Muestra del libro Biology and Geology 1º ESO Proyecto 5 etapas

MUESTRA

Juan Eduardo Panadero Cuartero M.ª del Rosario Fuente Flórez

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A guide to your book With the book you are holding you will: ➜ Gain insights into Biology and Geology employing the 5-stage methodology, mirroring the Spanish version: Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, and Evaluate. ➜ Enhance and expand your English skills through activities designed for practicing written and oral comprehension and expression.

Introduction A learning experience related to Andalusia is explored through the following steps: Engage. A motivational video related to the unit’s content.

Explore. Activities to investigate the situation.

Elaborate. Activities to apply the concepts.

Main content The left-hand pages focus on presenting content in the Explain phase.

On the right-hand pages, you’ll find a variety of activities designed to reinforce the content.

End of section The final step of the 5-stage model, Evaluate, is completed with an assessment at the end of each section.

The term closes with a double-page spread that includes texts and activities related to some of the topics covered during the term.

Index 1 Living things

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2 Invertebrate animals

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3 Vertebrate animals

20

Evaluate. Practise in English

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4 Fungi, algae and plants

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5 The geosphere: minerals and rocks

40

6 Ecosystems

48

Evaluate. Practise in English

7 Sustainable development and environmental protection

56 60

8 Climatic and meteorological phenomena

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9 Climate change and climate hazards

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Evaluate. Practise in English

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UNIT

1 Living things

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The biodiversity of Andalusia Biodiversity is the number of species that inhabit the Earth. It indicates the variety of species within a particular ecosystem, which has resulted from the process of evolution.

Andalusia is one of the regions with the greatest biodiversity on the European continent. This is due to its great variety of ecosystems and habitats, which are home to an abundance of species and endemisms. These are plants, animals and fungi that can´t be found anywhere else in the world.

Andalusia’s great biodiversity is due to its proximity to Africa and its diverse environments, ranging from alpine mountains to coastal areas. In addition, in the last ice ages it was one of the few European regions that was not covered in ice.

Explore 1 Work in groups and investigate further the reasons for Andalusia’s great biodiversity.

2 Investigate which natural areas are protected, the categories of protection, and

where they are applied in Andalusia.

3 Investigate which species are endemic to Andalusia and if there are protected or

endangered.

4 Read press articles to find information about natural catastrophes or those caused

by human actions that endanger the ecosystems and biodiversity in Andalusia.

Elaborate 1 Select the most important aspects of the information you have obtained, organise

the information and write a summary.

2 Search for pictures, illustrations, animations or videos or create your own to

accompany the information.

3 Create a lapbook, poster, presentation or video. Include diagrams or graphics and

use tools such as Word/Writer, PowerPoint/Impress, Prezi, Keynote, Canva or VideoScribe.

Communicate 1 Present your project to the class, making sure all the members of your group

participate.

2 During the presentation, your classmates have to take notes, writing down any

questions they have.

3 After the presentation, answer your classmates’ questions.

4 You can organise a quiz about your project, in which all your classmates can

participate. You could use Kahoot or a similar application.

1 What do all living things have in common?

They are all made up of one or more cells, which is the unit of life.

DNA

It is likely that, due to intense radiation and high hydrothermal energy, inorganic compounds formed organic biomolecules. These, in turn, formed increasingly complex compounds, eventually resulting in the cell.

Ribosomes

Cell wall

What substances make up living matter?

Bioelements. The most abundant are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur. They combine to form biomolecules. These can be organic: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids; or inorganic: water, mineral salts and gases.

Plasma membrane

What structures make up the cell? ➜ Plasma membrane. Selective barrier.

Flagelia

➜ Cytoplasm. Where metabolic reactions take place. ➜ DNA. Genetic instructions for the maintenance of life.

Cytoplasm

Prokariotic cell

What are cells like?

Cells Prokaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells

The DNA is in the cytoplasm of these cells. They don’t have a nucleus. They are very small.

Their only organelles are ribosomes. They may have cell walls and flagella.

The DNA is protected inside the nucleus, and contains many types of organelles. There are two types of eukaryotic cells. The eukaryotic animal cell is heterotrophic and has centrioles for cell division. The eukaryotic plant cell is autotrophic and contains big vacuoles (to store substances), chloroplasts (to carry out photosynthesis) and a cellulose cell wall (to maintain turgidity).

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Animal eukariotyc cell

Plant eukariotyc cell

What are organisms like?

Organisms Unicellular

Multicellular

They are made up of a single cell and can be prokaryotes or eukaryotes (protozoa, some algae and some fungi).

Made up of eukaryotic cells. They include animals, plants and most fungi and algae. Cells are grouped into tissues, these are grouped into organs, and organs are grouped into systems. All systems constitute an organism that carries out vital functions: nutrition, interaction and reproduction.

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UNIT 1

1 Nucleus 2 Endoplasmic reticulum 3 Mitochondria 4 Ribosomes 5 Golgi apparatus 6 Cytoplasm 7 Plasma membrane 8 Centrioles 9 Chloroplast 10 Cell wall 11 Vacuole

1. Read the following text. Then, in your notebook, answer the questions below.

4. Copy the following text in your notebook. Then, listen and write the missing words.

The Gaia theory proposes that the organic and inorganic components on Earth have evolved together as a single living, self-regulating system. It suggests that this living system has controlled global temperature (currently an average of fifteen degrees Celsius), atmospheric content, ocean salinity and other factors. In a phrase, «Life maintains conditions suitable for its own survival». For instance, even though the luminosity of the sun –the Earth’s heat source– has increased by about 30 percent since life began almost four billion years ago, the living system has reacted as a whole to maintain temperatures at levels suitable for life. The Gaia theory was developed in the late 1960s by Dr. James Lovelock and it is supported by Lynn Margulis.

 identifies us as a species and as  . All  of living things have  that is different from other  . The  of two

Adapted text: http://www.gaiatheory.org/overview/

a) What does the Gaia theory propose? b) Who developed the Gaia theory and when? c) Who supports the Gaia theory?

2. Search for more information about James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis and write a brief biography of each of them, based on their work.

3. In your notebook, write the terms that correspond to the following definitions. a) Theory that supports that Earth behaves like a living organism.

humans is also different; however, it’s more similar within the members of a  , and when  bonds are more distant,  differences increase. We can find out if two people are  thanks to the study of differences and similarities in their  .

5. Write the following sentences in your notebook and complete them with the correct option. a) In prokaryotic/eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is free in the cytosol. b) All cells are surrounded by a cell wall/membrane. c) The vacuole/DNA controls the cell functions. d) Tissues are made up of groups of cells/organs that perform the same function. e) Organs are made up of groups of cells/tissues that perform a specific function. f) In eukaryotic cells, the DNA is free/protected inside the nucleus/ cytoplasm.

6. Copy the table in your notebook about the differences and similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Then, write yes or no under each organelle.

b) The global sum of all living things on Earth.

Type of cell

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Capsule

Flagella

c) The variety and abundance of living things that live in a certain place.

Prokaryotic









Eukaryotic









d) The average temperature of our planet. e) Chemical elements that make up living things. f) Chemical molecules that make up living things.

Type of cell Ribosomes Mitochondria Chloroplast Centrioles Prokaryotic









Eukaryotic









7. In your notebook, write the following bioelements in the order of their abundance in living things. carbon hydrogen oxygen calcium phosphorus

nitrogen chlorine potassium sulphur sodium

manganese magnesium iron aluminium and silicon

Investigate in groups whether or not you need each one to live.

Water storage

8. What are bioelements? And biomolecules? Give at least five examples of each.

Living things

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2 What characteristics define living things?

light

They carry out the three vital functions: interaction, reproduction and nutrition.

light

How do living things interact?

The interaction function allows us to perceive changes or stimuli, and respond: ➜ In animals, it is carried out by the nervous and hormonal systems. ➜ In plants, it is carried out by hormones. Plants make two types of movements: tropisms (irreversible movements) and nastias (reversible movements).

Tropism

How do living things reproduce?

Species can perpetuate through two types of reproduction: ➜ Asexual. Only one parent is involved. All offspring are identical to each other and to the progenitor. It does not generate genetic variation and reproduction is fast. ➜ Sexual. Requires the union of two gametes of different sexes. It produces genetically unique offspring.

What is nutrition like in living things?

Open flowers Closed flowers Nastia

This function allows them to obtain nutrients and energy. It can be: ➜ Autotrophic. Photosynthetic organisms use energy from light to transform inorganic matter into organic matter. They are plants, algae, cyanobacteria and certain bacteria. ➜ Heterotrophic. They obtain organic matter from other organisms and from this, they obtain energy. They can be omnivores, herbivores, carnivores or saprophytes.

Living things adapt and evolve Biological evolution is the set of changes that living things have experienced from their appearance to the present. Some become extinct. Adaptations to the environment include camouflage, mimicry and migrations.

3 Biodiversity and the classification of living things The set of different living things and genes is called biodiversity.

Biodiversity is valuable for the following reasons: the diversity of species reduces pathogen transmission; in an ecosystem, all organisms depend on each other for scientific, genetic, recreational and economic reasons, among others.

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All living things can be classified into three large groups called domains.

Each domain is divided into groups and subgroups called taxa.

Three domains and six kingdoms ➜ Domains: Archaea and Bacteria (both are prokaryotic and unicellular) and Eukarya. ➜ Kingdoms: Monera (Archaea and Bacteria), Protistas (Protozoa and Algae), Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

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UNIT 1

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Why it is necessary to classify living things?

To group organisms with common characteristics. It is important to use appropriate classification criteria, such as cell type, cellular organisation and type of nutrition.

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8 Biodiversity of living things 1. Mammals and birds 5. Other invertebrates 2. Fish 6. Other arthropods 3. Amphibians and 7. Insects reptiles 8. Plants 4. Molluscs 9. Bacteria

9. Copy these pictures in your notebook, write the name for each type of asexual reproduction in plants and briefly describe them.

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14. Copy the table in your notebook and write at least one example of each type of organism for the types of reproduction. Then, answer the questions below.

Type of reproduction Example of an animal

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Asexual Sexual

Example of a plant

 

 

 Do some organisms reproduce in both ways? Why? 3

15. In your notebook, write the terms that correspond to the following definitions.

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a) Function which allows living things to generate offspring. b) Reproductive cell. c) Type of reproduction in which only one parent is required. d) Changes in the environment that living things detect.

10. In your notebook, write the following biomolecules in the corresponding column: water, carbohydrates, lipids, mineral salts, proteins, gases, DNA. Organic matter

Inorganic matter





11. Copy the table in your notebook and write the correct definition next to each vital function.

Vital function

Definition

1. Nutrition

a) It is the production of offspring with the same or similar characteristics to the parent or parents.

2. Reproduction

b) It is the detection of changes in the environment and the reaction to them.

3. Interaction

c) It is the set of processes that allow living things to obtain energy.

12. In your notebook, write whether the following pairs of organisms belong to the same species or not. Which criteria did you use to decide?

e) Adjective that describes animals that eat other animals. f) Organisms that must ingest organic matter since they are not able to produce it.

16. Read the following sentences, decide whether they are true or false, and correct the false ones in your notebook. a) Interaction enables organisms to obtain energy. b) Autotrophic organisms are those that transform organic matter into inorganic matter. c) All animals and plants are heterotrophic organisms. d) Plants use sunlight to transform water, mineral salts and carbon dioxide into organic matter in a process called photosynthesis.

Mimicry

Camouflage

a) A German shepherd and a chihuahua b) A cat and a lynx c) An apple tree and a lemon tree d) A gorilla and a chimpanzee 13. In your notebook, write the following taxa in order, from the largest to the smallest group. ➜ Class

➜ Kingdom

➜ Domain

➜ Order

➜ Phylum

➜ Family

➜ Species

➜ Genus

Migrations

17. Sunflowers move in the direction of the sun. Is this movement a type of tropism or nastia? Write the answer in your notebook.

Living things

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4 What organisms make up the microscopic world?

Bacteria and cyanobacteria ➜ Bacteria. Unicellular, prokaryotes, heterotrophs or autotrophs. They live in all environments. They can live in symbiosis, be parasitic or saprophytic.

Vibrio Coccus

Diplococcus

Bacillus

Streptococcus

Staphylococcus

Spirillum

Spirochete

Types of bacteria according to their shape

➜ Cyanobacteria. Prokaryotic, photosynthetic, oxygen-producing microorganisms.

Some live in symbiosis with plants, and provide them with nitrogenous nutrients.

Archaea Similar to bacteria in appearance, although their metabolism differs. The endosymbiotic theory suggests that archaea were precursors to eukaryotic cells.

They live in extreme environments.

Protozoa They are unicellular, eukaryotes, and heterotrophs that live in aquatic environments.

They move with cilia, flagella, pseudopods or do not move. They can be parasitic or free-living.

Protozoan

Microscopic fungi They are heterotrophs. They may be: ➜ Yeasts. Unicellular. Some are useful, others are parasites. ➜ Moulds. Multicellular. Decomposers. Some produce antibiotics, such as Penicillium. Others cause infections.

Unicellular algae Eukaryotes, photosynthetic autotrophs. They live in water. Example: diatoms.

Diatomaceous algae

Virus: between the living and the non-living Viruses are not living things. They are acellular forms made up of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, never both together) surrounded by a protein capsid. Some have a membrane that they acquire when they leave the cells they have infected.

They lack their own metabolism, using that of the cell they parasitise, so they are always infectious. They can only be observed with an electronic microscope because they are so small.

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UNIT 1

RNA Capsid

Membrane Structure of the HIV virus

18. In your notebook, write the terms that correspond to the following definitions of taxonomic groups. Ask your partner for help if you can’t name a term. You can use these phrases: Did you find the term for definition number…?; Can you help me with…? I don’t know it; Do you know what the meaning of… is?; Let’s ask the teacher. a) Taxonomic group that includes organisms that can produce fertile offspring. b) Taxonomic group that includes several orders. c) Taxonomic group that includes several phyla. d) Taxonomic group that includes several classes.

21. Copy the following text in your notebook and write these words in the gaps: common, shape, bacillus, curved, spherical, spirillum.

Bacteria can be classified according to the  of their cells. A bacterium with a  shape is called a coccus. These bacteria can form pairs, bunches or chains. A bacterium with a long, cylindrical shape is called a  . These two forms are the most  ones. But we can also find a bacterium with a helical or spiral shape, called a  , as well as a  bacterium called a vibrio.  Then copy the table and write the types of bacteria and their shapes.

e) Taxonomic group that includes several genera.

Type of bacteria

f) Taxonomic group that includes several species.



g) Taxonomic group that includes several families.

19. Read the organisms and decide to which of the six kingdoms each one belongs. a) A bush

f) A seaweed

b) A crockroach

g) A human being

c) A bacteria

h) A bat

d) An amoeba

i) A virus

e) A mushroom 20. All the following sentences have one mistake. It can either be a spelling, grammatical or conceptual mistake.

Write them correctly in your notebook. a) Protista organisms have prokaryotic cells. b) Monera organisms has prokaryotic cells. c) There are protozoa that move with pseudopods, with flagela and with cilia. There are also protozoa that don’t move. d) Protozoa are heterotrofs. e) Algae autotrophs. f) Viruses are acelular forms.

Shape Spherical



Bacillus

 Vibrio

Helical



22. Play this hangman game and write the terms in your notebook. a) A bacterium with a helical shape. S     ll   . b) An organism that lives on or inside another organism (the host), from which it obtains nutrients, causing damage.  ar    t. c) An organism that lives on or inside another organism (the host), from which it obtains benefits and also provides benefits to the host. S   b   nt. d) An organism that feeds on organic matter produced by other organisms. H         ph. e) Any organism that lives on dead organic matter, such us certain fungi and bacteria.  ap      c. f) A substance used in treating disease or illness.

M  d   ine. g) A type of product produced by the action of bacteria on milk. D   ry. h) An acellular form made up of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein capsid, which is an obligate parasite.     s.

23. Using your own words, explain about the differences between each pair of terms. You can use some of these phrases: Although they are both... While/Whereas... is/are... ; On the other hand, ...; The main difference is... a) Mushrooms and fungi b) Yeasts and moulds c) Protozoa and protistas d) Protozoa and algae

Living things

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UNIT

2 Invertebrate animals

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Invertebrate animals Invertebrate animals account for 85 percent of the living things on Earth.

Invertebrates benefit humans because they play an important role in agriculture, forestry, gastronomy and the pharmaceutical industry. However, many are also responsible for transmitting diseases.

Andalusia has a rich natural heritage due to its geographical location between two continents and two seas. Its diverse range of ecosystems are home to some of the greatest biodiversity in Europe, including invertebrate animals.

Explore 1 Work in groups and investigate these outstanding invertebrate species in Andalusia:

the praying mantis (Apteromantis aptera), the monarch butterfly, Stone’s grasshopper, Kirby’s dropwing and the Iberian spoonwing. a) Investigate where they are found in Andalusia. b) Investigate what roles they have in Andalusian ecosystems. c) Research the natural and anthropic dangers they face.

2 Research which insects are used for biological pest control in agriculture in

Andalusia.

3 Find out about the value of invertebrates, including insects, in the human diet.

What nutrients do they provide?

4 Are there any popular Andalusian dishes based on invertebrates?

Elaborate 1 Select the most important aspects of the information you have obtained, organise

the information and write a summary.

2 Search for pictures, illustrations, animations or videos or create your own to

accompany the information.

3 Make a model of an invertebrate, using recycled materials that you have at home

or at school.

Communicate 1 Present your projects to the class, making sure all the members of your group

participate.

When you present your model, explain what materials you used, where you found them, and how you made it.

2 During the presentations, your classmates have to take notes, writing down any

questions they have.

3 After the presentations, answer your classmates’ questions.

1 What are the characteristics of animals?

All animals share these main characteristics: they are heterotrophs, multicellular organisms, and have eukaryotic cells. They can move their body parts, and most of them can move from one place to another. For this reason, they need muscles and a skeleton, which can be internal or external, as well as coordination systems, such as nervous and endocrine systems.

Some animals reproduce asexually, but most of them reproduce sexually. In most animal species there are individuals of different sexes, but there are also hermaphrodites. Fertilisation can be internal or external. Embryonic development can be direct or indirect. Most animals have symmetrical bodies. This symmetry can be either radial or bilateral.

Bilateral

2 What characteristics do invertebrates have?

Radial

They are usually small, they lack an articulated internal skeleton, they have all types of symmetry, and they are ectothermic. The groups are: porifera, cnidarians and worms, like flatworms, nematodes and annelids, molluscs, arthropods and echinoderms.

Asymmetric

3 What are the simplest groups of invertebrates?

Porifera or sponges 3

They are aquatic and have a body perforated by pores.

They can be asymmetric or have radial symmetry. They are the simplest invertebrates because they don’t have tissues. They have a soft elastic body, with an inner skeleton formed by spines called spicules. They are sessile, that is, they live attached to rocks or to aquatic soil and can’t move. Their skeleton can also be formed by soft flexible fibres called spongin. Water circulates inside the animal. Choanocytes, found on the surface of the atrium wall, are cells with little hairs called flagella that beat and cause the water to circulate from the sea, through the pores and into the atrium or central cavity, which communicates with the outside through an orifice called osculum. Most sponges are hermaphroditic and can reproduce asexually (a fragment detaches and generates a new sponge) or sexually.

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UNIT 2

Choanocytes

Osculum

Pores

2

Atrium 1

Water current

1. Water currents enter through the pores and supply the choanocytes with oxygen and food particles.

2. Each choanocyte must digest its own food, as there is no common digestive system for the entire sponge.

3. Water flowing out of the atrium through the osculum removes waste substances.

1. Listen and complete the text. Then, write the answers to the questions in your notebook.

All animals are multicellular, and are  , which means that their cells have a  that surrounds their genetic material, and lack a cell  . They are  , so they need to obtain their  matter from other organisms. Most of them are  , which means they can move independently. There are two main groups: vertebrates and invertebrates. An invertebrate is an animal that has no  for support.

However, many have an internal or external  of some sort, which is not made up of  , but other materials. They are the most  and numerous group of animals on our planet. This is because they have a great ability to  and  every type of environment. One of the main differences between the groups of invertebrates is their type of body symmetry. Some groups have  symmetry (like in a wheel), while others have  symmetry. a) What does it mean that an animal is an invertebrate? b) Do invertebrates have any type of support? c) Why are invertebrates the most diverse and numerous group of animals on our planet?

Sea urchin 2. Choose the correct words to complete the sentences and write them in your notebook.

5. Unjumble the following words and write a definition for each one in your notebook. Then, listen and repeat.

Mark the stress in each word in your notebook. a) Seilsse b) Choteanocy c) Tsuise d) Ncleusu e) Dtie f) Snepi g) Splicue

Sponge

6. Copy the table in your notebook. Write theses groups of animals next to invertebrates or vertebrates: fish, porifera, cnidarians, amphibians, flatworms, nematodes, annelids, reptiles, molluscs, birds, mammals, arthropods, echinoderms.

Invertebrates



Vertebrates



7. In your notebook, write the correct definition next to each word.

1. Skeleton

a) A large opening in the body of a sponge.

2. Sessile

b) Permanently attached in one place; immobile.

3. Osculum

c) The bones that form the inner framework of an animal’s body.

4. Choanocytes

d) A gelatinous cnidarian that is shaped like an umbrella.

5. Jellyfish

e) Special cells in a sponge that move water to obtain nutrients and oxygen.

a) All animals have eukaryotic/prokaryotic walls/cells.

8. Speak about these questions with your classmates.

Use some of the phrases below:

b) Animal walls/cells form tissues/organs.

a) What is an invertebrate animal?

c) All/Most animals are autotrophic/heterotrophic.

b) Think of two invertebrates you know. Are they similar or very different?

d) Almost all animals have symmetrical/asymmetrical bodies/cells. e) An invertebrate/A vertebrate is an animal that has no backbone for support, however, many have an internal or external skeleton/bones.

3. Write the answers to the following questions about sponges. a) Why do you think that for many years sponges were considered plants? b) List at least five characteristics of sponges. c) Using your own words, write a definition for «spicule».

4. Do you think a sponge could live out of the water?

c) What is a sponge? Is it natural or man-made? d) Why do jellyfish sting? e) What are leeches? What do they eat? f) What’s an arthropod? g) What are the most abundant animals on Earth?

An invertebrate is an animal with/without… / Some examples of invertebrates are... / They are similar/different because… / A sponge is… / In my opinion, sponges are… because… but they can also be…, such as… / I think that jellyfish sting because they have… / My mother/father/teacher told me that the largest group of animals are…

Invertebrate animals

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Cnidarians They are aquatic, have radial symmetry, and have tissues. They include jellyfish, corals, hydras, and sea anemones. They are carnivores. Their mouth is surrounded by tentacles, which contain numerous stinging cells called cnidoblasts. Shapes: ➜ Polyps. They are sessile, with their tentacles facing upwards. ➜ Jellyfish. They are free-living, with their tentacles facing downwards.

Some can take both forms.

Cylindrical, flat and ringed worms They lack articulated limbs and an external skeleton. They can be aquatic or terrestrial and have bilateral symmetry.

Anisakis

➜ Nematodes: cylindrical worms. Their body is thin, elongated and tapered at the ends. Some live freely, but most are parasites. ➜ Flatworms: flat worms. Their body is flattened. Most are hermaphrodites. Some are parasites (tapeworms); others are free-living (planarians). ➜ Annelids: ringed worms. Most of them have a body divided into segments, with setae to travel. Most are hermaphrodites. Respiration is usually cutaneous but some aquatic annelids breathe through gills. They can live in marine environments (Nereis vexillosa), in terrestrial environments (earthworms), or they can be parasites (leeches).

4 What characteristics do molluscs have?

Their body is soft. Most are aquatic and breathe through gills; others are terrestrial and breathe through lungs. They are oviparous. Some are hermaphrodites. Embryonic development can be direct or indirect. Their body usually has a head, a muscular foot, visceral mass and a mantle. Many have a hard shell, which is produced by the mantle.

The most important groups are: ➜ Pelecypods or bivalves, which are aquatic. ➜ Gastropods, which have a ventral foot, and can be aquatic or terrestrial. ➜ Cephalopods, which are the most evolved. The foot has transformed into eight or ten tentacles with suction cups, which are attached to the head.

10 Stomach

1 Heart

2 Valve muscle

9 Mantle 3 Output current

8 Mouth 4 Inpunt current 7 Foot

6 Gills Internal structure of a bivalve mollusc (clam)

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UNIT 2

5 Intestine

Tapeworm

Nereis

9. Write the answers to the following questions in your notebook. Use some of these connectors: while, whereas, but, such as, also.

12. Choose the correct word in each pair. Then, write the sentences in your notebook.

b) List the main characteristics of annelids. What are the differences between the three main groups?

Earthworms breathe through their lungs/skin, which is why it must always be warm/wet. If they lived under/above ground, their lungs/skin would cool/dry out due to the air and sunlight/wind and they couldn’t exchange gases through it.

c) Why do you think earthworms are important for the soil?

Search for information if necessary.

13. Copy the following text in your notebook. Then, listen and write the missing words.

a) What are the main differences between platyhelminthes and nematodes? What do they have in common?

10. Unjumble the terms in the left column. Then, in your notebook, write the correct definition next to each word.

Terms

Definitions

1. Seruck

a) It is any of the chitinous bristles on the body of annelids, such as the earthworm and the lugworm, and is used for movement.

2. Hsot

b) It is a blood-sucking worm widely used in the past for letting out blood in medical treatments.

3. Cetaha

c) It is a part or organ of an animal which they use to stick to a surface.

4. Lheec

d) It is an anatomical structure used by molluscs for feeding, with numerous tiny teeth for scraping and breaking up food.

5. Raladu

e) It is a living thing that a parasite lives on.

11. Read the following statements and decide if they are true or false. Correct the false ones in your notebook.

There are many different  of Taenia. Taenia solium or the  tapeworm, as it’s commonly known, can live in the human  , while the larval form resides in the  and organs of pigs. Human beings can become infected with these  by eating raw or  pork. People with taeniasis may not know they have a  infection because symptoms are usually mild or non-existent. As the Taenia grows, it can cause  in human muscles and eyes.

14. Copy the table in your notebook. Then, search for information and write the following characteristics next to bivalves and cephalopods, explaining your answers: shell, foot, head, tentacles, mouth.

Give at least two examples of each group.

Bivalves



Cephalopods



a) All flatworms are parasites. b) The tapeworm is a hermaphrodite, it self-fertilises, and the eggs it produces can be spread when a person is near someone who is infected. (They can be spread simply by contact if the infected person hasn't washed their hands after defecating).

Squid

Octopus

c) Earthworms are annelids that live in the soil and suck blood from other animals. d) Some molluscs don’t have shells. e) Molluscs breathe using gills. f) The foot is the organ molluscs use to repair their shell.

Cuttlefish Nautilus

Oyster

Mussel

Cockle

Scallop

15. Read the text about the intelligence of octopuses and complete it with the following words: recognise, return, unscrew, evolved, seen, nervous, learning, intelligent, problems.

The  system of octopuses is the most  of the invertebrates.They are curious and demonstrate  behaviour.

They have a memory and  capacity. They  people and are able to solve  . They can  a jar to extract food, or move from one tank to another to catch prey and  without being  .

Invertebrate animals

17

5 What are the characteristics of arthropods?

They possess articulated appendages and a external skeleton made of chitin. To grow, they shed their skeleton, a process called moulting, and grow a new one.

Terrestrial arthropods usually breathe through tracheae or lungs; aquatic arthropods breathe through gills. They reproduce sexually, tend to have internal fertilisation and have separate sexes. A larva emerges from the egg, which transforms into an adult through metamorphosis.

Groups: ➜ Arachnids. Terrestrial invertebrates. Their bodies are divided into two parts: the cephalothorax, which is the fusion of the head and thorax, and the abdomen. They all have four pairs of legs that are attached to the cephalothorax. They don’t have antennae. They have fang-like structures called chelicerae, usually with poisonous glands. Examples: scorpions, mites and spiders. Spiders have glands called spinnerets at the end of their abdomen, which produce silk to build webs. ➜ Crustaceans. They are mostly aquatic, but a few are terrestrial. Their body is divided into a cephalothorax and an abdomen. On their head, they have two pairs of antennae and a pair of compound eyes. They may have a hard shell made of chitin reinforced with calcium carbonate. The largest group are the decapods, such as the lobster and the prawn, which have five pairs of legs.

Lobster

➜ Insects. They are the largest group of animals in the world. Their bodies are made up of a head, a thorax and a segmented abdomen. On their head, they have a pair of antennae and a pair of eyes. They have three pairs of legs attached to the thorax, and most of them have one or two pairs of wings. Their diets vary greatly. Most insects undergo complete or incomplete metamorphosis.

Centipede

➜ Myriapods. They are all terrestrial. Their body is divided into a head and a trunk.

The trunk is divided into many segments, each of which has one or two pairs of legs.

On their head, they have a pair of antennae and eyes. Centipedes and millipedes are myriapods.

Head

Sting

Thorax

Abdomen

Pedipalps Antennas Compound eye

Scorpion

Grasshopper

Spiracles

6 What are the characteristics of echinoderms?

They are marine animals and have radial symmetry, usually consisting of five equal parts. They have an internal skeleton made up of calcium carbonate plates and spines covered with skin. Their special feature is the ambulacral system, a network of canals for channelling water, which runs through their bodies.

They reproduce sexually, although some can regenerate themselves from a broken fragment of their body, which is a form of asexual reproduction.

Groups: starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea lilies, sea cucumbers.

18

UNIT 2

Anus

Digestive system

Ambulacral system

Starfish

Reproductive system

Ambulacral feet

16. Read and complete the following text in your notebook, using these words: ambulacral, calcium carbonate, chitin, extinct, successful, echinoderms, hexapods, arachnids, segmented.

Arthropods are the most  animals on Earth. They have an exoskeleton made of  and have  bodies consisting of a head, thorax and abdomen. Arthropods are classified into five gropus: trilobites (  ), myriapods,  , crustaceans and  or insects.

 have radial symmetry, usually consisting of five arms.

They have a shell made of  . They have an  system, a network of fluid-filled  that allow them to exchange

20. Search for information and write the names of each of the insects that are represented in the pictures below.

1

2 B

A

A

B

3

4 B

A A B

gases, transport food, keep their shape and move.

17. Read and complete the following sentences about invertebrates in your notebook using these words: three, eight, aquatic, abdomen, antennae, shell, wings, eyes, metamorphosis, arachnids.

21. Unjumble the terms in the left column. Then, in your notebook, write the correct definition next to each word.

Terms

Definitions

1. Cepraxalotho

a) An echinoderm shaped like a star.

2. Gnado

b) The largest group of arthropods in the world.

3. Stsharfi

c) The hard substance that makes up the exoskeleton of many arthropods.

4. Cpedentie

d) Organ that produces sex cells.

18. Read the following statements and correct them in your notebook.

5. Isnsect

e) Poisonous myriapod.

a) Arthropods have bilateral symmetry, and their body is divided into fused segments consisting of the head and thorax.

6. Cnhiti

f) Fused head and thorax of arachnids such as spiders.

a)  , such as spiders, scorpions and mites, have  legs and their bodies are divided into two parts: the cephalothorax and the  . b) Crustaceans are mostly  , like lobsters, crabs and barnacles. On their head, they have two pairs of  and a pair of compound  . They may have a hard  made of chitin reinforced with calcium carbonate. c) Most insects experience a transformation called  . They have  pairs of legs and most of them have one or two pairs of  .

b) Their exoskeleton is made of a substance called calcium carbonate.

22. Write the name of each type of echinoderm represented in the pictures.

A

B

c) They reproduce sexually and they have a well-developed nervous system. d) Crustaceans are the largest group of arthropods in the world.

19. Speak to a partner, explaining what the ambulacral system is in your own words.

Then, describe the following characteristics of echinoderms.

C

D

a) Type of symmetry b) Type of shell c) Type of digestion d) Type of respiration e) Type of reproduction

Invertebrate animals

19

UNIT

3 Vertebrate animals

e

e

e Mammals

Mammals are the most evolved vertebrate animals. They can all maintain a constant body temperature, most of them are covered with fur or hair, they are viviparous (except monotremes), and they have mammary glands that secrete milk to feed their young.

Marine mammals can be difficult to observe. However, the Strait of Gibraltar is home to seven species of cetaceans, which can be seen on specialised boat trips. On these trips, a group of marine biologists provides the tourists with information. They also collect and interpret statistical data about these animals and their habitat. This information is then used in different projects and scientific publications.

There are regular sightings of common dolphins, striped dolphins (or blue-white dolphins), bottlenose dolphins and pilot whales. Orcas, sperm whales and fin whales can also be seen occasionally.

Explore 1 Work in groups and investigate the species mentioned above that can be found in

the Strait of Gibraltar and the Gulf of Cádiz.

2 In Andalusia, ecotourism, which provides research opportunities and environmental

education, includes tours to view cetaceans. Investigate how this activity can help to minimise the impact humans have on this environment and improve the conservation of these species.

Elaborate 1 Organise the information you have obtained and write a summary.

2 Search for pictures, illustrations, animations or videos or create your own to

accompany the information.

3 Make a model of a vertebrate, using recycled materials that you have at home or at

school.

Communicate 1 Present your projects to the class, making sure all the members of your group

participate.

When you present you model, explain what materials you used, where you found them, and how you made it.

2 During the presentations, your classmates have to take notes, writing down any

questions they have.

3 After the presentations, answer your classmates’ questions.

1 What are the characteristics of vertebrates?

They are chordates: at some point in their life cycle, they have a notochord (only in the embryo, and then it forms the vertebral column), a neural tube (which develops into the brain, protected by the skull, and the spinal cord, protected by vertebrae), gill slits, and a tail.

CHORDATE GROUPS

Amphyoxes

Ascidians

Fish

Vertebrates

Reptiles

Birds

Amphibians

Mammals

2 What are the characteristics of fish?

They are aquatic, ectothermic, have fins, and most have scales. They breathe through gills. The lateral line is an organ that detects vibrations in the water. Most of them have a swim bladder, which is an air sac that fills and empties to control their depth. Fish can be carnivores, herbivores or omnivores.

Reproduction is sexual. Fertilisation is external in most cases. Most fish are oviparous, but some are ovoviviparous.

MAIN GROUPS OF FISH Agnathan fish Circular mouth, similar to a suction cup. No scales. An example is the lamprey.

22

UNIT 3

Bony fish Bony skeleton. Scales. For example,

Andalusian barbel.

Cartilaginous fish Skeleton composed of cartilage. Skin covered with denticles. An example is the mako shark.

1. Listen to the text and write the missing words in your notebook: Earth, cannot, vertebrates, vertebrae, invertebrates, internal, endothermic, ectothermic.

 are animals that have a backbone or vertebral column composed of  . These animals include fish, birds,

mammals, amphibians and reptiles. There are currently around 65,000 known species of vertebrate animals, but this is only 3 % of all the animals on  . Most animal species are  . Vertebrates can be either warm-blooded or coldblooded. A cold-blooded animal  maintain a constant body temperature. The temperature of their body is determined by their surroundings. Cold-blooded animals move around during the day between the shade and the sun to warm up or cool down. Cold-blooded animals are  Ecto means external and therm means heat. Reptiles, amphibians and fish are all cold-blooded. Warm-blooded animals are able to regulate their  temperature. They can sweat or pant to cool down, and have fur and feathers to help keep them warm. Warmblooded animals are  . Endo means internal. Only birds and mammals are warm-blooded.

Source (adapted): https://www.ducksters.com/animals/ vertebrates.php

2. Choose the correct option in each pair. Then, write the text in your notebook..

Bones are rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates/invertebrates. Their functions are to support and help move the body, and protect the external/internal organs.

3. Write the terms that correspond to the following definitions.

4. Unjumble the terms in the left column. Then, in your notebook, write the correct definition next to each word.

Terms

Definitions

1. Sleca

a) A limb on the body of fish and other aquatic animals that is used for movement, steering and balance.

2. Glil

b) An animal with changeable body temperature.

3. Fni

c) An animal with constant body temperature.

4. Hothermeom d) The organ through which fish and other aquatic animals breathe oxygen dissolved in water.

5. Opluercum

e) The movable layer of skin that covers the eyeball.

6. Potheroikilm

f) One of the thin, flat plates covering fish, snakes and lizards.

7. Eydeli

g) A protective covering on the gills of fish.

5. Draw a picture of a fish and write these parts on it: operculum, gill, lateral line, dorsal fin, caudal fin, anal fin, pectoral fin.

6. Discuss the questions below with your partner using some of these phrases: A vertebrate is an animal with/ without…; Some examples of vertebrates are…; I think ... have legs. The bones of birds are light/heavy so…; The main characteristic of mammals is…; I saw a TV programme about kangaroos and they have an external pouch to… ; My mother/ father/teacher always tells me that… a) What is a vertebrate animal?

a) The air sac that fish use to control their depth.

b) What vertebrate animals do you know?

b) The middle part of a vertebrate’s body that is connected to the head and the limbs.

c) Do all vertebrates have legs?

c) Each bone in the spinal column.

e) What is the main characteristic of mammals?

d) A special sensory organ that fish use to detect movement in water.

f) Why do baby kangaroos develop inside a pouch?

d) What are the bones of birds like? Why?

g) Do humans have the same characteristics as vertebrate animals?

7. Search for information about bony and cartilaginous fish. Write the main characteristics of their skeleton, scales, gills, mouth and caudal fin in the table below.

Ocellated lizard Hare

Poison dart frog

Mouse

Bony fish



Cartilaginous fish



Salmon

Vertebrate animals

23

3 What are the characteristics of amphibians?

They are ectothermic, tetrapods (some have lost their legs through evolution), and oviparous. They have bare skin. They reproduce sexually. Most species are oviparous, and they lay their eggs in water. Tadpoles emerge from the eggs, which transform into adults through metamorphosis. In the larval stage they breathe through gills, and mainly through pulmonary and cutaneous respiration when they are adults.

1 6

2

5

4

Biological cycle and metamorphosis of the frog. The male croaks to attract the female.

Reproduction takes place in the water, during which the male releases his sperm (1). The female lays the eggs, which have no shell (2). Days later, tadpoles emerge (3). They go through several modifications (4, 5) until they become adults: the limbs and tail appear and then the tail disappears, and the lungs replace the gills (6).

3

Main groups of amphibians: ➜ Anura (frogs and toads). They don’t have a tail and their bodies are short.

Breathing is pulmonary and cutaneous (in adults) and branchial (in larvae). ➜ Urodela (salamanders and newts). They have a tail and an elongated body. Some are entirely aquatic. Breathing can be pulmonary, branchial or cutaneous.

4 What are the characteristics of reptiles?

They are ectothermic and tetrapods (some have lost their legs through evolution).

They breathe through lungs. Their skin is covered with scales, which prevent them from drying out. Some of them undergo the process of moulting, shedding their skin and growing a new one. Reproduction is sexual. Most reptiles are oviparous and have internal fertilisation.

An innovative egg: the appearance of the amnion The eggs of reptiles have a shell that prevents them from drying out, so they lay them on land, not in water. They are filled with fluid, the amnion, which protects the embryo.

Main reptile groups and primitive reptiles ➜ Sauria are lizards, geckos, chameleons and iguanas. They are terrestrial animals and have a long tail that they use as a defence mechanism. ➜ Ophidia are snakes. They don’t have legs. They can have poisonous fangs. ➜ Chelonia include sea turtles and pond turtles. They have a bony shell covered with stratum corneum. ➜ Crocodilia, such as crocodiles and caimans, live in water. They have big jaws and teeth. ➜ Plesiosaurs are extinct. They were aquatic reptiles with flippers. ➜ Ichthyosaurs are extinct. They were fish-shaped aquatic reptiles. ➜ Dinosaurs are extinct. They occupied all habitats. Archaeopteryx gave rise to birds and Lycaenops was the origin of primitive mammals.

24

UNIT 3

Terrestrial turtle

8. All the following sentences have one mistake. It can either be a grammatical, spelling, punctuation or conceptual mistake. Write them correctly in your notebook. a) Amphibians are homoeotherms. b) Amphibians only breathe through their lungs. c) Amphibians are the only terrestrial animals that metamorfose. d) Amphibians have webbed feet which makes swimming easier. e) Amphibians can only live in water. g) Amphibians always put their eggs in water.

b) C  a   l   n: a reptile with scales, which usually has a long body, long tail and four legs, like the lizard, iguana or gecko, but that changes its colour for camouflage. c) T   p  le: the aquatic larva of frogs and toads, which develops from a limbless form with a tail and external gills into a form with internal gills, limbs and a shortened tail. d) J  w: two bony structures that form the frame of the mouth.

f)   ak: the hard, curved, horny part of a bird’s mouth.

They are tetrapod

12. In your notebook, write the terms that correspond to the following definitions: a) They are big predators, such as crocodiles and caimans.

They live in water. They have big jaws and teeth.

Digestive system

They are ectothermic

Circulatory system Reproductive system

a) We  b  d fe  t: the feet that amphibians have, with membranes between their toes.

e) P     n: a substance that, when it enters the body, causes illness or death.

f) Young amphibians only life in water.

Nervous system

11. Play this hangman game and write the terms and definitions in your notebook.

Respiratory and integumentary system

9. Choose the correct option in each pair. Then, write the text in your notebook.

b) This group of reptiles includes lizards, chameleons and iguanas. They are terrestrial animals and have a long tail that they use as a defence mechanism. c) They live in aquatic or terrestrial environments, such as sea turtles and pond turtles. They have a bony shell covered with stratum corneum. They don’t have teeth, and their jaws are beak-shaped. d) They don’t have limbs. They can have poisonous fangs. e) These amphibians don’t have a tail and their bodies are short, such as frogs. This is the largest group of amphibians. f) These amphibians have a tail and an elongated body.

The study of amphibian/reptile populations increases our knowledge of the state of the environment. This is because they are very sensitive/sensible to pollution/sunlight partly because they initially develop in aquatic environments and they need to keep their skin dry/moist.

Contrary/Also, some poisons and toxins produced by both/ neither reptiles and amphibians can be used in medicine.

For example, the properties of the venoms/perfumes of certain snakes are being researched to produce anticoagulant drugs.

10. Copy the following text in your notebook. Then, listen and write the missing words.

Although it may seem difficult, it is in fact very easy to  between frogs and  . Frogs have  skin, and toads have  skin with poisonous glands. Frogs have  hind legs for jumping, while toads have  legs for  . Frogs have  , but toads don’t.

Dinosaurs

13. Unjumble the terms related to amphibians and reptiles. Then, write the definition for each term in your notebook. a) Wedbbe etfe

d) Tleadpo

b) Datioehydrn

e) Jwa

c) Lardiz

f) Poniso

Vertebrate animals

25

5 What are the characteristics of birds?

Birds are endothermic tetrapods. They have wings, horny beaks, skin covered with feathers, and they breathe through lungs. They also have air sacs, which expand the lungs to allow oxygen to reach their muscles more easily.

Testes

They can be classified into running birds, like the ostrich, and flying birds. Most birds can fly although some have lost this ability due to their adaptation to another environment, for example, an aquatic one.

Ova

In addition, they have adapted to different ways of life, so the shapes of their beaks and legs are very diverse. Their hind legs are covered with scales. They have a head, trunk and tail, and their bodies have an aerodynamic shape for flying. Their pectoral muscles are very powerful to enable wing movement. Their reproduction is sexual, and they are all oviparous, laying amniotic eggs that hatch in nests.

Fertilised ovum Chicken cloaca

Sperm

Ovary

Incubation Embryo Shell Amnion Amniotic fluid

Sexual reproduction of birds

White

Yolk

6 What are the characteristics of mammals?

Mammals are endothermic tetrapods, with skin covered in hair. They have mammary glands that secrete milk to feed their young. They all have a head, trunk and tail. They have different types of teeth in their mouths to cut, crush and grind.

Mammals have a highly developed nervous system, and a more complex brain.

They breathe through lungs and their reproduction is sexual.

Mammalian limb adaptations Terrestrial mammals have legs (primates, lions...); aquatic mammals (dolphins, whales...) have fins; and bats have membranes between their digits, which enable them to fly.

Uterus

Groups of mammals according to the type of embryo development: ➜ Monotremes. They are oviparous. They don’t have nipples: the females secrete milk through mammary gland openings in the skin beneath their abdominal hair.

The only monotremes are the platypus and the echidna. ➜ Marsupials. They are viviparous. Their young develop in a ventral pouch, where the mammary glands are located. Kangaroo, koala... ➜ Placentals. They are viviparous. During embryonic development, the foetus is nourished through the placenta and umbilical cord. Cow, mouse, elephant, rabbit, whale, orangutan...

7 What is the fauna of Andalusia like?

Andalusia is one of the regions in Europe with the greatest biodiversity. Due to its climate and its geographical location, a bridge between Europe and Africa, there is a great variety of ecosystems, which are home to diverse wildlife. Outstanding species in Andalusia are: hare, lynx, otter, stork, cormorant, pink flamingo, owl, eagle, vulture, lizard, snake, tortoise and chameleon.

Some species are endemic and others are in danger of extinction, such as the Iberian lynx, the white-headed duck, the Iberian wolf and the imperial eagle.

26

UNIT 3

Pouch Mammary glands

Kangaroo

14. Read the following text and complete it with the following words: escaping, wading, filter, piscivorous, ponds, flowers, frugivorous, beaks, seeds, nectar, carnivorous.

17. Read the following text about a widely accepted theory of human evolution. Then, do a schematic drawing to summarise it.

Then, listen and check your answers.

When humans evolved into bipeds, with an upright posture, their hands were free to manipulate objects. Their opposable thumbs allowed them to generate fire.

Classifying the different types of birds’  is not an easy task, as they have evolved in many different ways.  birds have strong, hooked beaks, which they use to tear and pull away the flesh of their prey. Granivorous birds feed mainly on  , and  birds feed mainly on fruit. Their beaks are short and curved, and the lower part is flat and sharp, allowing them to extract the pulp from the fruit.

Insectivorous birds can have short, wide, flat beaks, but those that feed on insects and invertebrates in the ground have thin, elongated beaks.  birds and waterfowl have different types of long beaks for searching for invertebrates at the bottom of  and marshes.  birds feed on fish that they catch by diving into the water. Most of them have large, strong beaks with a curved tip or serrated ridges to prevent their prey from  .  -feeding birds have wide, flat beaks with a filtering system for removing the water and separating the organisms on which they feed.

Nectarivorous birds feed on the  of flowers by inserting their beaks inside them. They tend to have thin, long beaks, although their shape can vary, depending on the kind of  they feed on.

Source (adapted): https://www.zooportraits.com/ birds-different-beaks-functions/

15. In your notebook, write a brief description of the diet and environment of the following mammals. a) A deer

18. Copy the table in your notebook. Then write these animals under the correct group of mammals: kangaroos, whales, mice, bats, platypuses, koalas, monkeys, echidnas, possums, humans.

Monotremes

Marsupials

Placentals







19. Discuss these questions with your partner. You can use the following phrases: What do you think?; I think... ; I’m pretty sure that... ; Let’s read this part of the book again... a) Why are birds homeothermic? And mammals? b) Do all mammals have mammary glands? c) How has bipedalism benefitted humans? d) Are all mammals tetrapods?

b) A lion

20. Discuss with your partner why Andalusia is one of the regions in Europe with the greatest biodiversity.

c) An elephant d) A dolphin e) A chimpanzee f) A bat

After the discovery of this element, humans were able to cook their prey and soften the meat. Therefore, their teeth and jaw muscles reduced in size and power. In addition, their brain size increased and their cranium became larger. Their greater intelligence allowed them to modify their environment and make utensils. This, in turn, made humans less dependent on environmental conditions, as they developed the ability to adapt the environment to their needs through new devices or technologies.

Bat

16. Listen to the following text and complete it. Then, write the answers to the questions in your notebook.

21. What is the difference between an endemic and an endangered species?

Search for information if necessary, and discuss it with your partner.

Although humans don’t have a  , it is present before  , during embryonic development. The  appears during the  week of gestation, and it gradually decreases in size in the following  weeks, until it completely disappears in the  week. The coccyx, a short  attached to the  column, is a remnant of this  . a) Do human beings belong to the primate group? b) Why do you think humans don’t have a tail? c) What other differences are there between humans and other primates?

Lynx

Vertebrate animals

27

EVALUATE UNITS 1, 2, 3

Write the answers in your notebook.

1. Indicate if the following statements are true or false and correct the false ones. a) In binomial nomenclature, the first name corresponds to the kingdom and the second identifies the species. b) Some viruses are beneficial to humans, as they are they are used to make cheese and yoghurt. c) Bacteria have DNA scattered throughout the cytoplasm. d) Saprophagous animals obtain their food from other living things, which they harm.

2. Write sentences, using one term in a) and another in b). a) DNA, locomotion, cell wall, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell, nucleus, flagella, plasma membrane, prokaryote, proteins. b) Photosynthesis, cellulose, plant cell, cytoplasm, chloroplast, eukaryote, vacuoles, cell wall, chlorophyll.

3. Look at the detail of a plant eukaryotic cell. Name the numbered structures and explain the functions they perform.

1

5. Match the elements in the first series with those in the second. a) Protozoan b) Binomial system c) HIV d) Chloroplasts e) Microscopic fungus f) Hereditary material g) Female gamete h) Carnivore i) Iron j) Prokaryote k) Asexual reproduction l) Diatom

1) Virus 2) Yeast 3) Paramecium 4) Linnaeus 5) DNA 6) Ovum 7) Photosynthesis 8) Trace element 9) Cyanobacterium 10) Tuber 11) Unicellular alga 12) Predator

6. The biological cycle is the set of stages that an organism goes through: A zygote forms and develops into an embryo. The embryo becomes a fetus and this, in turn, develops into an adult individual. This individual is capable of generating gametes that, after fertilisation, will form a new zygote.

Name the stage of sexual reproduction to which sections A, B and C correspond.

5

Testículo

A

Espermatozoide Óvulo 2

3

A

4

B

Ovario

4. What type of cell does this drawing represent? Do you think you can find the missing part? Write its name and the functions it performs.

Cigoto

C Feto

7. Indicate if the following statements are true or false and correct the false ones. a) Earthworms breathe through tracheas. b) Sponges are invertebrate animals that belong to the echinoderm group. c) Myriapods have a pair of antennae.

28

Evaluate

8. Match the elements in the first series with those in the second.

1) Choanocyte 2) Cnidoblast 3) Trichina 4) Taenia 5) Leech 6) Mussel 7) Snail 8) Cuttlefish 9) Chelicerae 10) Norway lobster 11) Centipede 12) Holothuria

a) Annelid b) Spider c) Pelecypod d) Jellyfish e) Cephalopod f) Echinoderm g) Crustacean h) Myriapod i) Flatworm j) Sea sponge k) Gastropod l) Nematode

13. Write which of these animals are oviparous and the group of vertebrates to which they belong.

A

B

C

D

9. In each group, find the odd one out and explain why. a) Lobster, crab, barnacle, starfish. b) Planaria, leech, tapeworm. c) Jellyfish, sponge, sea anemone. d) Grasshopper, spider, butterfly, dragonfly.

10. Write the terms that correspond to the following definitions. a) Organism that has male and female reproductive organs and can produce both eggs and sperm. b) Type of toothed tongue that some molluscs use to scrape and cut their food.

11. Indicate if the following statements are true or false and correct the false ones. a) The notochord is a flexible internal structure that initially supports all vertebrate embryos. b) All fish are endothermic vertebrates. c) When a tadpole becomes a frog during metamorphosis, its lungs are replaced by gills.

14. Match the elements in the first series to those in the second.

1) Salmon 2) Shark 3) Lamprey 4) Frog 5) Salamander 6) Caecilian 7) Lizard 8) Snake 9) Turtle 10) Alligator 11) Ostrich 12) Sparrow

a) Anuran b) Saurian c) Fairings d) Apodan e) Chelonian f) Cartilaginous fish g) Ratite h) Ophidian i) Crocodilian j) Osseous fish k) Urodelan l) Fish without a jaw

15. This is the enlarged detail of a drawing. What does it represent? What group of animals does it belong to?

d) Reptiles lay amniotic eggs and their young hatch from them.

12.In each group, find the odd one out and explain why. a) Platypus, whale, kangaroo, penguin. b) Turtle, snake, salamander, crocodile. c) Salamander, shark, cat, turtle. d) Trout, lamprey, dolphin, shark. e) Ostrich, dove, bat, sparrow.

Evaluate

29

PRACTISE IN ENGLISH Thinking as a team

Divide the class into teams (A, B, C, D, etc.). The members of each team have to work together to answer the questions below about vertebrate animals.

1 Identify the group that these vertebrate animals belong to.

A) What group do snakes belong to? a) The same group as lampreys.

b) The same group as eels.

B) What group do salamanders belong to?

c) The same group as turtles.

C) What group do dolphins belong to? a) The same group as sharks.

b) The same group as bats.

a) The same group as lizards.

b) The same group as frogs.

c) The same group as crocodiles.

D) What group do bats belong to?

c) The same group as salmon.

a) The same group as mole eagles.

b) The same group as Archaeropteryx.

c) The same group as apes.

When answering the questions in front of the class, point to the right answer and say something like ‘Snakes belong to the same group as  .’

2 Each of these beaks is adapted to a different diet. Match each bird beak with the activity it is adpated for.

1) Goldfinch

2) Eagle

3) Flamingo

4) Woodpecker

a) Filtering plankton b) Drilling wood c) Eating seeds d) Ripping apart meat When answering the questions in front of the class, point to the right answer and say something like ‘The goldfinch’s beak is adapted for  .’

30

Practise in English

3 These are the extremities of some mammals.

A

B

C

2) Mole

1) Human

D

3) Dolphin

4) Bat

Identify the mammal that each one belongs to and say which of these activities their bodies are adapted for. a) Swimming

b) Gripping

c) Flying

d) Digging

When answering the questions in front of the class, point to the right answer and say something like ‘The mole’s extremities, C, are adapted for  .’

4 Identify the missing words where the letters are in the mind map.

When answering the questions in front of the class, say something like ‘Ectothermic vertebrates reproduce by means of eggs with amnions, such as  .’

VERTEBRATES can be

A

ECTOTHERMIC

ENDOTHERMIC

They reproduce by means of

They reproduce by means of

EGGS

EGGS

without

with

with

AMNION

AMNION

AMNION

such as

such as

such as

such as

C

D

E

B

Practise in English

31

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