GLOBEFISH - The Seafood Market in Spain - Nov 2008

The Seafood Market in Spain

GLOBEFISH RESEARCH PROGRAMME

The Seafood Market in Spain Volume 96

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Fish Products and Industry Division Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy Tel.: +39 06 5705 5074 Fax: +39 06 5705 5188 www.globefish.org

Volume 96

The Seafood Market in Spain

by

Camillo Catarci (November 2008)

The GLOBEFISH Research Programme is an activity initiated by FAO's Fish Utilisation and Marketing Service, Rome, Italy and financed jointly by: -

NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service), Washington, DC, USA FROM, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid, Spain Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Copenhagen, Denmark European Commission, Directorate General for Fisheries, Brussels, EU Norwegian Seafood Export Council, Tromsoe, Norway OFIMER (Office National Interprofessionnel des Produits de la Mer et de l’Aquaculture), Paris, France ASMI (Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute), USA DFO (Department of Fisheries and Oceans), Canada SSA (Seafood Services Australia), Australia Ministry of Fisheries, New Zealand

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, GLOBEFISH, Fish Products and Industry Division Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153Rome, Italy – Tel.: (39) 06570 56313 E-mail: GLOBEFISH@fao.org - Fax: (39) 0657055188 – http//:www.globefish.org

The designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Camillo Catarci;

THE SEAFOOD MARKET IN SPAIN GLOBEFISH Research Programme, Vol.96 Rome, FAO. 2008. p. 49.

Consumption of fish, molluscs and crustaceans in Spain increased from 25.85 kg/pc in 1961 to 44.65 kg/pc in 2003. Demersal and pelagic fish are the main categories of seafood consumed in Spain, followed by molluscs. Fish in Spain is consumed in a variety of ways but often whole, mainly fresh but also frozen. Preserved products, with the significant exception of canned tuna, are less popular although also significant.

Acknowledgement : Michael Bimmler, Wikimedia Foundation

Inc. Karine Boisset, FAO, Richard Grainger, FAO, Helga Josupeit, FAO, Gabriella Laurenti, FAO, Gloria Loriente, FAO Gerry O’Sullivan, FAO, Carmen Rodríguez Muñoz, MAPA José Carlos Castro Neila, ANFACO, Max Semenik, Wikipedia Foundation Inc. Sachiko Tsuji, FAO, Stefania Vannuccini, FAO. The report layout was prepared by Tony Piccolo FAO - GLOBEFISH.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Information Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

© FAO 2008

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TABLE OF CONTENT

1.

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1 1.1.

Seafood imports into southern europe............................................................................2 1.2.

How to export seafood to Southern EU countiries: a guide for developing countries...6 1.2.1.

Trade and development ............................................................................................6 1.2.2.

The Bilateral level ....................................................................................................6 1.2.3.

Autonomous measures..............................................................................................8 1.2.4.

Health and safety requirements................................................................................9

2.

SPAIN ....................................................................................................................................11 2.1.

Executive Summary .....................................................................................................11 2.2.

Seafood consumption in Spain.....................................................................................12 2.3.

The industry..................................................................................................................13 2.3.1.

Total production.....................................................................................................13 2.3.2.

Capture fisheries ....................................................................................................13 2.3.3.

Aquaculture ............................................................................................................17 2.4.

International trade ........................................................................................................18 2.4.1.

Imports ...................................................................................................................18 2.4.2.

Exports ...................................................................................................................26 2.4.3.

Processing ..............................................................................................................32 2.5.

Key Industry Players ....................................................................................................33 2.5.1.

The role of the "cofradías" .....................................................................................33 2.5.2.

The role of the wholesale market ...........................................................................33 2.5.3.

Fresh seafood .........................................................................................................34 2.5.4.

Frozen seafood .......................................................................................................34 2.5.5.

Processed seafood ..................................................................................................35 2.5.6.

Marketing ...............................................................................................................35 2.5.7.

Home consumption .................................................................................................35 2.5.8.

Away-from-home consumption...............................................................................36

3.

SPAINISH IMPORTERS, EXPORTERS, PRODUCERS, AQUACULUTRE .......................

FARMERS AND DISTRIBUTORS......................................................................................37

4.

ANNEX: SPANISH SEAFOOD RECIPES...........................................................................45 4.1.

4.2.

5.

Seafood Paella ..............................................................................................................45 Crisp shrimp fritters .....................................................................................................45

REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................47 5.1.

5.2.

Introduction ..................................................................................................................45 Spain.............................................................................................................................45

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TABLES TABLE 1: MAIN DEVLOPING COUNTRIES EXPORTING TO THE SOUTHERN EU REGION (1 000 TONNES) .............................................................................................................3 TABLE 2: MAIN COMMODITIES IMPORTED INTO THE SOUTHERN EU REGION FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (1 000 TONNES) ...............................................................5 TABLE 3: SEAFOOD CONSUMPTION IN SPAIN BY GROUP OF COMMODITIES, 1993-2003 (KG/PC) .......................................................................................................................12 TABLE 4: COMPOSITION OF THE SPANISH CATCH, 1950-2005 (TONNES) ...................16 TABLE 5: SPANISH SEAFOOD IMPORTS BY GROUP OF COMMODITIES (1 000 TONNES).......................................................................................................................................19 TABLE 6: SPANISH SEAFOOD IMPORT QUANTITIES, VALUES AND UNIT VALUES

BY MAIN COMMODITY.............................................................................................................21 TABLE 7: SPANISH SEAFOOD IMPORTS BY MAIN COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, 19952006 (1 000 TONNES) ..................................................................................................................24 TABLE 8: SPANISH SEAFOOD EXPORTS BY MAIN COUNTRY OF DESTINATION, 1995-2006 (1 000 TONNES) .........................................................................................................27 TABLE 9: SPANISH SEAFOOD EXPORT QUANTITIES, VALUES AND UNIT VALUES BY MAIN COMMODITY............................................................................................29 TABLE 10: SEAFOOD PROCESSING IN SPAIN (TONNES)..................................................32

FIGURES: FIGURE 1: SOUTHERN EU IMPORTS OF SEAFOOD: A BREAKDOWN BY ECONOMIC GROUP OF COUNTRIES, 2006 .........................................................................................................2 FIGURE 2: SEAFOOD CONSUMPTION IN CYPRUS, 1961-2003 ..........................................12 FIGURE 3: TOTAL FISHERY AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION IN SPAIN, 1950 - 2005.....................................................................................................................................13 FIGURE 4: TOTAL FISHERY PRODUCTION IN SPAIN BY AREAS, 1950 - 2005 ...............15 FIGURE 5: TOTAL AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION IN SPAIN BY SPECIES 1950 - 2005.....................................................................................................................................17 FIGURE 6: SPANISH SEAFOOD IMPORTS, 1976 - 2006.........................................................18 FIGURE 7: SPANISH SEAFOOD EXPORTS, 1976 - 2006 ........................................................26

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1. INTRODUCTION The European Union (EU) is composed of 27 Member States: • • • • • • •

Founding members (1951) Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands; Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom, which joined in 1973; Greece, which joined in 1981; Portugal and Spain, which joined in 1986; Austria, Finland and Sweden, which joined in 1995; Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia which joined in 2004; Bulgaria and Romania which joined in 2007.

The EU is the top world importer of seafood. In 2006, the Union imported 5.71 million tonnes of seafood, whereas Japan imported 3.02 million tonnes of seafood and the United States imported 2.45 million tonnes of seafood.

Within the Union, there are three macro-areas of seafood consumption. The Northern EU sub-region (Austria, Benelux, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Sweden, the United Kingdom) is more priceconscious and dominated by relatively cheap fish preparations. Consumption of fish in the Central and Eastern EU sub-region (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia) has been, traditionally, very low. However, social and economic development of the area is resulting in changing food habits and increasing seafood consumption. Instead, Southern EU sub-region (Cyprus, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain) is the EU sub-region with the highest fish consumption patterns, due to its geographical position and cultural habits of its inhabitants1.

The sources utilized for this report have been seafood marketing reports (including online reports), the GLOBEFISH databank, personal contacts and statistical databases, mainly EUROSTAT and FAO Fishstat Plus. The global fishery statistics of production in capture and aquaculture and trade are mostly collected by the Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service, FIES, of FAO, and made available through yearbook publications, web sites and the Fishstat Plus database. National reports are the main, but not the only source of data used by FAO to maintain its fishery statistics database. In cases where data are missing or are considered unreliable, FAO includes estimates based on the best available information from any qualified sources including EUROSTAT and various Regional Fishery Management Organizations. A comprehensive network of regional intergovernmental institutions created by FAO, the FISH INFOnetwork, also provides supplemental information on international trade.

FAO’s fishery statistics are global in coverage, have complete time series since 1950 for production and since 1976 for trade and are regularly updated. During the last decade, financial support for the development and maintenance of individual national fishery statistical systems has decreased sharply, while supporting efforts have shifted toward improvement of data collection and monitoring capacity at regional and sub-regional level. At the same time, information needs have been increasing

1

It has to be highlighted that the partition between the three regions is extremely loose. In fact, there are several differences in seafood consumption habits within sub-regions and some countries may share the seafood consumption habits of two sub-regions. For instance, France can be placed in the middle between Northern and Southern Europe and Slovenia can be placed in the middle between Southern and Eastern Europe in terms of seafood consumption habits.

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dramatically. In general, the global trends are probably reliably reflected by the FAO statistics but the individual figures and the assessments involve a certain degree of uncertainty.

1.1. Seafood imports into Southern Europe In 2006, combined imports of the seven Southern EU countries (Cyprus, France, Greece Italy, Malta, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain) totalled 3.38 million tonnes, of which 59 percent came from developing countries, 31 percent from other EU countries and only 10 percent came from non-EU developing countries2 (Figure 1).

Fig. 1. Southern EU imports of seafood: a breakdown by economic group of countries, 2006

Other developed countries 10%

Other EU countries 31%

Developing countries 59%

Imports of seafood from developing countries into the Southern EU region increased from 726 200 tonnes in 1995 to 1.99 million tonnes in 2006, equivalent to a growth rate of 10 percent/year. The main suppliers of seafood to the Southern EU region among developing countries are Argentina, Morocco, Peru, China, Chile, Ecuador, India, Thailand, Vietnam and Namibia.

The ten major exporting countries represent nearly 50 percent of total Southern EU imports of seafood from developing countries. Every country experienced positive annual growth rate, with the exception of Namibia, whose exports to Southern Europe increased from 1995 to 2003, to decline in the years that followed, reaching in 2006 the same levels of 1995 (Table 1) due to a decline in exports of fresh hake3.

2

However, due to the frequent misreporting of imports from non-EU countries as imports from the Netherlands (in fact, Rotterdam is often the first point of entry of seafood imported into the EU) the share of developing countries in total Southern EU exports might be even higher.

3 Hakes (whether M. capensis or M. paradoxus) are the main fish species the EU imports from Namibia.

2

Table 1. Main developing countries exporting to the Southern EU region (1 000 tonnes).

Country Argentina Morocco Peru China Chile Ecuador India Thailand Vietnam Namibia TOTAL (inc. others)

Country Argentina Morocco Peru China Chile Ecuador India Thailand Vietnam Namibia TOTAL (inc. others)

1995 126.51 89.25 102.82 23.87 103.81 52.30 53.99 51.41 1.29 63.56

1996 145.50 96.90 102.65 20.34 76.55 50.21 43.13 49.80 1.83 58.79

1997 172.91 118.00 146.08 36.16 84.63 57.94 32.15 45.57 6.70 61.45

1998 196.39 107.35 49.34 55.73 82.01 67.30 28.47 69.46 7.75 83.54

1999 188.93 123.70 116.98 61.27 66.24 87.28 44.13 59.87 8.77 88.96

2000 152.75 158.43 131.68 78.33 78.86 59.31 47.71 52.71 10.16 85.62

726.24

780.52

1226.28

1293.59

1342.81

1379.59

2001 184.62 176.42 180.57 94.83 108.75 56.67 60.16 52.78 15.02 93.88

2002 168.05 159.22 137.13 44.02 103.61 53.68 60.83 59.42 17.38 79.95

2003 175.78 144.61 164.00 64.12 126.15 78.57 65.27 71.19 23.26 90.14

2004 143.89 142.62 154.63 81.54 136.29 71.30 74.25 68.73 32.06 85.09

2005 133.32 152.91 175.86 121.15 138.70 98.19 86.36 75.74 50.34 70.15

2006 216.18 169.57 156.54 149.40 138.18 123.51 97.36 92.01 82.41 66.34

1596.23

1555.84

1703.58

1661.48

1821.94

1993.70

(source: EUROSTAT).

Argentina is the top developing country exporter of seafood to Southern Europe, with 216 200 tonnes of seafood supplied to the area in 2006 (Table 1). More than 70 percent of Argentine exports of seafood to the Southern EU region go to Spain. In fact, several frozen seafood producing companies in Argentina have been set up through Spanish funding.

Argentina supplies Spain with frozen Illex squid, frozen shrimp (Pleoticus muelleri) and frozen Argentine hake (Merluccius hubbsi) fillets.

Also in the case of Morocco, 65 percent of its seafood exports to the Southern EU region go to Spain. Spain imports from Morocco mostly octopus, snails and unidentified fresh saltwater fish. Most of the remainder of Moroccan exports is shared between France and Italy. Italy imports mostly frozen octopus, whereas France imports canned sardines (mostly European pilchard or sardine, Sardina pilchardus), fish oil, canned anchovies (Engraulis spp.) and frozen sardines.

The main exports of Peru to Southern Europe are fish meal, frozen molluscs and fish oil. The trend of exports of fish meal and fish oil is discontinuous as these products are linked to the cyclical abundance of small pelagics in the Pacific Ocean. Fish meal is also the main exported commodity from Chile, together with fresh southern hake Merluccius australis.

Imports of seafood from China to the Southern EU region increased from 23 900 tonnes in 1995 to 149 400 tonnes in 2006, equivalent to an annual growth rate of 18 percent (Table 1).

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The lower quantities imported between 2002 and (to a lesser extent) 2004 are due to the EU ban on seafood from China on the grounds of evidences of potentially risky chloramphenicol residues found in samples of shrimps and prawns imported from China in January 2002. The ban was lifted more than two years later. The main commodities imported by Southern EU countries from China are frozen pre-cooked shrimps and prawns, frozen Alaska Pollack Theragra chalcogramma, frozen monk Lophius spp. and surimi preparations.

Exports from Ecuador increased from 52 300 tonnes in 1995 to 123 500 tonnes in 2006 (Table 1). The main commodities are frozen pre-cooked Penaeus shrimp, frozen pre-cooked tuna loins for canning and canned tuna. Ecuador hosts several shrimp farming facilities, the main species produced being the whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) and the blue shrimp (Penaeus stylirostris). Ecuador is also a large producer of canned tuna and tuna loins, with processing facilities belonging to (or affiliated with) tuna companies from Spain and the United States, as well as to the international tuna loins’ producing company Tri-Marine.

Imports from India are dominated by molluscs and crustaceans, especially cephalopods (Loligo squid, cuttlefish and octopus) and frozen pre-cooked shrimps. Frozen Loligo squid is also the main product imported from Thailand, followed by frozen yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) for canning, canned tuna and surimi preparations. Canned tuna from Thailand is gradually entering the otherwise conservative and quality conscious Southern EU tuna market4 while frozen shrimp imports appear to be increasing.

Imports of seafood from Vietnam increased from 1 300 tonnes in 1995 to 82 400 tonnes in 2006, equivalent to an annual growth rate of 46 percent (Table 1). Imports from Vietnam are dominated by frozen fillets of freshwater fish, e.g. Pangasius catfish, which is largely consumed as a cheaper alternative to traditional whitefish species such as Northern cods (Gadus spp.) and hakes (Merluccius spp.). Other significant imports from Vietnam include frozen cephalopods, frozen pre-cooked Penaeus shrimps and frozen Venus clams.

Overall, the main commodities imported from developing countries are frozen shrimp, fish meal, frozen cephalopods and tunas (Table 2). In terms of value, the most important commodities include shrimp and canned tuna.

4

Also through the help of a progressive tariff reduction, as the general 24 percent tariff applied by the EU to third countries exporting canned tuna has been gradually lowered to a 20.5 percent Generalised System of Preference with a 12 percent special tariff applied to an yearly quota.

4

Table 2. Main commodities imported into the Southern EU region from developing countries (1 000 tonnes).

Commodity Frozen precooked Penaeus shrimps Fish meal Frozen Loligo squid Frozen Illex squid Frozen Octopus spp.

Canned tuna not in oil Frozen precooked tuna loins Frozen molluscs nei

Frozen cuttlefish

Frozen precooked shrimps and prawns nei TOTAL

Commodity Frozen precooked Penaeus shrimps Fish meal Frozen Loligo squid Frozen Illex squid Frozen Octopus spp.

Canned tuna not in oil Frozen precooked tuna loins Frozen molluscs nei

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

0 142.51

0 133.94

68.70 174.13

86.33 90.12

80.68 123.48

80.59 162.79

35.55

43.82

39.37

67.26

60.55

84.89

26.74

33.54

65.86

73.49

86.89

80.78

39.20

37.89

50.43

54.90

87.66

64.78

58.39

61.85

61.19

66.04

50.82

61.21

27.19

31.17

38.32

47.48

52.50

51.30

8.07

10.46

14.04

7.08

10.07

13.90

40.95

40.82

53.53

63.92

54.91

64.57

0 726.24

0 780.52

34.85 1226.28

51.73 1293.59

44.42 1342.81

58.67 1379.59

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

97.18 179.21

103.05 133.91

133.19 165.70

137.81 150.79

150.42 147.86

194.28 128.58

97.09

82.71

100.14

93.41

106.13

106.23

93.00

69.19

75.32

44.91

66.66

101.61

78.29

86.57

84.46

75.10

82.42

88.79

58.72

72.52

76.79

82.65

76.66

88.12

44.24

55.91

77.74

66.01

77.65

82.16

18.85

26.85

27.98

50.09

52.75

76.37

Frozen cuttlefish

79.96

78.74

78.73

74.90

75.46

68.91

Frozen precooked shrimps and prawns nei

63.60

46.82

49.22

50.86

64.30

66.64

TOTAL 1596.23 (source: EUROSTAT).

1555.84

1703.58

1661.48

1821.94

1993.70

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Large-sized shrimps and prawns, mainly warmwater species, are extremely appreciated in Southern Europe. They are mainly consumed grilled but also as an ingredient in pasta and rice dishes.

Depending on the year, the main wild species is the Argentine red shrimp Pleoticus muelleri, which is a large-sizes coldwater shrimp. The trends in captures of Pleoticus muelleri and other wild species are often discontinuous, whilst warmwater shrimp farming ensures a steady supply of these appreciated crustaceans to the European market.

The EU imports farmed warmwater shrimps and prawns in frozen form from Ecuador, India, China, Brazil and Bangladesh. The species favoured by the EU are the whiteleg shrimp, produced in China, Brazil and Ecuador, and the giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon, produced in India, China and Bangladesh.

Tuna is a staple food in the Mediterranean diet. It is normally eaten in a sandwich, with salad or mixed with pasta sauces. Canned tuna is mostly imported from developing countries such as Seychelles and Côte d’Ivoire where substantial EU investments facilitated the setting up of state of the art processing units. Those countries belong to the group of ex-European colonies from the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) regions. On the other hand, frozen pre-cooked tuna loins are really semi-processed commodities aimed at the canning industries of Italy, France, Spain and to a lesser extent Portugal.

The processing of raw materials into loins in developing countries benefits from the cheaper labour costs in those countries. At the same time, undertaking the final canning stage in investor countries enables the partial protection of employment in their canneries.

1.2. How to export seafood to Southern EU countries: a guide for developing countries 1.2.1 Trade and Development International trade can become a factor for development and growth if accompanied by the proper support policies and if used correctly. Thus, development is a fundamental principle of the EU trade strategy. The EU trade policy aims to contribute to a more equitable integration of developing countries into the international trading system through action on the multilateral5 level, the bilateral level and through autonomous measures. The focus of this chapter will be on the bilateral level and autonomous measures.

1.2.2 The Bilateral level Traditionally, countries from the Africa, Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP) region have been benefiting from zero tariffs applied to their EU exports through a non reciprocal system of trade preferences under the framework of the Lomé Convention. As the non reciprocal system was declared incompatible under the World Trade Organization (WTO)’s rules, in 2002 the ACP States and the EU decided to overhaul their previous trade relations.

5

The World Trade Organisation's fourth Ministerial Conference in Doha (Qatar) in November 2001 resulted in, inter alia, the launch of a new round of trade negotiations, the Doha Development Agenda (DDA). The DDA aims at improving market access and establishing rules that help foster development and increase developing countries’ opportunities to benefit from further trade liberalisation. The EU proposes advancing meaningful liberalisation across all non-agricultural products (including fishery products), which represent over 70 percent of developing country exports, by eliminating tariff peaks and high tariffs, and significantly reducing tariff escalation. The EU intends to fulfil the promise of the Doha Mandate in these non-agricultural products by establishing real new market access for all, with the largest opportunities for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) through tariff and quota-free access offered by both developed and if possible most advanced developing countries. Despite its importance, the multilateral level of negotiations is outside the scope of this report. For more information, please check http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/newround/doha_da/index_en.htm and http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/global/development/index_en.htm.

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The Parties agreed to enter into economic integration agreements (the Economic Partnership Agreements, EPAs) concluding new WTO-compatible trading arrangements, setting up a free trade area between the EU and the ACP and enhancing cooperation in all areas related to trade. These agreements are aimed at fostering development by strengthening regional integration and improving the business environment in a sustainable way. The agreements have been negotiated since 2002; they entered into force in January 2008, therefore replacing the old Lomé system.

There are four pillars to the EPAs: Partnership: EPAs entail rights and obligations for both sides. While the Union will be prepared to further open up its market to ACP products and tackle all other trade barriers, the ACP States must be prepared to implement appropriate policies to strengthen their supply capacity and to reduce transaction costs.

Regional integration: the implementation of EPAs will sustain the integration process within the ACP. Development: EPAs have been designed with all the flexibility required to take account of the economic, social and environmental constraints of the ACP countries and of their capacity to adapt to the new trading environment. On the other hand, they must be integrated into the development policy of the ACP countries and into the support strategies of the EU. Link to WTO: Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) are intended to act as a stepping stone to the gradual integration of the ACP countries into the world economy and WTO led trade liberalization.

However, EPAs are also defining more specific and more operational, bilateral trade related provisions, for example in the area of sanitary and phytosanitary standards. These are intended to tackle non-tariff barriers to trade between the ACP countries themselves and between the ACP and the EU. This process will be supported through EU trade related assistance.

True to the principle of regionalism, ACP countries were encouraged to enter the EPAs in regional groupings. Agreements with the following regional groups were concluded: • • • • •

EU and West Africa (Economic Community of West Africa, ECOWAS6, and Mauritania); EU and Central Africa (Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale, CEMAC7 and São Tomé and Príncipe); EU and Eastern and Southern Africa (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, COMESA8); EU and Southern African Development Community (SADC)9; EU and the Caribbean Forum of ACP States (CARIFORUM10);

6

Its members being Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. Of these countries, only Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana and Nigeria are not among the group of the Least Developed Countries (LDC), which, from a tariff point of view, benefit from tariff exemption from all products excluding weapons (the “Everything But Arms”, EBA clause).

7 Its members being Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. The Central African Republic, Chad and Equatorial Guinea are LDCs (see previous footnote).

8 Its members who decided to negotiate the EPA with the EU are Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Malawi, Rwanda, Sudan, Uganda and Zambia are LDCs (see previous footnote).

9 Its members who decided to negotiated the EPA with the EU are Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland and Tanzania. Angola, Lesotho, Mozambique and Tanzania are LDCs (see previous footnote).

7

•

EU and the Pacific Region11.

A six year-long period of negotiations (2002-2008) resulted in the entry into force of the EPAs for the EU and 35 ACP States12 through the adoption of Council Regulation 1528/2007. The Regulation has been in force since 1 January 2008.

The regulation confirms the elimination of all import duties for fish and fishery products, which is particularly important for prepared and preserved products under the code 1604 and 1605, usually subject to higher tariffs13. In turn, most tariffs on fresh and frozen fish may have been eliminated already for all third countries, or may be very low.

Regulation 1528/2007 includes strict provisions on rules of origin. A product imported by the EU is to be considered as originating in the ACP States if it has been: • •

wholly obtained in the ACP States; or obtained in the ACP States incorporating materials which have not been wholly obtained there, provided that such materials have undergone sufficient working or processing in the ACP States.

Regulation 1528/2007 is available online from the EUROPA server lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:348:0001:0154:en:PDF.

at:

http://eur-

1.2.3. Autonomous measures For many years the EU has been operating unilateral preferential market access schemes under the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP). There are currently three types of GSP in force in the EU: • •

•

The general arrangement for all beneficiary countries; The special incentive arrangement for sustainable development and good governance (the “GSP Plus”) provides additional benefits for countries implementing certain international standards in human and labour rights, environmental protection, the fight against drugs, and good governance. In particular, the special arrangements to fight drug production and trafficking provide duty free market access for all industrial products, which enables large canned tuna and tuna loins producers like Colombia Ecuador to export their products duty-free to the Union; The special incentive arrangement for Least Developing Countries, that are allowed to export duty-free “Everything But Arms” (EBA) to the EU.

Rules of origin also apply to country benefiting from the GSP system according to Council Regulation 2454/93. The product should be either “wholly obtained” in the beneficiary country (or countries14), or 10

Its ACP members being Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago. Haiti is an LDC (see previous footnote).

11 Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Vanuatu are LDCs (see previous footnote).

12 Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, Côte d’Ivoire, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Fiji, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda and Zimbabwe.

13 The so-called “tariff escalation”: the higher degree of processing, the higher the tariff.

14 If there is cumulation of origin, e.g inputs from other countries are considered as originating in the exporting country. Provisions on cumulation thus extend the possibilities for producers in beneficiary countries to use such

8

undergo a series of operations in the beneficiary country/ies conferring to the product the origin from the beneficiary country/ies.

Details on the Generalised System of Preferences are available at: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/global/gsp/legis/index_en.htm, whilst the webpage “The Integrated Tariff of the Community” (TARIC) is extremely useful to find out quickly the EU’s tariff regime by product and country (http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds/tarhome_en.htm). The texts to the basic European Union legislation relating to GSP, tariffs, trade and development are to be found through http://eur-lex.europa.eu/.

1.2.4 Health and safety requirements As import duties of fish in general have been much reduced, remaining barriers to developing countries’ exports often relate to health and safety. The EU requirements on the health and safety of seafood (http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/s84000.htm) are particularly stringent.

The official certification of imports from non-EU countries is based on the recognition of the competent authority of the non-EU country by the Commission. This is a necessary pre-requisite for the country to export to the Union. National competent authorities must ensure credible inspection and controls throughout the whole production chain. All relevant issues concerning imports of fishery products must be undertaken by the national competent authority. As a first step, companies wishing to export seafood or other fishery products to the EU should contact the relevant national authorities in their country to become authorised.

For all fishery products, countries of origin must be on a positive list of eligible countries for the relevant product. The eligibility criteria are: •

•

• •

•

the presence, in the third country, of a competent authority which is empowered, structured and resourced to implement effective inspection and guarantee credible public health and animal health attestations in the certificate to accompany fishery products that are destined for the EU. Live fish, their eggs and gametes intended for breeding and live bivalve molluscs must fulfil the relevant animal health standards. Therefore, the veterinary services must ensure effective enforcement of all necessary health controls and monitoring programmes.

The national authorities must also guarantee that the relevant hygiene15 and public health requirements are met.

List I (fish and fishery products): Imports are only authorised from approved vessels and establishments which have been inspected by the competent authority of the exporting country and found to meet EU requirements. The authority provides the necessary guarantees and is obliged to carry out regular inspections and take corrective action, if necessary. A list of such approved establishments is available at: http://circa.europa.eu/irc/sanco/vets/info/data/listes/ffp.html.

List I (live bivalve molluscs): Specific conditions apply for imports of live or processed bivalve molluscs, echinoderms or marine gastropods. These imports are allowed only if they come from approved and listed production areas 16 (http://circa.europa.eu/irc/sanco/vets/info/data/listes/lbm.html) .

inputs.

More details on rules of origin can be found at: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/common/publications/info_docs/customs/index_en.htm 15 The hygiene legislation contains specific requirements on the structure of vessels, landing sites, processing establishments and on operational processes, freezing and storage.

16 However, there is an opportunity to enter EU markets on the basis of bilateral agreements (the so-called “List II”). List II countries are non-EU countries that are either those that have not yet been visited by EU Commission inspectors or those still subject to some outstanding hygiene requirements. To facilitate the continuation of trade until an inspection visit has taken place or compliance guarantees received, provision has been made for an EU

9

• • •

In the case of aquaculture products, a control plan on heavy metals, contaminants, residues of pesticides and veterinary drugs must be in place to verify compliance with EU rules.

A control plan must be designed by the competent authority and submitted to the European Commission for initial approval and yearly renewal.

Inspections by the Commission’s Food and Veterinary Office are necessary to confirm compliance with the above requirements.

Imports of fishery products from non-EU countries must enter the EU via an approved Border Inspection Post under the authority of an official veterinarian. Each consignment is subject to a systematic documentary check, identity check and, as appropriate, a physical check. which are found not to be compliant with Community (EU) legislation shall either be destroyed or, under certain conditions, re-dispatched within 60 days.

The European Commission provides training, technical assistance and facilities for institutional capacity building to help developing countries comply with EU rules (http://ec.europa.eu/food/training/index_en.htm). Furthermore, national and regional development programmes of the European Union are available in individual countries, as well as bilateral aid projects of the Member States.

The delegations of the European Union (http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/delegations/intro/web.htm) can provide detailed information on these programmes.

Member State to establish bilateral agreements with those List II countries wanting to export to their country.

Any non-EU country entering into such an agreement must provide the Member State with a list of their approved establishments or production areas and guarantees that these meet equivalent EU hygiene controls.

Non-EU countries which do not appear on one of the authorised lists, or that are on List II but do not have a bilateral agreement with an EU country, cannot export fishery products or bivalve molluscs to the EU.

10

2. SPAIN 2.1. Executive summary Consumption of fish, molluscs and crustaceans in Spain increased from 25.85 kg/pc in 1961 to 44.65 kg/pc in 2003. Demersal and pelagic fish are the main categories of seafood consumed in Spain, followed by molluscs. Fish in Spain is consumed in a variety of ways but often whole, mainly fresh but also frozen. Preserved products, with the significant exception of canned tuna, are less popular although also significant.

Total fishery and aquaculture production in Spain in 2005 was reported at 1.07 million tonnes in 2005, which is relatively low if compared with the past. Spanish fishery production increased from 597 500 tonnes in 1950 to 1.43 million tonnes in 1975, to decline in the years that followed mostly as a result of depletion of stocks of cod, hake and sardines. In 2005, Spanish fishery production amounted to 848 800 tonnes. Aquaculture production increased from nil in 1950 to a record of 321 100 tonnes in 2000, to decline in the years that followed due to a drop in mussel (Mytilus spp.) production. In 2005, Spanish aquaculture production totalled 221 900 tonnes.

Spanish imports of seafood increased from 136 700 tonnes in 1976 to 1.66 million tonnes in 2006. The main imported seafood products are frozen pre-cooked shrimps and prawns and frozen cephalopods.

In contrast to other Southern European countries analysed here, the main suppliers of seafood to Spain are developing countries. In 2006, more than 60 percent of Spanish imports were supplied by developing countries and imports from two developing countries (Argentina and Morocco) represented more than 15 percent of total Spanish seafood imports. Imports of frozen pre-cooked loins and canned tuna are becoming increasingly more significant.

Spanish seafood exports increased from 232 000 tonnes in 1976 to 908 300 in 2006. The main importers are either other European countries or developing countries with large tuna canning operations purchasing raw material from the Spanish fleet. The main commodities exported by Spain are tuna, small pelagics and molluscs.

The Spanish seafood processing sector is the largest in Europe. According to 2007 data from ANFACO, it can count on 147 companies employing 15 375 workers. Estimated seafood processing in Spain (excluding freezing) reached 336 300 tonnes in 2006, equivalent to â‚Ź1.25 billion. Canned tuna is the most significant output of the Spanish processing industry.

Spanish consumers purchase fresh fish mainly from supermarkets and hypermarkets. The share of traditional fishmongers and open air markets, albeit still high, is declining in favour of the large retail chains. The leading Spanish retail chains include Carrefour, Alcampo, El Corte InglĂŠs and Mercadona.

The companies active in the frozen fish market in Spain tend to be large groups, with mainly Spanish capital, although with a strong international presence. These companies are showing a clear trend towards mergers and acquisitions. The sector leader is Pescanova.

The production of canned seafood in Spain is dominated by tuna. The main tuna processors in Spain are Calvo, Jealsa-Rianxeira and Isabel-Garavilla.

Overall, supermarkets and hypermarkets account for the largest segment of fresh, frozen and processed fish sales, with 43 percent of the market, followed by open fish markets (31 percent), hotels, restaurants and institutions (23 percent) and small independent retailers (3 percent).

11

2.2. Seafood consumption in Spain Consumption of fish, molluscs and crustaceans in Spain increased from 25.85 kg/pc in 1961 to 44.65 kg/pc in 2003, peaking at 46.99 kg/pc in 1998 (Figure 2). According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentaciรณn, MAPA), consumption of seafood reached 36.66 kg/pc in 2006, of which fresh fish consumption represented 43.3 percent (15.88 kg/pc), fresh molluscs and crustaceans represented 17.3 percent (6.33 kg/pc), canned fish represented 13 percent (4.77 kg/pc), frozen fish represented 12.3 percent (4.52 kg/pc), frozen molluscs and crustaceans represented 12 percent (4.39 kg/pc) and pre-cooked crustaceans and molluscs represented 2.1 percent (0.77 kg/pc).

Fig. 2. Seafood consumption in Spain, 19612003 50 45 40 kg/pc

35 30 25 20 15 2003

2001

1999

1997

1995

1993

1991

1989

1987

1985

1983

1981

1979

1977

1975

1973

1971

1969

1967

1965

1963

1961

10

year

(source: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service, FIES).

Demersal and pelagic fish are the main categories of seafood consumed in Spain, followed by molluscs. Whilst consumption of other group of species appears to be relatively steady, consumption of molluscs increased from 3.82 kg/pc in 1993 to 7.25 kg/pc in 2003 (Table 3).

Table 3. Seafood consumption in Spain by group of commodities, 1993-2003 (kg/pc).

Species 1993 All 39.89 Demersal 12.49 Pelagic 10.48 Molluscs 3.82 Cephalopods 4.32 Crustaceans 4.33 Freshwater 1.47 Marine 2.98 Other aquatic animals 0.02 (source: FAO FIES).

1994 41.70 12.88 9.86 5.18 3.01 5.02 1.40 4.32 0.02

1995 42.09 13.29 10.48 6.40 2.60 4.06 1.49 3.74 0.02

1996 42.67 14.38 9.05 6.19 3.36 4.40 1.79 3.49 0.01

1997 41.64 15.10 7.19 5.97 4.76 4.31 1.51 2.81 0.00

1998 46.99 15.24 8.46 8.35 4.29 5.23 1.63 3.80 0.00

1999 44.31 14.26 8.70 7.78 4.02 4.59 1.53 3.42 0.01

2000 43.21 13.27 8.62 7.33 4.18 5.09 1.86 2.87 0.00

2001 45.10 15.33 7.79 7.33 4.30 5.50 2.18 2.66 0.00

2002 43.87 12.59 9.74 7.40 4.28 4.89 2.19 2.78 0.00

2003 44.65 13.62 10.19 7.25 4.57 4.40 2.47 2.11 0.03

Hake is the main consumed species, followed by sardines (mostly Sardina pilchardus), anchovies, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), cods and monk. The main species of molluscs consumed in Spain are squid, mussels and clams. Shrimps and prawns are also widely popular.

12

Fresh fish accounts for 43 percent of total seafood consumption in Spain, followed by molluscs and crustaceans, whether fresh or frozen (30 percent), canned seafood (13 percent), frozen fish (12 percent) and value-added products (2 percent).

Fish in Spain is consumed whole, mainly fresh but also frozen. Preserved products are also consumed with canned tuna enjoying strong popularity. Consumption of value-added products is dominated by traditional items such as canned seafood, salted cod and pre-cooked shrimp, but the market share of new products such as surimi and pre-cooked fish fillets is increasing.

2.3. The industry 2.3.1 Total Production Total fishery and aquaculture production in the Iberian country in 2005 was reported at 1.07 million tonnes in 2005, which is relatively low if compared with the years between 1972 and 1976, as well as 1988, when Spanish fishery and aquaculture production neared 1.6 million tonnes.

Overall, current production levels are comparable to those of the mid-sixties (Figure 3).

1 700 000 1 600 000 1 500 000 1 400 000 1 300 000 1 200 000 1 100 000 1 000 000 900 000 800 000 700 000 600 000 500 000 400 000 300 000 200 000 100 000

Aquaculture

2005

2000

1995

1990

1985

1980

1975

1970

1965

1960

1955

Capture

1950

tonnes

Fig. 3. Total fishery and aquaculture production in Spain, 1950-2005

year

(source: FAO FISHSTAT Plus).

2.3.2. Capture fisheries The Spanish fishing fleet can count on 13 693 vessels, totalling a capacity of 487 125 GRT and a fishing power of 1 123 566 kw. The fleet employs 38 500 fishers. During the past years, the fleet (and especially the long-distance fishing fleet) has been reduced through being phased out and through transfers to other countries’ fleets. The Spanish fishing fleet is divided into three segments: • •

The local segment, with vessels operating in domestic waters; The EU segment, with vessels operating in waters of other EU countries, and

13

•

The international segment, with vessels operating in international waters.

The local segment encompasses 96 percent of vessels, 41 percent of capacity and 64 percent of the fleet’s fishing power. It employs 85 percent of fishers. Eighty percent of vessels belonging to the local fleet segment are artisanal. They use different kinds of gear (traps, nets, baited hooks), therefore resulting in a multi-species fishery targeting fish, crustaceans and cephalopods. The remaining 20 percent of vessels is represented by semi-artisanal fisheries which can also operate in international waters, targeting groundfish and crustaceans. 800 seiners target small pelagics as well as tunas. The remaining vessels use longlines and various other types of nets, targeting demersal species but also tunas and other pelagic and semi-pelagic species in the case of longlines.

The fleet segment operating in EU waters consists of 245 vessels using longlines, trawl and other fixed gear. They target demersal species such as hake, monk, megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis) etc.

Finally, about 330 vessels operate in international waters or in third countries’ picture credits: ANFACO. international waters, as a result of bilateral and multilateral fishing agreements ratified by the EU. The international segment generates 46 percent of capacity and 27.5 percent of total fishing power, as well as 12 percent of employment. Most vessels are tuna purse seiners, trawlers and longliners, all fully equipped with freezing facilities. The international fleet mainly targets demersal species such as cod, halibut, skate, cephalopods, crustaceans such as shrimps, prawns and lobsters, tropical tuna and tuna-like species like swordfish (Xiphias gladius).

Hand-picking of shellfish and other invertebrates is performed in coastal communities by people walking on the shore (generally women) or snorkelling from small boats (generally men). The output of this rudimental activity is impressive, as 10 000 tonnes of seafood are hand-picked every year, providing income to nearly 5 500 people.

Spanish fishery production increased from 597 500 tonnes in 1950 to 1.43 million tonnes in 1975, to decline in the years that followed mostly as a result of depletion of stocks of cods, hakes and sardines.

In 2005, Spanish fishery production amounted to 848 800 tonnes (Figure 4). Nearly 90 percent of Spanish fishery production is concentrated in four areas: the Northeast Atlantic, the Western Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean and the Eastern Central Atlantic (Figure 4). Blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou), European pilchard and mackerels are the main captures from the Northeast Atlantic.

Skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna are the main captures from the Western Indian Ocean and the Eastern Central Atlantic. Small pelagics are the main captures from the Mediterranean.

14

2005

2000

1995

1990

1985

1980

1975

1970

1965

1960

1955

1 700 000 1 600 000 1 500 000 1 400 000 1 300 000 1 200 000 1 100 000 1 000 000 900 000 800 000 700 000 600 000 500 000 400 000 300 000 200 000 100 000 1950

tonnes

Fig. 4. Total fishery production in Spain by areas, 1950-2005

year

Atlantic, Northeast

Indian Ocean, Western

Atlantic, Eastern Central

Other areas

Mediterranean and Black Sea

(source: FAO FISHSTAT Plus).

Tropical tuna species such as skipjack and yellowfin but also bigeye (Thunnus obesus) and other scombrids (albacore Thunnus alalunga, swordfish) are the main species caught by the Spanish fleet.

Small pelagics such as European pilchard, mackerel and European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) follow. Cod and cod-like species of fishery importance to the Spanish fleet include blue whiting and European hake. The blue shark (Prionace glauca), of which Spain is the top world producer (according to FISHSTAT), and Octopus vulgaris, are other relatively important captures (Table 4).

15

Table 4. Composition of the Spanish catch, 1950-2005 (tonnes).

Species Skipjack tuna Yellowfin tuna European pilchard(=Sardine) Blue whiting(=Poutassou) Jack and horse mackerels nei Mackerels nei European hake Bigeye tuna Atlantic mackerel Albacore Swordfish Blue shark Marine fishes nei Octopuses, etc. nei European anchovy Argentine hake TOTAL (inc. others)

1950

1955

1960

1970 8 146 7 327 120 157 14 584 108 409

1975 24 390 30 865 168 018 26 185 94 267

1 400 31 014 722

1965 4 052 3 179 115 900 23 800 60 700 21 800 78 500 1 017 4 500 29 278 2 633

75 800 23 900 57 600 5 600 64 900

64 100 12 200 63 900 7 300 102 600

125 800 20 300 56 900 7 600 73 000

80 717 4 072 40 574 23 731 4 060

74 181 9 022 30 720 22 161 3 836

2 200 24 943 2 031

2 000 16 804 959

43 200 4 700 36 200

57 000 4 200 75 800

40 000 8 100 100 400

45 900 19 400 131 700

101 622 21 866 56 095

83 106 11 120 51 802

597 503

778 933

891 351

1 172 094

1 395 966

1 429 970

Species 1980 Skipjack tuna 27 214 Yellowfin tuna 40 679 European pilchard(=Sardine) 210 113 Blue whiting(=Poutassou) 33 435 Jack and horse mackerels nei 55 269 Mackerels nei European hake 38 288 Bigeye tuna 10 800 Atlantic mackerel 16 732 Albacore 25 202 Swordfish 4 560 Blue shark Marine fishes nei 160 460 Octopuses, etc. nei 12 442 European anchovy 52 351 Argentine hake TOTAL (inc. others) 1 163 346 (source: FAO FISHSTAT Plus).

1985 54 290 86 934 228 988 26 554 42 413

1990 98 025 114 656 214 719 35 192 24 213 11 443 25 902 15 571 12 539 26 021 15 082

1995 126 641 105 455 213 590 37 897 31 863 21 899 36 568 32 302 14 895 21 690 20 339

41 978 12 357 40 139 10 490 1 117 554

47 800 13 018 40 407 1 161 1 181 324

2000 139 386 83 209 81 028 34 276 44 468 13 609 31 183 43 681 28 190 16 932 15 209 10 649 17 454 14 275 28 109 22 196 1 045 672

2005 137 618 92 279 66 032 53 970 38 473 36 833 32 817 25 741 23 170 20 414 19 441 19 302 13 160 11 882 11 589 11 248 848 803

46 335 11 670 16 100 21 502 8 668

96 114 11 163 21 782

1 218 412

The Spanish fisheries’ sector is regulated by the EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). The EU regulations are supplemented by national instruments such as the law 3/2001 of 26 March 2001. The goals of EU and national instruments include, among others, to promote sustainability in the sector, ensure good standards of living for fishers and their communities, improve the viability of the sector, organize markets, compensate socio-economic imbalances in fishery dependent regions, promote fish consumption and fair trade, increase product quality, traceability and consumer information. These goals are being achieved through EU and national funding. MAPA manages marine fisheries through the Secretaría General de Pesca Marítima (SGPM).

16

2.3.3 Aquaculture In Spain, more than 3 000 companies own nearly 5 500 farms, employing more than 22 700 workers and generating an output of 221 900 tonnes in 2005, of which mussels represent more than 70 percent (Figure 5). With 158 100 tonnes of mussels produced in 2005, Spain is the biggest producer of this resource in Europe and the third most important producer of mussels in the world after China and Thailand.

Mussels are cultured on ropes suspended from rafts, known as bateas in Spanish. The main area of mussel production is Galicia, even if mussel culture is also being developed in Andalusia and in the Mediterranean. Seventy percent of mussels produced in Spain are consumed domestically, whilst 30 percent is exported.

Aquaculture production increased from a negligible level in 1950 to a record of 321 100 tonnes in 1999, to decline in the years that followed due to a decline in mussel production, induced by the socalled “red tide�, a harmful algal bloom. In 2005, Spanish aquaculture production totalled 221 900 tonnes (Figure 5).

Fig. 5. Total aquaculture production in Spain by species, 1950-2005 350 000

Other species

300 000

Rainbow trout

tonnes

250 000

Mussels nei

200 000 150 000 100 000

2005

2000

1995

1990

1985

1980

1975

1970

1965

1960

1955

1950

50 000

year

(source: FAO FISHSTAT Plus).

Other significant cultured species are the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), which is the most important product from inland farming, as well as gilthead seabream and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Spanish production of gilthead seabream increased from 100 tonnes in 1985 to 15 400 tonnes in 2005 and production of European seabass increased from negligible levels in the mid-eighties to 5 700 tonnes in 2005. These figures are expected to grow further in the years to come due to recent investment in expanding the production capacity of several major seabass and seabream farms.

17

Among the minor species, it is worth mentioning turbot (Psetta maxima). In fact, Spain is currently17 the top European producer of farmed turbot. Production of turbot increased from less than 300 tonnes in 1989 to 5 572 tonnes in 2005. Due to its flat fish nature, turbot is farmed in onshore tanks in either pump ashore or recirculation systems in the Atlantic regions of Cantabria and Galicia.

The legislative framework for the development of aquaculture in Spain is provided by the Ley de Cultivos Marinos (Ley 23/84 of 25 June) and the Ley de Costas (Ley 22/88 of 28 July). The framework for inland waters’ aquaculture development is provided by the Ley de Pesca Fluvial and Ley de Aguas. On regional and local issues, the legislative power lays with the regions, called Comunidades Autonomas in Spanish, national legislation being applied in the absence of regional legislation.

2.4. International Trade 2.4.1 Imports Spanish imports of seafood increased from 136 700 tonnes in 1976 to 1.66 million tonnes in 2006 (Figure 6), equivalent to an annual growth rate of 9 percent.

2006

2001

1996

1991

1986

1981

1 700 000 1 600 000 1 500 000 1 400 000 1 300 000 1 200 000 1 100 000 1 000 000 900 000 800 000 700 000 600 000 500 000 400 000 300 000 200 000 100 000 1976

tonnes

Fig. 6. Spanish seafood imports, 1976-2006

year

(sources: FAO FISHSTAT Plus -1976 to 2005- and EUROSTAT -2006-).

Molluscs are the main imported category, representing one quarter of total Spanish seafood imports.

Frozen and fresh fish follow. However, imports of prepared and preserved fish, mainly tuna, are growing by 11 percent/year (Table 5) as a result of the internationalization of the Spanish tuna canning industry.

17

Even if a Spanish company is currently investing in Portugal towards the creation of the biggest turbot farm in Europe.

18

Table 5. Spanish seafood imports by group of commodities (1 000 tonnes).

Product type

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Molluscs

216.08

217.81

256.41

284.97

289.97

320.31

Frozen fish

242.55

249.75

303.06

366.28

341.68

333.11

Fresh fish

180.77

197.95

184.55

211.00

202.80

237.88

Crustaceans Prepared and preserved fish

101.01

104.87

102.33

132.09

121.39

145.08

39.95

42.26

43.24

45.87

59.31

60.60

Frozen fillets

57.47

70.18

64.66

86.55

63.96

70.26

Meals and oils

82.23

105.55

110.22

82.79

110.55

146.56

Cured fish Frozen meat and surimi Prepared and preserved molluscs

44.02

48.17

47.28

51.21

45.55

55.97

7.12

10.09

13.03

16.71

15.61

19.30

14.88

11.67

10.33

13.47

9.28

10.86

Fresh fillets Prepared and preserved crustaceans

7.88

13.12

9.00

10.90

8.10

10.00

1.57

3.15

1.25

1.47

1.15

2.32

Live fish

0.78

1.48

0.97

1.23

1.53

3.03

TOTAL

996.30

1 076.06

1 146.34

1 304.54

1 270.88

1 415.28

Product type

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Molluscs

364.00

332.12

357.51

368.17

398.23

428.10

Frozen fish

410.88

393.85

419.40

347.33

334.69

320.24

Fresh fish

252.41

261.57

264.28

260.00

247.96

229.75

Crustaceans Prepared and preserved fish

161.91

158.79

174.12

176.50

190.23

213.06

52.64

55.98

83.06

79.76

104.51

127.17

Frozen fillets

96.73

86.32

102.71

103.54

102.25

124.07

Meals and oils

145.04

110.14

125.25

133.61

112.39

92.11

Cured fish Frozen meat and surimi Prepared and preserved molluscs

47.87

47.25

57.71

54.84

57.07

53.21

25.18

25.38

29.92

32.53

26.99

36.48

12.98

11.98

11.68

12.30

12.48

13.72

Fresh fillets Prepared and preserved crustaceans

12.44

10.56

11.51

15.14

15.18

12.53

1.56

1.57

2.86

3.16

3.18

2.86

Live fish

8.40

6.17

4.10

2.70

2.42

2.42

TOTAL

1 592.04

1 501.68

1 644.10

1 589.59

1 607.58

1 655.71

(source: EUROSTAT).

19

In terms of volume, the main imported seafood products are frozen pre-cooked shrimps and prawns under tariff code 03061350, whose imports increased from a negligible level in 1995 to 107 500 tonnes in 2007, equivalent to EUR568.7 million (Table 6). The main exporters of this commodity to Spain are Ecuador, Argentina and Brazil. Ecuador and Brazil supply Spain with farmed P.vannamei shrimp, a warmwater species, whereas Argentina supplies the Iberian country with wild Argentine red (or stiletto) shrimp, a coldwater species.

Imports of frozen Illex squid increased from 33 000 tonnes in 1995, equivalent to EUR57.8 million, to 92 300 tonnes in 2006, equivalent to EUR122.6 million. More than 90 percent of Illex squid imported

by Spain comes from Argentina. In turn, the main exporters of Loligo squid to Spain are the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) and India. Imports of frozen Loligo squid reached 56 300 tonnes in 2006, equivalent to EUR111 million (Table 6). Imports of frozen cuttlefish to Spain reached 50 600 tonnes in 2006, with more than one third being of Indian origin. Imports of frozen octopus increased from 15 800 tonnes in 1995 to 40 200 tonnes in 2006 (Table 6), the main country of origin being Morocco.

Frozen shrimp and prawns under tariff code 03061380 enjoy the highest export value (EUR5.81/kg in 2006) among the main commodities imported into Spain. They increased from nil in 1995 to 48 000 tonnes in 2006, equivalent to EUR279.4 million (Table 6). The main suppliers of these commodities are China and, to a lesser extent, Argentina.

The internationalization of the Spanish canning industry led to an increase in the imports of frozen pre-cooked tuna loins and canned tuna and, at the same time, a decline in the imports of frozen whole yellowfin and skipjack.

Imports of frozen pre-cooked tuna loins increased from 11 100 tonnes in 1995 to 37 400 tonnes in 2006, the main suppliers being Ecuador and El Salvador. Ecuador hosts the loin processing facilities of Tri-marine (the largest tuna loin producer in the world) as well as plants belonging to the Spanish companies Isabel-Garavilla and Salica-Albacora. El Salvador hosts the processing facilities of the Grupo Calvo, the most popular canned tuna processor in Spain. Imports of canned tuna not in oil increased from almost zero levels in 1995 to 21 100 tonnes in 2006, the main countries of origin being Ecuador (Grupo Calvo), Mauritius (Thon des Mascareignes, a subsidiary of the group Ireland Blyth Ltd.) and Guatemala (Jealsa-Rianxeira, a Spanish tuna processor). In turn, imports of frozen yellowfin raw material increased from 31 000 tonnes in 1995 to 64 900 tonnes in 1998, but declined in the years that followed. In 2006, imports of frozen yellowfin raw material were as low as 34 200 tonnes (Table 6).

20

Table 6. Spanish seafood import quantities, values and unit values by main commodity.

Commodity 03061350 - Frozen Penaeus shrimp, cooked by steaming or boiling in water.

03079911 - Frozen Illex spp.

23012000 - Fish meal.

03074938 - Frozen Loligo squid.

03074918 - Frozen cuttlefish Sepia officinalis and Rossia macrosoma.

03079918 - Frozen unidentified molluscs.

03061380 - Frozen shrimp and prawns, excluding Crangon spp.

Pandalidae, Parapenaeus longirostris and Penaeus spp.

03075910 - Frozen Octopus spp.

16041416 - Frozen pre-cooked tuna loins.

3034212 - Frozen whole

1 000 MT million €

€/kg

1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg

1 000 MT

million €

€/kg

1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT

1995 0.00 0.00

1996 0.00 0.00

1997 36.37 234.52

1998 48.60 321.37

1999 41.14 279.01

2000 50.09 424.35

2001 63.43 470.22

2002 69.36 431.29

2003 85.59 522.59

2004 88.00 453.21

2005 88.67 440.83

2006 107.48 568.73

0.00 33.03 57.78 1.75 61.97 24.20 0.39 18.72 22.11 1.18 34.85 81.33 2.33 8.15 12.17 1.49

0.00 36.85 56.44 1.53 84.17 41.06 0.49 23.87 28.49 1.19 26.18 57.04 2.18 10.80 11.97 1.11

6.45 69.38 86.80 1.25 93.66 53.18 0.57 33.26 56.41 1.70

14.03 16.63 1.19

6.61 70.74 78.66 1.11 63.27 43.62 0.69 43.65 87.51 2.00 33.06 86.50 2.62 7.82 13.18 1.69

6.78 80.01 91.27 1.14 90.10 41.12 0.46 42.57 75.06 1.76 29.73 67.33 2.26 10.38 14.93 1.44

8.47 81.06 110.69 1.37 121.84 60.04 0.49 65.18 105.87 1.62 38.19 91.71 2.40 14.10 17.49 1.24

7.41 97.81 169.65 1.73 114.27 63.65 0.56 66.58 88.48 1.33 47.22 122.04 2.58 18.44 20.53 1.11

6.22 77.32 101.86 1.32 86.92 62.13 0.71 55.67 88.63 1.59 46.03 130.63 2.84 25.28 21.22 0.84

6.11 71.31 96.76 1.36 92.89 52.69 0.57 59.60 125.47 2.11 45.78 115.46 2.52 27.22 21.82 0.80

5.15 40.70 79.90 1.96 102.24 56.37 0.55 55.07 119.70 2.17 46.29 107.61 2.32 46.77 45.67 0.98

4.97 58.84 133.28 2.27 80.73 46.22 0.57 65.00 133.68 2.06 41.42 96.91 2.34 45.69 53.16 1.16

5.29 92.33 122.59 1.33 60.49 47.66 0.79 56.32 111.05 1.97 50.64 145.05 2.86 49.72 37.93 0.76

0.00

0.00

22.49

32.68

30.04

41.47

40.95

34.40

31.89

33.16

42.97

48.09

0.00

0.00

139.83

200.28

176.55

287.26

265.26

206.30

191.38

179.23

244.11

279.41

0.00 15.84 56.01 3.54 11.09 27.65 2.49 30.95

0.00 14.72 51.37 3.49 10.86 28.38 2.61 38.87

6.22 21.91 86.79 3.96 11.55 31.30 2.71 29.80

6.13 24.35 86.22 3.54 9.77 30.73 3.14 64.92

5.88 35.95 108.39 3.02 18.53 44.37 2.40 43.08

6.93 29.05 89.49 3.08 19.33 42.72 2.21 39.08

6.48 36.17 137.39 3.80 6.29 16.63 2.64 54.78

6.00 34.20 174.03 5.09 13.33 39.37 2.95 61.93

6.00 36.96 210.72 5.70 31.85 76.35 2.40 42.90

5.40 33.40 174.55 5.23 26.10 67.20 2.57 36.14

5.68 36.77 172.49 4.69 35.75 102.19 2.86 34.50

5.81 40.21 182.06 4.53 37.36 110.96 2.97 34.23

29.22 84.30 2.89

21

yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares for canning weighing more than 10 kg/pc.

03034290 - Frozen whole yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares not for canning.

03042055 - Frozen fillets of Cape hake Merluccius capensis and of deepwater Cape hake Merluccius paradoxus.

03026955 - Fresh or chilled anchovies Engraulis spp.

03037998 - Frozen saltwater fish nei.

03042019 - Frozen fillets of freshwater fish (excl. salmon and trout).

03021200 - Fresh or chilled trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.

3026999 - Fresh or chilled edible saltwater fish nei.

03034390 - Frozen skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis not for canning.

03026966 - Fresh or chilled edible saltwater fish nei.

03056200 - Cod, Gadhus morhua, G. ogac, G. macrocephalus, salted or in brine, excl. fillets

million €

€/kg

1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million €

€/kg

1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million €

€/kg

33.85

39.15

40.62

96.71

47.19

41.33

63.73

77.21

48.25

40.02

43.83

47.97

1.09 4.40 4.66 1.06 0.00 0.00

1.01 11.06 11.03 1.00 0.00 0.00

1.36 13.45 25.93 1.93 30.23 59.40

1.49 9.25 13.36 1.44 41.99 89.17

1.10 11.16 11.73 1.05 32.20 69.98

1.06 13.68 12.67 0.93 33.55 78.84

1.16 38.65 42.31 1.09 44.81 125.40

1.25 29.02 34.61 1.19 33.15 91.16

1.12 40.24 41.23 1.02 46.59 121.85

1.11 34.76 35.40 1.02 37.79 100.11

1.27 42.64 51.44 1.21 36.82 96.37

1.40 34.08 45.10 1.32 29.78 89.43

0.00 22.32 34.65 1.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.23 8.62 2.67 16.92 64.31 3.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.14 3.24 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.08 70.70

0.00 22.90 43.64 1.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.86 11.83 3.07 19.50 65.05 3.34 26.40 65.59 2.48 10.97 7.76 0.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 27.49 78.60

1.96 26.55 44.67 1.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.79 5.44 3.04 17.73 58.28 3.29 25.89 65.81 2.54 18.35 15.19 0.83 19.38 63.81 3.29 25.16 75.24

2.12 31.80 49.17 1.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.61 5.05 3.14 21.89 75.40 3.44 22.58 63.15 2.80 8.77 9.65 1.10 22.36 84.88 3.80 25.41 98.73

2.17 22.01 35.44 1.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.69 2.18 3.17 17.67 62.10 3.51 20.97 64.79 3.09 11.53 8.09 0.70 30.06 107.57 3.58 20.69 92.83

2.35 31.86 51.06 1.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 5.99 3.50 21.73 88.59 4.08 27.22 82.55 3.03 18.43 9.46 0.51 34.41 115.67 3.36 22.37 111.18

2.80 31.02 42.95 1.38 26.20 56.86 2.17 2.66 10.24 3.85 32.18 102.94 3.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.79 27.40 0.84 31.28 100.36 3.21 19.69 101.82

2.75 22.07 39.26 1.78 25.59 56.27 2.20 2.42 9.79 4.05 35.34 114.76 3.25 27.13 92.37 3.40 23.43 20.56 0.88 29.76 101.08 3.40 21.19 106.31

2.62 24.87 51.81 2.08 26.42 56.26 2.13 2.95 9.28 3.15 34.60 98.61 2.85 27.69 93.28 3.37 27.99 17.80 0.64 26.35 96.03 3.64 26.03 129.66

2.65 28.86 54.41 1.88 27.05 49.38 1.83 8.86 22.89 2.58 28.14 83.30 2.96 29.13 102.43 3.52 18.60 14.54 0.78 25.05 98.40 3.93 24.91 125.56

2.62 26.23 51.80 1.98 19.43 42.70 2.20 13.50 34.78 2.58 32.11 118.46 3.69 27.35 96.93 3.54 25.43 17.53 0.69 26.07 106.92 4.10 23.85 119.59

3.00 27.92 60.93 2.18 27.40 63.20 2.31 26.75 69.90 2.61 26.65 116.59 4.38 24.91 96.48 3.87 24.85 20.34 0.82 24.85 111.29 4.48 23.68 125.56

2.94

2.86

2.99

3.88

4.49

4.97

5.17

5.02

4.98

5.04

5.01

5.30

22

16041418 - Canned tuna not in oil.

15042090 - Fish oil.

TOTAL (inc. others)

1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg

0.95 2.07 2.19 18.72 6.51 0.35 996.30 2351.79 2.36

0.55 1.36 2.48 19.99 7.86 0.39 1076.06 2460.72 2.29

1.77 4.93 2.78 14.85 7.40 0.50 1146.34 2725.73 2.38

2.70 10.04 3.72 17.68 11.38 0.64 1304.54 3302.41 2.53

(source: EUROSTAT).

23

3.56 7.74 2.18 19.21 7.12 0.37 1270.88 3083.51 2.43

3.77 8.23 2.18 20.22 7.10 0.35 1415.28 3808.31 2.69

3.82 11.66 3.05 27.51 12.88 0.47 1592.04 4400.30 2.76

6.65 18.94 2.85 17.96 12.81 0.71 1501.68 4279.07 2.85

10.79 27.06 2.51 25.29 14.28 0.56 1644.10 4438.19 2.70

12.14 28.11 2.32 24.19 13.29 0.55 1589.59 4314.92 2.71

13.23 32.89 2.49 26.96 15.26 0.57 1607.58 4633.71 2.88

21.07 61.08 2.90 20.30 13.95 0.69 1655.71 5067.49 3.06

In contrast to the other Southern European countries analysed here, the main suppliers of seafood to Spain are developing countries. In 2006, more than 60 percent of Spanish imports were supplied by developing countries and imports from two developing countries (Argentina and Morocco) represented more than 15 percent of total Spanish seafood imports (Table 7). The Spanish investments in developing countries’ capture fisheries and seafood processing industries were indeed aimed at enabling those countries to produce seafood for the Spanish market.

Table 7. Spanish seafood imports by main country of origin, 1995-2006 (1 000 tonnes).

Country Argentina Morocco France Peru China Portugal Ecuador Chile Italy Namibia Netherlands Falkland Is. (Malvinas) United Kingdom India TOTAL (inc. others)

1995 90.70 42.26 85.38 27.05 7.84 47.61 36.40 40.04 46.69 61.44 33.26

1996 102.45 58.10 99.08 24.36 6.01 51.46 32.61 40.34 41.83 57.20 28.73

1997 128.86 83.05 82.11 56.17 21.08 46.57 36.51 45.26 43.20 58.25 30.79

1998 143.73 68.66 94.61 16.65 37.14 48.73 37.82 48.41 44.47 79.06 47.21

1999 127.71 79.33 85.76 44.73 34.66 49.27 57.36 48.19 44.26 83.88 40.17

2000 117.05 108.14 109.82 53.59 41.79 59.45 40.86 48.87 50.39 78.74 56.01

17.51 59.91 17.99

31.25 63.94 10.71

22.66 58.77 9.99

42.25 62.00 11.57

36.83 50.41 17.63

58.73 57.16 18.72

996.30

1076.06

1146.34

1304.54

1270.88

1415.28

Country 2001 Argentina 143.15 Morocco 119.52 France 120.19 Peru 80.80 China 49.10 Portugal 64.09 Ecuador 33.75 Chile 50.13 Italy 51.77 Namibia 86.67 Netherlands 59.34 Falkland Is. (Malvinas) 56.51 United Kingdom 62.19 India 26.71 TOTAL (inc. others) 1592.04 (source: EUROSTAT).

2002 118.52 105.47 98.52 78.12 24.15 77.24 24.50 50.41 45.80 72.05 61.47

2003 127.97 97.54 108.44 94.56 32.50 76.10 44.94 67.03 53.82 82.54 75.03

2004 95.74 99.47 120.06 100.88 44.08 71.55 36.30 75.71 62.86 77.68 60.92

2005 91.14 102.09 96.82 101.71 71.19 77.40 56.10 73.47 65.07 63.02 62.55

2006 159.23 111.66 92.10 91.57 84.38 75.90 71.96 71.92 66.74 58.40 53.14

51.98 62.99 29.41

58.89 65.31 31.20

39.64 59.37 38.31

53.51 57.33 44.24

51.34 51.18 46.31

1501.68

1644.10

1589.59

1607.58

1655.71

Argentina is the main supplier of seafood to Spain. Further to the introduction of more liberal industry regulations between the mid-eighties and the early nineties, Spanish boat owners could invest in the Argentine fleet and Spanish seafood processing companies established their presence in the country.

As a result, imports of seafood from Argentina increased from 90 700 tonnes in 1995 to 159 200 tonnes in 2006 (Table 7). The main products imported from Argentina are frozen Illex squid,

24

frozen Pleoticus muelleri and frozen Argentine hake fillets. The low figures of 2004 and 2005 are a reflection of low shrimp and hake landings.

Imports of seafood from Morocco increased from 42 300 tonnes in 1995 to 111 700 tonnes in 2006, peaking in 2001 with 119 500 tonnes (Table 7). The main imports from Morocco are octopus, snails and unidentified fresh saltwater fish. The Moroccan fishery industry underwent a series of modernization measures since the early nineties and the country can count on a powerful high sea fleet competing with the Spanish fleet fishing in the Moroccan EEZ under the EU-Morocco Fisheries Agreement (now Fisheries Partnership Agreement18).

Peruvian exports of seafood to Spain increased from 27 000 tonnes in 1995 to 91 600 tonnes in 2006, peaking at 100 900 tonnes in 2004 (Table 7). The main products Spain imports from Peru are frozen unidentified molluscs and fish meal. Fishmeal is also the main product imported from Chile, with 26 300 out of 71 900 tonnes of seafood imported into Spain.

Seafood imports from China experienced a growth of 24 percent/year between 1995 and 2006, reaching 84 400 tonnes in that year (Table 7). The main imports from China are frozen shrimp, frozen monk, frozen Loligo squid, frozen cod fillets, frozen cuttlefish and surimi preparations.

Imports of seafood from Ecuador, mainly farmed shrimp, canned tuna and tuna loins, increased from 36 400 tonnes in 1995 to 72 000 tonnes in 2006 (Table 7). Ecuador hosts several shrimp farming facilities, the main species produced being the whiteleg shrimp and the blue shrimp. At the same time, Ecuador is one of the most important tuna processors in Latin America, its tuna industry having been set up gradually from the sixties, mainly through North American investments. At present, Spanish and United States’ tuna processors, as well as the international loin producing company Tri-Marine, have investments in Ecuador.

Namibia has a well-established and regulated fishing industry. Therefore, the African country opted not to have any of the “usual� EU fishing agreements types but instead have agreements based on national requirements. This has managed to increase the contribution the fisheries sector makes to the national economic and social development. In fact, during the first five years of independence 6 000 new fisheries-related jobs were created, foreign exchange earnings were tripled and tax revenue equivalent to three times the Fisheries Ministries budget was generated. Frozen hake fillets and frozen hake (Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus) are the main imports from Namibia. However, Spanish imports from Namibia declined from 61 400 tonnes in 1995 to 58 400 tonnes in 2006, peaking in 2001 at 86 700 tonnes and declining thereafter (Table 7) as a result of dwindling hake resources and subsequent establishment of Total Allowable Catches (TAC).

Seafood imports from India increased from 18 000 tonnes in 1995 to 46 300 tonnes in 2006, equivalent to a growth rate of 9 percent/year (Table 7). Imports of frozen cuttlefish and frozen squid represent approximately 70 percent of Spanish seafood imports from India.

18

The negotiation and implementation of bilateral fisheries agreements between the European Community and third countries is a key component of the CFP. The aim of the agreements is to provide the European fleet with access to surplus fish resources in the territorial waters of non-EU countries and to promote responsible and sustainable fisheries in the waters of those countries. The nature of the fisheries agreement concluded varies in terms of the partner country. Agreements with states which have the means to exploit their own resources (usually Northern European countries) usually take the form of a straightforward exchange of quotas. With other countries, mainly developing countries in Africa and in the Pacific, but also with Greenland, which do not fully exploit their fishery resources, the EU concludes fisheries partnership agreements, with a financial contribution for access to their fishing zones. With the reform of the CFP in 2002, the agreements have undergone a transformation. In the new Fisheries Partnership Agreements, the political dialogue on fisheries between the two Parties is reinforced and a percentage of the financial contribution attached to the agreement is set aside to support the sectoral fisheries policy in the third country with a view to introducing responsible and sustainable fishing (For additional information please read http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/external_relations/bilateral_agreements_en.htm.

25

2.4.2 Exports Spanish seafood exports increased from 232 000 tonnes in 1976 to 908 300 in 2006 (Figure 7).

According to provisional 2007 data from ANFACO, Spanish seafood exports amounted to 931 900 tonnes in 2006, equivalent to EUR2.35 billion. The main importers are either other European countries or developing countries with large tuna canning operations purchasing raw material from the Spanish fleet. Developing countries that do not import solely frozen tuna for canning from Spain include Nigeria, China and Morocco (Table 8). Nigeria imports frozen sardines from Spain. China is an important newcomer, importing frozen fish and molluscs from Spain, mainly frozen redfish, halibut and squid, possibly for further processing. Morocco imports salted anchovies for further processing, frozen yellowfin tuna for direct consumption and canned tuna.

Fig. 7. Spanish seafood exports, 1976-2006 1 000 000 900 000 800 000 700 000 tonnes

600 000 500 000 400 000 300 000 200 000

year

(sources: FAO FISHSTAT Plus -1976 to 2005- and EUROSTAT -2006-).

26

2006

2001

1996

1991

1986

1981

1976

100 000

Table 8. Spanish seafood exports by main country of destination, 1995-2006 (1 000 tonnes).

Country Portugal Italy France Seychelles Ecuador Cote d'Ivoire Mauritius Greece Germany Nigeria China Japan United Kingdom Croatia Madagascar Morocco TOTAL (inc. others)

1995 133.99 116.40 49.75 0.37 9.68 9.45 2.89 3.50 11.33 0.00 1.31 15.43 9.44 0.74 1.69 0.61

1996 163.03 128.03 65.68 1.58 10.69 11.04 0.35 4.09 12.86 0.00 1.87 17.36 11.41 2.20 1.87 0.49

1997 139.20 125.90 60.57 10.05 13.78 16.94 5.47 6.47 15.81 25.83 5.69 32.63 14.58 1.34 5.49 0.96

1998 154.52 133.48 69.06 11.74 2.46 28.69 1.97 8.71 22.60 57.10 1.71 25.59 19.47 2.04 5.36 1.97

1999 158.72 137.07 71.82 14.94 26.94 32.57 7.08 12.34 14.90 80.45 2.90 30.58 17.01 2.86 0.53 2.30

2000 177.81 162.70 87.69 30.41 12.77 22.32 3.14 17.17 20.06 61.25 4.68 21.21 14.38 4.39 3.53 2.25

472.75

524.42

633.04

702.49

754.62

834.06

Country 2001 Portugal 182.53 Italy 176.76 France 84.74 Seychelles 26.21 Ecuador 13.83 Cote d'Ivoire 35.25 Mauritius 15.01 Greece 17.19 Germany 27.13 Nigeria 93.45 China 6.65 Japan 17.63 United Kingdom 18.92 Croatia 8.12 Madagascar 4.72 Morocco 2.98 TOTAL (inc. others) 952.19 (source: EUROSTAT).

2002 185.23 173.80 87.34 34.00 18.39 39.68 16.06 16.71 21.87 33.58 5.67 19.41 15.15 12.79 8.42 3.90

2003 190.45 178.46 86.46 39.58 27.82 37.06 18.34 12.18 20.24 27.08 8.69 15.50 10.40 15.04 12.26 7.43

2004 188.51 181.82 92.11 44.83 24.76 19.41 14.62 13.74 18.76 17.34 8.48 18.72 12.36 8.75 12.28 8.71

2005 197.80 174.05 97.64 51.85 31.87 29.63 21.44 16.80 18.69 29.33 12.37 15.81 12.03 15.62 8.89 9.58

2006 198.97 194.77 96.30 47.59 36.67 27.66 20.53 19.16 18.96 15.64 14.94 14.40 14.21 13.12 11.63 10.16

841.77

878.33

873.87

922.67

908.34

The main commodities exported by Spain are tunas, as well as small pelagics and molluscs (Table 9).

Spain exports frozen skipjack for canning to, mainly, the Seychelles, Portugal and to a lesser extent Madagascar. The third most important commodity exported by Spain is frozen skipjack “not for canning�, which is mainly exported to Ecuador. However, Ecuador has little consumption of tuna (especially of tuna in other formats than canned) but a large-sized tuna canning industry, hence tuna for canning from Spain was really misreported as tuna not for canning. Exports of frozen yellowfin from Spain are declining because of the smaller role of Italy as purchaser of frozen whole yellowfin for its canneries. Canned tuna is exported to fellow EU countries like Italy, Portugal, France and the United Kingdom even if Morocco is increasing its imports of tuna in brine from Spain.

27

Frozen sardines (Sardinops spp. and Sardinella spp.) are exported to Côte d’Ivoire and Nigeria, fresh sardines are exported to Portugal, Italy and France. Frozen mackerel Scomber spp. is exported to Romania, Malta, Portugal, Croatia, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Tunisia and Poland. Fresh mackerel Scomber spp. is exported mainly to Italy, France and Portugal. Fresh horse mackerel Trachurus spp. is exported almost exclusively to Portugal.

The most important molluscs exported by Spain are mussels and cephalopods (Table 9). Spain exports live mussels to big consumers Italy and France. Frozen octopus is exported to Italy, Portugal, Japan, Greece and Germany. Italy is also the main importer of frozen Loligo patagonica squid from Spain and of frozen Illex and Loligo squid.

28

Table 9. Spanish seafood export quantities, values and unit values by main commodity.

Commodity 3034311 – Frozen skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis for canning.

3037130 – Frozen sardines Sardinops spp. and Sardinella spp.

3034390 – Frozen skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis not for canning.

16041411 – Canned tuna in oil.

3037998 – Frozen saltwater fish.

16041418 – Canned tuna not in oil.

3073110 – Mussels, live, fresh or chilled.

3075910 – Frozen Octopus spp.

3037430 – Frozen mackerel Scomber scombrus and S. japonicus.

3074935 – Frozen squid Loligo patagonica.

3026991 – Horse mackerel Caranx trachurus,

1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million €

1995 21.29 13.11 0.62 1.48 1.12 0.76 8.61 6.17 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.24 8.09 3.61 18.99 10.66 0.56 9.82 35.81 3.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 29.49 34.74 1.18 21.36 13.70

1996 19.91 13.54 0.68 0.40 0.35 0.89 12.38 7.56 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.02 14.04 3.50 18.80 10.67 0.57 11.76 45.47 3.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.46 42.39 1.31 22.26 17.65

1997 27.72 20.99 0.76 32.91 7.80 0.24 29.12 21.60 0.74 21.35 70.86 3.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.76 28.33 3.65 20.06 12.78 0.64 25.55 108.06 4.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.62 34.44 2.21 24.22 15.71

1998 21.23 21.67 1.02 120.49 28.95 0.24 12.42 11.76 0.95 33.24 117.44 3.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.38 40.60 3.91 20.11 14.24 0.71 27.74 100.26 3.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.99 43.35 2.28 21.57 14.54

29

1999 43.20 26.32 0.61 111.65 26.93 0.24 26.47 14.59 0.55 22.74 72.58 3.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.64 49.24 3.15 21.87 15.89 0.73 31.98 89.64 2.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.12 42.27 2.33 19.16 16.17

2000 25.38 13.18 0.52 109.43 26.53 0.24 27.12 14.70 0.54 26.26 84.65 3.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.20 72.03 2.98 19.81 14.56 0.73 27.58 79.36 2.88 14.49 5.36 0.37 17.89 37.09 2.07 21.42 18.27

2001 31.14 26.03 0.84 107.14 25.74 0.24 15.21 13.06 0.86 43.81 146.47 3.34 27.45 39.82 1.45 21.09 73.41 3.48 22.68 18.62 0.82 26.59 92.97 3.50 10.09 5.42 0.54 28.10 38.19 1.36 21.87 21.35

2002 47.19 36.37 0.77 86.76 21.70 0.25 12.12 10.39 0.86 38.42 140.39 3.65 23.99 38.12 1.59 20.86 75.67 3.63 28.61 23.86 0.83 24.92 112.85 4.53 20.81 9.46 0.45 22.07 34.82 1.58 20.58 20.95

2003 67.37 42.44 0.63 86.61 24.08 0.28 20.14 11.55 0.57 36.64 127.58 3.48 30.58 52.38 1.71 22.91 73.14 3.19 27.24 22.61 0.83 27.12 129.79 4.79 17.20 8.67 0.50 20.05 46.46 2.32 18.40 17.98

2004 63.40 41.88 0.66 60.81 15.71 0.26 19.82 13.73 0.69 32.98 117.48 3.56 29.72 49.80 1.68 26.28 80.26 3.05 36.66 28.33 0.77 24.92 116.84 4.69 9.68 5.81 0.60 17.04 47.02 2.76 19.96 20.50

2005 69.64 44.14 0.63 79.19 22.87 0.29 22.86 14.38 0.63 33.74 123.06 3.65 37.39 63.36 1.69 34.48 106.63 3.09 22.06 16.82 0.76 28.22 121.64 4.31 21.59 13.93 0.65 17.30 46.85 2.71 19.82 20.11

2006 61.60 47.45 0.77 57.63 19.96 0.35 40.42 26.31 0.65 34.57 133.60 3.86 34.33 62.64 1.82 33.44 112.30 3.36 30.73 21.82 0.71 27.60 121.45 4.40 22.74 17.17 0.75 21.19 47.20 2.23 19.22 20.73

Trachurus trachurus, fresh and chilled.

3037812 – Frozen Argentine hake.

Merluccius hubbsi.

3026999 – Fresh or chilled edible saltwater fish.

3079911 – Frozen squid Illex spp.

23012000 – Fish meal.

3026400 – Fresh or chilled mackerel Scomber japonicus.

3034212 – Frozen whole yellowfin Thunnus albacares weighing >10 kg for canning.

16042070 – Prepared or preserved tunas excl. whole or in pieces

3074938 – Frozen squid Loligo spp.

3026110 – Fresh or chilled sardines Sardina pilchardus.

3037590 – Frozen sharks (excl. dogfish).

16059090 – Canned aquatic

€/kg

1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million €

€/kg

1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT

0.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.69 11.25 1.68 6.97 2.37 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 57.66 49.24

0.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.09 23.38 2.89 10.76 14.91 1.39 5.13 2.53 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.10 28.66

0.65 12.47 14.94 1.20 5.54 20.16 3.64 20.14 29.64 1.47 11.63 6.20 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 55.17 55.98

0.67 11.92 15.39 1.29 7.92 25.51 3.22 23.91 36.42 1.52 25.61 14.18 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.13 37.79

0.84 11.05 15.89 1.44 9.32 28.56 3.06 26.07 37.80 1.45 29.11 11.49 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 27.71 22.17

0.85 7.73 12.61 1.63 11.64 35.35 3.04 25.65 37.79 1.47 27.15 11.48 0.42 3.93 3.33 0.85 28.29 23.23

0.98 5.89 11.87 2.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 27.70 52.87 1.91 27.85 13.07 0.47 5.33 4.80 0.90 63.92 48.75

1.02 8.52 15.20 1.78 12.02 48.54 4.04 23.13 40.80 1.76 23.55 12.64 0.54 4.82 5.05 1.05 23.52 25.99

0.98 12.44 16.34 1.31 10.79 43.00 3.99 21.66 37.79 1.74 19.91 8.91 0.45 3.35 4.17 1.25 16.26 18.02

1.03 11.25 15.41 1.37 13.02 49.23 3.78 14.35 33.36 2.32 17.66 9.37 0.53 6.48 7.49 1.16 32.84 32.89

1.01 17.88 22.47 1.26 13.88 53.00 3.82 17.18 36.24 2.11 14.20 7.87 0.55 12.78 11.90 0.93 20.89 24.31

1.08 17.76 28.63 1.61 17.70 66.63 3.76 17.17 27.75 1.62 14.52 10.68 0.74 13.45 15.23 1.13 13.06 17.22

0.85 5.38 18.09 3.36 8.37 10.34 1.23 4.07 3.46 0.85 4.33 9.11 2.10 5.12

0.95 8.50 26.75 3.15 8.09 15.34 1.90 4.76 5.02 1.05 6.59 12.69 1.93 4.63

1.01 12.49 39.55 3.17 5.64 14.71 2.61 4.31 3.98 0.92 12.11 23.77 1.96 4.37

1.25 13.24 47.79 3.61 7.66 18.88 2.47 6.38 5.71 0.90 17.32 28.75 1.66 5.45

0.80 12.11 38.93 3.22 6.47 14.03 2.17 5.39 5.15 0.96 17.29 30.81 1.78 5.95

0.82 22.80 66.94 2.94 11.23 22.90 2.04 6.18 6.24 1.01 16.37 45.72 2.79 6.71

0.76 20.31 62.76 3.09 11.71 24.63 2.10 6.12 6.38 1.04 11.87 39.92 3.36 9.26

1.10 16.77 57.21 3.41 10.65 21.52 2.02 6.63 7.74 1.17 11.06 15.36 1.39 9.85

1.11 16.37 59.60 3.64 10.49 23.28 2.22 6.71 8.56 1.28 10.27 12.45 1.21 10.39

1.00 13.55 49.62 3.66 9.84 27.43 2.79 8.90 10.60 1.19 9.85 14.32 1.45 10.76

1.16 7.90 27.77 3.52 12.32 33.71 2.74 10.25 11.43 1.11 11.56 17.48 1.51 10.25

1.32 12.68 47.17 3.72 12.47 28.24 2.26 11.24 12.39 1.10 10.90 18.79 1.72 10.76

30

invertebrates (sea urchins, sea cucumbers, jellyfish) excl. molluscs.

3034290 – Frozen yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares not for canning.

16059030 – Canned mussels, snails and other molluscs.

3034490 – Frozen bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus not for canning.

TOTAL (inc. others)

million €

14.38

13.19

11.48

14.20

15.53

18.00

24.91

25.64

26.45

29.16

28.71

27.49

2.81 3.50 4.09 1.17 8.52 26.33 3.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 472.75 939.96 1.99

2.85 10.43 10.30 0.99 9.12 27.96 3.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 524.42 1 108.90 2.11

2.62 16.20 16.03 0.99 8.50 24.91 2.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 633.04 1 301.54 2.06

2.61 4.23 5.70 1.35 9.49 27.21 2.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 702.49 1 421.69 2.02

2.61 7.49 6.67 0.89 9.78 27.27 2.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 754.62 1 503.99 1.99

2.68 12.52 12.74 1.02 11.25 30.52 2.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 834.06 1 837.62 2.20

2.69 10.22 11.76 1.15 11.75 34.19 2.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 952.19 2 110.66 2.22

2.60 3.62 4.57 1.26 8.96 28.20 3.15 0.07 0.10 1.45 841.77 2 078.04 2.47

2.55 8.38 8.02 0.96 6.22 21.17 3.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 878.33 2 025.92 2.31

2.71 10.78 10.09 0.94 7.94 24.97 3.15 4.07 2.90 0.71 873.87 2 090.43 2.39

2.80 8.99 8.44 0.94 8.64 27.11 3.14 4.12 2.51 0.61 922.67 2 093.64 2.27

2.56 10.56 11.45 1.08 10.38 30.45 2.93 10.37 6.93 0.67 908.34 2 260.55 2.49

€/kg

1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million €

€/kg

(source: EUROSTAT).

31

2.4.3 Processing The Spanish seafood processing sector is the largest in Europe. It can count on 147 companies, mostly located in the Galicia region, employing 15 375 workers. Estimated seafood processing output in Spain (including semi-preserved anchovies, excluding freezing) increased from 246 900 tonnes in 2000 to 336 300 tonnes in 2007, of which canned tuna represents 64 percent.

Table 10. Seafood processing in Spain (tonnes).

Species Tuna of which: -Light meat tuna -White meat tuna -Tuna salad Sardines Mackerel Mussels Cockles Squid Octopus Clams Razor clams

2000 147 919 135 942 11 977

2001 157 483 145 458 12 025

2002 164 089 152 004 12 085

24 673 11 538 11 301 5 650

25 413 11 740 11 866 5 763

26 175 11 750 12 281 5 532

2003 176 258 161 428 12 206 2 624 28 007 11 761 12 710 5 549

11 675

11 908

12 281

11 961

Other (fish roes, surimi, Atlantic horse mackerel, stockfish etc.)

TOTAL PRESERVED FISH Semi-preserved anchovies GRAND TOTAL

25 719 238 475 8 431 246 906

26 491 250 664 9 616 260 280

26 888 258 996 10 289 269 285

27 829 274 075 10 598 284 673

Species Tuna of which: -Light meat tuna -White meat tuna -Tuna salad Sardines Mackerel Mussels Cockles Squid Octopus Clams Razor clams

2004 183 357 167 885 12 267 3 205 28 287 11 784 12 837 5 438 5 758 2 372 1 813 1 539

2005 196 000 180 409 12 291 3 300 28 485 13 551 13 350 5 710 5 379 2 889 2 571 1 279

2006 209 656 193 579 12 414 3 663 28 627 14 256 14 418 5 436 5 078 2 802 2 504 1 298

2007 219 386 203 258 12 538 3 590 28 341 14 826 14 130 5 382 5 332 2 466 2 754 1 259

30 636 299 850 11 347 311 197

29 625 313 700 11 971 325 671

29 921 323 797 12 495 336 292

Other (fish roes, surimi, Atlantic horse mackerel, stockfish etc.)

28 148 TOTAL PRESERVED FISH 281 333 Semi-preserved anchovies 11 180 GRAND TOTAL 292 513 (sources: MAPA and ANFACO).

32

picture credits: ANFACO.

The canned tuna market in Spain is dominated by four large corporations: Grupo Calvo, Isabel Garavilla, Jealsa-Rianxeira and Albacora-Salica.

Those corporations are all based in Spain and, in contrast to their Italian and French counterparts, they still process tuna domestically, even if they are increasingly relying on the imports of frozen pre-cooked loins.

Production of canned tuna in Spain increased from less than 20 000 tonnes in 1976 (source: FISHSTAT) to

219 400 tonnes in 2007 (Table 10).

2.5. Key industry players 2.5.1 The role of the “cofradìas” Spain has a rich history with a fisher’s association system dating back to the eleventh century. The cofradias are made up of boat owners and crew and the port is the usual workplace for their members to sell their fresh fish. Traditionally, about 40 fishermen's organizations run the seafood auctions that serve the coastal communities and provide fish for local markets, restaurants and hotels. On a national level, the associations are grouped in a federaciòn de cofradìas and three federaciònes de armadores (boat owner’s federations). The guild system is an integral part of the buying and selling process in Spain. However, further to accession to the European Communities in 1986, the cofradìas had to be adjusted to the Community legislation on producers’ organizations.

2.5.2 The role of the wholesale market In Spain, when fish is unloaded at the docks, it is sold to authorized auction buyers. Most seafood is marketed and distributed through the MERCA system, which is a network of central markets for seafood, fruit, vegetables and meat, funded by the government and by a local company, MERCASA. For cities without a MERCA outlet, wholesalers distribute seafood through central city markets.

Mercamadrid is one of the biggest wholesale markets in Europe. In 2001, fish and seafood sales at Mercamadrid exceeded US$1.1 billion. The greater share of volume sales was in fresh fish products, accounting for 66 percent of all fish and seafood sold, followed by frozen fish and seafood products (23 percent) and fresh shellfish (11 percent).

Mercabarna (Barcelona) is another important wholesale market in Spain. Spread over a surface of 90 hectares, Mercabarna hosts 400 firms from the agro-industry sector. The importers affiliated to Mercabarna purchase approximately 12 000 tonnes of seafood per year from non-EU countries.

33

2.5.3 Fresh seafood Spanish consumers purchase fresh fish mainly from supermarkets and hypermarkets. The share of traditional fishmongers and open air markets, albeit still high, is declining in favour of the large retail chains.

Mercadona is the largest supermarket chain in Spain, competing every year with Carrefour for the title of leading grocery retail chain in the country. A network of 1 139 supermarkets is spread all over 46 provinces in 15 autonomous communities. The total turnover for the year 2006 amounted to EUR12.16 billion and the net profit was EUR242 million.

El Corte Inglès is Spain’s largest department store chain and owner of several associated businesses, such as Hipercor, a chain of hypermarkets, SuperCor (with average-sized units) and OpenCor (with smaller convenience stores). The total turnover of the whole El Corte Inglès group in 2005 was EUR15.86 billion and its net profits reached EUR653.14 million.

Eroski is a Basque supermarket chain with nearly 1 000 outlets spread across Spain (excluding franchises). The establishments vary in size from the largest hypermarkets, simply named “Eroski” (of which there are 75 stores), down to smaller “Eroski Center” stores (473), 219 “Eroski City” outlets.

The turnover of the group in 2004 amounted to EUR6.4 billion, the net profit amounting to EUR190 million.

Other local supermarket chains include El Arbol and Consum cooperativa. According to the latest annual report, El Arbol has a turnover of EUR713.4 million. The group employs 5 600 workers in 570 supermarkets and 38 cash and carry spread all over eight autonomous communities. Consum is a cooperative grouping 560 small and medium-sized establishments mainly selling fresh, high quality products.

Among the international groups, the French retail chains Auchan and Carrefour also hold important positions in the Spanish retail markets. Auchan is present with the hypermarkets Alcampo and supermarkets Sabeco. Carrefour is present with the Carrefour hypermarkets, soft discount Carrefour Express and hard discounts Dia/Maxidia. Ahold has recently purchased the Spanish group Superdiplo.

2.5.4 Frozen seafood In the past ten years, the use of frozen fish in the diet of Spanish families has increased significantly.

In 2002, Spanish consumers purchased more than 227 000 tonnes of frozen seafood, mainly finfish (such as hake) and crustaceans (source: MAPA).

The companies which operate in the frozen fish market in Spain tend to be large groups, with mainly Spanish capital, although with a strong international presence. These companies are showing a clear trend towards mergers and acquisitions.

The sector leader is Pescanova. Established in 1960 in Spain, its affiliates are based in 21 countries, employing 3 400 workers. Pescanova has its own fleet of 21 vessels. Overall, Pescanova sells more than 100 000 tonnes of frozen seafood every year. Its product range comprises, among others, whole, headed/gutted and filleted fish, crustaceans, value-added products and seafood preparations.

Pescanova also offers the Cofrío line for the wholesale channel, the Caternova line for hotels and restaurants and the Friser Division for home sales.

The Grupo Freiremar processes seafood from imports and captures from its own fleet. The group can count on affiliates in 11 countries other than Spain, a large fishing fleet, more than 1 300 employees and 120 000 tonnes of cold storage capacity. It produces approximately 80 000 tonnes of frozen

34

seafood every year, under the brand names Freiremar and Nakar. Freiemar markets whole, headed or filleted fish, with little value addition.

The Grupo Amasua produces 50 000 tonnes of frozen seafood every year, marketed by its commercial brand Krustamar. It is based in Spain with affiliates in Argentina, Chile, Morocco and Mozambique.

Amasua has its own fleet of 27 vessels, all equipped with freezing facilities. The main products, marketed under the brands Grand Krust and Amasua, include frozen shrimps, prawns, lobster tails, surimi and squid. Other significant frozen seafood companies are the Grupo Ibérico de Congelados, the Grupo Pereira and the Grupo Banchio, all producing 40 000 tonnes of seafood every year.

2.5.5 Processed seafood The production of canned seafood in Spain is dominated by tuna. The main tuna processors in Spain are Calvo, Jealsa-Rianxeira and Isabel-Garavilla.

Calvo is the most important tuna canning company in Spain, with more than 90 000 tonnes of canned tuna produced every year. The group owns six tuna purse seiners, two support boats and three merchant vessels. Calvo’s tuna processing units are located in Carballo and Esteiro (Spain), Marrakech (Morocco), Punta Gorda (El Salvador), Guanta (Venezuela) and Itajai (Brazil). Calvo’s tuna products are marketed as Calvo in Spain, as Nostromo in Italy and as Gomez da Costa in Brazil.

Jealsa-Rianxeira can count on four tuna fishing boats and an auxiliary boat, as well as processing facilities in Spain, Guatemala and Chile. It processes more than 100 000 tonnes of seafood, mostly light meat and white meat tuna but also mussels, squid, seafood salads, clams, sardines and sardinellas.

Jealsa products are marketed in Spain and Portugal under the brand Rianxeira, in Italy under the brand Star Mareaperto, in France under the brands Soluco la Mer, Chancerelle Frères and Rianxeira and under private labels. Jealsa is also selling tuna under private labels in the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands.

Isabel-Garavilla owns five fishing vessels and four processing plants, two in Spain, one in Marocco and one in Ecuador. It produces more than 80 000 tonnes of canned seafood under the brands Isabel (for canned tuna, tuna salads, tuna burgers, as well as other canned seafood such as: octopus, mussels, sardines, anchovies and mackerel) and the more upmarket Garavilla for white meat tuna, canned mussels and sardines.

Other important processors in Spain are the Grupo Frigoríficos del Norte (Frinsa) and Bernardo Alfageme SA. Frinsa, located in Galicia, processes 85 000 tonnes of seafood from Chile such as salmon and mussels. Bernardo Alfageme SA is one of the oldest fish processing companies in Spain, having been founded in 1873. Every year, Alfageme produces more than 50 000 tonnes of seafood, including canned tuna, tuna paté, canned mussels and sardines) under the brand Eureka, Miau and Conservas Peña.

2.5.6 Marketing In Spain, supermarkets and hypermarkets account for the largest segment of fresh, frozen and processed fish sales, with 43 percent of the market, followed by open fish markets, like those set up by the cofradìas to auction their catch (31 percent), hotels, restaurants and institutions (23 percent) and small independent retailers (3 percent).

2.5.7 Home consumption Fresh fish for home consumption is marketed by fishmongers (49 percent of purchase), supermarkets (39 percent) and hypermarkets (12 percent). Other seafood products including molluscs and

35

crustaceans are mainly sold through traditional stores (close to 48 percent), with supermarkets and hypermarkets having smaller market shares (30 percent and 17 percent, respectively).

2.5.8 Away-from-home consumption The hotel, restaurant and catering sector in Spain consists of more than 200 000 bars, snack bars and cafés, 55 000 restaurants and 32 000 catering establishments (including institutional catering establishments).

In Spain, like in other Southern European countries, the progressive adoption of a more dynamic working lifestyle based on Northern models fostered the development of office cafeterias and other establishments (not necessarily linked to a particular workplace, e.g. snack bars) selling hot food at lunchtime during weekdays. Therefore, lifestyle changes, combined with the big tourism industry and the typical Spanish habit to eat out, especially during the happy hour (“tapas”) in the warm season, resulted in increase in quantities of food and drinks purchased by the hotel, restaurants and catering industry. At present, the hotel, restaurant and catering industry accounts for some 30 percent of the whole food and drinks market in Spain, based on an estimated turnover of around 30 billion euros.

As a result of the development of the hotel, restaurant and catering sector, the quantity of seafood consumed away from home also increased. In 1995, 83.2 percent of all seafood was eaten at home and 14.1 percent only was eaten away from home; in 2002, 75.5 percent of seafood was eaten at home and 22.08 percent was eaten away from home. Crustaceans and molluscs are the main category of seafood consumed away from home, followed by canned fish, frozen fish and finally fresh fish. For hotels and restaurants, fish products are mainly marketed by distributors (48.5 percent), wholesalers (18.8 percent) and traditional shops (17.4 percent).

In recent years, the hotel and restaurant channel has been helping to expand and diversify the market of the main frozen fish companies in Spain. For example, Pescanova, as part of its diversification strategy, has launched the line “Caternova”, aimed at institutional catering. Another frozen seafood brand, Fandicosta, has developed a line of frozen products (sold in 2.5 kg packages) aimed at the catering sector.

36

3. Spanish importers, exporters, producers, aquaculture farmers and distributors COMPANY

STREET

ZIP

ACK KORANCA, S.L.

Pol Centrovia c/ Santo Domingo 5

50196

nave 10 Muela, La Zaragoza

34

976144888

976144748

adminstracion@ackkoranca.es

www.ackkoranca.es

AFRAMAR, S.L.

c/ Cochabamba, nº 15

35008

LAS PALMAS

34

928476810

928476811

aframar@aframar.es

www.aframar.es

ALBALADEJO HNOS. S.A

Crtra Alicante-Cartagena

30730

San Javier/Murcia

34

968334056

968334161

david@salazonesdiego.com

www.salazonesdiego.com

ALBERT PESCA, S.A.

c/ Mayor, 12, edif. Frimercat, of.3 08040

Barcelona

34

932628900

932620265

info@albertpesca.com

www.albertpesca.com

ALCAMAR 2000, S. L.

c/ Campo de Criptana, nº 86

13630

SOCUELLAMOS CIUDAD REAL

34

926532842

926531969

info@alcamar2000.com

www.ALCAMAR2000.com

ALCONED, S.A.

Calle Vallés s/n. Nave 2

08520

Les Franqueses del Vallés/Barcelona

34

938406120

938406124

info@alconedsa.com

www.alconedsa.com

ALEVINES Y DORADAS SA

Pol Bentejui, s/n, Castillo del Romeral

Bartolomé de Tirajan

34

928732234

928732260

jlguersi.adsa@tinamenor.es

ALFAGEME, BERNARDO S.A.

Tomás A. Alonso, 186 (Apdo. 12) 36208

Vigo, Pontevedra

34

986213217

986203152

basamail@alfageme.com

www.alfageme.com

ALFOCAN

c/ Américo Vespucio 4-5

41092

Sevilla

34

954216700

954215937

alfocan@terra.es

www.alfocan.es

ALFONSO GARCIA LOPEZ/PESCAMAR

Apartado 221

36080

Pontevedra

34

986770012

986771359

info@pescamar.es

www.pescamar.es

ALFRISA (ALIMENTOS FRIORIZADOS, S.A.)

c/ Bellvei, 19-25

08210

Barberá del Vallés Bacelona

34

937193530

937183979

alex.duran@alfrisa.com

www.alfrisa.com

ALIMENTOS LA FORMIDABLE, S.L.

Pol. Ind. Sete Pías, Parcela 60

36635

Cambados

34

986520712

986543227

laformidable@terra.es

www.laformidablesl.com

AMEIXA DE CARRIL, S.L.

Punta Preguntoiro 20

36611

Vilagarcia de Arousa

34

986504461

986504083

contacto@ameixadecarril.com

www.ameixadecarril.com

ANEDILCO, S.L.

c/ Fernando Remacha 1, 2º F

31500

TUDELA-NAVARRA

34

948826025

948410880

anedilco@anedilco.com

www.anedilco.com

ANGEL LOPEZ SOTO / PROCSA

C/ Venezuela 2

36203

Vigo

34

986424333

986415265

ANGLOPESCA, S.L.

San Benito, nº 4

23260

CASTELLAR-JAÉN

34

630317366

953400216

Pedro@cigalasdescocia.com

www.cigalasdescocia.com

ANGULAS AGUINAGA, S.A.

Laskibar, 5

20271

Irura Guipuzcoa, 20

34

902495000

902495001

info@angulas-aguinaga.es

www.angulas-aguinaga.es

AQUABARNA

Longitudinal, 6, nº 103-1ª Planta

08040

Barcelona

34

932634566

933351295

central@aquabarna.com

www.aquabarna.com

AQUAMAR SL

c/ Transvers. 8/Frimercat 1planta 08040 2

Barcelona

34

932621812

932621820

administracion@aquamarbcn.com

www.aquamarbcn.com

ARAMAR S.A.

Zuaznabar 40-Pol Ind. De Ugaldetxo

Oiarzun

34

943491784

943492624

20180

TOWN

CODE TEL

FAX

37

EMAIL

WEB SITE

http://www.alfrio-group.com

www.aramar.com

Imp. Exp.

Proc.

Farm. Dist..

COMPANY

STREET

ARDOVRIES ESPAÑA, S.A. (FINDUS)

paseo sarasate nº 3, 3º

31002

Pamplona

34

948203435

948224701

borjaruano@findus.es

www.findus.es

ARMADORA PEREIRA, S.A.

Jacinto Benavente, 29

36202

Vigo

34

986294048

986207609

tino@grupopereira.com

www.grupopereira.com

ARRANKOBA SCL

Egidazu Kaia 8

48700

Ondarroa

34

946832229

946832654

info@arrankoba.com

www.arrankoba.com

33420

Lugones (Siero) - Asturias

34

985267975

985267975

buzon@associacionampaa.com

www.associacionampaa.com

www.atrugal.org

ASS. MAYORISTAS DE PESCADOS Avenida de Viella, nº 58 DE ASTURIAS

ZIP

TOWN

CODE TEL

FAX

EMAIL

WEB SITE

ATRUGAL-AS GALLEGA PISCIFACT. DE TRUCHA

Frei Rosendo Salvado nº 10, 1º b 15701

Santiago de Compostela

34

981597729

981597729

info@atrugal.org

BARRUFET S.A.

c/Longitudinal 8 No. 97

08040

Mercabarna, Barcelona

34

933359800

933364258

Barrufet@intercom.es

BENFUMAT

Pol.Ind. EL PLA C/del Pla, 122

08980

S. Feliu De Llobregat/ Barcelona

34

936859930

936851224

mail@benfumat.com

BERETE SL.

Avda de Vigo 222-224 local 11d

36320

Chapela - Redondela Pontevedra

34

986458027

986458041

felipecarlos@berete.e.telefonica.net

BRISIÑA SL

Poligono Industrial "La Tomada"

15940

Puebla del Carmiñal - La Coruña

34

981833018

981833056

guilherme@brisina.es

CALADERO

Carretera Nacional 232. Km. 271,200

E-50690

Pedrola- Zaragoza

34

976616700

976616701

caladero@caladero.com

www.caladero.com

CALASA S.L.

Avda Orillamar 35

36202

Berbes, Vigo

34

986206510

986292308

calasa@teleline.es

www.empresasgalicia.com/calasa

CAVIAR INVESTMENT S.L.

Paseo de Gracia, 76

08008

Barcelona

34

932721092

932721093

caviar@cconline.es

www.feriavilbonet.com/caviarinv estment

CLAVO CONGELADOS S.A.

Bemil, 62

36650

Caldas de Reyes, Pontevedra

34

986539030

986539774

comercial@clavo.net

www.clavo.net

CMA, MERCADOS INTERNACIONALES, S.L.

Avda. Primo de Rivera, No 6-2 dcha

15006

La Coruña

34

981238838

981232884

cmamisl@telefonica.net

COCEDERO DE MARISCOS S.A.

Longitudinal, 9, Parc. 12 B

08040

Mercabarna, Barcelona

34

933366377

933351495

lluis@cocedero.com

COCINADOS GIMAR S.L.

PI Salinetas, Av de la Libertad, 42

03610

Petrel, Alicante

34

965371197

965376430

gimar@gimar.es

COMPESCA S.A.

Joaquin Salas, 6

39011

Santander

34

942354422

942354423

jaimeyllera@compesca.com

www.compesca.com

COMPESCO

Cruceiro 7, Cedeira

36818

Redondela

34

986400939

986404640

CONGALSA S.L.

P.I. "A Tomada" Parc, 13, 14, 15

15940

Pobra do Carmiñal

34

981874400

981832505

comercial@congalsa.com

www.congalsa.com

CONGELADOS BASILIO CASTRO LUGONES S.L

c/ Basilio Castro (E) 4

33420

Lugones

34

985260166

985260494

basilio@fade.es

CONGELADOS Y DERIVADOS S.A.

Pol. Ind. De León, Edif. ELMAR G25

24231

Onzonilla (Léon)

34

987264503

987264438

cbescos@elmar.es

38

www.benfumat.com

www.cocedero.com

www.elmar.es

Imp. Exp.

Proc.

Farm. Dist..

COMPANY

STREET

ZIP

CONGELADOS Y FRESCOS DEL MAR S.A

c/Herreros 48/Pol.ind. Los Angeles

28906

Getafe/Madrid

34

916653860

916959659

r.fernandez@confremar.com

www.confremar.com

CONGELATS REUNITS S.A.

c/Joan Lluis Vives 13AB PI Can Trie

08232

Viladecavalls/Barcelona

34

937454300

937454302

info@lasirena.es

www.lasirena.es

CONNORSA

Factoria:Acuna, s/n Vilaboa

36141

Vilaboa/Pontevedra

34

986708233

986709030

connorsa@connorsa.es

www.connorsa.es

CONSERVAS FRISCOS S.A.

Rua do Concello 56

36612

Catoira (Pontevedra)

34

986546160

986546341

chouza@friscos.es

CONSERVAS GARAVILLA S.A.

Zubtur Tar Keda 39, ap. 13

48370

Vizcaya/Bermeo

34

946179000

946887762

exportacion@isabel.net

www.isabel.net

CONSERVAS ORTIZ S.A.

Iñaki Deuna 15

48700

Ondárroa (Vizcaya)

34

946134313

946134440

export@ortiz.es

www.conservasortiz.com

48700 Ondarroa (Bizkaia)

34

946134101

946833344

batel@consalegria.com

www.consalegria.com

CONSERVAS PEDRO ALEGRIA S.A. Arana Tar Sabin, 11 Bajo

TOWN

CODE TEL

FAX

EMAIL

WEB SITE

CR DOP MEXILLON DE GALICIA

Avda. de Marina 25

36600

Vilagarcia de Arousa

34

986507416

986506224

gabriela.andre@mexillondegalicia.or www.mexillondegalicia.org g

CULMAREX S.A.

Polígono Industrial Aguilas

30880

Aguilas, Murcia

34

968493449

968414111

francisco.soto@culmarex.com

www.culmarex.com

DELFIN S.A.

C/ Leon 52-54

28947

Cobo-Calleja, Fuenlabrada

34

916420909

916420193

delfin@grupodelfin.com

www.grupodelfin.com

D'ELITE

C/ Amadeu 51

08370

Calella, Barcelona

34

937661135

937695788

delite@delite.es

www.delite.es

DIMAPEIX

Pol. Ind. Venta Baños c/Tren Mixto

34200

Venta de Baños - Palencia

34

979761007

979761056

delegacionnorte6@martipeix.es

www.dimapeix.com

DISBECONSA S.L.

Polig.Indus. Vilar do Colo parc.

J9

15000

La Coruña/FENE

34

981344343

info@disbeconsa.com

www.disbeconsa.es

DYLCAN S.L.

Prol. Bentejuí, Castillo Romomeral

35107

San Bartolomé de Tirajana

34

928728383

928732260

comercial.dylan@tinamenor.es

www.dylcan.es

EAST COAST EUROPA

c/ Castrobarto, 10, 2a.

Aeropuerto

28042

Barajas - Madrid

34

916560596

916561586

patxi.larraz@gmail.com

www.eastcoastseafood.es

ELGASA - ELABORADOS GALLEGOS S.A.

Pol.Ind. De Amoedo/Parcela 2

36841

Pazos de Borben Pontevedra

34

986240097

986240106

comercial@elgasa.com

www.elgasa.com

ESCURIS S.A.

Bayuca, s/n, aptdo 10

15940

Puebla del Caraminal,La Coruña

34

981843200

981832155

escuris@escuris.es

www.escuris.es

EUROACUA TRADING, S.A.

Paseo de la Castellana, 121 2oC 28046

Madrid

34

912798152

euroacua@hotmail.com

www.empagran.com

EUROCAVIAR S.A.

Triana 51

28016

Madrid

34

913504575

jgarcia@euro-caviar.com

www.euro-caviar.com

EUROMAR VIGO S.L.

Edi.Frigalsa 2/ Of. 5/Camiño Rios 2

26216

Vigo

34

986454047

EURONOVA FROZEN SEAFOOD S.L.

Avda Gran via 161/1A

36211

Vigo

34

986493233

986494890

euronova@euronova-vigo.com

www.euronova-vigo.com

EXPESA FISH S.A.

Transversal 12, - N. 45

08040

Mercabarna, Barcelona

34

933361312

933357734

expesafish@expesafish.com

www.expesafish.com

39

913508392

admon@euromar.es

Imp. Exp.

Proc.

Farm. Dist..

COMPANY

STREET

ZIP

TOWN

CODE TEL

FAX

F.D.I.M.

Calle Maria Curie No. 8, 3, 2

28703

San Sebastian de los Reyes- Madrid

34

646962732

FANDICOSTA S.A.

Verdeal

36957

Domaio-Moana, Pontevedra

34

986326800

986326100

export@fandicosta.es

FERNANDEZ AREVALO, JUAN

Avda del Puerto, 38

15160

Sada, La Coruña

34

981620000

981623290

mdfv@grupoproinsa.com

FERNANDO REYERO S.L.

Muelle de la Palloza, 46

15006

La Coruña

34

981130702

981131925

freyerosl@teleline.es

www.fernandoreyero.com

FREIREMAR S.A.

Avda. Beiramar 83

36208

Vigo

34

986216502

986201362

lsuarez@freiremar.es

www.freiremar.es

FRES VALDES S.A./PESQ.-LONJA DE ALT.

Almacen 34

36202

Vigo, Pontevedra

34

986209565

986208511

fresv@fresvaldes.com

www.fresvaldes.com

FRIGORIFICOS BERBES S.A.

Avda Beiramar, 73

36202

Vigo, Pontevedra

34

986297700

986202818

fribesa@fribesa.com

www.berbes.es

FRIGORIFICOS DE VIGO S.A.

Puerto-Pesquero, darsena 4

Vigo

34

986447100

986227143

frivigo@frivigo.com

www.frivigo.com

FRIGORIFICOS FANDIÑO S.A.

Avda Conde Guadalhorce, 29

33400

Aviles Asturias

34

985525041

985564944

FRIGORIFICOS SANTA POLA, S.A.

Carretera de Elche, 19

03130

Santa Pola Alicante

34

966690909

966690820

friomed@friomed.es

FRIGORIFICS ROS S.A.

Ctra. Acces Costa Brava, 76

17300

Blanes

34

972333011

972353420

comercial@f-ros.com

www.f-ros.com

FRIME S.A.

Mercat Central del Peix, cas 80

08040

Mercabarna, Barcelona

34

932620228

932620225

frime@frime.es

www.frime.es

FRINOVA S.A.

Polig. Ind. Las Gandaras, Parcela 9

36400

Porriño, Galicia

34

986331401

986332755

info@frinova.es

www.frinova.es

FRINSA DEL NOROESTE

Pol. Ind. De Xarás

15969

Santa Eugenia de Ribeira

34

902102100

981835004

comercial@grupofrinsa.com

www.grupofrinsa.com

FRIO CONDAL S.A.

c/ Foc 69-73

08038

Barcelona

34

932230162

932232987

dir_ger@friocondal.com

FRIOKO S.A.

Av Americas 3-3D

15172

Perillo, La Coruña

34

981613737

981636657

fish@frioko.es

FRIOMED, SA

Carretera de Elche, 19

03130

Santa Pola

34

966690909

966690820

friomed@friomed.es

FROXA

POB

Cartes, Cantabria

34

942835000

942835141

import@froxa.com

www.froxa.com

GALFRIO S.A.

ZS del Puerto de Marin

36910

Estribela, Pontevedra

34

986890000

986880982

comercial@galfrio.es

www.galfrio.pesca2.com

GOVIFISH S.L.

Avda Daniel Castelao 117

36690

Arcade, Pontevedra

34

986437799

986432987

govifish@arrakis.es

www.govifish.pesca2.com

GROPESCA

Lg. de Campos n/n O Grove

36980

Pontevedra

34

986732223

986731362

gropesca@gropesca.com

www.gropesca.com

GRUPO PROINSA

Avda del Puerto 38

15160

Sada, La Coruña

34

981620000

981623290

lorbe@grupoproinsa.com

www.grupoproinsa.com

GRUPO UNION MARTIN

Calle Dr Juan Dominguez Perez, 48

35008

El Cebadal - Las Palmas Gran Canari

34

928475251

928475243

umartin@unionmartin.com

www.unionmartin.com

40

EMAIL

WEB SITE

luis.fdim@gmail.com www.fandicosta.es

www.frioko.es

Imp. Exp.

Proc.

Farm. Dist..

COMPANY

STREET

HIJOS DE CARLOS ALBO

c/la paz, 12

36202

Vigo, Pontevedra

34

986213333

986214799

conservas@albo.es

HISPATRADE S.A.

Calle Marqués de Riscal 11bis

28010

Madrid

34

913915900

913102782

info@hispatrade.net

IBERICA DE CONGELADOS S.A.

Muelle Comercial de Bouzas s/n

36208

Vigo, Pontevedra

34

986213300

986204669

iberconsa@iberconsa.es

www.iberconsa.es

ICELANDIC IBERICA S.A.

c/ Bergueda, 1 Edif. Prima Muntadas

08820

El Prat Llobregat, Barcelona

34

934788000

934788001

iberica@icelandic.es

www.icelandic.com

INDUSTRIAS CERDEIMAR

Cedeira, 3

15123

Camarinas, La Coruña

34

981736125

981736325

INLET SEAFISH

C'ra d'En Corts, 231, Fr. Euromerk

46013

Mercavalencia, Valencia

34

963240580

963564577

info@inletseafish.es

www.inlet.es

INTERALIMENT S.A.

6J, ZI del Congost

08170

Montornès del Vallès

34

938642900

938642901

info@interaliment.com

www.interaliment.com

INTER-TRADING CONSULTING S.L. C/Alonso de Bazán nº8 2º

29600

Marbella (Málaga)

34

951317455

951317455

intertradingsl@yahoo.es

ISIDRO DE LA CAL

Muelle de San Diego

15006

La Coruña

34

981170202

981170120

gaby@isidrodelacal.com

www.isidrodelacal.es

JAIME SORIANO S.A.

Impresores, 42

28906

Getafe, Madrid

34

916837934

916969605

JEALSA RIANXEIRA S.A.

Bodión, s/n

15930

Boiro - A Coruña

34

981845400

981844551

cliente@rianxeira.com

http://www.rianxeira.com

LLORENTE ROCAMORA, RAFAEL

Calle Pino, 63

36206

Vigo

34

986412733

986424993

rllorente@mundononi.com

MANUEL BAREA S.A.

Rafael Beca Mateos 20

41007

Sevilla

34

954518722

954670211

barea@arrakis.es

www.barea.com

MAR

Genova, 20, 5a Planta

28004

Madrid

34

914100407/41046 913199134/308462 26 6

MARFRIO S.A.

Puerto Pesquero, Espigón Nort s/n

36201

Marin, Pontevedra

34

986903050

986903098

marfrio@marfrio.es

www.marfrio.es

MARISCOS GILMAR S.L.

Pol. Ind. de Tremoedo

36628

Villanueva de Arousa, Pontevedra

34

986561075

986561498

gilmar@mariscosgilmar.com

www.mariscosgilmar.com

MARZAL 2001 S.L.

C/Frei R. Salvado, 22 5º B

15701

Santiago

34

981599719

981596906

marzal@marzal.com

www.marzal.com

MERKA-OIARTZUN

Poligono Aranguren, ap. 180

20180

Oiartzun

34

943490500

943493454

merka@merkaoiartzun.com

www.merkaoiartzun.com

MODESTO CARRODEGUAS S.L.

C. Blabis 1

15360

Carino

34

981405043

981405000

leis@lajira.com

www.lajira.com

MOLUSCOS RÍAS BAIXAS, S.A.

Pampaido, 55 - Dorrón

36966

Sanxenxo, Pontevedra

34

986740468

986741111

moluscos@moluscosriasbaixas.com

www.moluscosriasbaixas.com

MORAME S.A.

Calle Bermeo 19

28003

Aravaca, Madrid

34

914356325

915773156

fbg@morame.com

NIORDSEAS

Ctra. Rubi a Sant Cugat, 102

08173

Sant Cugat del Vallés Barcelona

34

935902814

935902811

mlmanas@conei.com

Oficina 14

ZIP

TOWN

CODE TEL

FAX

41

EMAIL

WEB SITE

www.albo.es

www.cerdeimar.com

Imp. Exp.

Proc.

Farm. Dist..

COMPANY

STREET

ZIP

TOWN

CODE TEL

FAX

NORIBERICA S.A.

Ronda Don Bosco 24-1

36202

Vigo, Pontevedra

34

986447489

986431057

info@noriberica.com

ONEIDA TRADING COMPANY

Avda. Alcalde Barnils 64-68

08174

St. Gugat del Vallès (Barcelona)

34

935844065

935816630

bpohl@oneidatrading.com

ORBE S.A.

Tomàa A. Alonso, 106

36208

Vigo

34

986233100

986230353

t.barahona@orbesa.com

www.orbesa.com

PAQUITO S.L.

Careixo

15930

Boiro, La Coruña

34

981844050

981846800

paquito@sabordemar.com

www.paquitosabordemar.com

PASAPESCA S.A.

Poligono Ind. Pratense, C/ 111

08820

El Prat Llobregat, Barcelona

34

934791640

934783673

pasapesca@pasapesca.es

www.pasapesca.es

PESCA Y SALAZONES DEL SUROESTE S.A.

No.2&3 Pol. "la escarbada"

21400

Ayamonte

34

663326338

959320876

export@pesasur.com

www.pesasur.com

PESCADONA S.A.

Paseo de Colon/1 planta/Of. 3

36002

Pontevedra

34

986843728

986861431

pescadona@pescadona.com

www.pescadona.com

PESCADOS AMARO GONZALEZ S.A.

Estrella Polar 1-3

03007

Alicante

34

965100555

965113155

info@amaro.es

www.amaro.es

PESCADOS HNOS SAINZ S.L.

MercaBilbao Puestos 117-119

48970

Bilbao - Vizcaya

34

944485550

944485554

pescadoshnossainz@btlink.net

www.pescadoshnossainz.es

PESCADOS MARCELINO

Avda José Graña, 27

36945

Cangas, Pontevedra

34

986391003

986391293

pescadosmarcelino@pescadosmarc elino.com

www.pescadosmarcelino.com

PESCADOS PCS

POB 124

46220

Picasent, Valencia

34

961221722

961230360

info@pcs.es

www.pcs.es

PESCAFINA S.A.

Ferraz 50

28008

Madrid

34

915421500

915420040

madrid@pescafina.com

www.pescafina.com

PESCAFRESCA S.A.

Puerto Pesquero Almacenes 4142

36202

(Lonja de Altura) Vigo, Pontevedra

34

986434209

986437491

pescafresca@pescafresca.es

PESCANOVA ALIMENTACION S.A

Rua José Fernandez Lopez

36320

Chapela-Redondela, Pontevedra

34

986818100

986818200

impex@pescanova.es

www.pescanova.es

PESFRA S.A.

T. del Ramassa, C/ Barcelones 27

08520

Les Franqueses del Valles

34

938464612

938400433

pesfra@retemail.es

www.pesfra.com

PESQUERA VASCO GALLEGA S.A. Avda Beiramar 71

36202

Vigo

34

986233700

986237197

agonzaleza.vascogallega@nexo.es

PROCOSUR

R I Zona Franca Av Europa, 6

11011

Cádiz

34

956262161

956262306

extrapro@procosur.com

www.procosur.com

PSK OCEANOS S.A.

Via de las dos Castillas, 33 Atika

28224

Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid

34

917994570

917157514

psk@pskoceanos.com

www.pskoceanos.com

RODA INTERNACIONAL

Nicolas Estevanez, 11

35007

Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

34

928220666

928221674

rodaint@lpa.servicom.es

S.A. EDUARDO VIEIRA

Avda Beiramar, 23

36211

Vigo

34

986213200

986209753

vieirasa@vieirasa.es

www.vieirasa.es

S.M.C.P.

Calle Gordillo, 13 - 1

35008

Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

34

928467020

928466591

info@smcpsa.com

www.smcpsa.com

SALAZONES SERRANO/CAMPO ALTO

c/Alemania 117

03600

Elda (Alicante)

34

965390849

965394039

export@salazonesserrano.com

www.salazonesserrano.com

42

EMAIL

WEB SITE www.noriberica.com

Imp. Exp.

Proc.

Farm. Dist..

COMPANY

STREET

ZIP

SALGADO

Avd Principal D-7, 8

15190

La Coruña

34

981133094

981133104

salgado@salgadocongelados.com

www.salgadocongelados.com

SERPESKA S.A.

Avda de Andalucia, km 11,300

28021

Madrid

34

917952211

917978377

gm@serpeska.com

www.serpeska.com

STOLT SEA FARM S.A.

Punta de los Remedios s/n - Lira 15292

Carnota, La Coruña

34

981837501

981761031

enrique.corrales@stoltseafarm.com

www.stoltseafarm.com

SUCORE - ANCHOAS Y SALAZONES

C/La Mar, 47

39750

Colindres

34

942652121

942652142

info@conservasrevuelta.com

www.conservasrevuelta.com

THENAISIE - PROVOTE S.A.

POB 475

36200

Vigo, Pontevedra

34

986404000

986404243

TICAS INC.

Patricio Ferrándiz, 40

03700

Dénia, Alicante

34

966425353

966425353

ticlez@ticlez.com

www.ticlez.com

TINAMENOR S.A.

Pesués

39594

Cantabria

34

942718020

942718025

ventas@tinamenor.es

www.tinamenor.es

ULTRACONGELADOS ALFRIO

c/ Venezuela, 2

36203

Vigo

34

986424333

986415265

alfrio@alfrio-group.com

www.alfrio-group.com

ULTRACONGELADOS ANTARTIDA

c/ Paramo 9, Pol. Ind. Villayuda

09007

Burgos

34

947474056

947474069

antar@u-antartida.com

www.u-antartida.com

URBARE S.A.

Egidazu Kaia 1

48700

Ondarroa

34

946831722

946833087

urbare@urbare.com

URLAPESCA S.A.

Egidazu Kaia, 7, 2-C

48700

Ondarroa, Vizcaya

34

946832019

946830551

urlapesca@euskalnet.net

VALASTRO EUROPA

Pablo Iglesias 63

08302

Barcelona

34

937411790

937411791

sveta@valastroeurope.com

VALGEL S.A.(NUEVA LONJA DE ALTURA)

Trav. da Coruña, 2 - 1° Oficina G 36208

Vigo

34

986222590

986234826

valge@valgel.com

www.valgel.com

VIGOPEIXE S.L.

Camiño do Laranxo, Nave Celta 7-B

Vigo

34

986453211

986453231

vigopeixe@vigopeixe.com

www.vigopeixe.com

36216

TOWN

CODE TEL

FAX

43

EMAIL

WEB SITE

Imp. Exp.

Proc.

Farm. Dist..

4. ANNEX: SPANISH SEAFOOD RECIPES 4.1. Seafood paella (Paella valenciana).

Species: blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), warmater prawns (Penaeus vannamei), or large coldwater prawns (Pleoticus muelleri), clams (Venus spp.) and mussels (Mytilus spp.).

Preparation time: 1h15’.

Ingredients (4-6 servings): 4 tablespoons olive oil 250 gr chicken breast, boneless, skinless 1/4 cup diced onions 2 tablespoons chopped garlic 1/4 cup diced red and green peppers 1/4 cup diced celery 1 cup parboiled rice 2 cups chicken stock 1/2 tablespoon saffron 6 blue crabs, cleaned and halved ½ kg shrimp, peeled and de-veined 12 clams 12 mussels 250 gr smoked sausage, sliced ½ teaspoon salt ½ teaspoon pepper.

Heat the olive oil in a large pan on stovetop. Add the chicken breast to the oil and saute to a golden brown. Leave chicken in pan and add the onions, garlic, peppers and celery. Saute mixture for two minutes. Add the rice, chicken stock and saffron into the mixture and bring it to a boil. Finally, add the blue crabs, shrimp, clam, mussels, sausage, salt and pepper. Cover paella and lower heat. Let simmer for 20 to 25 minutes.

4.2. Crisp shrimp fritters (Tortillitas de camarones).

Species: any small coldwater shrimp (Pandalus spp. and Crangon spp.).

Preparation time: 50’ plus 1h refrigerating.

1/2 pound small shrimp, peeled 1 1/2 cups chickpea or regular flour 1 tablespoon chopped fresh flat-leaf parsley 3 scallions, white part and a little of the tender green tops, finely chopped 1/2 teaspoon sweet pimenton (smoked paprika) Salt Olive oil.

In a saucepan, combine the shrimp with water to cover and bring to boil over high heat. As soon as the water starts to boil, quickly lift out the shrimp with a slotted spoon and set aside. Scoop out 1 cup of the cooking water and let cool. Discard the remaining water. When the shrimp are cool, cover and refrigerate until needed.

45

To make the batter, combine the flour, parsley, scallions and pimentĂłn in a bowl or a food processor.

Add a pinch of salt and the cooled cooking water. Mix or process well until you obtain a texture slightly thicker than a pancake batter. Cover and refrigerate for 1 hour.

Remove the shrimp from the refrigerator and mince finely. The pieces should be the size of coffee grounds. Remove the batter from the refrigerator, add the shrimp, and mix well.

Pour the olive oil to a depth of about 1 inch into a sautĂŠ pan and heat over high heat until it is almost smoking. Add 1 tablespoon of the batter to the oil for each fritter and, using the back of the spoon, immediately flatten the batter into a round 9 cm in diameter. Do not put too many fritters in the pan.

Fry, turning once, for about 1 minute on each side, or until the fritters are golden and very crisp with what Spanish cooks call puntillas, or lacelike formations, on the borders.

Using a slotted spoon, lift out the fritters, holding them briefly over the pan to allow the excess oil to drain, and transfer to an ovenproof platter lined with paper towels to drain further.

Keep the fritters warm in a low oven. Fry the rest of the batter in the same way, always making sure the oil is very hot before frying more fritters. When all the fritters are fried, arrange them on a platter and serve immediately.

PLEASE MAKE SURE YOU PURCHASE YOUR SEAFOOD FROM SUSTAINABLE SOURCES ONLY.

46

5. REFERENCES 5.1. Introduction Catarci, C. 2004. World tuna markets. FAO/GLOBEFISH Research Programme, vol. 74. FAO, Rome. 135pp.

Catarci, C. 2007. Fish Trade Regulations on the Web. Available at: http://www.globefish.org/index.php?id=3206.

Eur-Lex. Access to the European Union law. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm.

European Commission – Fisheries Directorate-General. 2008. Bilateral fisheries partnership agreements between the EC and third countries. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/external_relations/bilateral_agreements_en.htm.

European Commission – Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General. 2008. EU import conditions for seafood and other fishery products. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/food/international/trade/im_cond_fish_en.pdf.

European Commission – Taxation and Customs Union Directorate-General. 2008. The Integrated Tariff of the Community (TARIC). Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds/tarhome_en.htm.

European Commission – Trade Directorate-General. 2008a. Generalised System of Preferences.

Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/newround/doha_da/index_en.htm.

European Commission – Trade Directorate-General. 2008b. The Doha Development Agenda.

Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/newround/doha_da/index_en.htm.

European Commission – Trade Directorate-General. 2008c. Trade and Development. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/global/development/index_en.htm.

EUROSTAT data. Available at: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/newxtweb/.

FAO FISHSTAT Plus data. Available at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16073.

Food Network. Seafood paella. Available at: http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/recipes/recipe/0,,FOOD_9936_22086,00.html.

Oceanic Développement, Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd. and Megapesca. 2005.

La filière thonière européenne, bilan économique, perspective et analyse des impacts de la libéralisation des échanges. Convention spécifique SC12. Rapport final, Novembre 2005. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/publications/studies/tuna_2005_fr.pdf.

Trade Statistics of Japan. Homepage. Available at: http://www.customs.go.jp/toukei/info/tsdl_e.htm.

5.2. Spain Agri-Food Trade Service. 2003a. Fish and Seafood Profile - Spain. Report prepared by the Canadian Embassy in Spain. Available at: http://ats.agr.gc.ca/europe/3773_e.htm.

47

Agri-Food Trade Service. 2003b. The Market for Frozen Seafood in Spain. Report prepared by V. M. Cerdeño Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Available at: http://www.ats.agr.gc.ca/europe/3649_e.htm.

ANFACO. 2008. El sector industrial transformador, conservero y semiconservero de productos del mar y de la acuicultura. Año 2007. Vigo, 7 de marzo de 2008. ANFACO, Vigo, Spain. 138pp.

Auchan. Homepage. Available at: http://www.auchan.com.

Carrefour. Homepage. Available at: http://www.carrefour.com.

Catarci, C. 2004. World tuna markets. FAO/GLOBEFISH Research Programme, vol. 74. FAO, Rome. 135pp.

Centro de Estudios Ambientales. 2002. Integrated Assessment of Trade Liberalisation and Traderelated Policies: A Country Study on the Fisheries Sector in Argentina. CEDEA, Buenos Aires and UNEP, Nairobi. 136pp. Available at: http://www.unep.ch/etu/publications/CSII_Argentina.pdf.

ElEconomista.es. 2007. Gasto total productos pesqueros creció un 7,2% en 2006 hasta 11.074 millones. Available at: http://www.eleconomista.es/empresas-finanzas/noticias/182774/03/07/Gastototal-productos-pesqueros-crecio-un-72-en-2006-hasta-11074-millones.html.

Escudero, M. 2002. Spain’s fish market a catch for US exporters. AgExporter November 2002: 15-16.

Available at: http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/agexporter/2002/November/pgs15-16.pdf.

EUROSTAT data. Available at: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/newxtweb/.

FAO FISHSTAT Plus data. Available at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16073.

FAO. Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles. Available at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countryprofiles/search.

Grupo Calvo. Homepage. Available at: http://www.calvo.es/.

IGD. Food and Grocery Information, Insights and Best Practice. Available at: http://www.igd.com.

Isabel – Conservas Garavilla SA. Homepage. Available at: http://www.isabel.net.

Jealsa Rianxeira. Homepage. Available at: http://www.rianxeira.com/.

Kaplan, I. M. 2000. Seafood auctions, market equity and the buying and selling of fish: lessons on comanagement from New England and the Spanish Mediterranean. Marine Policy 24(2):165-177.

Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VCD-3YC0D8W9&_user=1916222&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000055286&_versio n=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1916222&md5=083483e05f4f5e56d9a0e957a60c8709.

Lavanguardia.es. 2007. Mercabarna dice que los alimentos foráneos se abaratarían un 15% con mejor control aduanero. Available at: http://www.lavanguardia.es/lv24h/20070605/51358674287.html.

Millan, J. A. 2002. MASMANAP country report: Spain. Pp. 265-288 in CIEHAM, ed. Proceedings of the Workshop of the CIHEAM Network on Socio-Economic and Legal Aspects of Aquaculture in the Mediterranean (SELAM), Tangiers (Morocco), 12-14 Mar 1998. FAO, Rome. Available at: http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/c59/02600098.pdf.

48

Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación. 2007. La alimentación en España 2006. MAPA, Madrid. 176pp. Available at: http://www.mapa.es/alimentacion/pags/consumo/2006/panel-06.pdf.

Millan, J. A. and N. Aldaz. 2006. Taste changes and demographics in Spanish seafood consumption.

Paper presented at the 95th seminar of the European Association of Agricultural Economists (EAAE).

9-10 December 2005, Civitavecchia, Italy. Available at: http://www.unitus.it/EAAE_2nd_call/papers/11_Millan_Aldaz.pdf.

Navarro, A. L. 2006. El sistema alimentario español desde la perspectiva de los sectores productivos.

Distribución y Consumo Nov. 2005 5-38. Available at: http://www.mercasa.es/nueva/revista/pdf82/sistema_alimentario.pdf.

Notas de Prensa. 2007. Hotel and catering chains lead the way in terms of the growth in food consumption outside the home. Available at: http://213.229.167.47/prensa/ficha_nota2_es.jsp?id_elemento=41026&feria=1949&fecha=01/01/2007 &pagina=1.

Noticias de Gipozkoa. 2007. El consumo de pescado creció un 1.6%, pero el gasto un 7.2%.

Available at: http://www.noticiasdegipuzkoa.com/ediciones/2007/03/17/economia/espanamundo/d17esp59.515145.php.

Oceanic Développement, Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd. and Megapesca. 2005.

La filière thonière européenne, bilan économique, perspective et analyse des impacts de la libéralisation des échanges. Convention spécifique SC12. Rapport final, Novembre 2005. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/publications/studies/tuna_2005_fr.pdf.

Papageorgiou, P. A.. 2002. National seafood market information and analysis of market factors. Pp. 47-57 in P. Paquotte P., Mariojouls C. and Young J., eds. Seafood market studies for the introduction of new aquaculture products. Centre Internationale de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, Zaragoza. Available at: http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/c59/02600080.pdf.

Spain recipes. Crisp shrimp fritters. Available at: http://www.spain-recipes.com/shrimp-fritters.html.

United States Department of Agriculture. 2006. Portugal Fishery Products Annual 2006. USDA Global Agriculture Information Network (GAIN) Report PO6013. Available: http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200610/146249327.pdf.

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GLOBEFISH MARKET RESEARCH PROGRAMME Vol 75 Fishery Industry Profile - Viet Nam (57P.) .................................................................JUL 2004 Vol 76 Fishery Industry in China (74P.) .................................................................................SEP 2004 Vol 77 Overview of Organic Markets: an Opportunity for Aquaculture product? (98P.) ..... JAN 2005 Vol 78 Seafood Price Indices (44P.)........................................................................................APR 2005 Vol 79 World Market of Tilapia (28P.)...................................................................................APR 2005 Vol 80 Fishery Industry in Russia (70P.) ................................................................................ JUN 2005 Vol 81 Trends in European Groundfish Markets (153P.)...................................................... NOV 2005 Vol 82 Freshwater species on the European Market (119P.)...............................................DEC 2005 Vol 83 Fish Supply and Demand in the Near East Region (67P.).......................................... JAN 2006 Vol 84 The market for Nile Perch (94P.) ................................................................................APR 2006 Vol 85 Supermarkets and the Artisinal Fisheries Sector in Latin America (79P.).................APR 2006 Vol 86 Markets and Marketing of Aquaculture Finfish in Europe (50P.) ........................... AUG 2006 Vol 87 Lobster Markets (92P.) ..............................................................................................OCT 2006 Vol 88 Republic of Korea - Fishery Industry Profile (72P.) .................................................. NOV 2006 Vol 89 World Surimi Market (125P.) ................................................................................... NOV 2006 Vol 90 Market Penetration of Developing Country Seafood Products (57P.)......................APR 2008 Vol 91 Ecolabels and Marine Capture Fisheries: (52P.) .....................................................APR 2008 Vol 92 The seafood market in Italy (59P.) ..............................................................................APR 2008 Vol 93 Global Production and Marketing of Canned Tuna (44P.).........................................APR 2008 Vol 94 World Octopus Markets (65P.) ..................................................................................JUL 2008 Vol 95 The seafood market in Southern EU: Cyprus, Malta and Slovenia (46P.) ...............JUL 2008 Vol 96 The seafood market in Spain (59P.)............................................................................ NOV 2008

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