A Recipe for Reform

This Act defi ned the age of marriage to be 18 for males and 14 for females.

In 1949, after India’s independence, the minimum age was increased to 15 for females, and in 1978, it was increased again for both females and males, to 18 and 21 years, respectively. The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006: The Act aims to address and fi x the shortcomings of the Child Marriage Restraint Act.

What are the causes of early marriages of children in India?

Lack of Literacy Poverty of Family Norms associated to fertility Wrong perception of providing social security to daughters

from societal offences than an unmarried

woman.

Impacts of Child marriage Possible Solutions

Early Pregnancy-Health complications Fall in High Fertility Age Group Inabilities to Plan or Manage Families Desire for Male Child Increase in crime against women like martial rape Lack of literacy among women Less economic empowerment Promoting girls education Strengthen the role of the judicial system Stringent laws against crime against women and minors Community participation Incentives for parents and families who oppose against the societal norms related to child marriage or dowry. Awareness about concerns of early marriages.

CONTEXT:

The future of India is linked to police reforms. If the country is to progress and emerge as a great power, there is no alternative to radical reforms in the police.

BACKGROUND:

Sixteen years ago, on September 22, 2006, the Supreme Court gave a landmark judgment on police reforms. It raised great expectations. The police fraternity has since been observing September 22 as ‘Police Reforms

Day’.

There has been some half-hearted compliance with the judicial directions but generally, the states have shown “indifference to the issue of police reforms”.

Issues Concerning Police Forces:

Colonial Legacy: The Police Act of 1861, which governs substantially the functioning of police, is a symbol of colonial rule. It was promulgated to have police that would be “politically useful”. This meant that the police were to always comply with those in power. Accountability to the Political Executives: The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC-2007) has noted that political control has been abused in the past by the political executive to unduly infl uence police personnel, and have them serve personal or political interests. Psychological Pressure: While improvements in pay scale and promotions are necessary aspects of police reforms, little has been spoken about reforms needed at the psychological level.

In the Indian police force, the lower ranks of police personnel are often verbally abused by their superiors or they work in inhuman conditions.

This non-harmonious work environment ultimately affects their relationship with the public. Public Perception: The Second ARC has noted that police-public relations are in an unsatisfactory State because people view the police as corrupt, ineffi cient, politically partisan, and unresponsive.

Further, citizens in general fear going to a police station or dealing with the lower ranks of the police force.

Overburdened & underpaid

: There is no denying in the fact that the police force is overburdened and

underpaid.

Lack of manpower: India had (in 2017) 131 police offi cers per 1,00,000 people; that is lower than the sanctioned number (181) and much lower than the number recommended by the UN (222).

More workload, less effi ciency: Clearly, “an average policeman ends up having an enormous workload and long working hours, which negatively affects his effi ciency and performance”.

Dying motivation: Add to this poor working conditions and compensation, and it is, in fact, creditable that our police are as motivated as they are.

Medieval recruitment process: The Indian policing system also suffers from its century-old recruitment process. The recruitment process of police personnel, especially from the lowest constabulary level to the Sub-

Inspector level, is medieval.

No growth: 86% of the police force are constables, who have no growth path other than a single promotion (to

Head Constable) before they retire.

Obsolete and outdated weapons: Similarly, when it comes to weaponry, police machinery is still using outdated weapons. The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) in its report also highlighted that the force continues to depend on outdated and unserviceable weapons.

Police mobility: Police mobility is another issue, which has been hampered by the shortage of police vehicles.

Poor communication network: Another problematic area relates to communication networks. In an era of ICT, the police system is still struggling to get a proper communication network. Lack of funding: Police infrastructure is perennially underfunded, and, with some notable exceptions, there are few efforts to build public/police relations. Committees / Commission on Police Reforms Various Committees/Commissions in the past have made a number of important recommendations regarding police reforms. Notable amongst these are those made by: the National Police Commission (1978-82) the Padmanabhaiah Committee on the restructuring of Police (2000) the Malimath Committee on reforms in Criminal Justice System (2002-03) Ribero Committee (1998)

Supreme Court’s view on the issue

The Supreme Court has observed that there is a need to have an independent complaints authority to inquire into complaints of police misconduct. The Model Police Act, 2006 requires each state to set up an authority (akin to the Civilian Complaint Review

Board in New York City) with fi ve members: a retired High Court Judge, a retired police offi cer of the rank of DGP from another state cadre a retired offi cer with public administration experience from another state a civil society member A person with at least 10 years of experience as a judicial offi cer or lawyer or legal academic.

The panacea to the problems

Addressing prejudice: Though addressing prejudice is a long and painstaking road—each of us needs to