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Association of Australasia n Palaeontolo gists (AAP) Field Guide Series No. 2

Bacchus Marsh Geology: Permian landforms and palaeontology, unique Triassic sedimentary outcrop and Miocene coal mine -A field excursion guide prepared for the 6th International Brachiopod Congress, 1-5 February 2010, Melbourne, Australia

R.R. Pierson, G~R. Shi & D.A. Mccann

Geological Society of Australia

Sponsors This publication is proudly sponsored by:

Deakin University

Geoscience Australia

Australian Government .~~~~

Association of Australasian Palaeontologists (AAP)

6th International Brachiopod Congress, 1-5 February 2010, Melbourne, Australia

Geoscience Australia

Association of Australasian Palaeontologists Field Guide Series No. 2: Bacchus Marsh Geology: Permian landforms and palaeontology, unique Triassic sedimentary outcrop and th Miocene coal mine - A Field Excursion Guide prepared for the 6 International Brachiopod Congress 1-5

February 2010, Melbourne, Australia .

ISBN 978-0-9806264-2-1

A Specialist Group of the Geological

Recommended citation for this publication:

Pierson, R.R., Sh i, G.R. & Mccann, D.A., 2010. Bacchus Marsh Geology: Permian landforms and palaeontology, th Unique Triassic sedimentary outcrop and M iocene coal mine - A Field Excursion Guide prepared for the 6 International Brachiopod Congress 1-5 February 2010, Melbourne, Australia. Association of Australasian Palaeontologists Field Guide Series No. 2. Geological Society of Australia .

Copies of this publication may be purchased from: Geological Society of Australia Suite 61, 104 Bathurst St, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia or on line at: www.shop.gsa.org.au

Cover image: Wightmans Rock, Merrimu Reservoir, Victoria, Australia Published by: Association of Australasian Palaeontologists for the Geological Society of Australia Inc. Printed by: Deakin University, Melbourne Campus, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia

INTRODUCTION This field excursion takes us across the Yarra River and on to the volcanic plains west of Melbourne. As we leave the built-up area, a number of volcanic vents can be seen to the north and south of the highway. When possible, these and other landscape features along our route will be pointed out. A reference covering roadside geology along our route is Schleiger, 1995. Some 50 km from Melbourne, in central Victoria, we reach the Bacchus Marsh localities that we will visit.

During the excursion, we will make stops to observe rocks of Ordovician, Permian, Triassic and Miocene age and our final stop will be at a winery.

Our lunch break will be at a park where there is shelter from the elements.

...

VICTORIAN DISTRIBUTION OF PERMIAN SEDIMENTS During the Early Permian , Victoria was located between 70° and 80° south latitude and its land mass was covered by a massive ice sheet. Evidence of this event is found today in scattered glacial , fluvio-glacial , minor glacio-marine deposits and glacial landforms around the state. All Permian glacigene rocks in the Bacchus Marsh area are allocated to the Bacchus Marsh Formation (Roberts , 1984).

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Fig. 1. Map showing distribution of Permian sediments across Victoria (from Archbold , 1991 ).

BACCHUS MARSH GEOLOGY In the Bacchus Marsh area , excellent examples of th is glacigene evidence are found . The ample scientific literature relating to the geology and palaeontology of the glacially-derived sequences of the Bacchus Marsh District dating back to the 1860s has been reviewed by Archbold (1998).

The wider literature of the glacial sequences scattered across Victoria was reviewed by Pierson (2008). To allow readers to gain a better understanding of the breadth of historical literature that has been published on Victoria 's Permian glacials and landforms since 1861 , Pierson (2008) is appended to th is volume.

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Fig. 2. Generalised geological sketch map of the Bacchus Marsh area showing the distribution of the Permian Bacchus Marsh Formation, Ordovician , Cenozoic, and Devonian rocks (from Archbold , 1992). The map also shows approximate locations for the 8 Excursion Stops - Stop 1: Merrimu Reservoir Picnic Area, Stop 2: Wightmans Rock, Stop 3: Maddingley Coal Mine, Stop 4; Maddingley Park, Stop 5: Triassic Park, Stop 6: Mortons Quarry, Stop 7: Volcanic Intrusion, Stop 8: St Anne's Winery.

Today's Excursion Stops 1, 2, 6, and 7 each examine features of the Permian rocks of the area. Brown coal of Miocene age is the subject of Stop 4, and the unique Victorian outcrop of Triassic sedimentary rock is examined at Stop 5.

EXCURSION STOP 1 (Toilet facilities are available here)

Fig . 3. Stop 1. Merrimu Reservoir, general view. (Source - Google Earth) .

The view from the Merrimu picnic area overlooks Merrimu Reservoir, supplied from the catchment of Coimadai Creek. The water storage was constructed in the late 1960s. Wave-washed Permian sediments are visible at full supply level on the far bank of the reservoir.

Garratt (1969) discovered Victoria's only Permian brachiopod fossil, which he named Trigonotreta sp. nov, along with a Fenestella sp. and a ?Paraconularia sp . in a conglomerate lens in the Permian sequence on Coimadai Creek to the far left (north) of the view from Stop 1. Archbold (1991) described and named the new brachiopod species Trigonotreta victoriae sp. nov. and assigned it a Sakmarian age. See Trigonotreta victoriae plate below. With reservoir levels low because of a prolonged drought, several attempts have been made recently to relocate the fossiliferous marine lens on the banks of the normallysubmerged Coimadai Creek without success.

Fig . 4. Plate showing specimens of Trigonotreta victoriae Archbold (from Archbold , 1991 ). (This plate has been reduced . To view the true size of the figures , see original publication).

On Coimadai Creek near the lens containing marine fossils, a sample of grey Permian mudstone was taken in 1925. This sample was subsequently examined in India for palynomorphs by Virkki (1939, 1946) and later by Pant (1949, 1955) and Pant & Mehra (1963). On the basis of sporomorphs extracted, the sediment was given a Lower Gondwanan (Early Permian) age. All evidence relating to this important early palynology sample has been lost, including the original sample sent to the British Museum, the subsample sent to India and all type specimens extracted. Several unsuccessful searches have been made for the palynomorph locality on the banks of Coimadai Creek.

Fig. 5. Plate of specimens extracted from the 1925 palynology sample taken from Coimadai Creek. Allocated names are - A, Duosporites vulgatus; B, C, Balmeella tetragona ; D,E ,F, Ginkgocycadophytus cymbatus; G, Potonieisporites novicus; H, laterally flattened

monosaccate spore; I, Endosporites gondwanensis; J, Erdtmania samara (from Pant & Mehra, 1963). (This plate has been reduced . To view the true size of the figures , see original publication) .

EXCURSION STOP 2

Fig 6. Stop 2. Wightmans Rock glaciated pavement locality, Merrimu Reservoir. (Source - Google Earth).

At this stop, we visit one of the many glaciated pavements to be found on the eastern bank of Merrimu Reservoir. Ice movement indicated on glacial pavements in this area is generally from southerly to northerly. This particular pavement has an interesting historical story associated with it. During a geological exploration along Coimadai Creek in 1893, three local geologists discovered a glaciated pavement that "exhibits a beautifully scored surface" on the Ordovician (then thought to be Silurian) bedrock on the property of a Mr Wightman (Officer, Balfour & Hogg, 1896). Unfortunately, Mr Wightman was at work breaking up the rock to "furnish building stone for an adjacent cottage" and he was requested to cease the destruction of "this really splendid example of a glaciated surface". While searching for glaciated pavements in recent years, Tim Kay of Southern Rural Water, Merrimu Reservoir managers, rediscovered Wightmans Rock several years ago. Amazingly, Mr Wightman must have taken the 1893 trio's advice as the landform is still in good condition

today, with one of the Wightman steel wedges still embedded into a joint in the rock.

Fig. 7. Wightmans Rock, glaciated pavement.

Fig . 8. Wightman 's steel wedge (arrowed) in joint - Wightmans Rock.

EXCURSION STOP 3

Fig 9. Stop 3. Maddingley brown coal mine. (Source - Google Earth).

Vast amounts of brown coal reserves of Miocene age are found in southeastern Victoria. At Bacchus Marsh, coal from a seam dated at some 21 million years has been open-cut mined since 1943.

The mine's present owners have a number of innovative programs in progress at the mine. Possibly the most significant is their involvement in a research program to dewater brown coal to produce a black coal substitute in the form of pellets that are stable, easily stored and transported and when burned, produce significantly reduced C02 emissions when compared with wet brown coal.

The coal at Maddingley is unusual in that it contains significant levels of organic carbon and inorganic micronutrients. This property is exploited by using the coal to produce fertilisers and to produce soils and soil conditioners.

During the visit to Maddingley coal mine, we will be taken on a tour of the mine area and the many and varied uses of the mine and its product will be explained.

Fig. 10. Maddingley brown coal seam.

EXCURSION STOP 4 {Toilet facilities are available here)

This is our lunch stop at Maddingley Park, a recreation area in the southern part of the township of Bacchus Marsh.

EXCURSION STOP 5

Fig . 11 . Stop 5. Triassic Park (Council Trench) locality. (Source - Google Earth).

In 1873 this site on the southern slopes of Bald Hill was gazetted as a stone quarry reserve (Pierson, 2004, 2006). In 1892, plant fossil fragments found on the reserve were identified as being of Triassic age (McCoy, 1892). While some controversy has surrounded the age of the reserve's sandstone over the years, its age was confirmed as Triassic by Webb & Mitchell, (2006). The site has special significance in this state, because it contains the only Triassic sedimentary outcrop ever discovered in Victoria. During the early part of the 20 th century, the quarry became known as the Council Trench and the reserve, the Council Trench Reserve.

Despite its geological significance, see (Mitchell , Cochrane & King, 2000), the reserve was advertised by the Victorian government to be sold for building development in 2000. A group of dedicated individuals worked to halt the sale, formed a management committee and took over management of the reserve as a Victorian Crown Land Reserve in 2003 (Pierson , 2004, 2006) . The reserve is now known as Triassic Park.

Fig . 12. The Council Trench , Triassic Park.

Fig . 13. Striking liesegang banding in the Council Trench Formation , Triassic Park.

Plant fossils from the siltstone unit in the Council Trench Formation. A Sphenobaiera sp. cf. S. schenckii, P846, x2.6. B, C Sphenophyte stems (B - P 1150, x 1.3; C - P 1302, x 1.3). D - Cladophlebis sp. A, P221297, x 2.8. E - Dicroidium odontopteroides complex, lanceolate morphology, P221288, x 4.5. F - Pseudoctenis sp., Pl481, x 3.7. G - Dicroidium dubium complex, P221286, x 3.0. H - Ginkgo antarctica, P22128 I, x 2.3. I Dicroidium odontopteroides complex, ovate morphology, P221292, x 3.6.

Fig. 13. Triassic plant fragments found in the Council Trench Formation at the Council Trench (from Webb & Mitchell, 2006). (This figure has been altered . To view the true size of the images , see original publication).

EXCURSION STOP 6

Fig . 14. Stop 6. Mortons Quarry locality on the southern slopes of Bald Hill. (Source - Google Earth) .

Permian sandstone from the Bald Hill locality, near Bacchus Marsh, was used in the 19th century to construct public buildings both locally and in Melbourne.

Fig . 15. Mortons Quarry, southern slopes of Bald Hill.

Plant fossil leaves were recovered from Mortons Quarry, one of the Permian sandstone sources , and described by McCoy (1875). He placed them in the Gangamopteris genus, which he believed was Mesozoic. Subsequently the

species found were correlated with those from other parts of Gondwana and were given an Early Permian age.

Fig. 16. Gangamopteris species found at Mortons Quarry [from Plate 12, McCoy (1875)]. 1, Gangamopteris angustifolia ; 2 - 4, Gangamopteris ob/iqua. (This plate has been reduced . To view the true size of the figures , see original publication) .

A band of conglomerate (Morton Conglomerate Member), immediately above Mortons Quarry, yielded specimens of Notoconularia inomata , which were found and described by Thomas (1969). His figures of the specimens are shown below.

JOURNAL OF P ALEON TOLOGY, V. 43

PLATE 149

G.A.Thomas

Fig . 17. 1a - 1e, Notoconularia from Mortons Quarry (from Thomas, 1969). (This plate has been altered . To view the true size of the figures , see original publication).

Agglutinated foramin ifera have also been extracted from the Morton Conglomerate Member above Mortons Quarry. See p. 20, Fig.18 for images of Early Permian foraminifera from th is site.

The Bald Hill locality, in the vicinity of Mortons Quarry, has yielded spores and pollen in grey Bacchus Marsh Formation mudstone that reinforce the Early Permian age given to these sed iments. See p. 21 , Fig. 19 for images of Early Permian sporomorphs.

EXCURSION STOP 7

Fig . 20. Stop 7. Volcanic intrusion locality. (Source - Google Earth).

At this stop we visit a road cutting, passing through Permian tillite. A volcanic vent of Pentland Hills Volcanics (Older Volcanics of Early Tertiary age) intruded through the tillite some 60 million years ago. The metamorphic aureole is plainly visible around the intrusion and the basalt has weathered to form a greenish clay. Abundant striated pebbles occur in the tillite.

Fig . 21 . Volcanic intrusion in road cutting .

Fig. 18. Early Permian agglutinated foramin ifera from the Morton Coglomerate . 1 Ammodiscus oonahensis, 2 Hemidiscus balmei, 3 Ammodiscus cf. multicinctus, 4 Hyperammina e/egans, 5 Hyperammina elegantissima, 6 Hyperammina e/egantissima, 7 Hyperammina fusta , 8 Trochammina sp. Images provided by D. A. Mccann

Fig . 19. Early Permian sporomorphs from the Bacchus Marsh Formation . 1 Horriditriletes? gondwanensis 30 µm , 2 Horriditriletes ramosus 34 µm , 3 Granulatisporites confluens 40 µm , 4 Pseudoreticulatispora pseudoreticu/ata 52 µm , 5 Cycadopites cymbatus

53x23 µm, 6 Plicatipol/enites gretensis 152x115 µm , 7 Potonieisporites sp. 120x115 µm , 8 Limitisporites sp. 106x68 µm , 9 Striatoabietes sp . 78x40 µm . Images provided by R.R. Pierson.

EXCURSION STOP 8

Our last stop of the day is at St Anne's Winery, in the Pentland Hills, where wine tasting and cellar door sales are on offer.

From the winery we return to Holmesglen.

REFERENCES ARCHBOLD, N.W. 1991. Trigonotreta (Spiriferida, Brachiopoda) from the Early Permian of Victoria. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 15: 321 - 326. ARCHBOLD, N.W. 1992.Permian. In Engineering Geology of Melbourne, Melbourne, Peck, W.A. , J.L. Neilson, R.J. Olds and K.D. Seddon, Balkema, Rotterdam: 133 - 135. ARCHBOLD, N.W. 1998. History of geological and palaeontological studies on the Permian glacially derived sequences of the Bacchus Marsh District, Victoria , Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. Thematic Issue:

Strzelecki International Symposium on Permian of eastern Tethys: Biostratigraphy, Palaeogeography and Resources, 110(1 / 2): 31 - 43 .

GARRATT, M.J. 1969. The discovery of a new marine fauna from Coimadai, central Victoria, and a discussion of the palaeogeography of the glacial deposits of the area. Australian Journal of Science, 32: 108 - 109. McCOY, F. 1875. Gangamopteris angustifolia (McCoy), and var G. spatulata and G. obliqua. Prodromus of the Palaeontology of Victoria or Figures and Descriptions of Victorian Organic Remains Decade II, Melbourne, Geological Survey of Victoria, John Ferres, Government Printer, 11 - 13, pls 12, 13. McCOY, F. 1892. Report on palaeontology of the Geological Survey for the year 1891. Annual Report, Secretary for Mines, Victoria for 1891: 30. MITCHELL, M.M.,COCHRANE, R.M. & KING, R.L. 2000. Sites of geological significance in the Melbourne 1 : 250 000 mapsheet area. Geological Survey of Victoria Technical Record 2000/1: 190. OFFICER, G.,BALFOUR, L. & HOGG, E.G. 1896.The glacial geology of Coimadai. In Sixth Meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, Section C., Geology and Mineralogy, Brisbane, Shirley, J., 323 330, pls 314 - 317. PANT, D.D. 1949.On the occurrence of Pityosporites Seward in a Lower Gondwana tillite from Australia and its possible relationships with Glossopteris. In Proceedings of the 36th Indian Science Congress, Part 4, 10 - 11. PANT, D.D. 1955. On two new disaccate spores from the Bacchus Marsh tillite, Victoria (Australia). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8(12): 757 - 764, pl. 719 . PANT, D.D. & MEHRA, B. 1963. On the occurrence of Glossopterid spores in the Bacchus Marsh tillite, Victoria, Australia. Grana Palynologica, 4(1): 111 - 120, 112 figs. PIERSON, R. 2004. Victoria's only known Triassic aged sedimentary outcrop - the Bacchus Marsh Council Trench. The Australian Geologist, 130: 26 - 27. PIERSON, R. 2006.The Bacchus Marsh Council Trench, its geological significance and recent conservation. In Australian Earth Sciences Convention 2006, Melbourne, 1 - 5. PIERSON, R.R. 2008. Glacigene Permian sediments and associated striated pavements of Victoria - an historical review. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. Contributions to Science and Natural History: A memorial publication in honour of Professor Neil W. Archbold, 120( 1): 216 - 235.

ROBERTS, P.S. 1984. Explanatory notes on Bacchus Marsh and Ballan 1:50 000 geological maps. Geological Survey of Victoria, 1 - 102. SCHLEIGER, N.W. 1995. Roadside Geology. A drive of discovery; a trip through time;

an explanation of landscape and underlying geological structure. Melbourne to Ballarat. Melbourne, The Geological Society of Australia (Victorian Division) and the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, 97 pp. THOMAS, G.A. 1969. Notoconularia , a new conularid genus from the Permian of eastern Australia. Journal of Paleontology, 43: 1283 - 1290. VIRKKI, C. 1939. On the occurrence of similar spores in a Lower Gondwana glacial tillite from Australia and in Lower Gondwana shales in India. Proceedings of

the Indian Academy of Science, 9 1 B: 7 - 12, 11 pl. VIRKKI , C. 1946. Spores from the Lower Gondwanas of India and Australia.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, India, 15 (4-5): 93 - 176, pls 171-115. WEBB, J.A. & MITCHELL, M.M. 2006. Stratigraphy and palaeoflora of the Triassic Council Trench Formation, central Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society

of Victoria , 118(1 ): 113 - 127.

APPENDIX GLACIGENE PERMIAN SEDIMENTS AND ASSOCIATED STRIATED PAVEMENTS OF VICTORIA -AN HISTORICAL REVIEW R.R. PIERSON School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Deakin University. BmwoodCampus. 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia PIERSON, R.R ., 2008. Glacigenc Permian sediments and associated striated pavements of Victoria - an historical review. Proceedings ofthe Royal Society of Victoria 120(1): 216- 235. ISSN 0035-9211. Colonial geologists in Victoria recognised particular styles of unsorted conglomerates and sandstones in outcrop resembling ones that they had previously observed in Pleislocene sediments in the northern hemisphere. During the 19th century, the Victorian sediments were thought to have been produced by marine glacial, grounded icebeig action and their age was variously believed to be Pleistocene, Mesozoic or Palaeozoic. Palaeon1ological evidence led ultimately to the wide acceptance of a Late Palaeozoic age for the sediments. Apart from sedimentary glacial debris in outcrop, further evidence of the Palaeozoic ice age is preserved in central Victoria in the forms of roches moutonnees, glaciated pavements on Ordovician bedrock, erratics and striated pebbles and boulders. Current geological belief is that an extensive, landbased ice sheet produced a glacial period in Victoria over a period of about 5 million years during theAsselian/Salanarian stages of the Early Penni an.

KeJ1·woltff: glacial pavement, glaciation,, glacigene, Permia.n, Victoria..

amounts of unsorted sedimentary deposits, known as diluviwn, and associated striated pavements in the Northern Hemisphere had resulted from the biblical catastrophic flood that ,;11as assumed to have submerged continents in the past. The 1820s writings of eminent Oxford geologist, William Buckland ' ... gave the doctrine its seal of authority' (Davies 1969). With the passage of time, as a greater understanding of the behaviour of present-day Arctic glaciers was achieved, ideas were changed. The drift theory emerged proposing that polar icebergs were swept southward over drowned continents by the biblical flood. Charles Lyell in the 1830s was an advocate of this theory (Hallam 1989). Lyell 's theory was supported by Henry de la Beche, Charles Darwin, and Roderick lmpey Murchison. Melting icebergs scattered their 'drift' of roc-k cargo, including large erratics, when they encountered warmer climes. The term 'drift' has survived to the present day with a wider meaning than that given in the 19th century. Today, 'glacial drift' or 'drift' ' ... embraces all rock materials in transport by glacier ice, all deposits made by glacier ice and all deposits predominantly of glacial origin made in the sea or in bodies of glacial rneltwater, whether rafted in icebergs or transported in the water itself' (Flint 1971 ). Various alternatives to the drift theory were developed to explain the geomorphology and sedimentology displayed on the northern hemisphere landmasses. Such topographic features may have resulted from marine erosion, from seismic shocks as-

EARLY PERMIAN glaciation in Victoria has attracted the attention of geologists from the 1860s to the present time. Th.is study follows the endeavours of workers through.out that period as published in the scientific literature. Central Victoria has attracted the most interest because in that area the best evidence of glaciation is found. This study begins with the first tentative proposition by A.R.C. Selwyn in 1861 concerning the possible glacial origin of rocks at Bacchus Marsh. ltreviews the debates advocating either a Pleistocene or Late Palaeozoic ice age and arguments as to whether iceberg drift or terrestrial glacial action provided the visible sedimentological glaciation evidence seen in the landscape. The discovery of glacial pavements in central Victoria, the first by Dunn in 1892, was an important milestone in this saga, as were discoveries of glaciation evidence in the northeast and south.west of the state. The role of palaeontology in providing unequivocal evidence of the Late Palaeozoic age of the glaciation is significant to the study. Early Perrnian glaciation was a major geological episode across much of Victoria,

19TH CENTURY BRITISH SEDIMENTOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE Early in the 19th century the diluvial theory prevailed within the British geological community as an explanation for broad-scale ancient geomorphological features in the landscape. This theory stated that vast 216

GLACIGENE PERMIAN SEDIMENTS AND ASSOCIATED STRWED PAVEMENTS OF VICTORIA

sociated with the diluvial currents, or from tsunarms. Murchison ( 1839) critically reviewed and evaluated these prevailing theories. The power of terrestrial glaciers to excavate valleys and basins, the glacial theory, became more widely accepted as the 19 th century progressed. Th.is theory was supported in lhe 1830s by Jean de Charpentier who studied loca I glaciers in Switzerland (Hallam I 989). Despite strong evidence supporting the glacial theory, some geologists remained adherents to lhe dril1 theory. statmg lhal grounded icebergs were able to grocY\/e and polish underlying rocks and form basins in addition to depositing their drift as they melted. As will be noted later, the iceberg drift theory was adhered to by geologists in Australia Ill lhe latter half oflhe I <)<h century. By mid-century m Britam, the land-ice glacial theory was gaining authority. Dllrlllg the 1840s, Jean Louis Agassiz, a Swiss palaeontologist, glaciologist and zoologist, advocated this theory (Davies 1969). The land-ice theory proposed U1at during the Pleistocene ice age. debris-loaded ice sheets extended over vast areas of Europe and North Arnenca. The ice sheets, driven southwards from high Arctic latitudes by climatic oscillations, had directly formed the geomorphological features that geologists observed. Throughout the 20 th century, and to the present, the land-ice glacial theory prevailed as an explanation for the Late Cenozoic ice age.

19TH CE TURY AUSTRALIAN OLO IAL THEORIES Early geological investigators found evidence of glacJal action Ill the form of unsorted conglomerates and sandstones m southern and eastern Austraba. These sediments displayed surular characteruttcs to the ice age sediments observed in Britain. Drawing upon their British experience, geologists were led to assume U13t a glaciation event had occurred in Australian during the Pleistocene. See Banks et al. ( 1987) for a summary of early workers· ideas. During the 1840s, the Reverend W.B. Clarke of New South Wales sent fossil flora and fauna specimens from the coal bearlllg rocks of Australia to Professor Adam Sedgwick of the University of Cambridge for exarmnation. These coal bearing rocks were closely associated with glacial sediments in eastern Australia. Clarke's fossil materials were examined and reported upon by Frederick M'Coy (1847) in Cambridge. M'Coy determined that the

217

fossil plant specimens in Clarke's ' ... coal deposits of Australia shou ld be referred to the oolitic period.' In current terminology, this translates to the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era. (See Rushton (1979) for an explanation of the various spellings of M'Coy/ McCoy). Although the association of the coal bearing rocks with glacial material was problematic to geologists in 1847, the seed was already planted U13t Australia 's glacJation bad not occurred in the Pleistocene. A Ifred Richard Cecil Selwyn of the Victorian Geological Survey, had observed rocks of the age of •... U1e coal bearing rocks of Australia' at Bacchus Marsh and Kyneton and differed with M'Coy's 1847 age interpretation (Selwyn 1859). In this earliest reference to the rocks of central Victoria, Selwyn was or the opinion that they exhibited· ... more resemblance to the carboniferous U13n the oolitic rocks of Europe.' He believed that the rocks were of Palaeozoic age and not Mesozoic as asserted by M'Coy. While on a journey in South Australia in 1859 •.. . to report on the colony's gold, coal and artesian water potentialities· (Alderman 1967), Selwyn (1860) • ... observed a smooth striated and grooved rock surface, presenting every indication of glacial action'. This glaciated pavement on the bedrock (known today as Selwyn Rock) was in the bed of the Inman River near Victor Harbour on the Fleurieu Peninsu lar. Selwyn 's referral to its glacial origin was based upon markings he observed as being similar to those that he had previou5Jy noted on pavements in the glacial valleys of orth Wales. This was the first glaciated pavement to be reported in Australia. Selwyn did not offer an estinrntion of the age or the glaciation in this ir!Stance, but it is probably safe to assume U13t he suspected it to be Pleistocene, given his northern hemisphere experience. McCoy (1861) argued heatedly with Clarke over lhe age of fossil leaf material collected at Bacchus Marsh. In this 1861 paper, McCoy nominated (but did not figure) a new genus, Gangamopteris, from the Bacchus Marsh material. M'Coy (1847) had previously figured a specimen of this fossil leaf and allocated it to the genus Cyc/opteris. He mdicated U13t Gangamopteris relllforced his belief in an 001.itic (Mesozoic) age for the coal-bearing rocks of Australia. Clarke held an equally strong opinion that the rocks were Palaeozoic (C larke I 861 ) . Selwyn (1861) described masses of sandstone with associated conglomerate at Darley, (immediately north of Bacchus Marsh) and also further north Ill central Victoria in Wild Duck Creek area near

218

R.R. PIERSON

Derrinal in the vicinity of present-day Lake Eppalock. He suspected that these rocks, which be judged to be of Upper Palaeozoic age, were ' ... likely to be produced by marine glacial transport.' This was the first direct indication in the scientific literature that glaciation may have occurred in Victoria during the Palaeozoic. However Selwyn (1863), on a sketch map produced as part of a report to the Legislative Assembly, placed the 'Glacial conglomerates of Bacchus Marsh, Heathcote, Loddon Valley ... ' in the Mesozoic based upon their fossil plant remains including species of Gangamopteris. When discussing Upper Palaeozoic rocks in the 'Bacchus Marsh to Bass's Straits· district, Richard Daintree noted conglomerates and freestones that were resting upon what be considered were Silurian slates and sandstones in Werribee Gorge (Daintree 1863). Daintree (1866), reporting on the district of Ballan, found ' ... a few pebbles grooved in a manner I have read of as caused by glacial action' on lhe Lerderderg River near Bacchus Marsh. He also discussed conglomerates and sandstones of the district that McCoy bad assigned to a· .. .lower mesozoic' horizon. In 1867 Selwynelaboratedonbis 1861 belief that marine glacial transport bad produced the Upper Palaeozoic beds at Bacchus Marsh and Heathcote (Selwyn 1861, 1867). In bis 1867 paper, Selwyn stated that 'Grooved or ice-scratched pebbles or rock fragments have, however, not been observed' at either Bacchus Marsh or Heathcote. Since Selwyn was Director of the Geological Survey ofVictoria at the time and Daintree was employed by the Survey, it is strange lhat Daintree's 1866 report of grooved pebbles in the Lerderderg was not acknowledged by Selwyn in the following year. J.E. Tenison-Woods (1868) discussed the glacial period in Australia and compared it with the Quaternary ice age in the northern hemisphere. Rather than finding physical evidence such as '. . . groovings and striations of icebergs, drift and till or rocbes moutonnees,' of the Pleistocene glaciation as seen in the northern hemisphere, Tenison- Woods descnbed •... extreme beat, or at least a beat almost tropical in South Australia' during lhe Pleistocene. He did not offer an alternative geological time for the glacial evidence already observed in Australia. One ofa series of Quarter Sheet geological maps produced by the Geological Survey of Victoria, No. 12 NE, mapped a significant area to the north-west of Bacchus Marsh as ' ... hard white pebble conglomerate (Upper Palaeozoic)' (Daintree & Wilkinson 1868). These may well have been the rocks ihat Selwyn ( 1861) bad thought to have been produced by marine glacial transport.

E.J. Dunn (1871) described a conglomerate composed of boulders, pebbles and sand that he bad observed at Wooragee in Victoria's north-east. From his description, this conglomerate would almost certaiilly be the first description of the Permian glacial debris found at that locality. R.B. Smyth (1872) produced a 'Sketch of a new geological map of Victoria' . Jn describing Palaeozoic rocks, he stated that 'The beds at Bacchus Marsh ... differ in no respect from many others now classed as upper Palaeozoic, but the fossils which are found in them prove that they are of Lower Mesozoic age.' The fossils to which he referred were Gangamopteris. McCoy (1875) published further on Gangamopteris species from Bacchus Marsh first identified by him in 1861. Based upon his identification of the leaves of additional species of the genus Ga.ngamopteris in the Bacchus Marsh sandstone, McCoy determined again that in bis opinion the sandstone was Mesozoic. McCoy did not address the question as to whether or not the sandstone may have been glacigenic. Further evidence of glaciation in Australia was disC<Nered by R. Tate in 1877 and reported in 1879. He described a smooth, grooved and striated surface at Black Point, Hallett Cove south of Adelaide that he interpreted as ' ... a well preserved glacier path' . Tate wrote that the glaciation event that sculpted the feature had occurred in the ' ... late Tertiary', but in a later paper (fate 1894) he dISCussed reports by others of glaciation dating to both the Triassic and the ' ... PermoCarboniferom' in Australia. A growing understanding was developing that much of southern and central Australia bad been subjected to widespread glaciation in the past, but the age of the occurrence was uncertain. R.A.F. Murray (1884a) noted. that although rocks in the Lerderderg and Werribee Gorges had been mapped as Upper Palaeozoic by Daintree & Wilkinson in 1868, he believed them to be Mesozoic. Murray (1884b) stated that although Selwyn (1867) bad assigned the Bacchus Marsh sandstones to the Upper Palaeozoic, he deferred to McCoy (1875) who had proposed a Lower Mesozoic age. Murray reported upon rocks at both Bacchus Marsh and Heathcote that were ' ... suggestive of transport by marine glacial action.' Murray (1887) still maintained that the Bacchus Marsh Sandstones were Mesozoic. Referring to a recently drafted geological map of Victoria (Couchman 1880) he wrote of' ... sandstones of Bacchus Marsh, containing Gangamopteris angustifolia (McCoy), Gangamopteris spatula (McCoy), and Gangamopteris obliqua (McCoy), representing the Mesozoic Talchir

GLACIGEN'E PERMIAN SEDIMENTS AND ASSOCIATED STRIATED PAVEMENTS OF VICTORIA

Beds of the Indian coal fields.' Alluding to a conglomerate at Wild Duck Q-eek, Murray (ibid.) wrote that the conglomerate fragments had been ' ... conveyed from distant sources by icebergs.' E.J. Dunn (1887) discussed conglomerate from Wooragee and Bacchus Marsh localities and commented upon striations on boulders and pebbles that he interpreted as being the result of glacial action. Dunn had previously Vvl:>rked in South Africa and he noted the stratigraphical similarity between the South African and Victorian rocks. He used the accepted Palaeoz.oic age of the South African rocks to argue for a similar age for the Victorian conglomerates. 0. Feistrnantel (1890) correlated the Bacchus l\,iarsh sandstones with the Talchir-Karllarbari beds of India, basing his theory upon the presence of fossil Gangamopteris leaves in both localities. Feistmantel noted that the age of the Bacchus Marsh Sandstones was ~rmian. Dunn (1889) was convinced that the glacial conglomerates of the Heathcote locality \I.ere coeval with tbe Bacchus Marsh conglomerate. He was also of the opinion that the Bacchus Marsh and Wild Duck Q-eek glacial conglomerates could prove identical to those of New South Wales; they also bore a strong resemblance to the glacial conglomerates of the Dwyka of South Africa (Dunn 1890). In this publication, Dunn first described a large erratic glacial rock near the Heathcote to Sandhurst (now Bendigo) railway line. Tbe erratic is known today as The Stranger (see Fig. I.). The terms 'glacial' or 'glacially derived ' as used by Australian authors to this time, invariably meant that the conglomerate, sandstone and striations noted on pebbles or bedrock, were thought to result from grounded icebergs, calved from a southern glacier,

Fig. I. The Strange~ a large granite glacial erratic on Sportsmans Hill near Derrinal, north of Heathcote

2 19

gouging over a submerged landscape as proposed by the glacial drift theory. The land-ice glacial theory had not yet taken hold in Australia. Doubt still existed in the minds of local geologists as to the age of what were now generally accepted as glacially derived sandstones and conglomerates in Victoria This doubt may have been engendered by deference to the influential figure McCoy who, as late as 1898 (6 months before his death), in opposition to mounting differences of opinion, still maintained that the Gangamopteris fossils found at Bacchus Marsh were indicative of a Mesoz.oic age for the glacial sandstone (McCoy 1898 ). Dunn (1892 ), in a paper evaluating the glacial conglomerate at Wild Duck Creek, differed with McCoy 's thinking and stated that The balance of evidence favours the view that these rocks are of Palaeoz.oic age.' In the same publication, Dunn described a ' ... planed and soored ' bedrock, which was later named Dunns Rock (see Fig. 2.) by W.B. Spencer. Dunn interpreted the planing and scoring as having been formed by a grounded iceberg moving over the bedrock. Interestingly, photographs of glacial features published in this paper were attributed to A. W. Howitt, an important Victorian explorer and natural scientist. Dunns Rock was the first glaciated pavement to be described in Victoria; 33 years earlier Selwyn had identified such a structure in South Australia (Selwyn 1860). Writing in Natw-e, perhaps to draw international attention to the investigations undertaken in Australia concerning a Palaeozioc glacial episode, the distinguished British naturalist A.R. Wallace (1892) discussed Dunn's 1892 paper interpreting the glacial evidence in central Victoria. Based upon his personal experience in Wales and Scotland, Wallace concurred with Dunn that the central Victo-

Fig. 2.

Dunns Roc k glacial pavement, Lake Ewalock.

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R.R. PIERSON

rian evidence pointed to 'unmistakably' glacial action. Dunn (1899) discussed the 'heterogeneous' glacial conglomerates found over a large area near Derrinal and Knowsley in the vicinity of present-day Lake Eppalock. He maintained his iceberg explanation for the deposition of the conglomerates and noted their similarity with Dwyka conglomerates that he had seen in South Africa, convinced that they were contemporaneous. T.S. Hall (1892) stated that while some geologists still doubted the glacial origin of the beds near Heathcote, the dark grey material with striated and faceted boulders and pebbles convinced him that they had been produced by ice action. G. Officer & L. Balfour (I 893) described ' ... rounded, hmnmock.-y-looking masses of sandstone ' in the valley of Myrniong Creek in the Bacchus Marsh area. These structmes may well have been roches moutonnees exposed when overlying conglomerate eroded away. 1n the bed of the nearby Werribee River, the authors located a ' ... striated and grooved rock surface' underlying conglomerate. They noted roches moutonnees in Werribee Gorge and a number of exposures of glacial conglomerate along the Korkuperrimul Creek near Bacchus Marsh. They had postulated that both Perrnian and a Tertiary glacial event had been experienced at Bacchus Marsh but they subsequently withdrew this theory (Officer & Balfour 1894) and opted for a Perrnian glaciation. Importantly in 1893, the authors developed a strong argument that the Bacchus Marsh conglomerate was not an ' ... iceberg drift' but was ' ... till, or boulder clay - in fact the ground moraine of ancient glaciers.' They were proposing, for the first time in Victoria, that the sediments in question were emplaced under the land-ice glacial theory. The conglomerate in the area was deemed to be of Permian age, perhaps correlated ,vith similar beds in South Africa. Prior to Officer & Balfour's 1893 publication, authors had been of the opinion that melting, grounded icebergs had produced the 'drift' conglomerate and striated pavements. Officer & Balfour (1894) discussed glacial sandstone and erratics in a small quarry on Korkuperrimul Creek - possibly the location now known as Mortons Quarry. On the nearby Lerderderg River they encountered glacial sandstones and clays with abundant striated stones and boulders - this may have been the location now known as Morven Section, at the southern end of Lerderderg Gorge. Further up stream they found scored and grooved bedrock. At Coimadai, the authors discovered roches moutonnees that indicated ice flow from south-west to north-east.

E. Lidgey (1894 ), described the glacial conglomerate of the Wild Duck Creek as ' Newer Carbonifer• ous or Triassic,' perhaps not wishing to upset either the Palaeozoic or the Mesozoic glaciation adherents. Sweet & Brittlebank (1894) made a detailed study of the rocks of the Bacchus Marsh area. They reported upon sections along Korkuperrimul Creek ' ... north of the Big Quarry' on Bald Hill, north-west of Bacchus Marsh, that may be the glacigene exposures known today as Myers Cliff and Andersons Quarry. ATriassic age was proposed for these glacial deposits. The authors also discussed a section along the Lerderderg River in which ' ... great numbers of striated stones are scattered' This was almost certainly today's Morven Section. In a report to the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Tate (1894) maintained that the glaciation at Hallett Cove was late Tertiary; although he accepted that the Bacchus Marsh glacial sandstones and conglomerate were much older - either Triassic or Fermo-Carboniferous. In the next year's report to the AAAS, T.W. Edgeworth David (1895) discussed the Bacchus Marsh glacials at length. He made the point that Daintree had first noted striated pebbles in the Lerderderg River (Daintree 1866) and noted that successive authors, including Selwyn (1867) had failed to acknowledge this important discovery. David stated that the glacial beds at Bacchus Marsh were Fermo-Carboniferous, as were those of Derrinal and Hallett Cove. He reasoned that the present-day geomorphological evidence had been produced by land-ice glaciation. Following a visit to Bacchus Marsh from South Australia, W. Howchin (1895) decided that what he observed at Bacchus Marsh closely resembled his Hallett Cove experience. He concluded that the palaeontological evidence of Gangamopteris remains placed the deposits in the Perrno-Carboniferous at both locations. David (1896) produced a review paper discussing the glacial action experienced in Australia in the Palaeozoic. He concluded that the glacial beds in both the Wild Duck Creek and Bacchus Marsh areas were Fermo-Carboniferous. On Coimadai Creek (then known as Pyrete Creek) northeast of Bacchus Marsh, a series of roches moutonnees were noted by 01ficer, Balfour & Hogg (1896). At the time of their visit to the area, one sucb feature, named Wightman's Rock by the trio, was being broken up for use as building stone by the land owner, Mr Wightman. He was made aware of the geological significance of the glaciated surface and requested not to further destroy it. Wight-

GLACIGENEPERMIAN SEDIMENTS AND ASSOCIATED ST:RlATED PAVEMDITS OF V!CTO:RlA

221

of the 'Coima.ida.i' locality, showing cropping out of Perrnian material and the location of scored pavements on what was then known as Silurian bed rock, formed part of this publication. Hogg (1898) visited the Coleraine area in the west of Victoria and observed outcropping areas of glacial beds (Fig. 4.) that he interpreted to be lermoCarboniferous. No glaciated pavements ha:ve been recorded from this area.

20TH CENTURY IDEAS

Fig. 3. Steel wedge erroedded in Wightmans Rock glacial pavement, Merrirru Reservoir. Arrow shcms position of wedge.

man took heed of the request made of him and did not further break up the roche moutonnee. Today, one hundred and eleven years on, one of Wightman 's steel wedges can still be seen driven into the Ordovician bedrock of the feature (see Fig. 3.). In 1969 the construction ofMerrimu Reservoir was completed to capture the water from Coimadai Creek and other local stream catchments. At high water in the reservoir, the glacial fearures located by Officer, Balfour & Hogg are under water as is the site of the old settlement of Coimadai Officer & Hogg (1898) discussed the geo logy of 'Coima.ida.i' (sic) with its various glacial Permo-Carboniferous beds and ' ... scored rock swfaces and roches moutonnees.' They attributed the glaciation to ' ... a sheet of land ice which moved from the south.' A detailed sketch map

Fig. 4. Glacigene diamictite with planed and striated pebbles, roadside cutting on Edenhope-Coleraine R oad near Colera in e.

Figure 5 shows key lermian localities in Victoria. By the beginning of the 208' centwy, there was a growing aroord in the local geological community that the Victorian glacials were emplaced from landbased glaciers and that their age was lerrno-Carboniferous. A.E. Kitson (1903) described glacial sediments exposed over a significant area of north-eastern Victoria at Taminick, Glenrowan and Greta These exposures had not been previously described. In 1910, G.B. Pritchard provided an overview of the previously published literature on the Bacchus Marsh sandstones and their associated fossils. In the north-east of Victoria, Fermo-Carboniferous residual glacial deposits were described at Woolshed Valley, near Beechworth by Dunn (1913). David (1914) argued that the commonly used term 'lermo-Carboniferous' designating the glacial period in Australia should be abandoned and 'Permian ' used in its place. In Victoria, David proposed that tillite was formed by ' .. . an immense sheet of land ice, the ma.in mass of which lay to the south.' C.A. Sussmilch (1922), writing on the TurrnoCarbooiferous', stated that 'The remarkable similarity of the floras of Australia, India, and South Africa at this time leads to the inference that these regions, so widely separated, were joined by direct land connection s, and formed parts of a continent, covering part of what is now the Indian Ocean; this supposed continent has t,een named Gondwana Land.' Dunn (1923) reported on journeys that he had made in South Africa, Australia and Tasmania over the ~ars from 1870 to 1911. Sites with a glacial history were of special interest to him. He reported that in 1891 he had discovered 'A well glaciated floor - the first in Australia.. . ' at Derrinal. It was the first such ' floor ' discovered in Victoria, (see Dunn 1892 and Fig. 1.), but not the first to be observed in Au stralia. Selwyn (1860) had reported such a structure in South Australia in 1859. H S. Summers (1923) discussed glacial pavements with ice movement in a north-easterly direction on Ordovi-

RR. PIERSON

222

148°

t NEW SOUTH WALES

. Bendigo l..,Al(i:' E:PfJAt_o r;K -

1t" • Heathcote

VICTORIA

• Campbenlown Lerderoerg Gorge

""- •• -

• Coleraine

Werribe<l Gorge - • •

Coimadat--Mcrrimu ReseNC>ir

Ba<:ellus Marsh

"""'"' 144° Fig. 5.

148°

Key Victorian Permian localiti es .

cian bedrock in Werribee Gorge and at Coimadai. fu this publication, he provided a list of known locations of 'Fermo-Carboniferous' beds across Victoria. fu I 93 I, D. J. Mahony produced a map showing 21 localities in Victoria where glacial deposits were then thought to exist (Mahony 1931 ). Twelve of the localities were in central Victoria, while six were in the northeast and one each in the northwest, southwest and southeast of the state. Mahony argued that extensive ice sheets, not alpine glaciers had produced the deposits. David & Sussmilch (1931) placed the Bacchus :Marsh glacial beds into their Kamilaroi System (equivalent to the Fermo-Carboniferous); they compared the association of Gangamopteris leaves with tillites at Bacchus Marsh with similar findings near Vereeniging in South Africa. David (1932) listed the Bacchus Marsh glacial beds as Upper Carboniferous on the basis of their Gangamopteris content. Summers (193 5) discussed the age of the glacial beds of Victoria. and concluded that whereas they were Upper Palaeozoic, he was unsure as to whether they should be described as Carboniferous or Turmian. He noted the widely scattered nature of the Victorian glacial beds, realising they represented remnants of much eroded deposits.

futerest in Victoria's glacial past was such that an article by E.W. Skeats was published in the popular press Prfi.lkabout magazine in 1936. Later, the article was somewhat altered and reprinted in The Express, a Bacchus Marsh newspaper (Skeats 1937). fu a comprehensive analysis of the geology of the Korkuperrimul Q-eek area near Bacchus Marsh, Scott examined the Permian sequences at Mortons Quarry (see Fig. 6. ), Main Quarry, Miers Cliff (now spelled Myers), and Andersons Quarry, traversing from south to north along the creek (Jacobson & Scott 1937). Scott believed that ' ... the Bacchus Marsh beds with the possible exception of the basal tillites resting on the Ordovician, are Upper Turmian in age.' Ferguson (1937) briefly wrote on previously unreported glacial conglomerates that he had observed near Glenrowan. fu a new approach to the dating of the glacial sediments of the Bacchus Marsh vicinity, Virkki (1939) examined palynomorphs from Coimadai and also from above the Talchir boulder bed and the coalfields ofBihar, fudia. She commented that the forms observed from the three localities ' .. . i.vere closely related if not identical.' She gave the beds a Lower Gondwanan age, meaning earliest Turmian. Virkki's

GLACIGENEPERMIAN SEDIMENTS AND ASSOCIATED STFJATED PAVEMENTS OF VICTORIA

Fig. 6. Mortons ~aft')\ Bacchus Marsh. MassivePerrnian Bacchus Marsh Formation sandstone to right; bedded Perrnian Bacchus Marsh Formation sandmone upper centre; Mortons Conglomerate Merrber alxwe bedded sandstone.

study was the first palynological study undertaken of Victorian Permian sediments. The only earlier Australian Permian palynological paper known to this author described palynomorphs sampled from Newcastle, New South Wales (Virkki 1937). Six further papers relating to the Coimadai sample were published by Indian workers over the next twenty four years, (Pant 1942, 1943; Virkki 1946; Pant 1949; Pant 19 55; Pant & Mehra 1963 ). The specimen from Coirnadai Creek became British Museum Sample No. 965 of 1925. A sub sample was sent to India in 1938 for pa]ynological investigations. All trace of both the sample in England and the Indian sub sample has been lost and type specimens in India cannot be found Harris & Thomas (1948) d iscussed Permian glacial sediments in both outcrop and sub surface in the vicinity of Campbelltown, central Victoria.. They prcxluced a map showing glacial localities in the area. A somewhat clearer map of the same locations was figured in Gilvenor (1994). In The Geology ofthe Commonwealth ofAustralia, David (1950) discussed Victoria's glacial sedimentology and glaciated pavements in a chapter titled 'Carboniferous', although he indicated that a Bacchus Marsh section through the glacial beds was ' ... Permian and Upper Carbs.' A detailed examination of the literature on the glacial deposits of Victoria was undertaken by Kenley (1952). Spencer-Jones (1956) and Wells (1956) described and mapped Permian glacials in the Kadnook-Mooree and Casterton localities in western Victoria. In a comprehensive study of eastern Australian glaciation, Bowen

223

(Bowen, R.L. , 1959. l.ole Paleozoic glaciation of eastern Australia. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, pp. 180) closely examined the Permian stratigraphy of the Bacchus Marsh area. A sample of his from Korkuperrimul Creek provided a fossil monosacca.te pollen grain, then known as Nuskoisporites dulhuntyi (Potonie & Klaus 1954), which closely resembled similar ' spores' from Lov;er Gondwanan (Low-er Permian) coals of the Salt Range, India, and Newcastle, New South Wales. Bowen interpreted the glacial diamictites as mostly tillite prcxluced by melting ice. Later, he advocated that all eastern and Western Australian terrestrial tills were effectively synchronously Lower Permian in age (Bowen 1964). Wanless (1960) examined the sedimentary evidence of Australia's Late Palaeozoic glaciations, including those of Victoria. He concluded that many such sediments were deposited in glaciofluvial, glaciolacustrine, and glaciomarine conditions from an unknown number of glacial episcxles rather than directly under glacial conditions. The palynology associated with core from a well, Duck Bay No. I in the Gippsland Basin, was described in two brief papers (Evans I 964; Evans & Hcxlgson 1964 ). The well intersected Lower Permian glacials. The National Museum of Victoria (I 965) reprinted a description of fossils found in Victoria and originally published in the Victorian Year Book 1965. Analysis of the age of the Bacchus Marsh glacial beds, based on the presence or absence of fossil plant species, concluded they were Lower Permian with ' .. . perhaps some Upper Carboniferous as well.' O.P. Singleton (1965) reported upon a thin marine band with Conularia, discovered near the top of the Bacchus Marsh glacial sequence. A full report on the species,Notoconularia inornata (Dana, 184 9) found above Mortons Quarry on the western side of Bald Hill, was later made by GA.Thomas (1969) who gave the species an Early Permian, Sakmarian age. Another marine invertebrate fauna represented by a Trigonotreta brachiopcxl species, a Fenestella bryozoan species, and a Paraconu laria species was reported from the base of the Permian glacial sediments at Coima.dai by Garratt (1969). The brachiopcxl was named Trigonotrela victoriae by Archbold (1991) and given an Early Permian, Asselian to Early Tastubian age. The discovery of the marine faunas in the Bacchus Marsh vicinity altered the prevailing belief that all Victorian glacial deposits were of terrestrial origin. J. G. Douglas (1969) examined samples from a number of sites across Victoria and documented palaeobotanical and

224

RR.PIERSON

Interglacial pavement onPerrriantillite, Lerderderg Fig. 7. Gorge. Ice !00\lement S to N, S at top of figure .

palynological specimens found in the glacial beds, both cropping out and sub surface. He ooncluded that the glacials were of Early Permian age. Douglas reported a number of Permian sporomorphs in association with Triassic plant remains from an abandoned adit at Old Nuggetcy Gully in central Victoria. Spencer-Jones (1969) provided a review to that date of the known Permian glacial deposits ofVictoria in outcrop and bore intersects. Evans (1969) proposed palynological stages for the Permian of eastern Australia and allocated the Bacchus Marsh glacial beds to his Stage 2 (Lower Permian). A oomprehensive study of the Late Palaeowi;; glaciation of Australia by 0-o"well & Frakes (1971a) included an extensive discussion of the Bacchus Marsh glacials with briefer notes oo other Victorian localities. The authors described an unusual feature at the mouth of Lerderderg G01ge: an interglacial pavement on a pre-existing glacial diamictite (see Fig. 7. ). Based upoo Gangamopteris and Trigorwtreta palaeontology, the authors placed the Victorian glaciation in the Lower Permian. Extensive geological investigations were undertaken as part of the planning for the Merrimu Reservoir project on Coimadai Q-eek at Coimadai (Cox 1971 ). A number of bores v.ere drilled upstream from the proposed dam wall for the State Rivers and Water Supply Commission. Eleven bores indicated that the Permian tillite intercepted in localities v.estofthedam site was \Weathered to a depth of some 12 m. Unfortu nately the core from these bores cannot be located for further ex.amination either through the Department of Primary Industries Core Library or Southern Rural Water, the enticy that replaced the State Rivers and Water Supply Commission in the region in 19&5.

Kellams R ock glacial pavement, Lake Eppalock. Fig. 8. Ice movement S to N; S is at the right of the figure . Note de,ply grooved channels in Ordovician bed rock.

HE. Wilkinson (1973b) reported on the occurrence of glacial deposits and pavements in the Parish of Spring Plains, south west of Heathoote. Over a 10 year period F. Robbins, a Bendigo teacher, botanist and geologist, wrote in detail on the glacial beds, erratics, roches moutonnees, glaciated pavements and inlei:glacial pavements in the Derrinal-1.ake EppalockMia Mia region of central Victoria (Robbins 1973b, 1973a, 19&2a, 19&2b, 19&3a, 19&3b, 19&3c). He produced a series of sketch maps shc,,ving locations of previously unidentified glacial landscape features. Robbins was justifiably pessimistic concerning the long-term damage that rould cxx:ur to glaciated pavements and other features, both those situated below high water line in Eppalock ReseIWir (oonstructed in the 1960s) and those on open land. Today, the finely detailed glacial striations on some features reoorded by Robbins are less obvious than when first photographically recorded 20 to 30 years ago. One of the features discovered by Robbins in 1957 was Kellams Rock glaciated pavement (see Fig. &). Robbins was quoted in Wilkinson (1973a) as stating that he considered Kellams Rock the ' ... biggest and best preserved glacial pavement in Australia' Bowen and Thomas (1976; 19&&) produced the Permian chapter in Geol.ogy of Vidoria. All glacial outcrop areas in Victoria and many known bore intersects were documented and Iocalicy maps and sections were provided for the more important glacial areas. Wilkinson (1977) addressed questions relating to conservation of geological features at DerrinaJ, Moorabbee (on the shores of Lake Eppalock) and Kangaroo Gully in the Bendigo region of Victoria. Referring to the features at Moorabbee, Wilkinson

GLACIGENEPERMIAN SEDIMENTS AND ASSOCIATED STRIATED PAVEMENTS OF VICTORJA

O' Sullivans Rock roche moutonnee, Spring Plains near Mia Mia, west ofEeathcote . Ice movement S to N, S to left of figure.

Fig 9.

wrote, ' Overseas geologists with experience of comparable sequences in South Africa and India rate it as one of the finest examples of Permian glacial rocks in the world.' Based upon an examination of glacigene material collected in the Bacchus Marsh region and examined for palynomorphs, Kemp et al. (1977) and Trus,\,ell (1981), decided that the glacial sediments of the region were of Early Permian age, specifically Turmian Palynological Stage 2 of Evans (1969). Anderson (19TI) in a review of Gondwanan Permian and Triassic palynology with an emphasis on the South African experience, provided data relating to Victorian species. Joyce and King (1980), editors of Geo!.ogical features of the National Estaie in Victoria, selected three Turmian localities for inclusion: Eppalock Turmian glacial sites (Wilkinson 1980a); an exceptional Permian roche moutonnee named O' Sullivans Rock at Spring Plains near Mia Mia (see Fig. 9. ) (Wilkinson 1980b); and Werribee Gorge Permian sequences (Fenton 1980). O'Brien (1981) compared the lithostratigraphy and sedimentary structures of glacigenic rocks found in Victoria and discussed their age, palaeolatitude and palaeoenvironrnent of deposition. At Bacchus Marsh an unusual occurrence was reported of a Permian subglacial meltwater channel on the western face of Bald Hill infilled by local material falling into the channel (Davis & Mallett 1981). Craig and Brown (1984) reported on glacial pavements in the Moyhu area south-west of Beechworth in north-east Victoria.. Later, Rosengren and White (1997) documented glacial pavements and outcrops of Permian glacigene rocks of geological and geomorphological significance from north-eastern Vic-

225

toria. The name Bacchus Marsh Formation was given to the Permian glacigene rocks mapped on Bacchus Marsh and Ballan sheets(Roberts 1984, 1985, 1986). He did not nominate a type section for the Formation. One unit, the Morton Conglomerate Member on Bald Hill, was differentiated from the Formation. Roberts' name, 'Bacchus MaISh Formation ' for Victoria's glacially derived sediments, proposed in 1984, takes precedence over 'Wild Duck Oeek Formation ' proposed~ Edwards etal (1998). Rosengren (1986) documented and mapped many Permian glacial features of geological and geomorphological significance in the Western Region of Melbourne. O'Brien (O'Brien, P.E., 1986. The Permian gl.acial sediments ofcentral Victoria and the Murray Basin- their sedimeniol.ogy and geochemistry. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, pp. 366, 1 Appendix, 12 Enclosures) undertook an extensive study of Permian glacial behavior, glacial sedimentology, marine-non marine sediment emplacement, and palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic studies covering central Victoria and the Murray Basin. He (1989) studied the Late Palaeozoic diamictites of the Bacchus Marsh area and concluded that they were deposited beneath moving, v..-et-based ice. He described iu detail the sedimentologicaJ features of the vicinity. Rigby and Chandra (1990) undertook a revision ofthePermiau Gondwanan florafromBacchusMa.rsh. Earlier investigators (McCoy 1861 , 1875; Murray 1887; Feistmantel 1890; 01.apman 1906) had noted the presence of Ganganwpteris species at Bacchus Marsh but not Gl.ossopteris, which had been found in other Gondwanau rocks of similar age. Rigby and Chandra examined specimens from Mortons Quarry, near Korkuperrimul Creek and reported four Gl.ossopteris species, including one new species, plus four species of Ganganwpteris. The Gl.ossopteris-Gangamopteris assemblage suggested a Lower Permian age to the authors. Archbold ( 1992) emphasised the complex lithologies exposed in the Permian glacigenic sequences in the Bacchus Marsh locality. Eyles (1993) provided a wide-ranging study of the earth's glacial reoord over time with a broad-scale treatment of the Australian Permiau glaciation. Archbold (1998) made a comprehensive study of the historical literature relating to the geology and palaeontology oftlie Bacchus Marsh area Edw.uds et al. (1998) published the name Wild Duck Formation for Permiau glacial and glaciofluvial rocks in the Derrinal area of central Victoria.. This name was derived from the Wild Duck Oeek Conglomerate as

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R.R. PIERSON

proposed by Dunn (1890). However, O'Brien et al (2003) in discussing the Permian sediments of Bacchus Marsh, acknowledged that the name Bacchus Marsh Sandstones of Murray (1887) should take precedence over Dunn's 1890 Wild Duck Creek Conglomerate and should be applied to all Perrnian glacial deposits in the State. As previously noted, Roberts (1984) chose the name Bacchus Marsh Formation for the unit to comply with present-day lithostratigraphic requirements (cf. Salvador 1994). Cochrane et al. (1999), in an introductory vohnne on Victorian geology, discussed the state-wide distribution of Permian rocks and glacial pavements in Victoria. Mitchell et al. (2000) evaluated all sites of geological heritage significance on the Melbourne 1:250000 geological map sheet area (Vanden Berg 1997). One Permian site, O'Sullivans Rock, a roche moutonnee at Spring Plains near Mia Mia south of Lake Eppalock, was allocated International Geological Heritage significance; Mortons Quarry glacial sandstone sequence on Bald Hill at Bacchus Marsh was given National significance. Pierson et al. (2001) described palynomorphs extracted from Perrnian glacial sediments in the Morven Section of the Lerderderg River, Bacchus Marsh, and concluded that the sediments were of Early Permian (Sakmarian) age. O'Brien et al. (2003), in Geology of Victoria, described Perrnian features in the Bacchus Marsh and Derrinal-Heathcote areas of central Victoria, the northeast outcrops, the Murray Basin, the Western District and in East Gippsland, where Permian rocks occur only in a bore core. Palaeogeography and the nature of the glaciation were also discussed by these authors; they concluded that Victoria's glaciation began in the Australian Pollen and spores Permian Zone APP! of Price (1997) and ceased duringAPP2, a duration of some five million years. It is widely accepted that during the Late Palaeozoic Era, terrestrial glaciation was widespread over much of Gondwana (Dickins 1985, 1992, 1996). In Australia, glacially derived sediments of an Early Permian age have been recognised in Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, Western Australia, New South Wales and Queensland (Crowell & Frakes 1971a, 1971b, 1975; Brake! & Totterdell 1990, 1992,1995; Crowell 1999). This evidence indicates that much of the landmass that was later to form continental Australia was covered by a vast, thick, ice sheet during the EarlyPermian (Playford 200 I). Today's scattered, residual areas of Perrnian outcrop, glaciated pavements, and sub-surface Permian rocks indicate that most, ifnot all ofVictoria would have been glaciated in the Early Perrnian.

VICTORIA'S PERMIAN GLACIALSAS EXCURSION VENUES As the 19111 century drew to its close, the Victorian glacial exposures became popular venues for excursions. Best (1891) reported upon a Field Naturalists Club of Victoria (FNCV) excursion that visited Bald Hill with its •... shales, sandstones and conglomerates.' Barnard (1894) visited the Werribee Gorge area with an excursion group from the FNCV and described a roche moutonnee in the river bed as well as striated glaciated pebbles. In a short paper describing another FNCV excursion to Werribee Gorge, Hall (1895) attempted to give a balanced view as to the accepted age of the deposits. He explained who had first attributed the deposits to ice-action, and who had first found direct evidence of pebble striation. Pritchard ( 1914) led a British Association for the Advancement of Science excursion to Werribee Gorge and prepared detailed notes for participants relating to the overall geology and, in particular, the glacial conglomerate there. In the second half of the twentieth century, interest in Victorian Permian glacials was reignited and further excursion guides were produced Talent and Thomas (1968, 1973) described Permian excursion sites in the Derrinal-Heathcote area of central Victoria. Singleton (I 968, 197 3) described the Perrnian sequences to be viewed on an excursion to the Bacchus Marsh district. Quick (I 988) detailed an extensive excursion into Werribee Gorge that included the Perrnian glacials. Roberts (1988) wrote an excursion guide including the Permian rocks in the Bacchus Marsh district. O'Brien (1996) described localities for an excursion to the Bacchus Marsh area. He included a detailed analysis of the sedimentology and sediment depositional regimes for glacigene environments from the Lerderderg River, Bald Hill, Werribee Gorge, and Pykes Creek (west of Bacchus Marsh) Permian localities. Archbold et al. (1997) described an excursion to the Permian glacial sequences cropping out near Bacchus Marsh. A report by Edwards et al. (1998) on Heathcote and parts of Woodend OJ'ld Echuca I: 100 000 Map Area included an itinerary for geological excursions. They nominated two Perrnian outcrop exposures and one glacial pavement in the vicinity of Lake Eppalock as excursion sites. In the Castlemaine 1: 100 000 Map Area Geological Report, Willman et al. (2002) documented the •... best sites of geological interest' in the mapped area. Included were an exposure of the Bacchus Marsh Formation and a glaciated pavement near res-

GLACIGENE PERMIAN SEDIMENTS Ai'ID ASSOCIATED SfRWED PAVEMENTS OF VICTORIA

eivoirs north of Trentham. Morand et al. (2003) nominated six Perrnian outcrop excursion sites in the south-west of Victoria in their report on the Glenelg Special Map Area I :50 000 geological map series. The Bacchus Marsh Heritage Guide (Bacchus Marsh and DJStrict Historical Society Incorporated 2003) emphasized the built envrronment heritage of the area but it also examined a number of Permian glacial sites (along with geological sites of other ages) in the Bacchus Marsh vicinity and provided historical notes as well as geological descriptions designed to encourage the curious to visit these sites.

PERMIAN GLACIAL SANDSTONES AS BUILDING STONE Perrnian sandstones from central Victoria have been used as building stone since early colonial times with generally poor results because of the stone's low durability. Selwyn et al. (1859) analysed building stones to be used in constructing the Houses of Parliament in Melbourne. Stone sourced from Matsons Quarry (on Bald Hill) near Bacchus Marsh and Darley from a quarry on Goodrnans Creek, Coimadai, was included. The Bacchus Marsh stone was duly used in the Parliament House Library but the Darley stone was overlooked. Knight (1859), in a paper discussing the various building stones used in Melbourne, stated that Racclms Marsh stone had been used in the colony for 14 years prior to that date. It had been used in the erection of ' .. . the New Treasury, the Custom House, and the Crown Lands Office.' The Bacchus Marsh stone was seen by Knight to be somewhat inferior in quality as a building stone. In his Treatise on Australia Building Stones, Knight (1864) reiterated much of his 1859 discussion concerning Bacchus Mar.,h and Darley stones. He preferred Darley to Bacchus Marsh stone but stated ' .. . my admiration is not absorbed in either: Their use was only acceptable m Melbourne because of U1eir local availability and their price. A new discovery of 'carboniferous series' sandstone from the Werribee River near Ballan was found to be of poor quality (ibid). Murray (1884a) acknowledged that the sandstones from Bacchus Marsh and Darley were not performing well on public buildings, but understood that price and availability would still result in their extensive use. Pritchard (1910) and Richards (1910) both commented upon the general unsuitability of the building stones from Bacchus Marsh and

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Darley. Richards noted fuat fue local stone used for U1e Bacchus Marsh Church of England had not weathered as badly as other buildings. Summers (1923) wrote that local sandstone had been used on the courthouse at Bacchus Marsh and on the Old Treasury Building in Melbourne. Spry ( 1988) dated the building of the Bacchus Marsh courthouse at 1845, making it perhaps the first public building constructed from Victorian glacial sandstone. Summers ( 1935) observed that glacial sandstone quarries at Bald Hill, Darley and nearby Greendale had been abandoned. Surnmers reported upon the successful use of Kyneton glacial sandstone for the New Arts Building at the University of Melbourne. This glacial stone had qualities superior to that from other localities. Spry (1988) produced a comprehensive record of the history of stone use in Melbourne. Permian glacial sandstones from Bacchus Marsh, Darley, Ballan, Egerton, Greendale, Werribee Gorge, Kyneton, and Mount Ida Creek are recorded as having been quarried and used as building stone with varying success. In a study of dimension stone in Victoria, King and Weston(J997) described the colonial use of Permian glacial sandstones from Bacchus Marsh and Darley with UT1Satisfactory outcomes. After the 1850s and mto the 1920s, glacial sandstone from Lauriston (Kyneton) was used in buildings, but it too was found to have low durability

CONCLUSIONS The literature on the Gondwana-wide Permian glacial period as it affected Victoria is extensive. This is to be expected as glaciation was a major element in Victoria ·s geological history. ln particular, central Victoria has been the focus of many studies and differing opinions. Bacchus Marsh and the Heathcote-Derrinal areas have been the most studied, because they have the most striking outcrop, including glaciated pavements. Theories relating to the generation and age of such features have developed gradually over a period of almost 150 years since A.R.C Selwyn first identified evidence of glacial activity in Australia.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author thanks Guang Shi, Doug McCann and two anonymous reviewers for constructive criticism of this manuscript.

R.R. PIERSON

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DEDICATION Professor Neil Archbold had a long, close relationship with Victoria's Perrnian g].acigene rocks and striated pavements, testimony to the immense power of glacial ice motion to sculpt and rearrange the landscape. He had a special interest in the Bacchus Marsh region indeed he named the only Pennian brachiopod species to be fm.md in this area. Neil wished to examine and report upon the historical literature of the Permian glaciation for the state of Victoria in the manner he had already carried out for the Bacchus Marsh area but time was against him. This paper reviews that literature and is dedicated to Neil's memory.

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sources Management, Deakin University. pp. i - iii, 1 - 18. BACCHUS MARSH AND DISTRICT HrsrORICAL SOCIETY INCORPORATED, 2003. Bacchus Marsh Heritage Guide 2nd revised edition, Bacchus Marsh and District Historical Society Incorporated. pp. 160. BANKS, M.R., COIBOUN, E.A. & HANNAN, D., 1987. Early discoveries of the effects of ice action in Australia. Journal of Glaciology 33(114): 231 - 235. BARNARD, F.G.A., 1894. Excursion to Bacchus Marsh The Victorian Naturalist 11: 54 - 55. BEST, D. & SWEEr, G., 1891. Excursion to Bacchus Marsh. The Victorian Naturalist 7: 104 - I 07. BOWEN, R.L. , I 964. Isolation of Late Paleozoic glaciations of eastern Australia. In lntemational Geological Congress. Report of the Twenty-Second Session, India 1964. Part 9, Gondwanas. D.R.S. Mehta & F. Ahmad, eds, New Delhi, 73 - 86. BOWEN, R.L. & THOMAS, G.A., 1976. Pennian. In Geology of Victoria, Geological Society a/Australia, Special Publication No. 5. J.G. Douglas & J.A. Ferguson, eds, Geological Society of Australia, Melbourne, 125 - 142. BOWEN, R.L. & THOMAS, G.A., 1988. Perrnian. In Geology of Victoria, J.G. Douglas & I.A. Ferguson, eds, Geological Society of Australia, Melbourne, 195- 212. BRAKEL, A.T. & TarTERDELL, J.M., I 990. Glaciation and palaeogeography of Australia at the start of the Perrnian. In Gondwana: Terranes and Resources. Abstracts Number 25. Tenth Australian Geological Convention, University of Tasmania, 1990, Geological Society of Australia, Hobart, 63 - 64. BRAKEL, A.T. & TOTTERDELL, J.M., 1992. The Permian palaeogeography of Australia. Phanerozoic palaeogeographic maps ofAustralia project. BMR Record 1990/60, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Canberra, pp. 6 - 56. BRAKEL,A.T. &TarrERDELL, J.M. , 1995.Palaeogeographic atlas ofAustralia, Volume 6 - Permian. Palaeogeographic atlas of Australia, Australian Geological Survey Organisation, Brisbane. pp. 39. CHAPMAN, F., 1906. On an abnormal leaf of Gangamopteris spatula, M'Coy, from Bacchus Marsh. The Victorian Naturalist 23(1): 5- 8.

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N.E., 29 S. W. 29 N.E., 28 SE., and Point Addis, Mining and Geological Survey, Melbourne, pp. 5 - 24. DAINTREE, R., 1866. Report on the geology of the District of Ballan, including remarks on the age and origin of gold etc. Parliament of Victoria, Legislative Assembly, Parliamentary Papers 1866 15: 5 - 11. DAINTREE, R. & WILKINSON, C. S., 1868. I :31 680, Quarter Sh eet 12 NE. Bacchus Marsh. Portions of the parishes of Parwan, Gorrockburkghap, Merrimu, Korkuperrimul, Gorong, Ya/lock, Ya/oak and Bungee/tap, Melbourne, Geological Survey of Victoria. DAVID, T.W.E., 1895. Evidences of glacial action in Australia and Tasmania President 's address - Section C. Report of the SLxth Meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, J. Shirley, Brisbane, pp. 60 - 97, 3 pls. DAVID, T.W. E., 1896. Ev idences of glacial action in Australia in Permo-Carboniferous time. Quarterly Jou.ma/ of th e Geological Society, London 52: 289 - 301. DAVID, T. WE., 1914. The Geology of the Commonwealth, Chapter 7. In Federal Handbook on Australia British Association for th e Advancement of Science. Australian Meeting. 1914, G.H. Knibbs, ed., The Commonwealth Government, 241 - 325. DAVID, T.W.E., 1932 . Explanatory Notes to accompany a New Geological Map of the Commonwealth ofAustralia. The Commonwealth Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Australasian Medical Publishing Company Limited, Sydney. pp. 177. DAVID, T.W.E., ed., 1950. Th e geology of the Commonwealth of Australia I, W.R. Browne, Edward Arnold & Co., London. pp. i - xx, I - 747 . DAVID, T.W.E. & SUSSMD..CH, C. A., 1931. Upper Paleozoic glaciations of Australia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 42: 481 - 452, 3 figs . DAVIES, G.L., 1969. The Earth in Decay. A History of British Geomorphology 15 78- 187 8 American Elsevier Publishing Company, Incorporated, ew York. pp. 390. DAVIS, R.A ., JR. & MALLETT, C. W., 1981. Sedimentation in a Permian subglacial channel. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 51(1 ): 185 - 190.

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ment of Mines, Geological Survey of Victoria, Bulletin 25: I - 20, 9 pls. DUNN, E.J., 1923. Glaciation in South Africa, Australia, and Tasmania. Geological Magazine 60: 11 - 20. EDWARDS, J., WOHI-T, K.E., SLATER, K.R. , 0LSHJNA, A. & HUTrnINSON, D.F., 1998. Heathcote and parts ofWoodend and Echuca I : l 00 000 Map Area geological report. Geological Survey Report 108: I - 212. EVANS, P. R., 1964. Arca-Woodside Duck Bay No. I , Geolog ical Survey of Victoria internal report 106G/24/40 dated 28th April, 1964, Melbourne, pp. 1. EVANS, P.R., 1969. Upper Carboniferous and Pennian palynological stages and their distribution in eastern Australia. In I st Gondwana Symposium, UNESCO, Buenos Aires, 41 - 53. EVANS, P.R. & HODGSON, E.A., 1964. A palynological report on Arco-Woodside Duck Bay No. I well. R ecords 1964/50, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, pp. 1-4, 1 pl. EYLES, N., 1993. Earth's glacial record and its tectonic setting. Earth-Science Reviews 35: I - 248. FEISTMANTEL, 0., 1890. Palaeontology, No. 3. (R. Etheridge, Jnr, Palaeontologist; Editor) Geo logical and Palaeontological relations of the coal and plant-bearing beds of th.e Palaeozoic and Mesozoic age in Eastern Australia with special reference to the fossil flora. Memoirs of the Geological Sun1ey ofNew South Wales: 183, 33 pls. FENTON, M., 1980. Werribee Gorge. In Geological Features of the National Estare in Vic toria. E.B. Joyce & R.L. King, eds, Geological Society of Australia Inc., Victorian Division, Melbourne, 139 - 140. FERGUSON, W.H., I 937. Glacial deposits, Glen Rowan. In Records of the Geological Survey of Vic toria, Geological Survey of Victoria, Government Printer, Melbourne, 520. FLINT, R.F. , 1971. Glacial and Quaternary Geology John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. i-xii, 892. GARRATT, M.J., 1969. The discovery ofa new marine fauna from Coirnadai, central Victoria, and a discussion of the palaeogeography of the glacial deposits of the area. Australian Journal ofScience 32: 108 - 109.

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HALL, T.S., 1892 . ote on the glacial beds near HeaU1cote. The VictoriaJ1 Naturalist 8( 1 I): 172 -174 . HALL, T.S., 1895. Excursion to Werribee Gorge. The Victorian Naturalist l 1(April 1894 to March 1885): 125 - 127 . HALLAM, A., I 989. Great Geological Controversies Second Edition, Oxford Univers ity Press, Oxford. pp. i - ix, 244. HARR!s, W.J. & THOMAS, D.E., 1948. The Geology of Campbelltown. MiJ1ing and Geological Joumal of Victoria 3(3): 46 - 54. HOGG, E.G., 1898. On the glacial beds ofToolleen, Coleraine, and Wanda Dale. In Seventh Meeting ofthe AusrralasianA.s:soc iarion for the Advancement ofScience. A. Liversidge, ed., The Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, Sydney, 356 362, 16 pls. HowCHJN, W., 1895. New facts bearing on U1e glacia l features of Hallett's Cove. Transactions of theRoya/Societyof outhAustralia 19: 61 - 69. JACOBSON, R. & Scarr, T. R. , 1937. The geology of the Korkuperrimul Creek area, Bacchus Marsh. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 50( 1): 11 0 -- 156, pls 7, 8. JOYCE, E.B. & KING, R.L. , eds, 1980. Geological Features of the National Estate in Victoria Geological Society of Australia, Melbourne. pp. i - x, 208. KEMP, E.M., BALME, B.E., HELBY, R.J., KYLE, R.A., PLAYFORD, G. & PRICE, PL., 1977. Carboniferous and Permian palynostratigraphy in Australia and Antarctica: a review. BMR Journal of Ausrralian Geology and Geophysics 2(3): 177 - 208, figs 1- 9. KENLEY, PR., 1952. The Upper Palaeozoic glacial deposits of Victoria. In Symposium sw· le Gondwana. International Geological Con gress 19, Algiers, 56- 62. KING, R.L. & WESTON, K.S., 1997. Dimension stone in Victoria. Geological Survey of Victoria Report 112, Melbourne, pp. 2 17. KrrsoN, A.E., 1903. Glacial deposits at Tarninick, Glenrowan and Greta, North-Eastern District, Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal SocietyofVictoria 16( 1): 148- 153. KNIGHT, J.G., 1859. Colonial building stone. The Ausrralian Builder and Railway O1ronic/e: 225 - 227; 236 - 239; 245 - 24 7; 253 255; 263; 270 - 271.

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