Monetary Policy, Financial Markets and Food and Water Security : An AfDB Perspective
K. MLAMBO Office of the Chief Economist
Monetary Policy, Financial Markets and Food and Water Security : An AfDB Perspective Outline 1.Africa and the Financial Crisis 2.Financing Challenges in ensuring Food and Water Security 3.Role of the AfDB
Africa not decouple: the crisis is taking a toll on Africa’s growth prospects Real GDP Growth (%)
ource: OECD Development Centre / African Development Bank. 2008
April 08 projections Nov 08 projections Feb 09 projections May 09 projections
Impact of the financial and economic crisis in Africa Channels of transmission of the economic and financial crisis: Commodity prices and exports
Foreign investment
Foreign aid
Exchange rates
Remittances
Impact of the financial and economic crisis in Africa Cost of the crisis:
Growth differential 2008 - 2009 - 3.1 to – 23 % - 2 to- 3 % Zero to – 1.9 % Increased growth between 2008-09 Source: OECD Development Centre / African Development Bank
• Oil exporters the most hit. • More integrated economies also strongly affected • Low-income / non-oil exporting countries are less affected. because: -- beverages (cocoa. tea. coffee) less affected by decline in global incomes. -- less integration to the world economy
Countries behind on progress toward the MDGs
Source: OECD Development Centre / African Development Bank. 2008
Implications of the crisis for food and water security • Decelerating growth will push more people into poverty, hunger and malnutrition •Government revenues expected to decline •Falling capital flows; remittances and foreign exchange reserves •Diverting focus and resources towards crisis response to the detriment of long term development programmes
Severe macroeconomic impact (February forecast) Fiscal balance
Current Account
Inflation
• The crisis will cause fiscal balances to deteriorate significantly across the continent. • Limit the capacity of countries to import food and invest in water
Source: OECD Development Centre / African Development Bank. 2008
* Excluding Zimbabwe ** Estimations for 20078and predictions for 2009/10
Financing Infrastructure MDGs: $4.5 billion/year (Water $1.2 billion, Sanitation $3.4 billion) Current investment: $2.5 billion per year 80% from donors + Mobilisation of finance remains a challenge + $10 billion per year required to support the 7% GDP growth rate for MDG attainment
Key Developments 2000 Africa Water Vision 2025 $20bn per annum 2003 Camdessus Panel – recommended a doubling of investments in water and sanitation 2005 G8 Glenagles Summit – responded by a doubling of commitments to water in Africa by 2010
Financing must X 2 at least double
2005 Gurria Task Force – broadening scope towards financing agriculture and local financing
International Community should honour their commitments at Monterrey and Gleneagles
2007 World Water Council – Recommendations for National and Local Action Plans Ongoing – WSP – national plans in 16 countries to get African countries on track, including focused national finance requirements on water and sanitation
Financing Challenges in the Water Sector Low levels of involvement of the private sector in provision and management of water (WWC): 65-70 funded from domestic public sources 10-15% International donors 10-15% international private sector 5% local private sector low capacity in public sector to design bankable project proposals Existence of a large number of transboundary water basins, but very few jointly managed
Financing Infrastructure: AfDB is rising to the challenges in the water sector ADB Group Financing - Water & Sanitation Sector (Amounts in US$ million)
AfDB has increased sector financing fivefold in the last 5 years
Amounts in US$ Million
500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50
AfDB continues to mobilize financing through RWSSI and AWF
RWSSI Target: $14.2bn Phase 1 financing fell short by 30% REVISED TARGET: $17.393bn
0 1967 - 2002 *
2003 **
2004
2005
2006
2007
Years
* These figures include neither hydropower nor irrigation projects ** These figures include a Sector PBL for Morocco amounting to $263 million
5.4 4.3 4.6 Tot al
Phase I I I Phase I I Phase I
$600m Target Euro 236m 2008-2010 Operational Plan
The Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Initiative (RWSSI RWSSI was launched in 2003 to extend safe water and basic coverage to 80% of the rural dwellers by 2015 To date 20 operations have been approved totalling US$ 2.2 billion Total rural population served with safe water supply through RWSSI increased from 1.2 million in 2003 to 3.3 million in 2008. Population served with improved water sanitation increased from 600,000 to 1.7 million
The Multi-Donor Water Partnership Programme (MDWPP) Established to operationalise the 2000 Integrated Water Resources Management Facility (IWRMF) Funds pledged as at end December 2008 were US$13 million By end September 2008 approx. US$5.7 million had been disbursed. The programme is also financing several studies and assessments of IWRM planning in 12 east African countries
African Water Facility (AWF) Initiative hosted by the AfDB on behalf of the African Council of Ministers (AMCOW) established in the context of the Africa Water vision and the MDGs. Objective is to create an enabling environment to attract investments in the water sector and strengthen water resource management Operational areas of focus: > National and Trans-boundary water resource management > Capital investments AfDB and partners now implementing the 2009-11 operation programme for a total amount of US$193.4 million In 2008, 11 countries benefitted from 14 projects amounting to US$27.9 million
The Financial Crisis and Food security Issues Vulnerable agriculture and food security situation: Relatively inefficient markets: despite the general decline in global food prices in the second half of 2008, prices in Africa did not fall by the same margin. Low public spending on agriculture (6-7%) ODA on rural development & food security still too low Response: • short-term actions to reduce food poverty and malnutrition; and, • medium to long-term actions to ensure sustainable food security
Bank Short Term Responses The short-term programme amounting to US$727 million seeks to reduce food poverty and malnutrition by: • Freeing funds by realigning existing agriculture portfolios and restructuring non-agriculture projects. • The funds to be used to purchase agricultural inputs • Providing budget support in order to stabilise prices • Boosting the use of high yield New Rice for Africa (NERICA) seeds in suitable projects • Allocating specific resources from the Bank’s Surplus Account to African countries, particularly fragile states.
Medium to Long-term Responses The Bank has also put aside resources amounting to US$2.2 billion from its regular instruments to ensure medium to long-term food security. The programme will run for 3 years and will target: • Transformation and revitalisation of the agricultural sector by adopting/adapting new technologies • Improving rural infrastructure (rural access roads) • Operationalising the African Fertiliser Financing Mechanism • Increasing NERICA rice production • Capacity building, policy dialogue and trade promotion • Scaling up private sector operations for food security; and, • Promoting agriculture research