ATMOSPHERE | SPACE
A DIALECTIC OF THE RELATIONSHIP
The case of the Museum of Byzantine Culture of Thessaloniki
εικ. 01. Bruder Klaus Field Chapel, 2007/ Mechernich, Germany
Peter Zumthor
ABSTRACT
This research project attempts to approach the way in which the architectural atmosphere is created in the built space and how it is inherent and recognized in it. Atmosphere is one of the most important topics of discussion, not only in architecture, but also in philosophy. The relationship between architecture and atmosphere has been analyzed many times over the years, in many ways and different perspectives, in order to highlight the results of their coexistence and interaction. There is a special relationship between man and space, it is a two-way relationship.
Based on the phenomenological views of Martin Heidegger the perception of space is a subjective process, since each person perceives it according to the experiences and the recruits they have. Each place has its own unique character, which defines it and makes it specific, which is the source of human experiences and emotions. It could be said that the atmosphere of each space is a miniature of the character of the place.
The Architecture is tangible and is judged through the experience of its users; namely, the process where the the life creates an experience for the user. The experience can play a leading role in an Architecture that aims to awaken all the senses. This target in the synthetic process can be appreciated by the user and move him, as man is a multi-sensory being. The emotional dimension of space is a subjective, intangible and immeasurable concept. Through this view, a series of research questions are posed that seek for answers, defining the theoretical framework of the work. How can an architect design an atmosphere?-a concept so broad and subjective. How does the spirit of the place define the atmosphere in a structured space?-is the relationship of the building with the place decisive? How do materials contribute to the creation an atmosphere?-and whether the relationship between them is decisive. Does the building's relationship with natural light determine its atmosphere?-and if so, how is it achieved? Can the architect affect the user emotionally, through
the architectural composition?- and if so, how can a building contribute to it?
In order to answer these questions, an attempt will be made to define these elements that constitute the atmosphere and analyze them through the example of the Museum of Byzantine Culture in Thessaloniki, by the architect Kyriakos Krokos. In the context of this example’s study, an attempt will be made to decompose and analyze these elements which are tools of the atmosphere’s synthetic process. Tools such as the connection with the place, the relationship of the interior space with the exterior, the scale, the proportions, the materials and the textures, all these compose the atmosphere every time. The distinction of these tools and their analogical relationship is an assumption that the creation of the atmosphere is not a kind of equation and in each case they function individually, but also at the same time as an indivisible whole.
Keywords: atmosphere, space, life, place, phenomenology, experience
εικ.
02. the tree: a view of filicudi on a misty day, 2021 / Alicudi, Italy
Marita Madio
Pallasmaaπωςένααρχιτεκτονικόέργοδενβιώνεταιωςσειράαπόμεμονωμένεςεικόνες,
ουσία5.Στηνπραγματικότηταημοναδικήαίσθησηπουμπορείνασυμβαδίσειμεαυτούς
3. Ο Juhani Pallasmaa (14
4. J. Pallasmaa ,
5. J. Pallasmaa,
6. J. Pallasmaa, ο.π. σελ .14
7. J. Pallasmaa, ο.π. σελ .14
εικ. 03. Kolumba Museum, 2007 /Cologne, Germany Peter Zumthor
εικ. 04. Nordic Pavillion, 1958-1962 / Venice Biennalle,Italy
Sverre Fehn
εικ. 05. Tomba Brion, 1967-1978 / Altivole, Italy
Carlo Scarpa
8. Ο Maurice Jean Jacques Merleau-Ponty(1908- 1961)
9. M. Merlau Ponty,
10. https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Φαινομενολογία
11. Ο Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl
Heidegger.13
Pallasmaa, ο Christian Norberg- Schultz14
ο Daniel Libeskind15
MerlauPonty:
12. https://gr.encyclopedia-titanica.com/significado-de-fenomenolog
13. Ο Martin Heidegger (1889 – 1976)
14. Ο Christian Norberg-Schulz (1926 – 2000)
Norberg-Schulz
Daniel Libeskind (1946)
16. Maurice Merleau-Ponty & Ted Toadvin, The Merleau-Ponty Reader,
Gaston Bachelard
εικ. 07. Therme Vals, 1996 / Vals, Switzerland Peter Zumthor
17. G. Bachelard,
Gaston Bachelard
Bachelard,
εικ.08. Capilla de las Capuchinas,1952-1959/ Tlalpan, Mexico Luis Barragán
M. Heidegger.
22. M. Heidegger,
εικ. 09. Nostalghia, 1983
Andrei Tarkovsky
2.3
25. M. Heidegger,
26. M. Heidegger
Martin Heidegger
27. M. Heidegger ο.π. σελ. 75
28. M.Heidegger ο.π. σελ. 29
29. M.Heidegger ο.π. σελ. 73
30. M. Heidegger ο.π. σελ. 33
10. Nivola House-Garden Wall 1949-1950/ Amagansett, New York Bernard Rudofsky & Costantino Nivola
31. M.Heidegger ο.π. σελ. 45-51
32.
Christian Norberg- Schulz
11. Κάστρο,
1920
34. M. Heidegger ο.π. σελ. 75
35. M. Heidegger ο.π. σελ. 75
Christian Norberg- Schulz
36. C. Norberg- Schulz, Genius Loci:
M. Heidegger,
εικ. 13 Δήλος Herber List
3.1 GENIUS LOCI:
38. C. Norberg-Schulz, Genius Loci:
39. C. Norberg-Schulz,
Norberg- Schulz:
Christian Norberg Schulz
40. C. Norberg-Schulz, ο.π. σελ.24
41. M. Heidegger, «Κτίζειν,
τον Heidegger
Koolhaas”:
Noberg-Schulz
Noberg- Schulz
43.
44. C. Norberg-Schulz, Genius Loci:
Heidegger
Noberg-Schulz
Έτσι,οτόποςείναιέναποιοτικό,“συνολικό”φαινόμενο,πουδενμπορούμενα
45. Andrew John Herbertson(1865-1915)
46. Andrew John Herbertson, «Regional Environment, Heredity and Consciousness»,The Geographical Teacher, σελ.
47. C. Norberg-Schulz, Genius Loci:
3.2
Gaston Bachelard
51. Ο Kenneth Frampton (1930)
εικ. 18. Bruder Klaus Field Chapel, 2007 / Mechernich, Germany
Peter Zumthor
53. G. Böhme, G. Urban Atmospheres: Charting New Directions for Architecture and Urban Planning . Στο C. Borch, Architectural Atmospheres: On the Experience and Politics of Architecture, σ. 42-59
54. J. Pallasmaa, Questions of Perception: Phenomenology of Architecture, σελ. 30
55. Ο Mark Antony Wigley (1956)είναι
56.. M. Wigley, The architecture of the atmosphere: constructing atmospheres, σελ. 68
εικ. 19. Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban/ Dhaka, Bangladesh Louis Kahn
εικ. 20. Tomba Brion, 1967-1978 / Altivole, Italy
Carlo Scarpa
Pallasmaa,
περιβάλλον».58
εικ. 21. Therme Vals, 1996 / Vals, Switzerland
Peter Zumthor
57. J. Pallasmaa, ‘Space, Place and Atmosphere’ διάλεξη: The Hague: Royal Academy of Art/ Stroom
58. P. Zumthor, Atmospheres: Architectural Environments- Surrounding Objects
0 Peter Zumthor
Juhani
59. P. Zumthor Thinking architecture
60. J. Pallasmaa, Space, Place, and Atmosphere: Peripheral Perception in Existential Experience,
61. J. Pallasmaa, ο.π.
εικ. 22. Kimbell Art Museum, 1972/ Fort Worth, Texas
Louis Kahn
. Wigley, The architecture of the atmospher
εικ. 23. Al-Irsyad Mosque, 2010/ Padalarang, West Java – Indonesia Urbane
“Thinking Architecture”, ο Zumthor
65. M. Merleau- Ponty,
66.
67. P. Zumthor, Thinking Architecture, sel. 16
ο Zumthor
“Atmospheres: architectural environments, surrounding objects”
Peter Zumthor
68. P. Zumthor, tmospheres:architectural environments, surrounding objects, σελ. 13 εικ. 25. Therme Vals 1995/ / Vals, Switzerland
Ο Pallasmaa στο "Questions of Perception, Phenomenology of Architecture",
69. J. Pallasmaa, Questions of Perception, Phenomenology of Architecture,
70.
4.3.1
Rudolf Arnheim
72. Ο Rudolf Arnheim (1904 – 2007)
73. R. Arnheim,
74. R. Arnheim, ο.π. σελ.
εικ. 26. Koshino House, 1984/ Ashiya-Shi, Japan Tadao Ando
Gaston Bachelard
εικ. 27 Saya Park, 2018/ Padalarang, South Korea
Álvaro Siza Vieira, Carlos Castanheira
4.3.2 ΧΩΡΟΣ
Ο Noberg- Schulz
78. C. Norberg- Schulz, Genius Loci:
79. M. Merleau- Ponty,
80. M. Merleau- Ponty, ο.π. σελ. 420
Maurice Merlau- Ponty
εικ. 28. Notre Dame du Haut' 1950/ Ronchamp, France
Le Corbusier
81. M. Merleau- Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, σελ 150
ο Merlau-Ponty.
O Maurice Merleau- Ponty
Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, σελ 266
82. M. Merleau-
εικ. 29. Sainte Marie de La Tourette, 1960 / Lyon, France
Le Corbusier
4.4.1
Maurice Merleau- Ponty
84. M. Merleau- Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, σελ. 14
85. Merlau- Ponty στο Phenomenology of perception, σελ. 150
86. Gernot Böhme, Atmosphere as an Aesthetic Concept, σελ. 17
87. Α. Μουρίκη, εισαγωγή, M. Merlau-Ponty,
Liane Lefaivre
Kenneth Frampton. 5.1
5.3
που
συνθετικό
ΦΩΣ
Ενώσήμερα;
Όπωςόλα,άλλωστε,τασύγχρονα,εύκολααλλάύποπταταυτόχρονα,μέσα.
ΟΠικιώνηςκάτιπρόλαβενασώσει.
Να,λοιπόν,ηπιο«ασθενήςαρχιτεκτονικήλεπτομέρεια»απ'όλες:Αρχιτεκτονική καλήχωρίςκαλήζωήδενγίνεται.
• Αρβανίτη-Κρόκου Λ. (επιμ.) (2008) Κυριάκος Κρόκος(1941-1998), Αθήνα, εκδ. Μουσείο Μπενάκη • Κονταράτος Σ. (1983)
Κ. (2012)
• Arnheim Rudolf (2003) Η δυναμική της αρχιτεκτονικής μορφής, μτφρ. Ποταμιάνος Ιάκωβος, Θεσσαλονίκη, εκδ. University Studio Press
• Bachelard Gaston (1982) Η ποιητική
Χατζηνικολή
• Baudrillard Jean, Nouvel Jean (2005) Τα μοναδικά
Futura
(7η
• Böhme Gernot (2014) Urban Atmospheres: Charting New Directions for Architecture and Urban Planning . Στο C. Borch, Architectural Atmospheres: On the Experience and Politics of Architecture. Βασιλεία, Ελβετία : Birkhäuser
• Ching Francis (2017) Αρχιτεκτονική, Μορφή,
Utopia
• Frampton Kenneth (2009) Μοντέρνα Αρχιτεκτονική, Ιστορία και Κριτική, μτφρ. Ανδρουλάκης
• Herbertson Α., Regional Environment, Heredity and Consciousnes, The Geographical Teacher
• Heidegger M. (2009) Κτίζειν,
• Heidegger M. (2008) “...Ποιητικά
• Holl S., Pallasmaa J., Pérez-Gómez A. (1994), Questions of Perception: Phenomenology of Architecture, William Stout Publishers
• Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret) (2005) Για μια αρχιτεκτονική, μτφρ. Τουρνικιώτης Παναγιώτης.,
•Merleau-PontyM.(2016)ΗΦαινομενολογίατηςΑντίληψης,
• Merleau- Ponty M. (1991) Η
• Norberg-Schulz C. (2009) Genius Loci: Το πνεύμα
• Pallasmaa J (2012) The eyes of the skin, Architecture and the senses, N. Jersey USA, Willey publishing
• Pallasmaa J. (2014) Space, Place, and Atmosphere: Peripheral Perception in Existential Experience. Στο C. Borch, Archi- tectural Atmospheres: On the Experience and Politics of Architecture, Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH
• Pallasmaa J. (2006) Questions of Perception: Phenomenology of Architecture, San Francisco, William Stout Publishers
• Pallasmaa J. (2021)
•Tanizaki J. (2016)
Παναγιώτης, Αθήνα, εκδ. Άγρα
• Zumthor P. (2006) Atmospheres: Architectural Environments- Surrounding Objects, Basel, Birkhauser - Publishers for Architecture
[online]
πρόσβαση 06/04/2022]
στο: https://www.culturalsociety.gr/thessalonikeon-polis/diavazoymearthra/i-monadikotita-toy-kyriakoy-krokoy/ [τελευταία
22/04/2022] • Κυριάκος
• Λαδά Α.- Σ. (2019) Η
Archetype [online],
04/05/2022
https://www.inexarchia.gr/story/think/uli-kai-fos-enaktirio-arhitektoniko-tekmirio-mias-asygkratitis-epohis-toy-arhitektona [τελευ-
πρόσβαση 04/04/2022]
•ΝταγκούμαΣ.(2017)ΑτμόσφαιραστηνΑρχιτεκτονική,Θεσσαλονίκη,Τμ.Αρχιτεκτόνων Μηχανικών ΑΠΘ, Διαθέσιμο
http://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/335896 [τελευταία πρόσβαση 08/03/22]
http://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/338164
doc_files/156.15.01.pdf
29/11/21]
ΙΣΤΟΤΟΠΟΙ
•https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Φαινομενολογία [τελευταία πρόσβαση 01/03/2022]
•https://gr.encyclopedia-titanica.com/significado-de-fenomenolog[τελευταία πρόσβαση 01/03/2022]
•https://www.mbp.gr/el/%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF% CE%B1-%CE%AF%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82 [τελευταία
πρόσβαση 01/04/2022]
•ΤριτσιμπίδαςΓ. (2012)ΒίντεοαπότηναναδρομικήέκθεσητουΚ.ΚρόκουστοΜουσείο Μπενάκη, 18’ [online] Διαθέσιμο στο: https://vimeo.com/39617669?fbclid=IwAR1H QCE5NLqAKc50AHj7IFKCbJcJa1LjKmqtKYPC_cotJ2hk-lVGlIH1x-Q [τελευταία πρόσβαση 15/05/22]
1.https://www.archdaily.com/798340/peter-zumthors-bruder-klaus-field-chapelthrough-the-lens-of-aldo-amoretti
2.https://www.designboom.com/art/marita-madio-digital-art-of-sicilianisland-04-10-2021/
3.https://divisare.com/projects/349228-peter-zumthor-rasmus-hjortshoj-kolumbamuseum
4. https://www.archdaily.com/784536/ad-classics-nordic-pavilion-in-venice-sverre-fehn
5.https://divisare.com/projects/410348-carlo-scarpa-ivo-stani-tomba-brion therm vals
6. https://www.simbasible.com/underground-movie-review/
7. https://www.archdaily.com/13358/the-therme-vals
8 .https://architectuul.com/architecture/capilla-de-las-capuchinas
9. https://twi-ny.com/2015/08/12/andrei-tarkovsky-sculpting-in-time-nostalghia/
10. https://www.valentinasolano.it/bernard-rudofsky/
11. https://www.fractalart.gr/sifnos-to-kastro-1920/
12. https://1-2.gr/2018/03/06/h-aiglh-toy-protoyristikoy-aigaioy-paros/Herber List
13. https://www.travelling-greece.com/herbert-list/kleopatras-house-delos-1938/
14.https://www.discovergreece.com/el/experiences/visit-magical-temple-poseidonsounion
15. https://www.benaki.org/index.php?option=com_collectionitems&view=collectionite m&id=160167&Itemid=&lang=el
16. Προσωπικό αρχείο
17. https://www.benaki.org/index.php?option=com_collectionitems&view=collectionite m&id=131555&Itemid=&lang=en#
18.https://www.archdaily.com/798340/peter-zumthors-bruder-klaus-field-chapelthrough-the-lens-of-aldo-amoretti
19. https://www.bsf.org.bd/bangladesh-an-overview/national-parliament-house/ https://www.archdaily.com/798360/peter-zumthors-therme-vals-through-the-lens-offernando-guerra
20. https://divisare.com/projects/410348-carlo-scarpa-ivo-stani-tomba-brion
21.https://www.archdaily.com/798360/peter-zumthors-therme-vals-through-the-lensof-fernando-guerra
22. louis kahn museum http://figure-ground.com/kimbell/
23. https://www.archdaily.com/87587/al-irsyad-mosque-urbane
24.https://www.archdaily.com/262012/in-progress-school-library-gando-kerearchitecture
25.https://www.archdaily.com/798360/peter-zumthors-therme-vals-through-the-lens-
of-fernando-guerra
26. https://www.behance.net/gallery/1333427/Koshino-House-Tadao-Ando
27. https://www.archdaily.com/905540/saya-park-alvaro-siza-plus-carlos-castanheira
28. http://www.coffeewithanarchitect.com/2010/05/01/architecture-light/
29. https://archeyes.com/sainte-marie-de-la-tourette-le-corbusier/
30. https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/digital-artefacts-bart-hess
31.https://www.archdaily.com/798360/peter-zumthors-therme-vals-through-the-lensof-fernando-guerra
32. Προσωπικό αρχείο
33. Προσωπικό αρχείο
34. https://www.ktirio.gr/el/κτιρια/κτιρια-δημοσια-εκπαιδευσης-υγειας/μουσείο-βυζαντινού-πολιτισμού-στη-θεσσαλονίκη
35. Αρβανίτη-Κρόκου Λ. (επιμ.) (2008) Κυριάκος Κρόκος(1941-1998), Αθήνα, εκδ. Μουσείο Μπενάκη
36. https://www.ktirio.gr/el/κτιρια/κτιρια-δημοσια-εκπαιδευσης-υγειας/μουσείο-βυζαντινού-πολιτισμού-στη-θεσσαλονίκη
https://www.mbp.gr/el/%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82
37. Αρβανίτη-Κρόκου Λ. (επιμ.) (2008) Κυριάκος Κρόκος(1941-1998), Αθήνα, εκδ. Μουσείο Μπενάκη
38. Προσωπικό αρχείο
39.https://www.mbp.gr/el/%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82
40. Προσωπικό
41. Αρβανίτη-Κρόκου Λ. (επιμ.) (2008)
44. Προσωπικό αρχείο
45. Προσωπικό αρχείο
46. Προσωπικό αρχείο
47. Προσωπικό αρχείο
48. Προσωπικό αρχείο
49. Προσωπικό αρχείο
50. Προσωπικό αρχείο
51. Προσωπικό αρχείο
52. Προσωπικό αρχείο
53. Προσωπικό αρχείο
54. Προσωπικό αρχείο
55. Προσωπικό αρχείο
56. Προσωπικό αρχείο
57. Προσωπικό αρχείο
58. Προσωπικό αρχείο
59. Προσωπικό αρχείο
60. Προσωπικό αρχείο
61. Προσωπικό αρχείο
62. Προσωπικό αρχείο