Mycotoxins detected in corn, soya and sorghum samples from Argentina, Chile, Bolivia and Colombia

MULTIPLE MYCOTOXINS DETECTED IN CORN, SOYA AND SORGHUM samples from Argentina, Chile, Bolivia and Colombia in 2021

Jog Raj*, Catalina Nicholls and Marko Vasiljević PATENT CO, DOO., Mišićevo, Serbia *Corresponding author: jog.raj@patent-co.com

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The aim of the present study was to analyze corn, soya, and sorghum samples for mycotoxins from Chile, Colombia, Argentina, and Bolivia. The survey was conducted between January and December 2021.

In Colombia and Bolivia, the mycotoxins analysis was performed with REVEL Q+MAX kits and in Argentina and Chile REVEL Q+ kits (Neogen) were used for the analysis of mycotoxins from these samples.

The samples were analyzed for: Total aflatoxins Total fumonisins Deoxynivalenol (DON) Zearalenone (ZEN) T-2 toxin

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THE RESULTS OF THIS SURVEY ARE PRESENTED AS FOLLOWS:

CHILE

Table 1 shows the average of each mycotoxin detected (ppb) in the corn samples from Chile.

ZEN (73% samples) was the predominant mycotoxins detected whereas fumonisins, DON and aflatoxins were found to be present at lower average contamination levels.

73% of the samples had ZEN 41 % of the samples had aflatoxins 46% of the samples had DON 59 % of the samples had fumonisins

Table 1. Average of mycotoxins (ppb) detected in corn samples from Chile.

Aflatoxins

Fumonisins

DON

ZEN

Average

5

1,728

987

230

MAX

32

5,726

6,140

789

MIN

2

358

111

6

Median

3

479

662

255

% of positives

41

59

46

73

Therefore, corn samples from Chile in 2021 had cooccurrence of more than one mycotoxin.

Figure 1. Number of myctoxins per corn sample from Chile.

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83% of the corn samples were contaminated with one or more than one mycotoxin (Figure 1), whereas mycotoxins were not detected in 17% of the samples.

< LOQ 1 Mycotoxin

71

>1 Mycotoxin

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ARGENTINA The average of each mycotoxin detected (ppb) in the corn samples from Argentina is shown in Table 2.

ZEN, DON, and T-2 were the predominant mycotoxins detected with a high occurrence, whereas aflatoxins and fumonisins were found to be present at lower average contamination levels.

ZEN and T-2 toxin were detected in all (100%) corn samples DON was detected in 59% of the samples Fumonisins were detected in 29% of the samples Aflatoxins were detected in 35% corn samples

Table 2. Average of mycotoxins (ppb) detected in corn samples from Argentina.

Aflatoxins

Fumonisins

DON

ZEN

T-2/HT-2

Average

2

1,465

3,525

185

45

MAX

4

2,906

7,000

1.091

50

MIN

2

509

403

53

42

Median

3

509

1,333

129

46

% of positives

35

29

59

100

100

All the corn samples (100%) from Argentina contained more than 1 mycotoxin per sample.

Therefore, corn samples from Argentina had cooccurrence of more than one mycotoxin

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BOLIVIA Table 3 shows the average of each mycotoxin detected (ppb) in the corn and sorghum samples from Bolivia.

In corn: Aflatoxins were present in 67% of the samples Fumonisins appeared in 33% of the samples ZEN was present in all the tested corn samples In the case of sorghum: 50% contained aflatoxins 25% had fumonisins, ZEN and T-2/HT-2

Table 3. Average of mycotoxins (ppb) detected in corn and sorghum samples from Bolivia.

Aflatoxins

Fumonisins

DON

ZEN

T-2/HT-2

Average Corn

5

4,100

<LOD

69

<LOD

% of positive corn samples

67

33

<LOD

100

<LOD

Average Sorghum

4

410

<LOD

198

61

50

25

0

25

25

% of positive sorghum samples

<LOD = Less than limit of detection

All the corn and sorghum samples (100%) from Bolivia demonstrated the cooccurrence of mycotoxins as they presented more than 1 mycotoxin.

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COLOMBIA Table 4 shows the average of each mycotoxin detected (ppb) in corn samples from Colombia.

Fumonisins, ZEN, and DON were the predominant mycotoxins detected with low contamination levels found.

Aflatoxins were present in 22% of the samples Fumonisins appeared in 100% of the samples DON and ZEN were detected in 78% of the samples T-2/HT-2 toxins were detected in 22% of the samples

Table 4. Average of mycotoxins (ppb) detected in corn samples from Colombia.

Aflatoxins

Fumonisins

DON

ZEN

T-2/HT-2

3

859

836

181

3

MAX

5.0

2,700

2,600

393

3

MIN

2.0

340

370

89

3

Median

4

490

620

164

3

% of positives

22

100

78

78

22

Average

Table 5. Average of mycotoxins (ppb) detected in soya samples from Colombia.

Table 5 shows that ZEN was the main mycotoxin detected in soya samples from Colombia.

ZEN with an average of 111 ppb was detected in 93% of the tested samples.

ZEN Average

111

MAX

171

MIN

40

Median

111

% of positives

93

All the samples of corn from Colombia had more than 1 mycotoxin, whereas soya samples (93%) only had one mycotoxin (ZEN).

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CONCLUSIONS In this mycotoxins survey, corn, soya, and sorghum samples from Chile, Colombia, Argentina, and Bolivia were analyzed for mycotoxins using ELISA. The analysis showed that the 71% samples of corn from Chile, and 100% corn/sorghum samples from Argentina, Bolivia and Colombia contained more than one mycotoxin. 93% of soya samples from Colombia contained only one mycotoxin.

Therefore, the majority of the corn and sorghum samples from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Colombia demonstrated the cooccurrence of mycotoxins as they contained more than 1 mycotoxin.

There are no safe limits for cooccurrence of mycotoxins and, therefore, the use of appropriate mycotoxin binders is recommended to reduce their effects in animals and the risk of carryover from animals to humans.

This survey clearly demonstrates that, from season to season, crops can be contaminated with mycotoxins, making regular monitoring of raw materials intended for animal consumption indispensable.

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