ORGANISATION OF THE HUMAN BEING

Reading

We read about the contributions of women in the development of the sciences, and discover some of the difficulties they had to overcome.

Speaking

We speak about the different issues that will be learnt about throughout the unit.

Writing

We write a variety of different styles and types of text about a subject matter in the unit. By practising different styles of writing, we will improve the writing skills we need to do well in our studies.

The audios of each unit’s content are available at www.anayaeducacion.es

The opening pages of each unit 1

The Organisation of the human BODY

Ada Yonath. Curious by nature To be a scientist, you must be curious. And believe me, I have always been curious! When I was five years old, I tried to find out the height of our apartment and broke my arm! My name is Ada Yonath and I was born in Jerusalem, Israel in 1939. My family never had much money, so I had to work a lot to be able to study: I gave private classes, I babysat, I cleaned the chemistry lab... It was hard, but it gave me the opportunity to learn and research in secret, so I can’t complain. Starting my career as a researcher was amazing. I was interested in something that seemed impossible: discovering what ribosomes looked like and how they worked. Ribosomes are responsible for decoding the DNA instructions in cells and using them to build proteins. But what exactly was their structure? We didn’t know. I specialise in a technique that involves creating crystals and observing them using x-rays. The problem was that the ribosome crystals we made broke extremely easily. We spent years destroying crystals until, one day, we found a way to make ribosome crystals strong enough that we could observe their structure in detail. This discovery won me the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, among other awards. While prizes don’t matter much to me, I’m really proud that my discovery can be used to attack the ribosomes of bacteria and develop new antibiotics to keep winning the fight against infections. 1 a) Why won’t Ada complain about having to work so hard when she was younger? b) What do Ribosomes do? c) Why was it difficult to observe ribosome crystals using x-rays?

28 Speaking

2 For Ada Yonath, curiosity is the most important quality necessary to be a scientist. She says that from a young age she was curious to explain everything she saw around her.

Discuss with a partner: a) What are the most important qualities for a scientist to have? b) Do you have any of these qualities? c) Are these qualities different from those needed in other subject areas? d) How can these qualities be inspired and encouraged within scientific education? What would you change within science classes?

I think the most important quality of a scientist is to be patient.

We could encourage patience by doing more experiments that last a longer amount of time.

Writing 3 Similar to Ada Yonath’s discovery of how to manufacture stronger ribosome crystals, there are many other inventions that have helped improve our understanding of the human body. Choose any medical invention or technique and write an imaginary interview with their inventor(s). An interview LANGUAGE BANKLANGUAGE BANKLANGUAGE BANKLANGUAGE BANKLANGUAGE BANKLANGUAGE BANKLANGUAGE BANK LANGUAGE BANKLANGUAGE BANK LANGUAGE BANKLANGUAGE BANK LANGUAGE BANK 29 Include: ➜ What problem they were trying to solve ➜ How they developed their invention and how long it took ➜ What it allowed them to discover ➜ How they felt about the process

Focus on English

Do you think Biology and Geology and English have anything in common? Discover how language, biology and geology are linked so you can learn them together.

Working with pictures

Develop your abilities to observe and interpret pictures.

The icons included with some activities indicate the keys to the project. Visual aids to support your understanding of the contents.

CONTENT DEVELOPMENT

2 THE HUMAN CELL

Focus on English

The phrase to be suspended in something is a technical phrase meaning that something floats within liquid or air without moving. A similar meaning for to suspend is something that is attached to a high place so that it hangs down. Alternatively to suspend can also be used to mean to stop someone from going to school or work for a short time, especially if they have broken the rules.

Working with pictures

Look at the photo of the cell. What cell structure is coloured green? Describe what you can see in the photo.

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2.3 The cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is the part of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane.

The cytoplasm is formed from a thick, aqueous liquid called cytosol. Cytosol contains different substances and cell organelles.

Cytosol is composed of 70-80 % water and 30-20 % other substances that are dissolved or suspended* within it. These substances include proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, mineral salts and ions. It is where many of the cell’s vital chemical reactions take place.

2.4 Cell organelles

There are two types of organelles: non-membranous organelles and membranous organelles.

Cell organelles are structures that are immersed in the cytoplasm and perform specific functions, like organs.

Non-membranous organelles

Centrioles are two fibre-based cylinders that direct the movement of the cytoskeleton and the chromosomes during cell division. Ribosomes are small particles that synthesise proteins. They can either be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or scattered around the cytoplasm.

The cytoskeleton is a network of fibres that holds the organelles in place and gives the cell its shape. It also plays a part in cell movements (it forms cilia and flagella).

5.3 The internal environment

One characteristic of multicellular organisms, like human beings, is that most of their cells are not in direct contact with the external environment. This means that they cannot exchange substances (gases, nutrients, waste, etc.) with it, as unicellular organisms do. To solve this problem, they have developed an internal environment.

The internal environment is the fluid that bathes all the organism’s cells. It is connected to the external environment by the blood. Cells take the nutrients and oxygen they need from the internal environment, and discharge the waste they produce into it.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is all the physiological processes that keep the internal environment stable.

The organism achieves this balance thanks to its different organs and systems. This process of regulation prevents changes in the internal environment that would be fatal for cells.

External environment

Blood Food

Nutrients ORGANISM

Nutrients

Tissue cells O2

CO2

Internal environment

Waste Oxygen (O2)

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Waste

Urine and sweat Unit 1

Understand, think, search...

1 Which of the following functions does the internal environment perform? a) It acts as a vehicle for substance exchange. b) It provides thermal insulation. c) It protects the cells it surrounds. 2 The What If What would happen to our bodies if the internal environment didn’t exist?

Learn how to apply this thinker’s key at anayaeducacion.es.

Technology CREATE The human body and its systems often offer inspiration to robotics designers. Use one of the systems of the human body as inspiration to design a plan for a sensor system.

Working with pictures

Look at the diagram showing how the internal environment works. Based on this diagram, write a description of how food, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste are exchanged between the internal environment and the external environment.

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Create

In this section we create a crosscurricular project that joins Biology and Geology with other subjects. Have you ever thought that Biology and Geology could be joined with visual arts to improve your creative skills?

Understand, think, search...

Activities that expand on the contents and inspire curiosity about scientific investigation.

SDG

PROJECT KEY

SDG Commitment

Discover the Sustainable Development Goals and be an active part of our commitment to make a more equal and liveable world.

Developing thinking

Work on strategies for thinking: reflect on the content you are learning, generate ideas, organise them, debate them, explain them…

Cooperative learning

Get involved in your learning and participate in the group’s learning; you will find that cooperating improves performance and harmony in the class.

Emotional education

Get to know yourself; identify the situations that bring up complicated emotions and manage them with constructive, self-affirming experiences.

Research Project

This book contains three research projects. They are divided into steps that you will find at the end of each unit.

research project INVESTIGATING The HUMAN SENSES

recaP

Remember: in this science project you are studying the sense organs. Analyse and interpret your experimental data, draw conclusions from your research and report the results to your classmates.

172 STEP 3

3%

14%

42% 41%

Blind person Right eye Left eye No dominant eye Analysing experimental data and reporting conclusions

Analysing experimental data

Organise your results in tables to present them more clearly and make them easier to understand. Draw conclusions from your research: ➜ Put together some statistics about eye dominance in the people studied. You could calculate the percentage of people whose dominant eye is the left eye, whose dominant eye is the right eye, and in whom neither eye is dominant. Pie charts are very useful for representing percentages clearly. Based on your results, conclude whether or not eye dominance is related to a person’s age and/or sex. ➜ Link the age of those studied to their hearing ability and the sound frequencies they can detect. You could draw a bar chart to represent these results. ➜ Based on your results, argue whether tastes are also perceived with the sense of smell, and whether they are perceived when the tongue is completely dry. ➜ Check whether the conclusions of your research support your hypotheses. Unit 6

Reporting the results of scientific experiments is important for scientific and technological progress.

Parts of a scientific article • Title • Authors • Abstract (sometimes in multiple languages) • Introduction • Materials and methods • Results • Discussion of the results • Conclusions • Bibliography

Reporting the results

➜ Write a report in the format of a scientific article in which you explain and share the results of your research. This is one of the most common ways for scientists to report their discoveries, as there are many international specialised scientific journals. ➜ Start with a brief introduction containing the information needed to understand your science project. Don’t forget to include the project objectives in the introduction. ➜ Explain the methods you have used in each experiment. Your description must be detailed enough that other people could repeat the research in the same conditions. ➜ State your working hypotheses and support them with the necessary information. Show the results of your experiments in tables, graphs and so on. ➜ Present the conclusions of the research and state whether they support your hypotheses. ➜ You could use the article you have written to present your research project to your classmates. You could do this in the form of a discussion: read the articles that the class has written on each sense and then discuss the results overall.

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glossary

We learn the relevant terms within the unit with a clear definition.

Glossary

A

Atoms The smallest particles into which matter can be divided while retaining its chemical properties.

B

Biomolecules Molecules found exclusively in living beings and containing a high level of carbon.

C

Carbohydrates Biomolecules whose main function is to provide energy to cells.

Carbohydrates

Cell Structural and functional unit of a living being. That is, a cell is a unit capable of carrying out the three vital functions. Cell differentiation Process by which cells take on a shape and structure that allows them to become specialised for a particular function. Cell nucleus Cell structure surrounded by a membrane and containing the genetic material. Cell organelles Small structures in a cell that are specialised to perform different functions. Centrioles Non-membranous cell organelles made up of protein fibres that direct the cytoskeleton during cell division. Chromatin Network of all the DNA fibres and proteins found in the cell nucleus.

46 Chromosomes Compact structures made of chromatin fibres that are visible under a microscope when the cell is about to divide. Cytoplasm Thick aqueous liquid (cytosol) that fills the inside of the cell and contains the cell organelles. Cytoskeleton Network of fibres that gives the cell its shape and enables it to move.

E

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Cell organelle consisting of a network of tubules and sacs extending out from the cell membrane. There are two types: the rough ER (RER), which has ribosomes attached to it and is involved in protein synthesis; and the smooth ER (SER), which does not have ribosomes attached to it and is involved in the synthesis of lipids. Eukaryotic cell A type of cell in which the genetic material is contained in a nucleus surrounded by a membrane, and which consists of many different organelles.

G

Genetic material A fibrous substance called DNA that controls cell function. Golgi apparatus Membranous organelle consisting of a network of flattened sacs that modify the substances synthesised in the ER in order to transport and secrete them.

H

Homeostasis All the processes that keep the composition and properties of an organism’s internal environment stable. I

Internal environment Fluid that surrounds all the cells and is connected to the external environment by the blood.

L

Levels of organisation The levels of complexity into which living matter is organised. Lipids Biomolecules that perform various functions like energy storage (triglycerides) and heat insulation. Some lipids form part of the plasma membrane of cells (phospholipids and cholesterol).

Lipids

Lysosomes Membranous cell organelles responsible for digesting particles.

M

Micrometre or micron Unit of length equal to one millionth of a metre. Mitochondrion Cell organelle surrounded by a double membrane whose function is to obtain energy for the cell through cellular respiration. Monomers Simple or small molecules that form the basic unit of other, larger molecules known as polymers.

N

Nucleic acids Large biomolecules that contain genetic information, which they transmit to offspring, and that control cell functions. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids.

Nucleic acids Unit 1

Nucleolus Part of the cell nucleus where ribosomes are made. Nucleoplasm Part of the cell nucleus made up of a watery liquid containing the genetic material.

O

Organ Group of different tissues performing a specific function.

P

Plasma membrane Layer that surrounds the cell, protects it and regulates substance exchange with the surrounding environment. It is made up of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. Polymers Biomolecules formed of long chains of monomers. Proteins Complex biomolecules that form part of cell structures and have various functions like regulating and executing most cell processes.

Proteins

R

Ribosomes Non-membranous cell organelles responsible for synthesising proteins.

S

System Group of organs performing a shared function.

T

Tissue Group of similar, coordinated cells that are specialised to perform the same function.

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Visual aids of the content

Questions about the essential parts of the unit so that you can write your own summary.

REVIEW AND PRACTISE

Applying your knowledge

review and PRACTISE Remember to choose resources from this unit for your portfolio.

Organising your ideas

1 Chain of sequences. In your notebook, copy and complete the following chain of sequences about the levels of organisation in living matter.

Find out how to use this graphic organiser at anayaeducacion.es.

Interpreting pictures

3 Copy this drawing and label the cell structures that correspond to the letters. What is the function of each structure?

I A

Organism level The human body is ?

The systems are ? such as ?

The organs are ? such as ?

The tissues are ? such as ?

Atomic level

Atoms are ? such as ?

Bioelements

are ? They are joined by

chemical bonds.

Molecular level Molecules are ? such as ? Biomolecules are ?

They group together to perform the three

vital functions. Cellular level

Cells are ?

Human cells

are ? such as ? They group together to form organelles such as ?

Summarising

2 Write your own unit summary based on the outline below: • What is the difference between the atomic and molecular levels of organisation? Include definitions of bioelement and biomolecule. • Give a definition of cell. What higher levels are cells organised into? • What is the cell membrane composed of? What are its functions? • List the parts of a cell nucleus and explain their functions. • Write a list of the membranous organelles and the non-membranous organelles. What is the difference between them? What is the main function of each one? • Explain what cell differentiation is. • Name the different types of human tissue. What are the main characteristics of each type? • Name the different systems in the human body and the function they are involved in.

H B

C

G

F

E D

4 Look at the following pictures of tissues and cells and answer the questions:

A B

C D

a) What types of tissues and cells are shown? b) Link each cell to the tissue it forms part of. c) What is the function of each type of tissue? d) What characteristics of each cell type make them suitable for the function they perform in the human body? 5 What cell structure can you see in the following image? What is it composed of? What level of organisation of living matter does it correspond to?

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anayaeducacion.es Go to the Science Workshops ‘Observing mucosa cells’ and ‘Studying how transport occurs through the membrane’ in your resource bank. Unit 1

Applying your knowledge

6 State what level of organisation in the human body the following correspond to: calcium; kidney; nucleus; group made up of the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, intestine, pancreas, etc.; spermatozoa; protein. 7 Copy and correct the following incorrect sentences about the cell membrane: a) The cell membrane isolates the cytoplasm from the outside. b) The plasma membrane is formed of a double layer of proteins. c) Medium-sized substances cross the cell membrane freely and without any help. d) Small substances enter the cell by endocytosis. e) The plasma membrane is not present in all cells. 8 What is the difference between: a) The nucleus and the nucleolus? b) Chromatin and chromosomes? c) The nucleolus and nucleoplasm? 9 List the names of the cell organelles in a table.

Add another column to describe the shape of each organelle, accompanied by a drawing, and another column for its function. 10 Copy the following sentences and say which tissue they refer to: a) Its matrix is liquid and is called plasma. b) It forms glands, which secrete substances. c) Its matrix is solid and elastic. We find it between the vertebrae and in the ear. d) It has a protective function in that it lines cavities. e) It contains low levels of intercellular substance and its cells store fat. f) Its cells transmit nerve impulses. g) Its cells are elongated and it is responsible for body movement. h) Its matrix is solid and contains calcium salts. 11 Why is cell differentiation important? Provide two examples.

anayaeducacion.es Go to ‘Key concepts’ and ‘Learn by playing’ in your resource bank.

Moving forward

12 Read the following text and answer the questions:

Invented in the 16th century, the microscope is a key tool for studying cells. As more and more powerful microscopes were developed, scientists were able to make discoveries about cellular structure. The ‘power’ of a microscope is its resolution; that is, the smallest distance by which two points can be seperated and still seen as separate points. Optical microscopes use visible light, which passes through the sample and provides an image that is magnified by a set of lenses. Their resolution is 0.2 μm. Electron microscopes don’t use light, but rather a beam of electrons. These either pass through the sample or bounce off it and are then captured by a screen, where the image appears. Their resolution is 5 μm.

a) What type of microscope has been used to take these pictures of red blood cells? b) If the diameter of a red blood cell is approximately 5 μm, how much magnification does each microscope provide? 13 Many of the body’s cells have names related to the organ they belong to. Search for a picture of each of the following cells and indicate which organ they belong to: hepatocyte, osteocyte, myocyte, chondrocyte.

Sustainable Development Goals

14 Sustainable Development Goal 3 aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all. The UN has set numerous targets for this goal. a) In groups, find out about the targets of Goal 3 at anayaeducacion.es. Choose the target that most interests your group, and research it. b) Prepare a presentation to give to your class about the importance of your group’s chosen target and what could be done to achieve it. c) Discuss and draw conclusions about the importance of education and research in achieving this goal.

45 Pictures to practice analysing images.

SDG. Reflect and suggest actions that could help achieve the goal mentioned in each unit.

Enterprising culture

Trust in your skills and knowledge, develop creativity, adapt to changing situations and have a proactive and responsible attitude.

ICT

Learn how to obtain information, select it and apply it; to plan, manage and work on projects; and to collaborate online in an ethical and safe manner.

Academic and professional orientation

Evaluate your personal skills, discover and awaken your calling, train yourself to make decisions and learn to choose between different options.

Evaluation

Discover different strategies to analyse what you have learnt and how you learnt it; train yourself to take responsibility or overcome difficulties.

Linguistic Plan

Use your communication skills in the different types of text that you will see. Language is always present, communicate!