.E.D . from Stanford University. He is a distinguished scholar and o u t s t a n d i n g p u b l i c s e r v a n t . O n t w o o o c a s i o ns h e h a s b e e n President of the flollege and the University o{' Guam. As President Erneritus and Regents Professor,he writes from his post as Director of Vocational Education.

LAURA S A U D E R r e c e i v e d h e r B . A . f r o m En tm a n u e l C o l l e g e i n B o s t o n , a n d h e r M . A . i n S o c i o l o g y fr o m th e U n i v e r s i t y o f H a w a i i . S h e i s a s p e c i a l a s s i s t a n tt o th e Go ve r n o r of Guam and continues her interest in thc language and culture of the peopleof Guam.

F R A N CIS X. HEZEL, S. J . is t he Pr es ident of Xav ie r l {i g h School on Truk, and the Director of the Micronesian Seminar. He has published text books for social studies in the Trust Territory and is well known to readers of the Journal of Pacific History and publications within the region as the Micronesian Reporter and the Guam Recorder. Fr. l{ezeI has continued to produce scholarly works at a prodigious rate, despite heavy academic and administrative responsibi,lities. He is currently working on a book dealing with carly contacts till 1885. This article on Ships visiting Truk is a seminal article in its field.

P A U L B . S A U D E R r e c e i v e d h i s B . S . a n d M . S . d e g r e e str o m O h i o S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , l a t e r h e s e r v e d a s a r e se a r ch te l l o w a t t h e M a s s a c h u s s e t t sIrn s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l o g y. H e h a s h e l d m a n y r e s p o n s i b l ep o s i t i o n s i n t h e s e c t o r so f g o ve r n m e n t a n d the civic community.

JANE H. UNDERWOOD is a physical anthropologist who did researchon Yap for her doctoral dissertationat the University of California. She has sent doctoral students to Micronesia from her post in the anthropology department at the University of Arizona. Dr. Underwood is presently doing population s t u d i e sa b o u t G u a m a n d t h e M a r i a n a s .

EMILIE G. JOHNSI'ON is an associateeditor of the Guain Recorder and the Curator of the Pacific Collection of the Micronesian Area Research Center. She is a noted Pacific

52

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