Demo del libro del alumnado. Geography and History, 3.º ESO

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GEOGRAPHY

& HISTORY DEMO

Andalusia

Juan Pedro Parra Luna (Coordinador) Francisco Bermejo Laguna Adapted by:

Macarena Benot Ferrón Luis Las Heras García

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Learn in English

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GEOGRAPHY

& HISTORY Andalusia

Juan Pedro Parra Luna (Coordinador) Francisco Bermejo Laguna Adapted by:

Macarena Benot Ferrón Luis Las Heras García

Publishing coordination LUIS PINO GARCÍA Editor MARÍA PRIOR VENEGAS Cover design ALEGRÍA S. GONZÁLEZ Design and layout AURORA TRISTÁN LÓPEZ Translator JUDITH WILCOCK Corrections MARINA TEMPRANO BENÍTEZ Illustrations JOSÉ MARÍA RUEDA DELGADO AURORA TRISTÁN LÓPEZ MARÍA JOSÉ MONTERO OJEDA Picture editing OLGA SAYANS PANADERO Maps DEPARTAMENTO DE CARTOGRAFÍA DE ANAYA EDUCACIÓN AURORA TRISTÁN LÓPEZ Photographs AGE FOTOSTOCK, ALAMY/CORDON PRESS, ARCHIVO ANAYA (COSANO, P.; LEIVA, Á.; MARTIN, J.; MARTÍN, J. A.; PADURA, S.; PEÑUELA PY, E.; RAMOS, A.; SÁNCHEZ, J.), GETTY IMAGES, 123RF AND CONTRIBUTORS © Of the original text JUAN PEDRO PARRA LUNA (COORD.) FRANCISCO BERMEJO LAGUNA © Of this adaptation MACARENA BENOT FERRÓN LUIS LAS HERAS GARCÍA © Of this edition Algaida Editores, S. A. 2022. Avda. San Francisco Javier, 22.

Edif. Hermes, 5.ª, 3-8. 41018 Sevilla.

ISBN 978-84-9189-563-3 Legal deposit SE 144-2022

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All of the activities in this book that require writing should be completed in the student's notebook.

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Other tasks in this textbook provide learning opportunities based on problem-solving.

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PAPEL DE FIBRA CERTIFICADA

Index Unit 1. The economy

000

1. What is the economy? Economic activity

000

2. Economic systems

000

Activities

000

3. Economic agents and factors of production

000

Activities

000

4. The labour market. The population and work

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History: Verbs +ing, +infinitive

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge. Leave no one behind

000

Unit 2. The primary sector

000

1. Agrarian environments

000

2. Agriculture

000

Activities

000

3. Livestock farming

000

Activities

000

4. Fishing

000

5. Towards a sustainable food model

000

6. The forestry industry

000

7. Mining

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History: Comparatives, superlatives and irregular adjectives

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge. Design a diet that protects the environment

000

Unit 3. The secondary sector

000

1. Raw materials and energy sources

000

Activities

000

2. Industry

000

3. Industrial organisation and types of industry

000

Activities

000

4. Industrial location

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge

000

Unit 4. The tertiary sector

000

1. The service sector. Definition and classification

000

Activities

000

2. Transport and trade

000

Activities

000

3. Tourism and means of communication

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge

000

Index Unit 5. The European economy

000

1. The European economy: general characteristics

000

2. The primary sector

000

Activities

000

3. The secondary sector

000

Activities

000

4. The tertiary sector

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge

000

Unit 6. The Spanish and Andalusian economies

000

1. Characteristics of the Spanish economy

000

2. The primary sector

000

Activities

000

3. The secondary sector

000

4. The tertiary sector

000

Activities

000

5. The Andalusian economy

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge

000

Unit 7. Environmental problems and sustainable development

000

1. Exploitation of the natural environment

000

Activities

000

2. Sustainable development

000

3. Environmental problems in Spain

000

Activities

000

4. Environmental problems in Andalusia

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge

000

Unit 8. The political organisation of society

000

1. The concept of politics: ideologies and political parties

000

2. Types of state and political regimes

000

Activities

000

3. Citizenship and types of political participation

000

4. Current forms of democratic and authoritarian government

000

Activities

000

5. Supranational organisations: The UN

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History. The first conditional

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge. Save our democratic system

000

Unit 9. The political organisation of Spain and Andalusia

000

1. Spain: A parliamentary monarchy

000

Activities

000

2. The government and the Cortes Generales

000

Activities

000

3. Judicial power

000

4. Territorial organisation

000

5. The political organisation of Andalusia

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge

000

Unit 10. The European Union

000

1. Origin and evolution of the European Union

000

2. The institutions of the European Union

000

Activities

000

3. Economic sectors

000

Activities

000

4. Community policies

000

5. Spain and Andalusia in the EU

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge

000

Unit 11. Inequality in the world

000

1. Socio-economic inequality

000

Activities

000

2. Developed countries

000

3. Developing countries

000

Activities

000

4. Global problems and geopolitical conflicts

000

5. Solutions to inequality. International organisations

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge

000

Unit 12. Nowadays geopolitical conflicts

000

1. Wars throughout history

000

2. World cultural fields

000

Activities

000

3. World problems and geopolitical conflicts

000

Activities

000

4. The role of international organisations in their fight against inequalities: the UN

000

Activities

000

Grammar in Geography and History

000

10 questions

000

Final challenge

000

APPENDICES: Maps

Contents The political organisation of society

PARTIES

Liberal

ht

le ft

rig 0%

Conservative 10

0% (-)

(-)

(+)

S 50 FR OCIO % EE -P DO OL M IT IC AL

AL IC IT OL -P M CIO DO SO EE FR

A political party is a permanent and stable organisation that seeks to hold political power in elected positions to develop a programme based on a specific ideology.

Centre

Totalitarian

%

The themes are located on the left pages. In the central column all content is adapted to the linguistic level. In the margins there are the diagrams, maps, photographs, illustrations and graphics.

The most important words are highlighted in bold.

(+)

50

In terms of political ideology, broadly speaking we can differentiate between progressive or left-wing ideologies and conservative or right-wing ideologies.

Each of them usually corresponds to one or more political parties in countries with democratic regimes.

Progressive 0%

Political science studies the different forms of political, economic and social organisation that have characterised human societies throughout history.

10

The concept of politics refers to two ideas. It is the activity of those who govern or aspire to govern and deal with the issues that affect a society or a country. It is also the science that deals with government and the organisation of human societies.

The Nolan chart of political positions.

Country

➋ TYPES OF STATES AND POLITICAL REGIMES A state is a form of political organisation that governs the population of a specific territory. It has its own organs of government and is sovereign and independent.

The most common types of states are:

Unitary states

They are uniform in terms of population, territory and government. Power is centrally administered.

Federal states

They are decentralised political organisations made up of autonomous territories, which are connected by rules set out by the central (federal) power on the basis of its own constitution.

Confederal states

They are political organisations formed by the union of sovereign states to achieve common goals.

3 Define the followin g terms and write a sentence with each one. a) Political party. d) Totalitarianism. b) Political regime. e) Autocracy. c) State.

Spain is an example of a democratic regime.

characteristics: their economic system is based on collective ownership of the means of production, there is one single political party, no democratic elections are held and citizens’ rights are restricted (e.g. China and Cuba). population. They are characterised by being autocratic and limiting personal freedoms. Some African countries have this type of political regime. f Totalitarian regimes restrict personal freedoms and place all power in the

Un

Activities

it

8 it Un

a) Writing a letter to the editor of a newspaper criticising the poor condition of the local public parks. b) Making a graffiti criticising climate change without permission from the city council.

Revolution.

It element in democratic systems.

Political participation is an essential by citizens to influence the designation refers to the activities undertaken . There are different forms of political of politicians and policy-making (elections), organisation-based participation: institutionally promoted (protests on social media). (affiliation) and individual initiative

EXECUTIVE

Makes or repeals laws

Enforces laws

4.1. The United States, an example of a liberal

democracy

is a federal state whose federal The United States of America in a powers. Each power is elected government is divided into three others. overseeing and regulating the different way and is capable of of 1787.

This was established in the Constitution of by the Senate and the House exercised is power Legislative control and influence the executive Representatives. They draw up laws, of protect the freedoms and rights power, supervise budgets and in with the president, who is chosen citizens. Executive power rests is simultaneously president The years. four national elections every and also has legislative and the head of state and head of government, is exercised by the Supreme Court, judicial powers. Judicial power the by by the president and confirmed whose members are designated

House of Representatives

Supreme Court

President presides

Vice president

Senate

2 years 6 years

Delegates

the table.

China

Other federal courts

USA

State Executive power Legislative power Judicial power

Armed Forces

indirect

Current president

Universal suffrage

direct

8 Choose the correct words from the vocabulary related to democracy: Political structure of power in China

Communist Party of China

Senate.

All political representatives come from this party

n regime

4.2. China, an example of a socialist authoritaria

LEGISLATIVE POWER: NPC AND THE PERMANENT COMMITTEE Supervise

Elect

Head of state: PRESIDENT Also

• General Secretary of the PCP • President of the Military Central Commission

Appoints

is a socialist state led by the Communist The People’s Republic of China 1982. to its constitution, in place since Party of China (CPC), according of the National People’s Congress The legislative power rests with up of representatives chosen by China (NPC). It is a chamber made lasts five years. Among other mandate Its suffrage. indirect universal the president of the republic functions it is responsible for choosing up laws and controlling the central and the prime minister, drawing government and the courts. (who of the People's Republic of China The head of state is the president CPC). the Central Committee of the is also the General Secretary of is to organise the appointment One of the president's main functions led by the prime minister, which of the members of the State Council, holds the executive power. compliance with the constitution The Supreme People’s Court ensures organs Council. The leaders of the main and the regulations of the State drew the Communist Party, which also of state come from the ranks of are elections, in reality all positions up the constitution. Even if there party. are occupied by members of this

18

7 Search for information and complete

Appoints

Vetoes

Congress

CURRENT FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

Executive power: STATE COUNCIL Made up of

Prime minister

Supervise and appoint the president of

Judicial power: SUPREME PEOPLE’S COURT

Appoints

Other members: vice-presidents, ministers, councillors…

• Makes the d) .

• Draws up the e) budget for the state.

Courts

• They are independent from the f) power.

• Ensure the g) is complied with.

elect

h)

A 2 Listen to the audio recording and complete the text.

B Discuss in class the causes of the global decline in democracy. Do you think that after the pandemic it will be easier to recover freedoms in democratic countrie s or in nondemocratic countrie s?

C Use the internet to find the five most democratic countrie s in the world and the five least democra tic ones.

D What problems will the inhabitants of a non-democratic country encounter?

Write a short compos ition with your conclusions (10-15 lines).

democracy, opposition, monarchy, candidate, bureaucracy, executive, voting, oligarchy, campaign, dictatorship. a) The term refers to a form of power structure in which power effectively rests with a small number of people.

b) The form of government in which the head of state is a king or queen is called a .

Task: Participation in democracy

f) The 14th amendment gave black

Declaration of the Rights of Man and - 1789 The representatives of the people, organised as a National Assembly, believing that the , neglect, or contempt of the of man are the sole cause of public calamities and of the of governments, have determined to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural, unalienable, and sacred rights of man [...]: Articles: 1. Men are born and free and equal in rights. Social may be founded only upon the general good.

2. The aim of all political is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are , property, , and resistance to oppression.

The political organisa tion of society

17

d) A is a form of government in which all eligible people have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives.

On the right pages you will find all the activities related to the themes located on the left page. The proposed activities follow the CLIL/AICLE. The five skills are worked on: reading, listening, speaking, writing and conversation. In addition, you will find different tasks, a proposal of different learning situations.

g) The comprises one or more political parties or other organised groups that are opposed to the government. h) The branch of government is the part of government that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy. i) An election is a series of coordinated activities, such as public speaking and demonstrating , designed to achieve a social or political aim. j) The term refers to an administrative system in which the need or inclination to follow rigid or complex procedures impedes effective action.

9 Discuss with your partner which type of political regime it is best to live under. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the characteristic s of each type? Use these expressions to talk about them: I personally prefer…; I wouldn’t like to live in…; How do you think people live in…?; They say that in …; people can/can’t…

10 2 Listen to the audio recording and say if these sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones. a) The War of Independence began in 1775. b) The War of Independence ended in 1785. c) The constitution was written in New York. d) The civil war lasted four years. e) The first 10 amendments to the constitution are called the Bill of Freedoms.

g) Not voting in the local elections. h) Calling the police to report a neighbour who is playing music too loudly.

Interprets and applies laws

controls

controls

Judicial Power

c) A is a person seeking or nominated for election to a position of authority such as president, prime minister, etc.

e) A refers to an autocratic form of government in which the government is ruled by an individual. f) The formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office is known as .

d) Joining an NGO that provides educational support to students who live in deprived neighbourhoo ds. e) Criticising a sexist publicity campaign on social media. f) Casting a blank vote in a general election.

JUDICIAL

Commander in chief

➍

c) Submitting a complaint online to your electricity company if you detect an error in your bill.

Presents the separation of powers LEGISLATIVE

Parliament

8

throughout history. The defining The concept of citizenship has evolved was the Declaration of the Rights moment in the right to citizenship French fundamental document of the of Man and of the Citizen, a

Legislative Power

V Writing activities should be completed in your notebook

6 Which of the following statements are forms of citizen participation?

or choice.

• Executes the laws.

• Names the c) from the majority in parliament.

cia en el mundo sufrió un fuerte retroceso en el año de la pandemi a’, Infobae (03.02.20 21).

North Korea is an example of a totalitarian dictatorship.

The political organisation of society

CONSTITUTION OF 1787

Power

Task: Is democracy in dang er?

f Authoritarian regimes use repression to impose their will on the civil

Separation of powers in the USA

a)

In 2020

f Socialist regimes are not all the same but they have certain common

PARTICIPATION

5 Complete this diagram showing the separat ion of powers in democracies.

declined by nearly 70 % in the countrie imposed to fight the s of the world due to the pandemic, accordi ng to a study by the The Economist.

British group ‘The coronavirus caused a vast decline average global score in democratic on the Democracy , taking the Index to global and particul record lows. The phenom arly severe in the enon is regimes of Africa and However, the remova the Middle East. l of liberties in develop remarkable feature ed democracies was of 2020. The willing the most of people was one of freedoms by millions of the most remarka ble occurrences in year, but we should an extraordinary not conclude from the high level of public measures that people compliance with do not freedom. They simply preventing a concluded that loss of life justified a temporary loss of freedom .’

Adapted from ‘La democra

z Non-democratic regimes:

and obligations of individuals towards Citizenship refers to the rights to One of the requirements for people the society in which they live. is the rights is nationality. Nationality be able to exercise their political and the state. It grants rights and relationship between an individual by birth holds it. Nationality is acquired obligations to the person who

recording and complet e the text.

The terms ‘left-win g’ and ‘right-wing’ have their origin in the Revolution. After the triumph of the revolution with the storming of the Bastille by the of Paris on 14 July 1789, the National Constitu Assembly was created ent with the aim of drawing up a for France. Differen t ideological groups part in the Nationa took l Assembly. Most notably, on one side, those who the Ancien Régime and, on the other, the Jacobit es, who defended the interests of the Third Estate.

The of the Ancien Régime used to sit on the in the Assembly, and who supported the those Third Estate sat on the As a result, in later . years those who were identified with ideologically positions were called wing, while those rightwho held more beliefs were considered to be left-win g.

King or b) of the republic

Cuba

are held, there is separation of powers and citizens enjoy rights and freedoms guaranteed by law (the constitution). There are presidential regimes (like the USA) where the head of state represents the country, and there are parliamentary systems (like Spain or France) where the government is chosen by parliament.

hands of the state, without restrictions or divisions. North Korea is an example.

They are called a theocracy if the religious leader also holds political power (e.g. Iran).

4 2 Listen to the audio

Mozambique

z Democratic regimes are based on the principle of representation. Free elections

➌ CITIZENSHIP AND TYPES OF POLITICAL

Political regime

Saudi Arabia

A political regime is an organised structure of power that consists of a set of institutions that regulate the exercise of power based on certain values. There are different classifications:

16

Type of state

Portugal

1

➊ THE CONCEPT OF POLITICS: IDEOLOGIES AND POLITICAL

it

8

Activities 1 Classify the followin g characteristics according to the political regime or regimes to which democratic, socialis they belong: t, authoritarian, totalitar ian. a) Economic system based on collective ownership of the means of production. b) Constitution. c) They are characte rised by being autocrat ic. d) One single political party. e) They can be a theocrac y. f) Separation of powers. g) They use repressi on to impose their will on the civil population. h) They place all power in the hands of the state, without restrictions or divisions . i) They restrict persona l freedoms and citizens' rights.

2 Research the types of political regime that exist in the following countries and compare them with your own country.

Un

Unit

people the right to vote.

A Complete the text with the following

words: sovereignty, ignorance, rights, authority, security, corruption, French, distinctions, association, liberty, nation, remain. and correct the false ones. a) This text was approved by the National Assembly, that represented the French Nation or the national sovereignty. b) All the French people, including men and women have equal rights. c) The aim of all political association is to protect and defend the rights of men.

B Say if these sentences are true or false,

d) These rights are natural, unalienable, sacred and imprescriptible.

V Writing activities should be completed in your notebook

The political organisation of society

The political organisation of society

19

10 questions

➞

the desert. + as: f To be (not) as + adjective hot as the desert in ➞ The desert in Almería is as Morocco.

➞ Teide is not as high as Mulhacén.

Superlatives with the rest of a group, we To compare one person or thing use:

+ adjective + (e)st: f Superlative adjectives ➞ the river ➞ The Amazon is the longest

in the world.

to mean in excess: f Too (not) before an adjective hot. ➞ In summer, Córdoba is too

Irregular adjectives best f good – better than – the f bad – worse than – the worst

Activities Activities

following sentences: 4 Choose the correct option in the agriculture than/then in a) Productivity is higher in commercial superlative. subsistence farming. economic activity in of physical factors, Agriculture depends on a variety b) Forestry is the more/most important areas where forests are abundant. such as climate, relief and soil: specific humidity more as/than traditional • Climate: Every type of plant needs c) Aquaculture captures are increasing example, apple trees and temperature conditions. For fishing. whereas olive are typical of cold and humid climates, mountainous areas, to d) Agriculture is least/less adapted higher temperatures. trees adapt to drier climates and is better/best adapted where forestry or livestock farming on plains and at the • Relief: Farmers prefer to cultivate to natural conditions. make agriculture bottom of valleys, because slopes of manpower to obtain the loss. Furthermore, e) Intensive agriculture requires a lot more difficult and can cause soil area of land. and rainfall is more higher/highest productivity in a small with altitude, temperatures drop, make meaningful sentences abundant.

5 Order the following words to size and porosity or superlative structure in • Soil: Chemical composition, particle and then identify the comparative farmers prefer the condition soil fertility. In general, each sentence: / If / consumption, / most fertile soils. specialisation / for / is / crops / a) variety a / and / of / personal / 13. Write sentences to there / greater / is / the / less / 2 Look at the pictures in activity produce compare both: / factors / of / are / more / more/less modern type of b) influential / developed / developing a) The first picture represents a / in / Physical ones / than / one. in / agriculture / countries livestock farming than the second / higher / extensive / of / important in the first c) farming / consumes / agriculture b) The use of technology is more/less water / than / Intensive / volumes picture than in the second one. / techniques / / modern / uses / than / Deep-sea live in the first picture than to coastal space d) more/less have c) Animals more / fishing / fishing in the second one. the first picture than in the d) Productivity is higher/lower in second one. words: larger, further, 3 Complete the text with the following the most advanced, higher, smaller. boats than deepa) Coastal fishing is carried out with from the coast than sea fishing, which is practised coastal fishing. more food it the population of a place is, the b) The needs. technical instruments in the c) Industrial fishing uses sector. than investments in Andalucía. needs d) Intensive agriculture Isla Cristina (Huelva), principal fishing port extensive agriculture.

adjectives. Then, indicate if 1 Read this text and identify the they are positive, comparative or

VWriting activities should be completed in your notebook 14

The primary sector

1 What is the primary sector and what economic and needs little manual labour. activities does it include?

It includes European commercial farming, new-world It consists of the extraction of farming and tropical crop resources directly from plantation farming. the natural environment. It includes agriculture, livestock 6 What is livestock farming and farming, fishing, forestry and mining. what types of it exist?

It consists of rearing animals to 2 What is the agrarian landscape obtain food or other raw and what elements materials. There are different types: make it up? traditional livestock farming (nomadic pastoralism, It is the physical environment transhumance) and in which primary-sector commercial livestock farming (intensive activities are carried out. It is farming, extensive made up of different farming). elements: plots, cultivation systems, land ownership and 7 What is fishing and what types possessions, habitats, and organised of it exist? spaces.

Fishing consists of catching animal 3 What is agriculture and what species that live in physical factors affect it? seas and rivers. There are different Agriculture is the cultivation of types: coastal, deepland to obtain food and sea and industrial fishing. Aquaculture is other raw materials. It is affected the breeding of by physical factors aquatic species. (climate, relief, soil) and human factors (population size, 8 What are the problems and produce destination, techniques, challenges for the future economic globalisation, of the current food model? agricultural and environmental policies).

Food production is currently facing 4 What characteristics does subsistence problems caused by agriculture resource depletion and pollution. feature and what types of such The challenge for the agriculture exist? future is to satisfy a growing population Subsistence agriculture is while ensuring the characterised by little protection of the environment. technological development, low productivity and the use 9 What is forestry? of a lot of manpower. It includes rice irrigation agriculture, slash-and-burn agriculture and The forestry industry consists of extensive dryland the use of resources from agriculture. forests, such as wood, rubber and cork, to satisfy human needs.

5 What characteristics does commercial agriculture feature and what types of such 10 What is mining? agriculture exist?

Commercial agriculture uses very Mining consists of the extraction advanced techniques, of rocks and minerals requires enormous capital investment, from the Earth’s crust. We can distinguish has high productivity energy minerals, metal minerals and non-metallic minerals.

Final challenge. Design a diet that protects

Water footprint: How much water do A kilo of chocolate 17 000 A margherita pizza 1250 A litre of biodiesel fuel 11 000

products cost? Litres of water

A kilo of butter 5500 A kilo of meat 15 000 A litre of milk 1000

A hamburger 3500

A dozen eggs 2300

A kilo of lettuce 237

A kilo of potatoes 287

A kilo of tomatoes 214 A pair of cotton

trousers 8000

1 After reading the news article and analysing the diagram,

explain some consequences that our diet and food production have on the environment.

2 Make a list of your daily diet, including

eat for breakfast, lunch and dinner.

the main foods you

3 A carbon footprint is an indicator that quantifies the greenhouse

gases released throughout the development of a product. Search for information on the internet and calculate the footprint of some of the foods you consume.

the environment

Does my diet pollute?

Do biological biscuits wrapped in plastic protect the environment? And fish that comes from the Indian Ocean?

The environmental consequences of our consumption model are obvious : food production is responsible for one third of the planet’s greenhouse gas emissio ns, according to a recent study by Oxford University.

‘I think it’s necessa to make people aware ry that everyone is respons environment,’ says ible for the Emilio Chuvieco, who runs a project for labelling the carbon footprint of food. ‘Today know the price and we the ingredients, but nothing about the environmental footprin t,’ he remarks.

According to the WWF, agriculture and intensive livestoc farming use 34 % k of available land, consume 69 % of water and are the the main causes of defores tation and loss of biodiversity, without mentioning their waste.

Adapted from Laura Delle Femmine , ‘Cómo saber si mi contamina’, El País, dieta www.elpais.com (1/6/2019 ).

4 Work in groups and make a list

of some changes you could make to your diet to reduce your environmental impact.

You can draft a final commitment for the whole class.

Writing activities should be completed in your notebook

V

The primary sector

15

2

Comparativ

Comparatives we use: To compare two people or things, adjective + er + than // f Comparative adjectives ➞ more/less + adjective + than: than the River Sil. ➞ The River Guadalquivir is longer than in Rainfall on mountains is more abundant

it

Y GRAMMAR IN GEOGRAPHY AND esHISTOR and superlatives

Un

Un it

21

Final sections Each unit ends with three sections: • Grammar in Geography and History: you will find a grammar rule with a proposal of activities to apply grammar to specific contents.

• 10 Questions: summary of the main ideas organized in questions and answers.

• Final challenge an activity to apply and consolidate what you have learned in the unit.

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What's in your digital book? ◆ In your digital book you will find:

• Listenings.

• Extra web resources.

283

Un i t

2

The primary

sector

➊ AGRARIAN ENVIRONMENTS The agrarian landscape is the physical environment in which primary-sector activities are carried out. It is composed of different elements: z Plots are the basic unit of agricultural activity and can be classified according

to their size (large estate or smallholding), shape (regular or irregular) and limits (open-field or bocage). z Cultivation systems. These can be classified according to the variety of

crops (polyculture and monoculture), the use of water (dryland farming and irrigation) or the use of the land (intensive and extensive farming). z Land ownership and possession. When the owner is responsible for the

exploitation of the land, we can distinguish between public, private and collectively-owned properties.

Bocage.

z Habitat. This is the inhabited part of the countryside. It can be concentrated,

dispersed or interspersed. z An organised space consists of the elements that provide access to the

territory and other services necessary to make it habitable.

➋ AGRICULTURE Agriculture is the cultivation of land to obtain food and other raw materials. It is the most important economic activity of the primary sector.

2.1. Conditioning factors in agriculture

Physical factors

Human factors

8

Climate

Every type of plant needs specific humidity and temperature conditions.

Relief

With altitude, temperatures drop and rainfall increases.

Slopes make agriculture more difficult and can cause soil loss.

Soil

Its chemical composition, particle size and porosity affect the type of cultivation.

Population size

A large population needs greater volumes of food.

Produce destination

If the produce is for personal consumption, there is less specialisation and greater crop variety. If the produce is destined for large markets, there is more specialisation and less variety.

Modern agricultural techniques

Mechanisation, chemical pesticides and fertilisers, and seed selection have overcome many determining physical factors and increased productivity.

Economic globalisation

It has caused the expansion of commercial agriculture.

Agricultural and environmental policies

Governments’ decisions affect conditions for agriculture though subsidies, quotas and irrigation policies. They also attempt to correct problems such as over-exploitation of aquifers, the abuse of chemical products and desertification.

The primary sector

Open-field.

Concentrated habitat (Zuheros, Córdoba).

Dispersed habitat (Basque country).

U ni

Activities

t2

1 Work in pairs or groups and discuss the following questions. Write your conclusions and do some research if necessary. a) What are the economic activities that make up the primary sector? b) Say which primary-sector activities the following products come from: leather, tobacco, cellulose, milk, cotton, seaweed, rubber. c) Do many people work in the primary sector where you live? d) Write the names of five typical primary-sector products from your region.

2 Why do you think physical factors are more influential in developing countries than in developed countries?

3 Match the types of farming that appear in the left-hand column with their definitions. a) Monoculture

1. Rainfall provides enough water for the crops.

b) Polyculture

2. This is done on very large plots of land.

c) Dryland

3. Various crops on a single plot.

d) Irrigation

4. Water from artificial sources is needed.

e) Intensive

5. Only one crop on the plot.

f) Extensive

6. This is done on small plots.

4 Explain how the destination of the produce affects variety and specialisation in agriculture.

5 Look for information about fallow land and define it. Do you think it is a traditional or modern technique?

6 What are subsidies? And quotas? How do they affect agriculture? Answer the questions and compare your answer with your partner. Then write a conclusion together.

7

2 Listen to the audio recording and complete the text. Then, read the text again and answer the following questions: Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without by instead using different types of substrates and even water enriched with minerals and other . This type of agriculture has many benefits: the use of resources like water and nutrients is more because they take up much less space than soil; less manpower is required; it’s easier and cheaper to ; and the harvest produced is of a better control are widely grown in quality. Today, hydroponic rich countries like the United States and Israel, but they in could also provide a solution for ending the many developing countries where farmland is scarce or over-exploited. a) What is hydroponics? b) Write at least two benefits of hydroponics. c) Why could hydroponic crops provide a good solution for developing countries?

Task: What would be the fair price of what we eat?

Price index at origin and in stores €/Kg

From the field to the table DIFFERENCE

OLIVE OIL GARLIC SALAD TOMATOES

2.1 0.82 0.55 1.99

81 %

3.8 5.36

554 % 262 %

ORANGES

0.25 1.6

532 %

ONION

0.20 1.44

620 %

Price at origin

As agricultural products in Spain make the journey from field to table, their price increases four times. On average, the end consumer pays 443% more in supermarkets and traditional businesses than what farmers receive from the sale of their fruits and vegetables at the point of origin.

The cost of vegetables and garden produce rises as it goes through the various stages in the distribution chain: transport from point of origin, packaging, transport to the sales points or to the final point of sale at the store. This rise in price varies according to numerous factors and can be much more pronounced in some farm products than in others. ‘It's important to bear in mind the costs of running our network of stores, the salaries of the almost 260,000 workers in the sector, payments for taxes and specific licences, the costs of food and health safety,’ explain sources from the distribution sector.

Price at destination

Adapted from Alberto Sierra: ‘Del campo a la mesa: por qué pagas por un tomate cuatro veces más de lo que percibe el agricultor’, Vozpópuli (8/2/2020).

A Consider the diagram displaying the price index for certain

B Read the text and describe the main stages in the distribution

commonly consumed agricultural products and calculate the percentage increase for prices between the point of origin and the final destination.

chain that cause an increase in the price of products.

C The increase in price for agricultural products affects producers, merchants and consumers. Who do you think are the worst affected? Provide reasons for your answer.

V Writing activities should be completed in your notebook

The primary sector

9

t2 ni U

2.2. Types of agriculture

Subsistence agriculture Rice irrigation agriculture Slash-and-burn agriculture Extensive dryland agriculture Commercial agriculture European commercial agriculture New-world agriculture Plantation agriculture

It is practised in countries with little technological development. It is Subsistence characterised by low productivity and agriculture employs a large percentage of the active population.

Commercial agriculture

It is practised in developed countries.

It uses very advanced techniques, requires enormous capital investment and has high productivity. It needs little manual labour.

Rice irrigation agriculture is practised in the monsoon areas of Asia. This is intensive agriculture with high productivity that takes advantage of the abundance of water to flood the rice fields.

Slash-and-burn agriculture. A portion of forest is cut down and burned to obtain ash as a natural fertiliser. It uses up and rapidly erodes the soil, which means leaving the area and moving to another.

Extensive dryland agriculture. This is combined with cattle farming, using traditional techniques like the three-field or fallow system.

European commercial agriculture. This specialises in both dryland (cereals, grapes and olives) and irrigation farming (fruits). It uses techniques such as greenhouses.

New-world agriculture (USA, Canada and Australia). This is extensive, highly mechanised agriculture controlled by large companies. It is highly productive and specialises in crops with a high demand, such as cereals and cotton.

Plantation agriculture is carried out by multinational companies in poor countries. This combines manual labour with modern techniques to obtain tropical products (cocoa, coffee, pineapple).

➌ LIVESTOCK FARMING Livestock farming consists of rearing animals to obtain food, leather and materials or labour and transport. z Traditional livestock farming is characterised by the use of traditional

techniques, natural pastures as a food source and low yields. Nomadic pastoralism is typical in dry zones and consists of constantly moving livestock (goats, cows, camels) to places where there is abundant pasture.

Transhumance refers to the seasonal movement of livestock between winter pasture (plains or valleys) and summer pasture (mountains). z Commercial livestock farming applies modern techniques and has very

high yields. It is practised in developed countries. In extensive farming, the livestock (sheep, cows) graze in natural meadows, while in intensive farming investment is very high because the livestock (chickens, cows, pigs) are reared in farms and eat fodder.

10

The primary sector

Nomadic shepherd.

U ni

Activities

t2

8 Are these statements true or false? Correct the false ones.

12 What do you think are the main problems with intensive livestock farming? And its main advantage over other types of livestock farming?

a) Subsistence agriculture needs a lot of manual labour. b) Rice irrigation agriculture has high productivity. c) Tropical crop plantation agriculture is practised in developed countries.

13 Look at the following pictures. What type of livestock farming is shown in each case? Justify your answers. a)

d) European intensive agriculture is only specialised in dryland farming. e) Slash-and-burn agriculture is typical in Europe.

9 Tropical

crop plantation agriculture is practised in developing countries and is controlled by large multinational companies that employ a lot of labour and export their production. Do you think the benefits have an effect on the local population? Provide reasons for your answer.

10 Look at the map on the previous page and name four countries that practise each of the different types of agriculture you have studied.

11 Look at the following pictures. What type of agriculture is

b)

shown in each case? What do these types of agriculture have in common? What are the differences between them? a)

b)

Task: Livestock farming and lifestyles Bedouins are a semi-nomadic group that inhabit the deserts of Arabia and other regions such as northern , and they survive in extreme climate and Africa or and the environmental conditions. The arid desert and natural resources force the Bedouins scarcity of to make use of everything in their surroundings for their day-to-day life, such as the prosopis cineraria tree, under which they seek protection from the sun while they use its to build their houses. are also vital to their survival. These animals are used as a means of transportation, a source of food and are used to manufacture a symbol of wealth. Their tents, footwear and warm clothing (necessary in the colder winter months). Camel hides are also woven to produce , rich in nutrients, is used to produce rugs. Their yoghurt and butter and, during celebrations (for example is served as a delicacy. in weddings), camel

A 2 Listen to the audio recording and complete the text.

B Now, read the text again and consider the picture. How do

C Make a list of the products Bedouins obtain from camels.

D Look for information online and write other examples of

the climate and the natural surroundings influence the lives of the Bedouins?

peoples or societies that practise nomadic pastoralism today.

Explain where they can be found and what type of livestock they rear.

V Writing activities should be completed in your notebook

The primary sector

11

t2 ni U

➍ FISHING Fishing consists of catching animal species that live in seas and rivers. We can distinguish three types of fishing: z Coastal fishing. This is carried out daily close to the coast with small boats and

traditional techniques. z Deep-sea fishing. This is carried out far from the coast for several days or weeks

with bigger boats and modern techniques. z Industrial fishing. This is carried out on the high seas, on refrigerated ships with

very advanced technical instruments. The ships remain at sea for several months.

Aquaculture is the breeding of aquatic species both in the sea and in continental areas with modern techniques. It is growing because of the increasing demand for food and the over-exploitation of the seas.

➎ TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE FOOD MODEL Agriculture, fishing and food production in general are currently facing significant problems caused by resource depletion and pollution. The challenge for the future is to satisfy a growing population while ensuring protection of the environment.

Problem

Proposed solution

Soil degradation

Promote agricultural activity with limited use of non-biological (pesticides, antibiotics and fertilisers).

materials

Overuse of water

Safeguard the quality and quantity of water through proper management of waste and dammed water reserves.

Loss of biodiversity

Support production systems that favour biodiversity and generate the least amount of waste.

Greenhouse gas emissions

Adjust our meat consumption to levels recommended by the FAO and modify how livestock are fed.

Aquaculture in Huelva.

Limit bottom trawling, reinforce selective traditional fishing methods and Depletion of fish populations increase marine reserves.

Deforestation Food waste

Soil protection and reforesting.

Consumer awareness for responsible consumption using locally-sourced products.

➏ THE FORESTRY INDUSTRY The forestry industry involves the use of resources from forests such as wood, rubber and cork to satisfy human needs. Among these resources, the most important is wood, which is used in many activities (paper, construction, furniture industry).

The decline of forests due to the development of agriculture and livestock farming and the increase of uncontrolled forestry has led to deforestation. This produces the disappearance of both plant species and animals. Its impact is greatest where the soil is not very fertile, leading to erosion and desertification. This is the reason why nowadays sustainable forestry activities include the reforestation of the exploited land.

➐ MINING

Logging in Cantabria.

Mining consists of the extraction of rocks and minerals from the Earth’s crust. The factors that influence mining can be natural, such as the quantity and quality of minerals in the deposits and the depth at which they are found, or human, such as the technology used, the demand for minerals in the market or the policies that regulate the sector. We can distinguish different types of minerals according to their economic use: z Energy minerals. These are used to produce energy (oil, gas, coal). z Metal minerals. These include those used in the metallurgical industry (iron,

copper, nickel) and precious metals (gold, silver). z Non-metallic minerals. These include those used in the chemical industry

(phosphates), in the high-tech industry (diamonds) and in construction (clay, granite).

12

The primary sector

Open-cast mine in Macael (Almería).

U ni

Activities

t2

14 Complete the following table about the different types of

16 Complete this diagram about mining factors:

fishing.

Coastal fishing

Deep-sea fishing

Amount of mineral available

Industrial fishing a)

Place Time at sea

Depth of minerals

Size and type of vessel

Factors of mining

Techniques

15 Look at the following chart about the state of world fishing

c) Human factors

and aquaculture and answer these questions. a) What type of fishing activity has increased in importance since the 1980s? b) What do you think are the reasons for this increase?

17 What

is deforestation? What economic activities cause it? Explain its consequences using these words: desertification, loss, forestry, disappearance.

18

160

Demands for minerals d)

180

2 Listen to the audio recording and read the text. Then answer the questions.

140

Millions of tonnes

b)

120

Aquaculture production

100 80 60 40

Fishing production

20

0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

In the recovery of a deforested area, it is important to plant indigenous species. The introduction of nonnative species can alter the chemical composition of the soil as well as the groundwater on which the entire ecosystem depends. An example of inappropriate reforestation is the massive introduction of eucalyptus trees. This species grows very fast but extracts much more water from the subsoil than other species native to the natural landscape. These trees also increase soil salinity a) What is reforestation? b) What are the disadvantages of planting eucalyptus trees for reforestation purposes?

Task: Mining and politics In 2010, an internal report from the American Pentagon signalled the existence of enormous lithium reserves in Afghanistan. Given that country’s takeover by the Taliban, the fate of these reserves is of major interest to global powers.

According to analysts, China is the country that could benefit the most from the rich Afghan resources, which include other metals and rare earth elements key to the energy transition for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The Chinese government, which received a Taliban delegation in late July, asserted at the time that ‘the Taliban are a key military and political force in Afghanistan’, and trusted that ‘they would play a vital role in the peace, reconciliation and reconstruction’ of the country.

Text adapted from: Editorial division: ‘Afganistán. Litio y otros metales: los talibanes controlan ahora una de las mayores reservas’, EuroNews, www.euronews.com (19/8/2021).

Benefits of electric cars • Reduced taxes.

• Schemes to facilitate parking.

• Public subsidies.

• Zero consumption.

• Absence of polluting emissions.

• Fewer mechanical breakdowns.

• Basic maintenance.

• Optimal performance.

• Cheaper insurance policies.

A Look for information on the internet about the current political

C What advantages does the electric car offer from an

situation in Afghanistan. Who governs the country today?

B Lithium and coltan are two very important minerals that are widely used in the high-tech industry. Find out what its properties are and what common products are made with it.

environmental standpoint? And from an economic standpoint?

D Finally, debate with your classmates on whether or not the preservation of the environment or economic progress justify doing business with countries governed by dictatorships.

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GRAMMAR IN GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

Comparatives and superlatives

Comparatives

Superlatives

To compare two people or things, we use:

To compare one person or thing with the rest of a group, we use:

f Comparative adjectives ➞ adjective + er + than //

more/less + adjective + than: ➞ The River Guadalquivir is longer than the River Sil. ➞ Rainfall on mountains is more abundant than in the desert. f To be (not) as + adjective + as:

➞ The desert in Almería is as hot as the desert in

Morocco. ➞ Teide is not as high as Mulhacén.

f Superlative adjectives ➞ the + adjective + (e)st:

➞ The Amazon is the longest river in the world. f Too (not) before an adjective to mean in excess:

➞ In summer, Córdoba is too hot.

Irregular adjectives f good – better than – the best f bad – worse than – the worst

Activities Activities 1 Read this text and identify the adjectives. Then, indicate if they are positive, comparative or superlative.

Agriculture depends on a variety of physical factors, such as climate, relief and soil: • Climate: Every type of plant needs specific humidity and temperature conditions. For example, apple trees are typical of cold and humid climates, whereas olive trees adapt to drier climates and higher temperatures.

• Relief: Farmers prefer to cultivate on plains and at the bottom of valleys, because slopes make agriculture more difficult and can cause soil loss. Furthermore, with altitude, temperatures drop, and rainfall is more abundant.

• Soil: Chemical composition, particle size and porosity condition soil fertility. In general, farmers prefer the most fertile soils.

2 Look at the pictures in activity 13. Write sentences to compare both: a) The first picture represents a more/less modern type of livestock farming than the second one. b) The use of technology is more/less important in the first picture than in the second one. c) Animals have more/less space to live in the first picture than in the second one. d) Productivity is higher/lower in the first picture than in the second one.

4 Choose the correct option in the following sentences: a) Productivity is higher in commercial agriculture than/then in subsistence farming. b) Forestry is the more/most important economic activity in areas where forests are abundant. c) Aquaculture captures are increasing more as/than traditional fishing. d) Agriculture is least/less adapted to mountainous areas, where forestry or livestock farming is better/best adapted to natural conditions. e) Intensive agriculture requires a lot of manpower to obtain the higher/highest productivity in a small area of land.

5 Order the following words to make meaningful sentences and then identify the comparative or superlative structure in each sentence: a) variety / crops / is / for / specialisation / If / consumption, / there / greater / is / the / less / a / and / of / personal / produce b) influential / developed / developing / factors / of / are / more / in / agriculture / countries / than / ones / in / Physical c) farming / consumes / agriculture / higher / extensive / of / water / than / Intensive / volumes d) coastal / modern / uses / than / Deep-sea / techniques / more / fishing / fishing

3 Complete the text with the following words: larger, further, the most advanced, higher, smaller. a) Coastal fishing is carried out with sea fishing, which is practised coastal fishing. b) The needs.

boats than deepfrom the coast than

the population of a place is, the more food it

c) Industrial fishing uses sector. d) Intensive agriculture needs extensive agriculture.

technical instruments in the investments than

Isla Cristina (Huelva), principal fishing port in Andalucía.

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10 questions

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1 What is the primary sector and what economic activities does it include?

It consists of the extraction of resources directly from the natural environment. It includes agriculture, livestock farming, fishing, forestry and mining.

2 What is the agrarian landscape and what elements make it up?

It is the physical environment in which primary-sector activities are carried out. It is made up of different elements: plots, cultivation systems, land ownership and possessions, habitats, and organised spaces.

3 What is agriculture and what physical factors affect it?

Agriculture is the cultivation of land to obtain food and other raw materials. It is affected by physical factors (climate, relief, soil) and human factors (population size, produce destination, techniques, economic globalisation, agricultural and environmental policies).

4 What characteristics does subsistence agriculture feature and what types of such agriculture exist?

Subsistence agriculture is characterised by little technological development, low productivity and the use of a lot of manpower. It includes rice irrigation agriculture, slash-and-burn agriculture and extensive dryland agriculture.

5 What characteristics does commercial agriculture feature and what types of such agriculture exist?

Commercial agriculture uses very advanced techniques, requires enormous capital investment, has high productivity

and needs little manual labour. It includes European commercial farming, new-world farming and tropical crop plantation farming.

6 What is livestock farming and what types of it exist?

It consists of rearing animals to obtain food or other raw materials. There are different types: traditional livestock farming (nomadic pastoralism, transhumance) and commercial livestock farming (intensive farming, extensive farming).

7 What is fishing and what types of it exist?

Fishing consists of catching animal species that live in seas and rivers. There are different types: coastal, deepsea and industrial fishing. Aquaculture is the breeding of aquatic species.

8 What are the problems and challenges for the future of the current food model?

Food production is currently facing problems caused by resource depletion and pollution. The challenge for the future is to satisfy a growing population while ensuring the protection of the environment.

9 What is forestry?

The forestry industry consists of the use of resources from forests, such as wood, rubber and cork, to satisfy human needs.

10 What is mining?

Mining consists of the extraction of rocks and minerals from the Earth’s crust. We can distinguish energy minerals, metal minerals and non-metallic minerals.

Final challenge. Design a diet that protects the environment Water footprint: How much water do products cost? Litres of water A kilo of chocolate 17 000 A margherita pizza 1250 A litre of biodiesel fuel 11 000

A kilo of butter 5500 A kilo of meat 15 000 A litre of milk 1000

A dozen eggs 2300 A kilo of potatoes 287 A kilo of lettuce 237

A hamburger 3500 A kilo of tomatoes 214 A pair of cotton trousers 8000

1 After reading the news article and analysing the diagram,

explain some consequences that our diet and food production have on the environment.

2 Make a list of your daily diet, including the main foods you

eat for breakfast, lunch and dinner.

3 A carbon footprint is an indicator that quantifies the

greenhouse gases released throughout the development of a product. Search for information on the internet and calculate the footprint of some of the foods you consume.

Does my diet pollute?

Do biological biscuits wrapped in plast ic protect the environment? And fish that comes from the Indian Ocean?

The environmental consequences of our consumption model are obvious: food production is respo nsible for one third of the planet’s greenhouse gas emis sions, according to a recent study by Oxford University. ‘I think it’s necessary to make people aware that everyone is respo nsible for the environment,’ says Emilio Chuvieco, who runs a project for labelling the carbon footprint of food . ‘Today we know the price and the ingredients, but noth ing about the environmental footprint,’ he remarks.

According to the WWF, agriculture and inten sive livestock farming use 34 % of available land, cons ume 69 % of the water and are the main causes of deforesta tion and loss of biodiversity, without mentioning their wast e.

Adapted from Laura Delle Femmine, ‘Cóm o saber si mi dieta contamina’, El País, www.elpais.com (1/6/2 019).

4 Work in groups and make a list of some changes you could

make to your diet to reduce your environmental impact.

You can draft a final commitment for the whole class.

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➊ THE CONCEPT OF POLITICS: IDEOLOGIES AND POLITICAL PARTIES

A political party is a permanent and stable organisation that seeks to hold political power in elected positions to develop a programme based on a specific ideology.

ft le (+)

L CA % TI 50 LI PO O- M CI DO SO EE FR

In terms of political ideology, broadly speaking we can differentiate between progressive or left-wing ideologies and conservative or right-wing ideologies.

Each of them usually corresponds to one or more political parties in countries with democratic regimes.

ht rig Centre

Conservative

10 0%

Political science studies the different forms of political, economic and social organisation that have characterised human societies throughout history.

Progressive

0% 10

The concept of politics refers to two ideas. It is the activity of those who govern or aspire to govern and deal with the issues that affect a society or a country. It is also the science that deals with government and the organisation of human societies.

Liberal

Totalitarian

0% (-)

(-)

The Nolan chart of political positions.

➋ TYPES OF STATES AND POLITICAL REGIMES A state is a form of political organisation that governs the population of a specific territory. It has its own organs of government and is sovereign and independent.

The most common types of states are:

Unitary states

They are uniform in terms of population, territory and government. Power is centrally administered.

Federal states

They are decentralised political organisations made up of autonomous territories, which are connected by rules set out by the central (federal) power on the basis of its own constitution.

Confederal states

They are political organisations formed by the union of sovereign states to achieve common goals.

Spain is an example of a democratic regime.

A political regime is an organised structure of power that consists of a set of institutions that regulate the exercise of power based on certain values. There are different classifications: z Democratic regimes are based on the principle of representation. Free elections

are held, there is separation of powers and citizens enjoy rights and freedoms guaranteed by law (the constitution). There are presidential regimes (like the USA) where the head of state represents the country, and there are parliamentary systems (like Spain or France) where the government is chosen by parliament. z Non-democratic regimes:

f Socialist regimes are not all the same but they have certain common

characteristics: their economic system is based on collective ownership of the means of production, there is one single political party, no democratic elections are held and citizens’ rights are restricted (e.g. China and Cuba). f Authoritarian regimes use repression to impose their will on the civil

population. They are characterised by being autocratic and limiting personal freedoms. Some African countries have this type of political regime. f Totalitarian regimes restrict personal freedoms and place all power in the

hands of the state, without restrictions or divisions. North Korea is an example.

They are called a theocracy if the religious leader also holds political power (e.g. Iran).

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(+)

S 50 FR OCIO % EE -P DO OL M IT IC AL

Un i t

North Korea is an example of a totalitarian dictatorship.

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1 Classify the following characteristics according to the political regime or regimes to which they belong: democratic, socialist, authoritarian, totalitarian. a) Economic system based on collective ownership of the means of production. b) Constitution. c) They are characterised by being autocratic. d) One single political party. e) They can be a theocracy. f) Separation of powers. g) They use repression to impose their will on the civil population. h) They place all power in the hands of the state, without restrictions or divisions. i) They restrict personal freedoms and citizens' rights.

2 Research the types of political regime that exist in the following countries and compare them with your own country.

Country

Type of state

Political regime

4

2 Listen to the audio recording and complete the text.

The terms ‘left-wing’ and ‘right-wing’ have their origin Revolution. After the triumph of the in the revolution with the storming of the Bastille by the of Paris on 14 July 1789, the National Constituent Assembly was created with the aim of drawing up a for France. Different ideological groups took part in the National Assembly. Most notably, on one the Ancien Régime and, on side, those who the other, the Jacobites, who defended the interests of the Ancien Régime of the Third Estate. The in the Assembly, and those used to sit on the . who supported the Third Estate sat on the As a result, in later years those who were identified positions were called rightwith ideologically beliefs were wing, while those who held more considered to be left-wing.

5 Complete this diagram showing the separation of powers in democracies. a)

Power

King or b) of the republic

Portugal

Legislative Power

Judicial Power

Parliament

Courts

Saudi Arabia • Makes the d) .

• Draws up the e) budget for the state.

• E xecutes the laws.

• Names the c) from the majority in parliament.

Mozambique Cuba

3 Define the following terms and write a sentence with each one. a) Political party.

d) Totalitarianism.

b) Political regime.

e) Autocracy.

• T hey are independent from the f) power.

• Ensure the g) is complied with.

elect

h)

c) State.

Task: Is democracy in danger?

In 2020 declined by nearly 70 % in the countries of the world due to the imposed to fight the pandemic, according to a study by the British group The Economist. caused a vast decline in democratic , taking the ‘The coronavirus average global score on the Democracy Index to record lows. The phenomenon is regimes of Africa and the Middle East. global and particularly severe in the liberties in developed democracies was the most However, the removal of of freedoms by millions remarkable feature of 2020. The willing of people was one of the most remarkable occurrences in an extraordinary year, but we should not conclude from the high level of public compliance with measures that people do not freedom. They simply concluded that loss of life justified a temporary loss of freedom.’ preventing a Adapted from ‘La democracia en el mundo sufrió un fuerte retroceso en el año de la pandemia’, Infobae (03.02.2021).

A 2 Listen to the audio recording and complete the text.

B Discuss in class the causes of the global decline in democracy. Do you think that after the pandemic it will be easier to recover freedoms in democratic countries or in nondemocratic countries?

C Use the internet to find the five most democratic countries in the world and the five least democratic ones.

D What problems will the inhabitants of a non-democratic country encounter?

Write a short composition with your conclusions (10-15 lines).

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➌ CITIZENSHIP AND TYPES OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

Citizenship refers to the rights and obligations of individuals towards the society in which they live. One of the requirements for people to be able to exercise their political rights is nationality. Nationality is the relationship between an individual and the state. It grants rights and obligations to the person who holds it. Nationality is acquired by birth or choice.

The concept of citizenship has evolved throughout history. The defining moment in the right to citizenship was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, a fundamental document of the French Revolution.

Political participation is an essential element in democratic systems. It refers to the activities undertaken by citizens to influence the designation of politicians and policy-making. There are different forms of political participation: institutionally promoted (elections), organisation-based (affiliation) and individual initiative (protests on social media).

➍ CURRENT FORMS OF GOVERNMENT The United States of America is a federal state whose federal government is divided into three powers. Each power is elected in a different way and is capable of overseeing and regulating the others.

This was established in the Constitution of 1787.

Legislative power is exercised by the Senate and the House of Representatives. They draw up laws, control and influence the executive power, supervise budgets and protect the freedoms and rights of citizens. Executive power rests with the president, who is chosen in national elections every four years. The president is simultaneously the head of state and head of government, and also has legislative and judicial powers. Judicial power is exercised by the Supreme Court, whose members are designated by the president and confirmed by the Senate.

CONSTITUTION OF 1787

Presents the separation of powers LEGISLATIVE

EXECUTIVE

JUDICIAL

Makes or repeals laws

Enforces laws

Interprets and applies laws

controls Vetoes

Congress

House of Representatives

The head of state is the president of the People's Republic of China (who is also the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPC).

One of the president's main functions is to organise the appointment of the members of the State Council, led by the prime minister, which holds the executive power.

The Supreme People’s Court ensures compliance with the constitution and the regulations of the State Council. The leaders of the main organs of state come from the ranks of the Communist Party, which also drew up the constitution. Even if there are elections, in reality all positions are occupied by members of this party.

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The political organisation of society

Senate

presides

Vice president

Delegates

Supreme Court

Other federal courts

Armed Forces

indirect Universal suffrage

direct

Political structure of power in China

Communist Party of China All political representatives come from this party

LEGISLATIVE POWER: NPC AND THE PERMANENT COMMITTEE Supervise

Elect

Head of state: PRESIDENT Also

• General Secretary of the PCP • President of the Military Central Commission

Appoints

The legislative power rests with the National People’s Congress of China (NPC). It is a chamber made up of representatives chosen by indirect universal suffrage. Its mandate lasts five years. Among other functions it is responsible for choosing the president of the republic and the prime minister, drawing up laws and controlling the central government and the courts.

Appoints

President

2 years 6 years

4.2. China, an example of a socialist authoritarian regime The People’s Republic of China is a socialist state led by the Communist Party of China (CPC), according to its constitution, in place since 1982.

controls

Commander in chief

4.1. The United States, an example of a liberal democracy

Separation of powers in the USA

Executive power: STATE COUNCIL Made up of

Prime minister Appoints

Other members: vice-presidents, ministers, councillors…

Supervise and appoint the president of

Judicial power: SUPREME PEOPLE’S COURT

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c) A is a person seeking or nominated for election to a position of authority such as president, prime minister, etc.

6 Which of the following statements are forms of citizen participation? a) Writing a letter to the editor of a newspaper criticising the poor condition of the local public parks. b) Making a graffiti criticising climate change without permission from the city council.

is a form of government in which all eligible d) A people have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives.

c) Submitting a complaint online to your electricity company if you detect an error in your bill.

refers to an autocratic form of government in e) A which the government is ruled by an individual.

d) Joining an NGO that provides educational support to students who live in deprived neighbourhoods.

f) The formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office is known as .

e) Criticising a sexist publicity campaign on social media.

comprises one or more political parties or other g) The organised groups that are opposed to the government.

f) Casting a blank vote in a general election. g) Not voting in the local elections.

branch of government is the part of h) The government that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy.

h) Calling the police to report a neighbour who is playing music too loudly.

is a series of coordinated activities, i) An election such as public speaking and demonstrating, designed to achieve a social or political aim.

7 Search for information and complete the table.

China

USA

refers to an administrative system in j) The term which the need or inclination to follow rigid or complex procedures impedes effective action.

State Executive power

9 Discuss with your partner which type of political regime it is best to live under. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the characteristics of each type? Use these expressions to talk about them: I personally prefer…; I wouldn’t like to live in…; How do you think people live in…?; They say that in …; people can/can’t…

Legislative power Judicial power Current president

10

8 Choose the correct words from the vocabulary related to democracy: democracy, opposition, monarchy, candidate, bureaucracy, executive, voting, oligarchy, campaign, dictatorship. refers to a form of power structure in a) The term which power effectively rests with a small number of people. b) The form of government in which the head of state is a . king or queen is called a

2 Listen to the audio recording and say if these sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones. a) The War of Independence began in 1775. b) The War of Independence ended in 1785. c) The constitution was written in New York. d) The civil war lasted four years. e) The first 10 amendments to the constitution are called the Bill of Freedoms. f) The 14th amendment gave black people the right to vote.

Task: Participation in democracy Declaration of the Rights of Man and

- 1789

The representatives of the people, organised as a , neglect, or National Assembly, believing that the of man are the sole cause of public contempt of the of governments, have determined calamities and of the to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural, unalienable, and sacred rights of man [...]: Articles: free and equal in rights. Social 1. Men are born and may be founded only upon the general good.

2. The aim of all political is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are , property, , and resistance to oppression.

A Complete the text with the following words: sovereignty, ignorance, rights, authority, security, corruption, French, distinctions, association, liberty, nation, remain.

B Say if these sentences are true or false, and correct the false ones. a) This text was approved by the National Assembly, that represented the French Nation or the national sovereignty. b) All the French people, including men and women have equal rights. c) The aim of all political association is to protect and defend the rights of men. d) These rights are natural, unalienable, sacred and imprescriptible.

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➎ SUPRANATIONAL ORGANISATIONS: THE UN Supranational organisations are bodies to which states delegate part of their sovereignty so that they can deal with problems together.

Increasingly, the problems that states face require cooperation with other countries of the world.

The United Nations is one of the most important supranational organisations. It was founded in 1945, after the end of the Second World War. Nowadays 193 countries belong to it and work together to maintain peace, protect human rights and deliver humanitarian aid.

The UN includes the following organs: z General Assembly. Representatives of the member states meet

here. They discuss matters such as peacekeeping, international cooperation and the approval of budgets. z Security Council. There are 15 member countries, of which five

are permanent members (Russia, China, the United States, France and the United Kingdom). Its decisions are binding for member states. The permanent members have the right to veto decisions.

The non-permanent members are elected every two years.

General Assembly of the UN.

z Secretary-General.

This is the person in charge of the administrative office of the organisation, appointed by the General Assembly in accordance with the recommendations of the Security Council.

In cases of conflict, UN peacekeeping forces known as the ‘Blue Helmets’ try to put an end to hostilities and protect the basic rights of civilian populations.

The UN also includes specific bodies such as the Economic and Social Council and the International Court of Justice to carry out other duties.

Other organs that depend on the UN are UNICEF (children), UNESCO (education, science and culture) and UNHCR (refugees).

Security Council of the UN.

Current organisation of the UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY

SECRETARY GENERAL

SECURITY COUNCIL

5-year mandate

China, USA, Russia, France, UK 5 permanent members

10 elected members every 2 years 193 members 1 country = 1 vote

Emit binding decisions

Decide

Recommend International Court of Justice

20

Economic and Social Council

The political organisation of society

Send Blue Helmets

UN STRUCTURE • UNDP – Development Programme • UNHCR – High Commissioner for Refugees • UNICEF – Children’s Fund • UNEP – Environment Programme OTHERS • FAO – Food and Agriculture Organisation • UNESCO – Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation • WHO – World Health Organisation • WTO – World Trade Organisation

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11 Match each UN organ with the function it carries out:

a) General Assembly

14

1. It comprises the secretary-general and thousands of international UN staff members who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the organisation’s other principal organs.

b) Security Council

2. It is the main deliberative, policy-making and representative organ of the UN.

c) Economic and Social Council

3. Its primary responsibility is maintaining international peace and security. It takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to peace or an act of aggression.

d) International Court of Justice

4. It is the principal judicial organ of the UN. Its role is to settle legal disputes submitted to it by states in accordance with international law and give advisory opinions on legal questions.

d) Secretariat

5. It is the principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue and recommendations on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the implementation of internationally agreed development goals.

12 Search for information online and write a short biography of the current UN secretary-general.

13 Let’s see how the UN Security Council works by putting a series of (made up) decisions to the vote. a) Divide the following roles among the class: five students represent the permanent members of the Security Council and 10 students represent the non-permanent members.

One student writes the votes on the blackboard. Another student moderates the voting process and the debate. b) Each student draws a map of the country they represent and puts it on their desk. c) Remember, for a decision to be approved, it must have nine favourable votes and none of the permanent members can exercise their veto power. d) Take the vote and complete the table, indicating the permanent members with a circle and the non-permanent members with a triangle.

Decision put to the vote Military intervention in Iran due to proven evidence of the manufacture of nuclear weapons Send humanitarian aid to Somalia where a severe drought has displaced 30,000 people Imposition of economic sanctions on Venezuela for imprisoning politicians who oppose the regime

Votes in favour:

Votes Result against:

2 Listen to the audio recording and write a definition of supranational organisation. Lastly, say if these sentences are true or false and correct the false ones. a) The European Union and the World Trade Organisation are both supranational entities. b) Sometimes supranational organisations have no benefits, like the European Union. c) The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) is one of the most well-known groups. d) The International Olympic Committee is not an example of a supranational organisation because it isn’t responsible for important things like the economy or welfare.

15 Write the names of the international organisations represented by the following acronyms.

16

a) UNICEF

c) UNESCO

b) UNHCR

d) WHO

e) FAO

2

What is the origin of the blue helmets worn by UN peacekeepers? Listen to the audio recording and complete the text.

During the early years of the UN, many practices had to be established as the encountered new situations and found ways of meeting challenges. In 1947, General Assembly approved light blue for the . In 1956, the UN Force (UNEF) was UN operation. Troops established as the first UN from different countries wore their national and added distinctive UN arm bands and shoulder patches to identify them as UN peacekeepers. were created by SecretaryThe blue beret and General Hammarskjöld during the formative days of UNEF. What was needed was distinctive headgear sniper to recognise. A UN-blue easy for a , but it was impossible beret seemed to be the to procure enough berets in time. American helmet-liners, however, were available in quantity in Europe, and were ready, spray-painted UN blue, in to wear on their entry time for the first UNEF into Egypt. recognises the right of the Force The Egyptian to display within Egyptian territory the UN flag. Service , vessels and aircraft shall carry a distinctive UN identification mark and licence which shall be notified . by the Commander to the Egyptian

17 Go to the following link https://peacekeeping.un.org/es/ where-we-operate on the UN’s peacekeeping missions: and answer the following questions: a) How many operations are currently active? In which countries or regions are they located? b) Find the locations of some of these operations on a world map. Choose one of them and write down the mission goals. Share your information with the class. c) What goals do all of these UN peacekeeping missions have in common.

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GRAMMAR IN GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY The First Conditional The first conditional has the present simple after if, then the future simple in the other clause: if + present simple, ... will + infinitive. z It’s used to talk about things which might happen in

the future. Of course, we can’t know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true.

z If the condition is negative ➞ if not or unless.

Traffic problems won’t be solved unless you vote for me.

If you elect me as president, I will provide you with new social policies.

If you vote for me, I will meet the president to solve traffic problems. es Activiti

Activities 1 Make the first conditional:

3 Write these sentences in a negative form.

a) If you (be) 18 years old, in Spain you (be able to vote). b) If we (live) in North Korea we (not have) rights.

E.g. I will form a political party if I have sponsors.

I won’t form a political party unless I have sponsors.

c) If we (defend) our rights in a totalitarian regime we (go) to prison.

a) You will have political participation if you live in a European country.

d) If you (be) the king in a monarchy, your son (inherit) the throne.

b) The Blue Helmets will attack Afghanistan if the regime doesn’t respect human rights.

e) I (live) in New York if I (pass) my exams to work for the UN.

c) If you are a citizen you will participate in political decisions.

f) You (can) join UNICEF if you (want) to help children.

d) You will have rights if you live under a democratic regime.

2 Make questions with the following sentences using the first conditional and answer them.

E.g. If you live in a republic you will have a monarch.

Will you have a monarch if you live in a republic? No, you won’t. In a republic you will have a president.

e) If you register your political party you will be able to present it for the next electoral campaign.

4 Write the sentences to make them true for you. Then, check your answers with your partner. a) If I pass all the exams…

a) If you have sponsors you will form a political party.

b) If we collect some money for the school party…

b) You will be arrested if you attend a demonstration in a dictatorship.

c) If a new high school opens in town…

c) If you live in a democracy like Spain the powers will be joined together.

e) If they don’t respect human rights…

d) If we live abroad…

d) If you live in China you will vote for the Communist Party. e) If you are the current president of the USA you will be Donald Trump.

'Tankman' obstructing tanks during the aftermath of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, on June 5, 1989.

VWriting activities should be completed in your notebook 22

The political organisation of society

U

10 questions

ni t8

1 What is a political party?

A political party is a permanent and stable organisation that seeks to hold political power in elected positions to develop a programme based on a specific ideology.

2 What are the different political ideologies?

We can differentiate between progressive or left-wing ideologies and conservative or right-wing ideologies. Each of them usually corresponds to one or more political parties in countries with democratic regimes.

3 What is a state? What are the most common types?

A state is a form of political organisation that governs the population of a specific territory. It has its own organs of government and is sovereign and independent. The most common types are unitary states, federal states and confederal states.

4 How can we classify political regimes?

There are different classifications: democratic regimes, socialist regimes, authoritarian regimes and totalitarian regimes.

5 How can a citizen participate in politics?

There are different forms of political participation: institutionally promoted (voting in elections), organisationbased (affiliation, donation, etc.) and individual initiative (protests on social media, demonstrations, etc.). Political participation can take place at different levels: European, regional, local, neighbourhood, etc.

6 What type of state is the United States of America and when was it established?

The United States of America is a federal state whose federal government is divided into three powers. This was established in the Constitution of 1787.

7 What type of state is China and when was it established?

The People’s Republic of China is an example of a socialist authoritarian regime led by the working class according to its constitution, in place since 1982.

8 What are supranational organisations and what are their functions?

Supranational organisations are bodies to which states delegate part of their sovereignty so that they can deal with problems together.

9 Which is the most important supranational organisation and how many countries take part in it?

The UN is one of the most important supranational organisations. Nowadays 193 countries belong to it and they work together to maintain peace, protect human rights and deliver humanitarian aid.

10 Which organs are included in the UN? The General Assembly, the Security Council and the Secretary-General. Also the Blue Helmets, the Economic and Social Council and the International Court of Justice are organs of the UN. Other organs that depend on the UN are UNICEF, UNESCO and UNHCR.

Final Challenge. Save our democratic system At Risk Of Poverty or social Exclusion in % 29.2

30

26.7

25

27.2

27.3

15

10.9

11.9

8.7

10

9.1 6.5

5 0

3.2

2.6

2011

2012

27.9

26.6

26.1

26.4

25.3

Can’t afford a meat or fish meal twice a week

Can’t afford to keep their home at the right temperature

Delay in payments related to the main residence

20

28.6

AROPE rate 13.5

12.5

11.7

11.1

10.6

10.6

9.3

10.1 8.0

8.0 3.5

3.3

2.6

2.9

2013

2014

2015

2016

9.4 9.1

8.3

10.9

7.6

3.7

3.6

3.8

2017

2018

2019

5.4

2020 Source: INE.

1 According to the above text, are the following statements

true or false? Correct the false ones.

The price of electricity on the Spanish whol esale market continues to reach record highs, and is havin g an impact on the price of goods and services consumed by households.

According to the Organisation of Consumer s and Users (OCU), the increases in the price of electricity have also begun to affect the production and transportation of food products.

One of the products most affected by the rise in the price of electricity is oil, which is now 20% more expe nsive. The cost of mineral water, fresh fruit, eggs and meat has also risen.

By contrast, the price of legumes, vegetable s and fish has decreased by 1.3%. The hike in the cost of elect ricity also has repercussions for companies and small busin esses because they are considering increasing their price s to compensate for higher energy bills. From bars and resta urants to the textile and ceramic industries to the prim ary sector, no sector has escaped the impact of the rising cost of electricity.

Rosa María Salcedo ‘Afecta la subida de la luz a los precios en la cesta de la compra?’, Antena 3 (01.09.2021 ).

a) The increase in the price of electricity has made some food products more expensive.

2 Look at the chart and say which indicators are used to

b) The products that are now more expensive include oil, eggs, meat, fish and vegetables.

3 How has the population at risk of poverty in Spain changed

c) Bars and restaurants will have to increase their prices. d) Clothing manufacturers will not have to increase their prices so consumers will not have to pay more for their clothes.

measure the poverty level. between 2011 and 2021?

4 What could happen to these families if the price of

electricity continues to rise? Based on what you have learned in this unit, can you think of a way to help them?

VWriting activities should be completed in your notebook

The political organisation of society

23

GEOGRAPHY

& HISTORY

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