Microbiology and Parasitology Flipbook

History

discovery

development

d o o F d e t n e m r Fe s e g a r e v e B d n a

in at was tracedre living th e c n e id v e s we There wa at the people organism th s e m ti c ri to micro prehis utilization of . e is w e th h it w in their food that was seen d by accident e rn a le ly b a b Pro products like e k a m to d e s u Process also e and wine. s e bread, che

Pottery Jars (7000 BC)

hic village Found in China specifically in Neolit ages Used for making fermented bever mold) Used in microbial (bacteria, yeast, fermentation. acids were Where alcohol gases, and organic placed.

otzi the iceman a frozen mummy found in Otzal Alps in 1991 (Austrian- Italian) boarder.

Naturally preserved from more than 500 years surrounded by the natural phenomena Died when he was 46 years old One of the strongest pieces of evidence of the pathogens causing illnesses to people in prehistoric times.

He suffered in different disease, but the most interesting once was the intestinal parasites (Trichuris trichiura) and Lyme disease (presence of Borrelia burgdorferi) - He also used Piptoporus betulinus fungus as treatment for his condition.

n i y g o l o microbi es m i t c i r o ehist

n i y g o l o i rob times

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Isolation oneself to avoid communicating the diseases such as leprosy and other.

a i Empire r n a ’ a l m a o R M the r-old found in 000-yea 2 e Evidencs analyzed in a and wa e ed by thir m r human o f g for bein es bad a - Knowneath that caus Black D

Leprosy A disease found in historic times that is caused by Mycobacterium leprae infecting person’s skin and nerves.

Aqueduct Used for bringing freshwater into the city

Cloaca Maxima Giant sewer used of transporting the waste liquids away to the river.

P

n o i t a t i n a S d n a e n n e i g y H anitatio s r x e le p p o r om

nt of a c e m h s li ilt ab es from The estuctures was bu im t e s tho infrastr mans in e illnesses o r e h t d n Protecteic like waterbor epidem

Invisible forces Theory of what causes those microbial infection diseases and death.

Hippocrates

Hippocratic Corpus Owned by Hippocrates in which several studies about medicine were found This was known as the oldest surviving medical books

Father of Western medicine He contradicted to the theories of people in his times about the forces that causes those diseases His theory was that the causes are not by the forces but are found in our environment

Thucydides

microbiology in

greek historic times t His conclusion was all abou the incapability of a human ore body to become infected mthe than once—now known as immunity.

Father of scientific histories wherein he based his studies on evidences and finding the cause and effect of a phenomenon His studies became well known due to his findings and experiences during the epidemic of Athenian plague.

Marcus Tertius Varro Res Rusticae He conceptualized the risk that people in his time have in the swamps or those areas with water and a lot of trees.

He believed that animalia minuta or minute creatures are invisible which are everywhere and go inside our body. As a result, various serious diseases may form.

He was the one to propose that an animalia quaedam minuta (organisms we cannot see) causes disease to human Those animalia quaedam minuta was believed oti be transferred though air

Varo Columella animalia minuta- invisible creatures that can be tansfered inside our body through our nose and mouth

The birth

of microbiology Von Plenciz different species are responsible for each disease

Fracastorious of Verona contagium vivumcontagious liquid --presently known as virus)

discovery of microbiology

Anton van Leewenhoek Father of microbiology Created his own microscope to observe the living creatures not seen by the naked eyes He named those creatures (bacteria and protozoa) as animalcules (little animals) Created a double convex lens and held by two silver plates his material can magnify from 50 to 300 times more than without instrument.

He accurately described the characteristics of bacteria and protozoa using his invention. father of bacteriology and protozoology (protistology)

Robert hooke English Physicist who observed the visibility and physical aspect of the smallest unit of life.

He then called it cells due to its similarity of rooms that monks use.

Transition Period In those years, scientists debated the theory of spontaneous generation, which stated that microorganisms arise from lifeless matter such as beef broth.

Francesco Redi Disputes the Spontaneous Theory.

He is the one who showed that fly maggots do not arise from decaying meat (as others believed) if the meat is covered to prevent the entry of flies.

John Needham English cleric He proposed the advanced spontaneous generation.

Lazzaro Spallanzani Nicolas Appert followed the idea of Spallanzani’s work. He was a French wine maker who showed that soups and liquids can be preserved by heating them extensively in thick champagne bottles.

Disputed the Spontaneous Theory by showing that boiled broth would not give rise to microscopic forms of life if it has been boiled for a longer period.

Transition Period In those years, scientists debated the theory of spontaneous generation, which stated that microorganisms arise from lifeless matter such as beef broth.

Franz Schulze and Theodor Schwann Two German scholars who viewed that air was the source of microbes and sought to prove this bypassing air through hot glass tubes or strong chemicals into boiled infusions in flasks. The infusion in both the cases remained free from the microbes.

Ignaz Semmelweis and John Snow were the two persons who showed a growing awareness of the mode of disease transmission.

George Schroeder and Theodor Von Dusch Two German scholars who viewed that air was the source of microbes and sought to prove this bypassing air through hot glass tubes or strong chemicals into boiled infusions in flasks. The infusion in both the cases remained free from the microbes.

Darwin in his book, ‘Origin of the Species’ showed that the human body could be conceived as a creature susceptible to the laws of nature.

He believed that disease may be a biological phenomenon, rather than any magic.

Transition Period In those years, scientists debated the theory of spontaneous generation, which stated that microorganisms arise from lifeless matter such as beef broth.

Louis Pasteur The Germ Theory Louis Pasteur worked in the middle and late 1800s.

Pasteur called attention to the importance of microorganisms in everyday life and stirred scientists to think that if bacteria could make the wine “sick,” then perhaps they could cause human illness.

Pasteur had to disprove spontaneous generation to sustain his theory, and he therefore devised a series of swan‐necked flasks filled with broth.

Robert Koch Pasteur and KocH germ theory of disease which states that microorganisms are the causes of infectious disease. Pasteur’s attempts to prove the germ theory were unsuccessful. This was another of the important contributions of Pasteur to microbiology.

A German scientist provided the proof by cultivating anthrax bacteria apart from any other type of organism. He then injected pure cultures of the bacilli into mice and showed that the bacilli invariably caused anthrax.

The procedures used by Koch came to be known as Koch’s postulates. They provided a set of principles whereby other microorganisms could be related to other diseases.

Transition Period In those years, scientists debated the theory of spontaneous generation, which stated that microorganisms arise from lifeless matter such as beef broth.

Fanne Eilshemius Hesse one of Koch’s assistants first proposed the use of agar in culture media.

John Tyndall An English physicist, deal a final blow to spontaneous generation in 1877.

He discovered highly resistant bacterial structure, later known as endospore, in the infusion of hay.

Prolonged boiling or intermittent heating was necessary to kill these spores, to make the infusion completely sterilized, a process known as Tyndallization.

Richard Petri developed the Petri dish (plate), a container used for solid culture media.

Contribution of Robert Koch, Fannie Hesse and Richard Petri made possible the isolation of pure cultures of microorganisms and directly stimulated progress in all areas of microbiology.

Transition Period Development in Medicine and Surgery

Lord Joseph Lister Father of Antiseptic Surgery famous English surgeon who is known for his notable contribution to the antiseptic treatment for the prevention and cure of wound infections. Joseph Lister was the first to introduce aseptic techniques for control of microbes by the use of physical and chemical agents which are still in use today.

Edward Jenner (1749-1823) English physician The first to prevent small fox His process was know as VACCINATION (based on the Latin word Vacca = cow) Jenner’s vaccination for smallpox, principle of the preventive treatment of rabies also worked fully which laid the foundation of modern immunization program against many dreaded diseases like diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio and measles etc.

Elie Metchnikoff In 1883, he proposed the phagocytic theory of immunity He discovered that some blood leukocytes, white blood cells (WBC) protect against disease by engulfing disease-causing bacteria. These cells were called phagocytes and the process phagocytosis. Thus, human blood cells also confer immunity, referred to as cellular immunity.

Golden Age Development of Vaccines

Golden Age period Development Of Chemotherapeutics, Antitoxins And Antibiotics

Emile Roux and Alexandre Yersin The two notable French bacteriologists Demonstrated the production of toxin in filtrates of broth cultures of the diphtheria organism.

Emil von Behring & Shibasaburo Kitasato In 1890, they both discovered tetanus (lock jaw) antitoxin Von Behring in 1890 reported on immunization against diphtheria by diphtheria antitoxin

Paul Ehrlich & Sakahiro Hata In 1904, Paul Ehrlich found that the dye Trypan Red was active against the trypanosome that causes African sleeping sickness “magic bullet”

In 1910, Ehrlich in collaboration with Sakahiro Hata, a Japanese physician, introduced the drug Salvarsan (arsenobenzol) as a treatment for syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum.

The use of Salvarsan marked the beginning of the era of chemotherapy and the use of chemicals that selectively inhibit or kill pathogens without causing damage to the patient.

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Trefouel

Golden Age period Development Of Chemotherapeutics, Antitoxins And Antibiotics

A Scottish physician and bacteriologist Credited for the discovery of this first ‘wonder drug’ penicillin in 1929 Antibiotics were discovered completely by accident in the 1920s, when a solid culture in a Petri dish (called a plate) of bacteria was left to sit around longer than usual.

Penicillin was later used to treat people suffering from a variety of bacterial infections and to prevent bacterial infection in burn victims, among many other applications

exander Fleming

In 1944, He discovered another antibiotic , streptomycin produced by two strains of actinomycete, Streptomyces griseus.

Received the nob le prize in 1952 for his discovery of Streptomycin use d in the treatment of tuberculosis.

Waksman

organisms whose cell s lack a nucleus a nd other or ganelles.

s e t o y r a k Pro the archaea the bacteria

Prokaryotes characteristics and structures of prokayotes Most prokaryotes are small, single-celled organisms that have a relatively simple structure.

Prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane, but they have none Internal membrane-bound organelles within their cytoplasm.

Plasma membrane allows them to create a specific environment within the cytosol that allows biochemical reactions to take place.

DNA and ribosomes work to produce the proteins that the cells need to gather nutrients, reproduce, and even defend themselves in the face of predators or environmental changes.

Most prokaryotes carry a small amount of genetic material in the form of a single molecule, or chromosome, of circular DNA. The DNA in prokaryotes is contained in a central area of the cell called the nucleoid, which is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

Many prokaryotes also carry small, circular DNA molecules called plasmids, which are distinct from the chromosomal DNA and can provide genetic advantages in specific environments.

A prokaryote reproduces through binary fission, a process that simply splits duplicated DNA into separate cells.

Prokaryotes EXTERNAL STRUCTURES (Appendages)

Flagella enables locomotion, and is composed of microtubules

Cilia similar to flagella but are smaller and more numerous

Cell wall made of cellulose or chitin

Glycocalyx composed of polysaccharides, slime layer or capsule & for protection, adherence to surfaces, reception of signals from other cells and the environment

made of cellulose or chitin made up by a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding environment.

Prokaryotes Internal structures Nucleus- membrane bound organelle Chromatin- chromosomal DNA Nucleolus- site for RNA synthesis Histones- proteins that associate with DNA during mitosis Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER- due to presence of ribosomes, protein synthesis occurs.

Smooth ER- synthesis of lipids Golgi Apparatus- modification and packaging of molecules Mitochondria- site of energy generation Cristae- folds of the inner membrane Matrix- consists of ribosomes, DNA, and anzymes Chloroplast (for photosynthetic cells only)- site of photosynthesis Thylakoids- folded membrane containing the green pigment chlorophyll Stroma- surrounds the thylakoids Ribosomes- particle that is present in large numbers in all living cells and serves as the site of protein synthesis.

Lysosomes- contain enzymes for digestion of food particles and originate from Golgi Cytoskeleton- anchor organelles -cellular structural support -enable cell shape changes -Two types: - microfilaments- allow movement of molecules in the cytoplasm - -microtubulues- maintain shape of the cell and enable movement of molecules within the cell

members: Abrencillo, Aurora Ardelyn G. Acesor, Clarissa Mhae D. Afable, Bianne Aliza J. Aguila, Grezelle Anne S. Arjona Prits Anne P. Atienza, Jeane Rose D. Bartolata, Roselle Anne E.

sources and references unsplash.com

alchetron.com/

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fineartamerica.com

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schoolhistory.co.uk

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earthsky.org

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fermentationadventure.com

ajaxscientific.com

ucmp.berkeley.edu

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lifeofplant.blogspot.com

www.pinterest.de

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www.simplepharmanotes.com

biologydictionary.net

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www.yourgenome.org

wallpapercave.com

ciolook.com

www.coolol.de creationscience4kids.com gentlemannaguiden.com www.geni.com

www.bio.org www.kolabtree.com www.avensonline.org microbiologysociety.org www.likusta.com

Little things do make a change.