Solid Waste & Recycling June/July 2011

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Solid Waste & Recycling Canada’s magazine on collection, hauling, processing and disposal June/July 2011 $10.00

CPMP No. 40069240

An EcoLog Group Publication

OUTREACH PROGRAMS

Communicating diversion to school-age kids — page 8

SPECIAL REPORT: Waste-to-Energy in Sweden — page 19 swr j-j 11 Cover nl pg 1.indd 1

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Solid Waste & Recycling

CONTENTS June/July 2011 Volume 16, Number 3

Canada’s magazine on collection, hauling, processing & disposal

COVER STORY

COMMUNICATION

8

FEATURES

CleanTech Canada

RECYCLING: FUTURE BLUE BOX Impacts from a changing packaging materials mix.

by Maria Kelleher

(PAGES 18-22) 13

COLLECTION: DEEP COLLECTION Molok system in the City of Kitchener.

by Brian Page & Lisa Thompson

16

PRODUCT STEWARDSHIP: MERCURY CSPA’s “switch-out” program.

by Tracy Shaw

25

LANDFILL TECHNOLOGY: LFGE Converting landfill methane to energy.

by Jeffrey Karp & Stephen Batiste

27

4 6 30 33

Products News Ad Index Blog

Deep collection, pg. 16

WASTE-TO-ENERGY: BIOMASS Sweden’s biomass utilization and use in heating.

by John Nicholson

19

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: MANUFACTURING Garlock of Canada’s plant in Sherbrooke, Quebec.

by Pierre Barnabé

22

NEXT EDITION

DEPARTMENTS Editorial Up Front Organic Matters Regulation Roundup

Cover art by Charles Jaffe

What better way to ensure long-term waste diversion success than communicating with kids? We look at Halton Region’s effective municipal outreach program.

by John Watson

35 36 37 38

OFFICIAL SHOW GUIDE: Council of Canada Conference and Trade Show Focus on composting, landfill gas project, slaughterhouse waste, bins and bags, baler gauge.

Space closing: July 22 ; Artwork required: July 25

WTE in Sweden, pg. 18

Mercury switch-out, pg. 25

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EDITORIAL

by Guy Crittenden “BC could become a leading packaging EPR jurisdiction, comparable to Germany.”

BC’s Bold Packaging EPR Move

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n May 19, 2011, British Columbia’s Department of Environment regulated all packaging and printed paper used in the province. Any person or company that produces a material that falls under this regulation will be required, by law, to manage and pay for the end-of-life management of that material.

A close look at the documentation and conversations with people close to the government suggests that this is big news. BC may be the fi rst jurisdiction in North America to introduce real extended producer responsibility (EPR) for packaging and make producers pay the full cost of end-of-life management. The new requirements affect recyclable material collected by municipalities via curbside programs. The provincial deposit-refund system is maintained and is not affected by introduction of the new requirements.

The regulation doesn’t immediately affect material produced by the industrial, commercial and institutional (IC&I) sector. However, the defi nition of “producer” has been modifi ed in such a way as to make it easier for the environment minister to designate IC&I materials when he chooses, as is presumed to eventually happen.

The regulation comes not a moment too soon, as various companies and industry groups are attempting to pre-empt the introduction of EPR across North America with misleading studies and PR campaigns. In the US, the Consumer Packaged Goods companies represented by the Grocery Manufacturers Association hired the McKinsey Company to do a report on EPR for packaging that claims industry has dealt with packaging design (mostly lightweighting) and that the consumer, which they erroneously equate with the taxpayer, should be responsible for recycling, and that it’d be fi nancially ruinous for them to pay for it.

After BC introduces its EPR for packaging and printed paper — and especially after it extends this to IC&I materials — experts will sift data in the years ahead and measure the real environmental and economic impacts. Other provinces and states will no doubt monitor all this closely, and some (perhaps many) will follow BC’s leadership in this area.

(BC’s plan is similar to what Ontario’s former Environment Minister John Gerretsen proposed last year before mishandled eco fees for a household hazardous wastes derailed both EPR in that province and Gerretsen’s cabinet career.)

The regulation works under the authority of the British Columbia Environmental Management Act (2003). The new rules amend the existing Recycling Regulation that already includes a host of other products such as paint, solvents, electronic and electrical goods, beverage containers, etc. BC’s environment ministry simply added “packaging” with some minor amendments.

Under this legislation, producers will be required to divert 75 per cent or more of the designated materials from disposal (landfi ll or incineration). Obligated producers must create a stewardship plan (on their own or via an umbrella organization) describing how they will undertake their stewardship obligation. They must complete public consultations prior to submitting a plan to the environment ministry by November 19, 2012. Once complete, each plan will be fi led with the ministry and ultimately approved by the designated director.

The stewardship programs must establish a launch date and implementation plan, and begin no later than May 19, 2014. Once in place, British Columbia will be on its way to becoming one of the world’s leading packaging EPR jurisdictions, comparable in some ways with Germany and its famous Green Dot program.

The new rules may in fact capture some IC&I materials even now. According to a brief issued by industry stewardship group CleanFARMS, “The type of packaging targeted is very broad and it’s understood that it includes agricultural products such as bale wrap and twine and other industrial packaging for items like industrial chemicals and disinfectants.” The program targets any person or company that manufactures, brands and/or sells a product into any market in BC that is packaged in any way or is used as a package during its lifecycle.

The new defi nition of producer casts the net wide; it includes not only manufacturers, but also the owner or licensee of a trademark under which a product is sold, and importers of products. Even some farmers could be defi ned as a producer.

As CleanFARMS states, the requirements are quite onerous; producers can go it alone, or they can contract a stewardship organization to manage their obligations for them. They might pay municipalities to collect and recycle material for them, but for some packaging types it’s possible that “manufacturer’s networks” and other alternate systems will evolve.

BC producers have to get busy consulting with the public on their proposed plans and engage local governments, recyclers, small businesses, non-government organizations and the general public. They’ll have to devise reporting systems on packaging sold and collected, plus fee tracking and overall program operation. There will be advertising and consumer education to consider, timelines (including program phasing), and steps to eliminate or reduce product and packaging environmental impacts.

It’s going to be a busy and exciting process, and our magazine will report on it in the coming months and years. Stay tuned.

Guy Crittenden is Editor of this magazine. Contact Guy at gcrittenden@solidwastemag.com

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Solid Waste & Recycling

UPFRONT

Canada’s magazine on collection, hauling, processing & disposal

Guy Crittenden Editor gcrittenden@solidwastemag.com Brad O’Brien Publisher bobrien@solidwastemag.com Jamie Ross Account Manager jross@solidwastemag.com Kim Collins Market Production Selina Rahaman Circulation Manager Carol Bell-Lenoury Mgr EcoLog Group Bruce Creighton President Business Information Group Contributing Editors Michael Cant, Rosalind Cooper, Maria Kelleher, Clarissa Morawski, Usman Valiante, Paul van der Werf, Award-winning magazine Solid Waste & Recycling magazine is published six times a year by EcoLog Information Resources Group, a division of BIG Magazines LP, a div. of Glacier BIG Holdings Company Ltd., a leading Canadian businessto-business information services company that also publishes HazMat Management magazine and other information products. The magazine is printed in Canada.

Solid Waste & Recycling provides strategic information and perspectives on all aspects of Canadian solid waste collection, hauling, processing and disposal to waste managers,haulers, recycling coordinators, landfill and compost facility operators and other waste industry professionals.

Subscription Rates: Canada – $51.95 (add applicable taxes) per year, $82.95 (add applicable taxes) for 2 years, single copy $10.00.

USA and all other foreign – $82.95 per year US single copy US10.00 Canadian Publications Mail Product Sales Agreement No. 40069240 Information contained in this publication has been compiled from sources believed to be reliable, thus Solid Waste & Recycling cannot be responsible for the absolute correctness or sufficiency of articles or editorial contained herein. Articles in this magazine are intended to convey information rather than give legal or other professional advice. Reprint and list rental services are arranged through the Publisher at (416) 510-6798.

Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to: Circulation Department, Solid Waste & Recycling 12 Concorde Pl, Ste 800, Toronto, ON M3C 4J2 From time to time we make our subscription list available to select companies and organizations whose product or service may interest you. If you do not wish your contact information to be made available, please contact us via one of the following methods: Phone: 1-800-268-7742 Fax: 416-510-5148 E-Mail: jhunter@businessinformationgroup.ca Mail to: Privacy Officer Business Information Group 12 Concorde Pl, Ste 800 Toronto, ON Canada M3C 4J2 We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Periodical Fund (CPF) for our publishing activities. © 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without prior consent.

Print edition: ISSN-1483-7714

Online edition: ISSN-1923-3388

MWA Spring Conference

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he Municipal Waste Association (MWA) held its Spring Conference and AGM May 18 -19, 2011 at the Hockley Valley Resort near Orangeville, Ontario.

The event attracted a capacity audience of over 180 delegates who heard presentations on topics ranging from for waste electronics & electrical equipment (WEEE) and scrap tires to mobile education units and market updates. Environmental Commissioner Gord Miller bemoaned the pattern of problems being acknowledged and plans being made, with no execution.

The “What The Politicians Are Saying” session with Ontario Environment Minister John Wilkinson (at podium). It’s an election year for the province and all the politicians commented on how visible eco fees associated with the expanded Household Hazardous and Special Waste program led to a public relations fiasco, and set back the cause of EPR.

Tetra Pak wins Globe award

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etra Pak won “Best Green Consumer Product” for its groundbreaking retortable carton packaging system, Tetra Recart, at the Globe Awards on May 12, 2011. Tetra Pak was honored for successfully designing a package that is sustainable from end-to-end while fulfi lling consumer demands. The carton can be used for a variety of foods including vegetables, soups, tomatoes, beans and even pet food.

Margot White (photo right), Across its entire lifecycle, Tetra Recart has Vice President, GolinHarris Vancouver, accepting the award on behalf of minimal impact on the environment. It’s made mainly from paper, is square, light- Tetra Pak from John Wiebe, President and CEO of the Globe Foundation. weight and durable making it easy and effi cient to transport, and is shelf-stable, saving on electricity throughout transportation and storage. Tetra Recart packages are also recyclable with paper fi bres are often turned into tissue and other valuable paper products, further reducing its carbon footprint. Tetra Pak recently spearheaded a $3.5-million investment towards a new recycling line at Groupe RCM in Yamachiche, Quebec. The line converts cartons, as well as plastic bags and cellophane fi lms into granules that can be used to make such things as fl owerpots, railway ties and plastic lumber.

Visit www.tetrapak.ca

The Forest Stewardship Council logo signifies that this magazine is printed on paper from responsibly managed forests. “To earn FSC certification and the right to use the FSC label, an organization must first adapt its management and operations to conform to all applicable FSC requirements.”

For more information, visit www.fsc.org

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UPFRONT

PPEC “CUTTING THROUGH THE

GREENWASH III”

Retailer and Brand-owner Panel: (left to right) PPEC John Mullinder (Executive Director, PPEC), Catherine McVitty (Manager, Community Relations Programs, Unilever North America), Jeffrey FitzpatrickStillwell (Manager, Sustainability and Government Relations, McDonald’s Canada), Mario Bellizi (Senior Director, Environment & Sustainability, Sobeys Inc.).

O

n Wednesday, April 27 the Paper & Paperboard Packaging Environmental Council (PPEC) held an event at the Mississauga Convention Centre in Mississauga, Ontario — “Cutting through the Greenwash III.” The event focused on the complicated issues surrounding the tools used for benchmarking environmental performance for products and packaging.

PPEC Executive Director John Mullinder welcomed the audience and presented slides on “Trees, Recycled Content, Recycling Rates.” He was followed

by Dwight Schmidt (President, Fibre Box Association) who spoke on benefi ts and challenges from lifecycle analysis (LCAs).

Then Laura Rowell (Director, Sustainable Packaging, MeadWestvaco) spoke about the evolving Global Packaging Project (GPP), emphasizing that paper and paperboard companies (and other packaging industries) need to start collecting data to prove their environmental performance and for use in competitive situations. After the break, a panel of brand owners discussed their experience with the environmental and packaging measurement tools.

(See photo caption.)

Visit www.ppec-paper.com

NEW BOARD FOR CWMA

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n April 15, 2011, The Coast Waste Management Association held its AGM at the Vancouver Island Conference Centre, Nanaimo. The following directors were elected to the board for 2011-2112: Malcolm Harvey (Encorp Pacifi c Canada), Chairman; Jeff Ainge (Regional District of Nanaimo); Anke Bergner (Capital Regional District); Peter Grant (Salt Spring Island Community Services); Reid Hudson (Schnitzer Steel Pacifi c); Jerry Kupiak (Sun Coast Waste Services); Dave Ross (Emterra Group); Michael Schellinck (Nanaimo Recycling Exchange).

This year’s CWMA Conference will be held at the Delta Ocean Pointe Resort and

E

((left left to right right)) Michael Schellinck, Peter Grant, Dave Ross, Malcolm Harvey, Jeff Ainge, Jerry Kupiak, and Reid Hudson. (Missing from photo, Anke Bergner.)

Spa, Victoria, BC, October 26-28, 2011. Information available from Executive Director Will Burrows at info@cwma.bc.ca

WASTEEXPO 2011

verything is bigger in Texas and WasteExpo, the largest event in North America serving the solid waste and recycling industry held May 9 -12, 2011, proved that.

From a record number of exhibitors to a signifi cant increase in conference program participants, WasteExpo 2011 successfully brought the international waste community together for four exceptional days of living large in Dallas. WasteExpo featured a whopping 579 exhibitors, a record since the event was purchased from the Environmental Industry Associations in 1999 (up from 528 in 2010) and included 175 exhibitors new to the show. Exhibit space increased by nearly 12.5 per cent.

Despite the current challenging economy, WasteExpo 2011 was well attended and experienced a steady number of attendees parallel to previous years. WasteExpo’s conference program, consisting of 40 conference sessions and workshops, achieved an estimated 25 per cent increase in conference participants.

SWANA HAZ-WASTE PROCESSING TOUR

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n April 12, Solid Chapter of the Solid Waste Association of Waste & RecycNorth America (SWANA) ling magazine in conjunction with that Editor Guy Crittenden organization’s recent accompanied a group of training and examination waste industry profesprogram conducted in sionals to visit facilities Burlington, Ontario. Sites in Hamilton, Ontario visited included Hamilthat divert household Household hazardous waste ton’s municipal HHW drop hazardous wastes for endepot in Hamilton, Ontario. vironmentally responsible off and sorting depot and processing. The tour was organized by John Hotz Environmental’s haz-waste processing Lackie, Executive Director of the Ontario plant in Hamilton, Ontario.

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“It’s important to link your program to existing curriculum where possible.”

Presentation of an outreach program to an assembly of elementary students in Halton Region.

Developing an effective municipal outreach program

Reaching the Kids O

utreach is among the preferred tools municipalities use in the development of their waste management communication plans, yet many struggle with how to make them effective for youth and schoolaged children.

The “Promotion and Education for Recycling Planning” two-day course — developed by Waste Diversion Ontario and Stewardship Ontario — explains that outreach “is a good opportunity to reach out to students, who are key ‘influencers’ when it comes to changing behavior on environmental issues.”

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COVER STORY

by John Watson “In both schools, total waste decreased by 13 per cent and 10 per cent.”

Considerations you should take into account when planning your outreach program include: target audience, instructional delivery, promotion and evaluation.

Audience & curriculum Just like a communications plan, your outreach program needs to target a specific audience. Targeting “children” is too broad; there’s a big difference between a three-year-old pre-schooler, a grade eight student, and a student completing high school.

You may find you can group ages together.

At Halton Region, we tend to target programs to established grade divisions: pre-school, kindergarten, primary (grades 1 to 3), junior (grades 4 to 6), intermediate (grades 7 to 8) and secondary (grades 9 to 12).This grouping tends to work quite well, and lends itself to your planned instructional delivery.

It’s important to link your program to existing curriculum where possible. In Ontario, the education ministry’s “Environmental Education: Scope and Sequence of Expectations” lists all environmentally-related curriculum in all subject areas for elementary and secondary grades and subjects. The document is updated annually.

There are a surprising number of references to waste management, recycling and 3Rs in almost every grade.

For example: • Kindergarten curriculum asks students to “identify ways in which they can care for and show respect for the environment (e.g., …reusing and recycling…).”

• Grade 3 language arts encourages students to “express personal opinions about ideas presented in media texts (e.g., respond to the messages in a public service announcement about recycling).”

• Grade 8 dance curriculum requires students to “create dance pieces to respond to issues that are personally meaningful to them (e.g., young people’s relationship to …recycling).”

• Grade 11 business curriculum asks students to “describe the negative effects of computer use on the environment (e.g., creation of ewaste…).”

Visit www.edu.gov.on.ca for more information. Recommended read-

ing includes two reports: Shaping Our Schools, Shaping Our Future: Environmental Education in Ontario Schools, and Acting Today, Shaping Tomorrow: A Policy Framework for Environmental Education in Ontario. Ontario EcoSchools is an environmental education program for grades K-12 that helps students develop ecological literacy and environmental practices. Waste minimization is a major pillar. There are currently EcoSchools in 19 public boards and 16 Catholic boards across the province. Over 500 schools are certified.

Visit www.ontarioecoschools.org for more information.

Delivery & content Delivery is a key aspect of any outreach program planning. The most common format is a presentation/workshop.

Elementary schools tend to be very keen on the 3Rs, so reaching all students is vital. Elementary schools are accustomed to larger assemblies. For this reason, Halton Region usually delivers its elementary school outreach program as divisional assemblies. This ensures all students get to participate and content can be targeted to appropriate audiences. Delivering workshops to individual classes is rewarding, but can be very time consuming if an elementary school wants you to deliver to 10 different classes.

In secondary schools, you are more likely to deliver outreach programs to specific classes and grades (grade 9 geography, grade 11 environmental resources, etc.) as opposed to delivering whole-school presentations.

Presentations/workshops don’t have to be boring; they can incorporate many different instructional tools, including: audio/video, crafts, demonstrations, discussion, drama/storytelling, games, hands-on observation, songs and Q&A. They can also include KWL charts (start of presentation: Know, Wonder; end of presentation: Learned) With so many different types of waste managed, it can be challenging to decide exactly what to include in an outreach program.

Blue Box and GreenCart are obvious topics, so you’ll want to cover acceptable materials and processing. (People want to know what happens to the materials collected). Also, explaining unacceptable materials is helpful, especially around problematic ones (or common school waste like construction paper). Remember to show and tell; hold up examples of acceptable materials, say each one, and have a slide with a photo and text description.

Elementary schools benefit from messaging about waste-free or June/July 2011 www.solidwastemag.com 9

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COVER STORY

“litterless lunches.” Students start to own their own electronics (usually cell phones) around grade 7 or 8, so you could probably start talking about e-waste recycling with the junior or

intermediate grades.

Whenever possible, ask the audience to provide information. For example, if introducing the 3Rs, don’t say what the 3Rs stand for;

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instead, ask the audience for that information, and repeat the answers.

Remember to explain the “why” — why are we practicing the 3Rs? why are we trying to minimize waste? You could cover garbage disposal at the beginning of the presentation which provides a nice transition to “we want less garbage and we do that by practicing the 3Rs.” Or you could cover disposal at the end with a lead in of “after we’ve practiced the 3Rs, we should only have a small bit of garbage left.”

Timing Elementary school workshops (or assemblies) should be no more than 30 minutes. Kindergarten classes can go about 15 to 20 minutes.

Secondary school classes can go from 40 to 60 minutes. (Most secondary school classes are about 70 minutes in length.) Remember, it can take a long time for students to make their way down to the gymnasium or other presentation location (especially in the winter).

Try to schedule about 10 minutes between presentations (this also gives you a chance to reset).

Resources Identify what sort of resources you need. Will your program require props like bins and examples of acceptable materials? How will you get from place to place? Is a dedicated vehicle required? Do you need a laptop and LCD projector? Will you bring your own extension cord? Do you need a microphone, or can the school provide it?

Multiple intelligences No two learners are the same. There’s a concept that there are eight different “multiple intelligences”: bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, inter-personal, intra-personal (“self smart”), linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, naturalist and visual-spatial. Ask yourself “What multiple intelligences am I supporting through this program?” For example, a program that offers a moment of self reflection supports someone with an intra-personal intelligence.

Small group discussions complement interpersonal learners. Addressing more learning styles leads to richer experiences for all participants.

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COVER STORY

Presentation tips • • • • • • • • •

Write your program’s script. “Memorize” it. This will help you be comfortable with content and transitions.

Don’t read the script aloud (in fact, don’t hold the script while presenting).

Develop a strong opening and closing (don’t be vague or abrupt). End on a positive.

Bring props of all acceptable materials and finished products (polar fleece jacket, Ziploc bag of finished compost, etc.)

Always give a comparison for weight (“that weighs one thousand kilograms, or one tonne, which is about the same weight as a small car”).

Don’t stand in one space and avoid podiums.

Decide ahead of time if you want questions at the end of the program, or throughout.

Repeat all questions and responses from the audience.

Ask students to ask questions in loud voices so that everyone can hear.

Promotion One of the easiest ways to promote your outreach program to schools is to meet with your local school board’s geography, science or environmental education curriculum coordinator. These officials can help distrib-

ute your information electronically through the board’s intranet or email lists. They can also offer advice on program delivery.

Evaluation & assessment As with any tool employed in a communi-

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cations plan, outreach programs need to be evaluated to determine their effectiveness.

Be sure to measure all of your program’s outputs: number of workshops delivered, number of audience members reached. The school secretary can tell you how many students are

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COVER STORY

in the grades to which you made presentations.

Provide teachers with a program evaluation. Ask questions about student engagement, length of workshop, suitability of content, etc. Offer a scale (1 to 5, or 1 to 10) to gather data. In Halton, we leave evaluation forms in the office to be placed in each of the teachers’ mailboxes. Teachers can mail or fax back their evaluation form. (We attempted to use an electronic survey, but found we weren’t getting back many responses.)

A municipality can assess the effectiveness of its outreach program via “before and after” waste audits. In 2009, a “before” waste audit of two schools in Halton Region found waste diversion rates of 31 per cent and 46 per cent. A second waste audit was conducted after outreach programs were delivered in the schools (and both schools started

Let Gravity open your containers

the GreenCart program). Both schools increased their diversion rates to 55 per cent and 57 per cent, respectively. It’s also interesting that in both schools, total waste decreased by 13 per cent and 10 per cent. This is likely due to increased environmental awareness.

It‘s beneficial to write a short report following the delivery of each outreach programs. At Halton Region, a template is used to capture basic information such as attendance. The presenter can comment on how the program was received (was the audience attentive or distracted?), and helps develop a “profile” of the school. In the report, try to capture all the questions asked from the audience. Knowing consistent questions will help you to modify your program to ensure information is relevant.

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Highly recommended is the NAAEE’s “Nonformal Environmental Education Programs: Guidelines for Excellence.”

These guidelines provide six key characteristics of high quality non-formal environmental education programs. Use these guidelines as a self assessment; how does your program meet the criteria for excellence?

Visit www.naaee.org for more information.

John Watson is the Waste Diversion Education Coordinator for the Regional Municipality of Halton. In the past five years, he’s delivered over 900 workshops to over 100,000 individuals. Halton Region’s outreach programs have been recognized by the Recycling Council of Ontario and Conservation Halton. Contact John at john.watson@halton.ca

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RECYCLING

by Maria Kelleher “More take-away food is being purchased and sales of prepared meals (in thermoform PET plastic packaging) is increasing.”

Future Shock

How the changing mix of packaging materials will impact curbside recycling programs

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he City of Toronto hired Kelleher Environmental (in association with Robins Environmental and Love Environment) to carry out a high-level study of lifestyle and packaging design change impacts on blue box material composition, and how this might be expected to change over the next ten years. The Toronto Future Blue Bin Study was completed in 2010 and included research on future lifestyles and packaging trends that might impact the packaging material mix and amount generated as recyclables per household. It also carried out “packaging audits” to develop a snapshot in time of the packaging used in typical purchases, and developed projections of blue box tonnages and composition by material.

Future lifestyles

Predicting the future is challenging. Ten years ago, who would have imagined the impact and ubiquity of things like Google, Twitter, and Facebook, with everyone using laptops and smart phones. All we can say with certainty these days is that life is changing, and will continue to change. The future is not just faster computers, high-tech cars, smarter homes and more TV channels; it will be different in ways we cannot imagine. A large body of work by futurists was reviewed for the study, and some trends were identified that could be worked with.

The first and very significant impact on lifestyles related to the internet and how it has changed what we buy and how we buy it, what we read and how we get news, etc.

One impact from this will be the consumption of less newsprint in the future. The younger demographic eschews traditional hard copy broadsheet newspapers and gets most of its news online. The declining demand for newsprint in North America will continue. This may be somewhat offset by increasing demand for newsprint in overseas markets, particularly in India and China. Nonetheless, the impact on curbside recycling programs is that there will be less old newspaper (ONP).

This presents challenges on a number of fronts.

Newsprint: As the newsprint portion in the paper fibre stream decreases it becomes harder to clean up the newsprint stream to a quality that mills find acceptable. (One source interviewed for the study quoted the paper fibre stream as shifting from 55 per cent newsprint and 45 per cent other fibre, to 45 per cent newsprint and 55 per cent other fibre).

While most of the quality challenges are blamed on the arrival of singlestream recycling systems, even two-stream systems face challenges in meeting newsprint quality standards.

Directories: Another internet impact is lower printed telephone

directory distribution. Many people find telephone numbers on the internet or via their smart phones, so use of the white and yellow pages has decreased. This has lead to the elimination of annual distribution of telephone directories in Toronto, reducing fibre in the blue box by over 3,000 tonnes per year.

Printers: With more people working from home, and every home having at least one printer (which was not the case a few years ago), the amounts of fine paper in the blue box or bin should increase. Impacts have not been recorded yet, but some MRF operators report increases in shredded paper which is a problem at their MRFs. Shopping: Increased internet shopping will lead to more delivery of products (e.g., books, clothes) to the home in cardboard boxes. In the past, such items purchased at a retail outlet might have been placed in a plastic or paper bag. MRF operators interviewed for the study have noticed an increase in OCC (old corrugated cardboard) in the blue box programs; this explanation makes sense to them. More food is purchased through the internet and as the population ages, people will take more advantage of this convenient service. The packaging formats used for delivery of food orders to households is changing to reusable formats so over time this trend may not impact on recycled materials and programs. However, resealable stand up pouches are now a popular package for many products including dried fruit, cereal etc. and this will impact programs.

Changing families: The traditional two-parent two-child family is changing to “blended” (and smaller) households. There are also more one-person households. Lifestyles are changing; many families do not

June/July 2011 www.solidwastemag.com 13

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RECYCLING

Toronto’s waste diversion system

The City of Toronto’s waste management system services a customer base that includes 450,000 single family homes, 452,000 multi-family homes, 20,000 small commercial/institutional properties, 6,000 litter/ recycle bins, 1,000 special events per year, and city agencies, boards, commissions and divisions. Private sector commercial and industrial waste is accepted at transfer stations and the city-owned Green Lane landfill. The approved operating budget for 2011 was over $342 million.

Toronto residential garbage, Green Bin and Blue Bin tonnages were all lower in 2009 than in 2008. City staff were developing a 10 year business plan in 2010 and needed to understand the changing nature of materials and amounts in the future recycling system. If the blue bin material mix was going to change (for instance to more plastics and less paper), this would have impacts (possibly significant) on the collection system, MRF designs and material revenues.

For the last few years, material revenues in the Toronto blue bin system have been made up of the following: 71 to 75 per cent paper fibres 10 per cent aluminum 10 to 12 per cent HDPE and PET

One of the combination recycling/waste outdoor litter bins in place across the city.

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RECYCLING

plastic packaging) is increasing. There are many new immigrants in Canada leading to a large variety of food in many different packaging formats. PET is frequently used for packaging of fruit, salads, etc. These containers are not accepted in most recycling programs, but efforts are being made to develop recycling markets.

Conclusions

The consultants concluded the following: • The amounts of fibre and containers will change over time, with the amount of plastics increasing and the amount of paper decreasing.

• A 15 per cent reduction in the weight per household of printed paper and packaging in the blue box/bin was projected (as a most likely scenario) over the next ten years, made up of: 18 per cent reduction in paper (kg/hh); 17 per cent increase in plastic (kg/hh); metals would remain about the same; a 50 per cent reduction in glass (kg/hh) as packaging moves from glass to aluminum and plastic, which is lighter.

In Toronto’s single-stream system, large blue carts for recyclables and black carts for residual waste are ubiquitous across the city.

sit down to a traditional dinner together. Hence, more take-away food is being purchased, and the sales of prepared meals (in thermoform PET

Maria Kelleher is principal of Kelleher Environmental in Toronto, Ontario. A special thank you to Vincent Sferrazza and Geoff Rathbone of City of Toronto for their input throughout the study. Contact Maria at maria@kelleherenvironmental.com

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COLLECTION

by Brian Page & Lisa Thompson “In Kitchener over 80 per cent of site plan applications use deep collection as their preferred choice.”

Deep Collection Kitchener chooses Molok’s StreetScape system

Molok collection truck emptying container.

M

unicipalities and property owners will be interested in an alternative to the traditional stand-alone dumpster, the unsightly wooden enclosure or the (more recent) fully enclosed and roofed structure. So-called “deep-collection” for waste management is a garbage containment revolution that could drastically improve the way with which garbage is dealt.

In place of ugly containers hidden in the back corner of a property, deep collection systems like the ones provided by Molok can be prominently displayed in common areas and incorporated into site design. They can be used for many kinds of developments, including commercial/industrial/institutional, residential applications and parks or public spaces.

The concept of the deep-collection system takes advantage of the laws of nature: earth temperature and gravity. With two thirds of the eight-foot container installed below grade, garbage is kept cool in the summer, virtually eliminating odor; the ground’s insulating effect prevents freezing in winter. The small surface area (relative to the depth of the container) and its cylindrical shape cause the garbage to naturally compact by gravity, increasing the capacity by 1.5 to 2.5 times the container’s actual volume. Compaction leads to less frequent pick-ups. As the well is rotation-molded from a single piece of polyethylene plastic, it’s entirely leak-proof, so soil and groundwater are protected.

The units are available in different sizes (in a variety of above-grade finishes) for a variety of materials such as mixed waste, recyclables, cardboard and even organics and cooking oil. They also have a variety of above grade finishes available to suit any development.

Kitchener’s choice

The City of Kitchener’s initial interest in deep collection started in the multi-residential sector, where systems were installed in apartment-type complexes. Since then, the systems have gained popularity, and now over 80 per cent of site plan applications submitted to the city use deep collection systems as their preferred choice for waste management. Kitchener planning staff was impressed with this unique solution and has encouraged the trend.

More recently, the city installed a 500-litre version with a sleek modern design called the “StreetScape” along King Street when the downtown area was revitalized.

Deep collection units can be located virtually anywhere, resulting in greater flexibility of site plan layout. The space savings versus traditional garbage enclosures can allow for more amenity space or landscaped areas on a site. On smaller properties they can make it easier to meet regulatory requirements for setback and parking.

Traditional dumpsters are limited in their placement by the way they’re emptied, requiring a straight-on approach by a garbage truck, which typically results in additional paved surfaces. The deep-collection unit, on the other hand, uses a reusable lifting bag that’s raised by a knuckle boom crane that can reach a wider variety of places. When emptying, the release mechanism on the bottom of the bag is opened, allowing the garbage to fall neatly into the truck (and the emptied bag is returned to the deep-collection unit).

As the units protrude only three feet (0.9m) above grade, they are userfriendly and easily accessible by persons with disabilities and children alike.

16 www.solidwastemag.com June/July 2011

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COLLECTION

Molok 500-litre CityScape model installed along King Street in the City of Kitchener, Ontario.

Each unit is designed with an opening for the type of waste it is intended to collect. Cardboard containers provide a slot ensuring boxes are broken down, while garbage units have an opening roughly the diameter of a standard household garbage bag. This design feature dis-

Moloks in a typical urban development.

courages dumping on site and eliminates the spillover that occurs with traditional open dumpsters.

Brian Page, CET, OALA, CSLA, is Supervisor of Site Development for the City of Kitchener, Ontario. Contact Brian at brian.page@kitchener.ca Lisa Thompson, CPT, is Planning Technician for the City of Kitchener. Contact Lisa at lisa.thompson@kitchener.ca

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CleanTech Canada

Published by HazMat Management and Solid Waste & Recycling magazines.

Special Report from

SWEDEN

Wood and Waste for Fuel Energy

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CleanTech Canada

LESSONS FOR CANADA FROM SWEDEN

BIOMASS UTILIZATION

The exhaust works from the Brista Combined Heat & Power Facility.

“Sweden is targeting that 50 per cent of energy come from renewables by 2020.”

by John Nicholson

I

n early May, I was one of six international journalists who toured Sweden as a guest of the country’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs to look at that country’s waste management, forestry and mining sectors. It was a fun trip and also educational.

In many ways Sweden is similar to Canada. The land is approximately half the size of British Columbia; forestry and mining are major industries and there is a passion for hockey.

One major difference between the two countries is the utilization of biomass. Sweden is a world leader with approximately 32 per cent of all energy generated by biomass. In Canada, biomass supplies a paltry 4.7 per cent of our energy.

June/July 2011 www.solidwastemag.com 19

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CleanTech Canada Utilization of forests The forests in Sweden are seen as a tremendous resource for the production of bioenergy. Over 50 per cent of the country is covered by forest. With 10 million people living in a climate not much different than Canada, heating is important.

The forest wood is utilized not only to make furniture or pulp and paper; wood chips for bioenergy production is a major business in Sweden. The country has developed a supportive

“Fifty more SSO biogas facilities are planned or under construction.” legal framework, economic incentives, technologies, businesses, procedures, and more to get the most out of its forests.

Before a mature forest is clear-cut for its wood, it may have been trimmed several times (first cut, second cut) and the wood harvested. The first and second cuts trim the forest of undergrowth and selectively remove trees so that the remaining ones have lots of space to growth into big, healthy trees that can be utilized for forest products (i.e., IKEA furniture).

During the final cutting, every part of a tree is utilized. The portion not used in lumber products such as tree tops and Env Cat bleed ad-may2010-B.qxd

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A reporter from Greenland Public Radio (KNR) interviews Nils Lundkvist, Manager, Technical Strategy for the City of Stockhom.

branches are used as biomass.

Our tour included a visit to the forest to see management practices first hand. With a majority of the forest in Sweden owned by private landowners, utilization of it for energy in the form of lumber and biomass is a profitable business.

We toured the Brista biofuel combined heat-and-power (CHP) facility near Stockholm. Mikael Hedstrom, the plant manager, informed us that the facility burns 350,000 tonnes of wood chips every year to produce 763 GWh of heat and 293 GWh of power.

The Brista CHP facility is part of a network of facilities that

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CleanTech Canada

Aerial view of the Brista Combined Heat & Power Facility near Stockholm, Sweden.

provides district heating to a majority of the City of Stockholm. Steam heated at the Brista facility and three other production plants moves through a 765-km long closed-loop distribution network that (incredibly) covers nearly 80 per cent of Stockholm’s heating needs.

For homeowners in Sweden not using district heating, wood pellets are a major fuel source.

The move toward the utilization of wood pellets for home heating was partially orchestrated by the government through funding the construction of wood pellet plants, offered incentives to homeowners to buy wood pellet stoves to heat their homes, and simultaneously levying taxes on fossil fuels. As a result of these initiatives, Sweden has become the biggest user of wood pellets in the world.

The biofilter used to remove odors the exhaust at the Upsala Biogas Plant.

Bioenergy and W TE Besides the forest, household waste is regarded by Swedes as another major form of biomass. In fact, one of four facilities that supplies district heating to Stockholm — the Högdalen facilty — burns a combination of wood waste and household waste. The Högdalen facility utilizes approximately 500,000 tonnes of residential waste and 200,000 tonnes of industrial waste annually. It also burns wood pellets.

The district heating system in Stockholm is adding a fifth production plant. The plant will also burn wood pellets and household waste.

Nils Lundkvist, Manager of Technical Strategy for the City of Stockholm’s Waste Management Department, informed the tour group that Stockholm wants to be known as the “green capital” of Europe. It was the very first city to be designated European Green Capital by the EU Commission in 2010.

As part of this goal, the city aims to have all heating accomplished with non-fossil fuels.

Across Sweden, 20 facilities take in food waste (sourceseparated organics) for biogas generation. Fifty more facili-

ties are planned or under construction. One interesting fact offered up on the tour is that the biogas generated from 100 banana peels can fuel a small car for nine kilometres!

Our group toured the Upsala Biogas Plant. The facility anaerobically digests source separated organics (SSO), fish offal, food waste from restaurants, and slaughterhouse waste.

From my observations, one of the biggest problems facing the facility is the handling of plastic bags. Several steps at the facility involve separating the plastic from the SSO. The methane generated at the Upsala plant is used either for transportation (many municipal fleets run on biogas) or for the generation of heat and/or electricity.

Achieving this level of biomass utilization in Sweden didn’t happen by accident. It took a concerted effort by government, industry and the public. The country’s goals are even more ambitious for 2020 when 50 per cent of all energy must come from renewable energy. Of that 50 per cent, it’s likely that 42 per cent will be from biomass utilization.

John Nicholson, M.Sc., P.Eng., is a consultant based in Toronto, Ontario. Contact John at john.nicholson@ebccanada.com June/July 2011 www.solidwastemag.com 21

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CleanTech Canada RECYCLING AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT AND BOOST THE BOTTOM LINE

GARLOCK OF CANADA

Installation of this solar heating wall slashed natural gas consumption by more than 20,000 cubic yards per year.

G

arlock of Canada’s 70,000 square foot plant in Sherbrooke, Quebec specializes in the production of technical textiles and sealing products to keep industrial equipment from leaking environmentally harmful emissions. The company recently won awards for environmental excellence in energy-efficiency and recycling from its parent company, EnPro Industries.

“We’re committed to continuously improving our environmental stewardship,” explains EnPro President Steve Macadam.

Each year Macadam recognizes EnPro divisions, business units, teams or individuals who make significant contributions to improved environmental performance.

Last year Garlock’s Sherbrooke plant received the EnPro President’s Award of Excellence for Environmental Stewardship for its installation of a solar heating wall that slashed natural gas consumption by more than 20,000 cubic yards per year. In addition to the economic benefits (the project has already more than paid for itself), the wall helps reduce air emissions and

“The company is cultivating ‘environmental champions’ in every aspect of operations to improve environmental performance.”

by Pierre Barnabé

improved ventilation of the plant’s interior.

A wall-mounted collector preheats outside air that’s drawn into the building. Connected to the building’s ventilation system, the solar wall takes in cold air through an opening under the cladding and warms it within an internal air plenum. This project is perfectly adapted to cold climates and is transferable to other facilities in northern regions.

Additional energy savings were realized by installing sensors that automatically dim lighting in unoccupied areas of the facility; this reduced lighting expenses by 85 per cent.

In 2010 the Sherbrooke plant also won an award for environmental excellence from the Eastern Townships in the Foundation (ESRF) and the Regional Environmental Council of Estrie (CREE).

The award related to a recycling project the company launched in 2007 under the aegis of Societe Recyc-Quebec, which awarded the company its “ICI ON RECYCLE” (“here we recycle”) certification in 2008. Four years ago, the plant recycled just 10 per cent of its paper, paper board and other materials. Today, more than 90 per cent of these materials are recycled.

The project proceeded incrementally as the company recognized that waste reduction had to begin at the source.

Fibre recycling was expanded to putrescible organics and other materials. Concurrently, Garlock requested all vendors to eliminate styrofoam and plastic film from their packaging.

The future In 2011 Garlock of Canada we launched its “Défi climat” (climate challenge) campaign, and a number of projects suggested by staff are underway. The company is reserving parking spaces for “green” cars and conducting an auction of unwanted items from employees’ homes, the proceeds of which are being donated to a not-for-profit environmental organization.

Planned initiatives include retrofitting the plant with energyefficient LED lighting and use of a geothermal well to cool the production furnace. Also on the agenda is the reduction of transportation costs (a challenge given that deliveries are smaller and more frequent due to just-in-time production scheduling).

To keep everyone engaged the company asked each Sherbrooke employee to complete a survey indicating personal environmental protection objectives. The company is cultivating “environmental champions” in every aspect of operations to improve environmental performance. This collective mindset and related actions assures a safer, healthy workplace, raises the company’s position as a good corporate citizen, and improves economic performance as well as environmental sustainability.

Pierre Barnabé is Plant Manager for Garlock of Canada in Sherbrooke, Quebec. Contact Pierre at pierre.barnabe@garlock.com

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EQUIPMENT

Multihandler fuels Quebec alternative energy project

M

aintaining kiln temperatures in excess of 1450° C makes energy a primary cost for cement manufacturing facilities. CQI (Ciment Québec Inc.) — one of the largest producers of Portland cement in Quebec ℄ is always on the look-out for lower-cost fuel alternatives for its coal-fired kilns.

In operation since 1951, the Saint-Basile facility produces about a million tonnes of cement per year, which it ships to customers throughout Quebec, the Maritimes, the New England states and into Ontario.

The company has earned an excellent reputation for innovative methods of “greening” its operations with low emissions and high energy efficiency. CQI was the first company in North America — third in the world — to install the “Ecofurnace,” an advanced solid fuel handling and burning circuit which allows it to use alternate fuels cleanly.

CQI recently launched a new alternative fuel project that converts a wide variety of non-recyclable waste materials into fuel. Aiming to process large volumes, the company needed to address three material handling tasks on the site: stockpiling the material, feeding it to the shredders and, when called upon, to feed the processed alternative fuel directly to the pyroprocess.

“We designed the project with the Sennebogen 305 Multihandler Walinga VC2336 6/11/07 2:36 PM Page 1 in mind,” CQI Maintenance & Project Director Denis Gagnon says.

N O W

“We evaluated and demo’d a number of telehandlers and loaders, but then we searched the internet for other options. That’s when we found the Multihandler.”

According to Gagnon, the Sennebogen machine was the only choice that met all of his criteria for material handling duties that include pushing, reaching, loading and lifting.

“We saw some telehandlers that attach a bucket for loading, but they are not built for prolonged duty in that role,” he explains. “The 305’s boom is comparatively more adapted to pushing/loading applications. It has the strength and agility to work as a loader as well as a telehandler.”

About 90 per cent of the Mulithandler’s time is devoted to loading the shredders, with the rest divided between stockpiling and moving materials around.

Versatility is the name of the game for a mixed materials operation like the CQI facility. Located about 50 km outside the City of Quebec, Gagnon’s project relies on recycling yards throughout the region for any material that provides sufficiently high BTU values to serve the furnace.

The amount and type of material available as fuel depends entirely on what the recyclers decide to provide: from surplus papers and plastics, to scrap tires and asphalt shingles, to wooden railway ties. It all goes into the shredders.

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June/July 2011 www.solidwastemag.com 23

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EQUIPMENT

To handle the different material types, the operator of the Multihandler typically switches between boom attachments a couple of times a day. The machine was originally equipped with a bucket and forks attachments, and a new grapple attachment has just been delivered.

“Changing attachments is very quick,” Gagnon says. “It takes less time to switch than it takes to drive across the yard.”

The 305 Multihandler covers that ground pretty quickly, too.

The machine can hit a top speed of 25 km/h (16 mph) and it can turn inside an outside radius of just 4.7 m (11,000 lbs).

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P R O D U C T S T E WA R D S H I P

by Tracy Shaw “A business that cannot demonstrate they meet these requirements might not be able to sell their scrap.”

“Zero Mercury” CSPA’s new purchasing policy affects recyclers

T

he Canadian Association of Recycling Industries (CARI) has long supported mercury removal from automotive scrap.

Foreseeing upcoming federal regulations on mercury removal and understanding that such regulations would have an impact on a recycler’s ability to process and sell scrap, CARI sought a simple and cost-effective solution for its members. In 2000, CARI supported Switch Out, Pollution Probe’s pilot mercury switch removal program in the province of Ontario. A year later, the Switch Out program was transferred to the Clean Air Foundation (now Summerhill Impact), and expanded to additional provinces.

In December 2007, the federal government introduced a regulation requiring both automotive manufacturers and steel mills to prepare pollution prevention (P2) plans to elimin-

ate mercury releases from end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). Rather than installing expensive monitoring systems, Canada’s steel and automotive industries agreed to fund a national vehicle mercury switch recovery program, building on Switch Out. CARI and the Automotive Recyclers of Canada agreed to support this program by providing their members with information and educational material, and by sitting on the Switch Out Advisory Committee.

Recently CARI, in partnership with Summerhill Impact, sent its members a bulletin advising of the new “Zero Mercury” scrap purchasing policy adapted by the Canadian Steel Producers Association (CSPA). The new policy was announced in the CSPA’s 2010 Environmental Performance Report, and affects all businesses supplying automotive scrap to CSPA member companies.

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P R O D U C T S T E WA R D S H I P

Mercury switches.

The requirements arising from the new policy state that businesses must provide evidence their product is mercury-free by participating in a mercury switch removal program: “Scrap suppliers are required to demonstrate that they have programs in place to identify, remove, track and properly dispose of all sources of mercury in the scrap sold to CSPA member companies. Member companies may audit scrap suppliers to ensure that such requirements are being met.”

In the event of an audit, a business selling scrap to one of the nine CSPA member companies will need to demonstrate their

participation in a program to recover mercury sources, their removal of all mercury sources, and the proper tracking and disposal of mercury sources. A business that cannot demonstrate they meet these requirements might not be able to sell their scrap. Participating in Switch Out will fulfill these requirements for businesses recovering automotive switches.

The program is free and operates nationally.

Unfortunately, no formal programs currently exist for recovering mercury switches from white goods, but businesses are encouraged to remove and safely store these switches.

Each link in the scrap steel supply chain

has an important role to play in preventing mercury pollution and staying compliant with the “Zero Mercury” Scrap Purchasing Policy.

Switch Out offers all businesses in this chain the necessary tools to be compliant. The program offers businesses dealing with ELVs free mercury switch collection kits, along with pre-paid shipping labels for the kits’ return. The Switch Out team will also provide confirmation of a company’s participation in the program that they can supply to purchasers. In addition to collection kits, Switch Out now provides outreach and education kits for businesses looking to support the program. Those businesses that purchase only pre-processed vehicles can contact Switch Out to ensure they are purchasing from participating suppliers.

For more information on Switch Out and to view the official “Zero Mercury” Scrap Purchasing Policy, visit www.canadiansteel.ca/ media/2010/cspa-environmental-performance-report-en.pdf Tracy Shaw is Manager, Communications and Membership for the Canadian Association of Recycling Industries (CARI) in Ottawa, Ontario. Contact Tracy at tracy@cari-acir.org

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26 www.solidwastemag.com June/July 2011

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LANDFILL TECHNOLOGY

by Jeffrey Karp & Stephen Batiste “Smaller operators are also concerned about the lack of in-house technical, financial and legal expertise.”

FIELD EXPERTS

Landfill Gas Checklist Challenges and considerations in developing landfill gas-to-energy projects

T

he potential benefi ts of developing landfi ll gas-to-energy (LFGE) projects are substantial, and should be A-list priorities for cash-strapped municipalities seeking new and creative sources of revenue. These projects turn greenhouse gas into energy, earn dollars for their host communities and improve our environment.

Even smaller LFGE projects — i.e., those landfi lls with one to three million tons of waste — may provide big fi nancial and environmental benefi ts.

So why aren’t more communities jumping on the LFGE bandwagon? We analyzed some of the roadblocks through in-depth interviews with owners of smaller landfi lls that are in the early stages of implementing LFGE projects.

Small landfi ll operators often overlook the potential for LFGE projects in their communities because of concerns about smaller volumes of methane gas emitted, the quality of the gas, the availability of project fi nancing and the overall economic feasibility of owning and operating LFGE projects. Smaller operators are also concerned about the lack of inhouse technical, fi nancial and legal expertise to evaluate and develop such projects.

What we learned can best be described as a problem of perception. Many smaller landfi ll owners perceive obstacles that either (a) do not exist or (b) can be surmounted with the assistance of available professional resources.

The private sector has a good track record of evaluating and managing LFGE resources, and there has been a sharp increase in the number of LFGE projects in recent years. The public sector, however, is lagging far behind.

As they sit on the sidelines, they’re missing out on a potentially valuable opportunity.

Based on our interviews with LFGE oper-

ators, we have put together a top-line list of items that may help to allay concerns about LFGE projects and spur municipalities into action.

Get educated on the LFGE process: Those individuals involved in the LFGE project decision-making process need not be experts.

There are many project consultants and attorneys who can provide the technical, fi nancial and legal assistance to evaluate and develop a project. But they should understand the basics to help alleviate some of their concerns. Our survey respondents noted that their primary LFGE project challenges were associated with getting educated on the issues.

Volume/Quality of Gas: As a landfi ll owner, knowing at the outset the quality and quantity of your landfi ll gas supply is essential to assessing the viability of pursuing an LFGE project, and negotiating a contract from a position of knowledge and strength. A variety of techniques — such as computer modeling, review of landfi ll records and site-specifi c investigations — can more accurately predict LFG supply and quality.

Financing the Project: A lack of funding is clearly considered a big obstacle for many potential LFGE project developers, as our Tennessee respondents affi rmed. In reality, however, the prevailing project model is for a municipality to partner with a gas provider, developer, or other end-user who will help defray the costs. If the landfi ll owner is not partnering with a developer, then the ability to secure fi nancing becomes more problematic and can require specialized expertise regarding the types of fi nancing available.

Payment Mechanisms: Compensation packages vary based on several key factors, including the location of the project; age, size, depth and confi guration of the landfi ll; availability of

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tax incentives; and voluntary versus mandatory “green tags” or credits.

In response to our survey inquiries, we learned that royalty rates paid to landfi ll owners by developers vary considerably, ranging from 10 percent to 30 percent. This seems to be largely a function of the relative bargaining power of the parties negotiating the landfi ll lease agreement.

Other types of compensation methods identifi ed include: payment by the developer of a fi xed price for the purchase of the gas from the landfi ll owner and sharing of income from environmental attributes; up-front payments by the developer to the landfi ll owner with indexed gas pricing and sharing of income from environmental attributes; and fi xed rental fees or guaranteed minimum payments by the developer to the landfi ll owner.

Additional Financial Benefits: The owners and operators of smaller sites can often benefi t not only from the sale of gas or electricity generated, but also through the sale of carbon offsets and sharing of tax benefi ts.

In some communities, participants also may receive incentive payments.

Landfi ll gas-to-energy projects likely will continue to increase as owners look for ways to boost revenue and be better environmental stewards. While the benefi ts are potentially substantial, the projects aren’t without challenges. Our best advice is to do your homework, set your goals and priorities and seek out those who can provide independent professional advice. Then, once the project is complete, you can reap the fi nancial and environmental benefi ts.

Jeffrey Karp is a partner at Sullivan & Worcester LLP in Boston, New York, and Washington, D.C. (www.sandw.com). Steve Batiste, P.E., is a solid waste practice leader at Brown and Caldwell (www.brownandcaldwell.com).

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O R G A N I C M AT T E R S

by Paul van der Werf “It’s hoped that revenue from power generation will make up about 60 per cent of the revenue mix.”

Anaerobic Digestion Comes of Age The Georgian Bluffs/Chatsworth biogas facility

W

hen asked eleven years ago about new technologies for organic wastes I replied that “…Anaerobic digestion seems to be the fl avour of the week. I’ll get more excited when I see that it works.” That comment was less about AD and more about the dubious allure of technologies that appear successful in other jurisdictions (especially Europe) that might nevertheless be problematic here.

Eleven years later AD has created its own value proposition, though its acceptance in the marketplace remains tentative. One of the best examples of AD acceptance is Toronto’s Dufferin Organics Processing Facility, set for renovation and expansion that city treats its green bin wastes.

Momentum has accelerated in recent years from the emergence of on-farm anaerobic digestion, which has improved general awareness and is especially effective for low-solids wastes (that don’t work well in composting systems). Subsidization programs for green energy, like Ontario’s feed-in-tariff (FIT), are attracting investors like ants to a picnic; hopefully the frenetic activity will produce something meaningful.

The Georgian Bluffs/Chatsworth biogas facility showing digester.

The facility was constructed in 2010 by Maple Reinders Constructors Ltd. It includes: a septage receiving and screening facility; a 1,000 cu/m Biogas project anaerobic digester; a hydrolyzer; a fats, oils and grease (FOG) tank; a In that spirit, the Georgian Bluffs/Chatsworth Biogas Energy Project dry substrate feeder; a 100 kw cogeneration biogas generator; a biore-affirms the power of cooperation to solve a mutual problem. The gas control facility; a pasteurization system; a digestate storage facility; partnership between the Townships of Georgian Bluffs and Chatsworth, and, an odour control system. on solving a septage disposal problem, started in 2006 after the mayIncoming septage is dewatered to about 10 per cent solids and fed ors from both communities spoke with the environment ministry and it into the digester. Other wastes such as FOG agricultural wastes, restaubecame clear that direct land application of untreated septage was not rant wastes and green bin wastes are blended in the hydrolyzer and then viable over the long term. mixed with the septage in the digester to provide an appropriate AD The municipalities have about 9,000 households and no municipalrecipe. Pasteurization for the FOG takes place in a separate pressurized ly-owned sanitary sewers. Georgian Bluffs owns a sewage lagoon facilvessel prior to the FOG being directed to the anaerobic digestion tank. ity with 57.5 cubic metres of daily treatment capacity close to the border Currently the anaerobic digester is fed at a rate of 11 cu/m per day with Chatsworth (where raw septage has traditionally been delivered with about seven of that being septage and the balance other wastes. but not treated).

The anaerobic digestion process lasts about 30 days, during which It was natural that any solution started at the sewage lagoon the average temperature is about 42°C. Methane is directed to the onsite Pub−2009−E.jpg facility. An anaerobic digester built there would generate biogas, and genset. Electricity generated is directed to the grid. Currently, any exso could solve the land application problem while generating green cess methane generated that can’t be handled by the genset is directed energy and revenue. to an onsite boiler and burned.

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The remaining solids, or digestate (which is deemed 99.9 per cent pathogen free) is land applied. The AD doesn’t cause any nutrient loss.

Digestate is still considered a biosolid and falls under the auspices of the Nutrient Management Act and associated land application requirements.

The AD facility cost about $3.9 million to permit and build.

Federal and provincial funding of $1.7 million was received with the balance paid by the two municipalities. Payback is estimated at about eight years.

About 15 per cent of revenue comes from power generation; the balance comes from tipping revenues. The enhanced price for the electricity generated at the facility is $0.16/kWh. Incoming septage is levied a tipping fee of $25/cu/m. Incoming feedstocks are received at the site are charged $25-$45/cu/m or (in the case of more solid wastes) $25-$45/tonne.

The municipalities have the opportunity to double the wastes they currently manage. The bottle neck right now relates to transmission.

Presently they have access to single-phase power, which means they’re limited to using a 100 kW genset. If the lines were upgraded to threephase power, a 350 kW genset could be used. (Upgrading would require about 1.6 kilometres of lines to connect it to the nearest three-phase transmission line.)

In future it’s hoped that revenue from power generation will make up about 60 per cent of the revenue mix.

In the next few years the performance of this plant will help de-

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termine whether this approach represents a solution that other smaller municipalities can replicate to help solve their unique waste management challenges.

Paul van der Werf is president of 2cg Inc. in London, Ontario.

Contact Paul at www.2cg.ca

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R E G U L AT I O N R O U N D U P

by Rosalind Cooper “Under Quebec’s new policy, companies will be required to bear the entire cost of stewardship services.”

New Stewardship Initiatives across Canada EPR program in British Columbia

The Government of British Columbia has approved amendments to the Recycling Regulation that will enhance the extended producer responsibility system by incorporating packaging and printed papers derived from residential premises and from municipal property that is not industrial, commercial or institutional.

The Recycling Regulation defines “”packaging” as a “material, substance or object that is used to protect, contain or transport a commodity or product, or attached to a commodity or product or its container for the purpose of marketing or communicating information about the commodity or product.” The Recycling Regulation defines “printed paper” as “paper that is not packaging, but is printed with text or graphics as a medium for communicating information and includes telephone directories, but does not include other types of bound reference books, bound literary books, or bound textbooks.”

Producers will have 18 months from July 1, 2011 to develop and submit a product stewardship plan for packaging and printed products,

and a further 18 months to implement and comply with the plan. Under the Recycling Regulation, the definition of “producer” has also been expanded from a person that “manufactures the product and sells, offers for sale or distributes the product” to a person that “manufactures the product and sells, offers for sale or distributes or uses the product in a commercial enterprise” in British Columbia.

Quebec industry to pay full costs

The Quebec Residual Materials Management Policy, issued pursuant to the Environment Quality Act, was published on March 16, 2011.

The policy outlines Quebec’s approach on residual materials management under the Environment Quality Act and applies to all residual materials generated in Quebec by households, industries, businesses and institutions. This includes residual materials produced by construction, renovation, and demolition activities, and waste from primary industry that is transported outside of production sites to disposal sites or to residual materials reclamation facilities. Residual materials also

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R E G U L AT I O N R O U N D U P

include municipal and industrial sludge and out-of-service vehicles and their waste.

There is a five-year action plan that outlines various initiatives, sets deadlines and establishes the targets to be met. Those targets are considered quite aggressive. For example, by the end of 2015, the quantity of residual materials sent for disposal must be reduced to 700 kilograms per capita, which is 110 kilograms less per capita than in 2008. In addition, 70 per cent of paper, cardboard, plastic, glass and metal waste must be recycled, and 60 per cent of organic putrescible waste must be processed. Additional objectives include that 80 per cent of concrete, brick and asphalt waste must be recycled, and 70 per cent of construction, renovation and demolition waste from the building segment must be sorted at the source or sent to a sorting centre.

Currently, industry is only required to pay up to 50 per cent of the net cost borne by municipalities for recovering and reclaiming containers, packaging, printed material and written media. Under the new policy, companies will be required to bear the entire cost of these services. The government will also be assessing whether companies should bear full responsibility for managing the extended producer responsibility program.

It should be noted that the policy does not apply to hazardous materials except for household and similar products, animal dung, uncollected logging residues, biomedical waste, mine tailings, soil containing contaminants in quantities or concentrations exceeding the levels set by regulation, and gaseous substances, except those contained in another residual material or arising from the treatment of such material.

Manitoba product stewardship regs

The Household Hazardous Material and Prescribed Material Stewardship Regulation came into effect on April 1, 2011. The regulation provides that no person shall supply designated material for consumption unless a steward of the designated material operates or subscribes to a household hazardous material or prescribed material stewardship program, or the person operates or subscribes to a household hazardous material or prescribed material stewardship program.

In addition, the Electrical and Electronic Stewardship Regulation came into force on April 1, 2011 and provides that no person shall supply a designated material for consumption unless the steward of the designated material operates or subscribes to an electrical and electronic equipment stewardship program, or the person operates or subscribes to an electrical and electronic equipment stewardship program.

It should also be noted that April 28 was the first deadline for payment to Multi-Materials Stewardship Manitoba of 25 per cent of the 2011 payment obligations by stewards of designated packaging and printed paper. The second deadline for payment of the next 25 per cent of the 2011 payment obligations is June 30. If payments are not made by the stipulated deadlines, Multi-Materials Stewardship Manitoba will be assessing penalties of 10 per cent on any fees owing by stewards plus interest. Stewards should have filed their reports with Multi-Materials Stewardship Manitoba as of March 31, 2011.

Rosalind Cooper, LL.B., is a partner with Fasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP in Toronto, Ontario. Contact Rosalind at rcooper@tor.fasken.com

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PRODUCTS

Mobile lubrication systems

Cusco, a Wastequip brand, has introduced its mobile lubrication and waste fluid retrieval systems for servicing mobile equipment.

These systems allow for easier, more efficient equipment servicing in the field when time does not allow for the return of equipment back to fixed service locations. These mobile units are equipped with seven different fluid delivery systems along with a grease dispensing system, a waste fluid recovery system and compressed air. visit www.wastequip-cusco.com

and recycling collection vehicles. The DuraPack 4060 is the ideal vehicle for customers manually collecting multiple commodities on a single route. It has the compaction power to handle bulky ferrous waste, such as used appliances and sheet metal scraps, and the sealing ability to handle wet waste, such as organics or food scraps. Additionally, by outfitting the vehicle with single or dual Bayne premium mobile lifters, owners can reduce the stress and strain on personnel manually loading the vehicle. The DuraPack 4060 Split-Body is available in both

a 20 and 25 cubic yard body size. It boasts a compaction rate of up to 750 pounds per cubic yard, with a nine to 10 second reload time, and an overall packing cycle time of 15 to 17 seconds.

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Magnetic separation test kit

Eriez, an authority in technology for magnetic, vibratory and inspection applications, recently announced the availability of the Eriez Pull Test Kit, which can help users monitor the efficiency of their magnetic separator by measuring the holding force of a magnet. The kit is designed for use on a variety of magnetic separators. Factors that affect magnet performance include (but are not limited to) high application or cleaning temperature, direct electrical current, moisture and physical abuse.

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Heil Environmental recently announced the launch of its new DuraPack速 4060 SplitBody Rear Loader, a major enhancement to its offering of multi-compartment refuse June/July 2011 www.solidwastemag.com 35

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NEWS Maritime Case appointed as Ammann dealer

with solar panels that power a motor to compact the trash. Waste Management invested in Big Belly Solar in 2009. Waste Management said the solar panel system saves money on hauling and is a visible way for dumpster users to use renewable energy.

Visit www.wmcanada.com

California carpet recycling law

Consumer support is needed to ensure the success of a new, groundbreaking carpet stewardship law that will increase the recycling of carpet into valuable new products, preserve landfill space, reduce dependency on fossil fuels, and create green jobs in California communities.

Maritime Case’s location in Fredericton, New Brunswick.

Maritime Case Ltd. has been appointed the exclusive Ammann dealer in the provinces of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.

“Together with other Maritime dealers, they will help to solidify Ammann’s position in the region,” says Peter Price, Area Sales Manager of Ammann Canada.

Maritime Case is a Fredericton-based, family-owned business with various holdings and has represented Case IH farm machinery since 1988. In 2007, the company reorganized to become the exclusive Case Construction distributor in New Brunswick and PEI. Case will stock a full line of light and heavy Ammann compaction equipment.

Email peter.price@ammann-group.com

WM solar-powered compactor

Signed into law on September 30, 2010, AB 2398 is the first product stewardship law in the country to specifically address carpet.

Beginning July 1, 2011, a $.05 per square yard stewardship assessment will be added to the sale of all carpet sold or shipped into California. The assessment will appear as a separate, after-tax line item to raise consumer awareness about carpet recycling. The revenue generated will be used to incentivize carpet recycling by rewarding entrepreneurs who recycle carpet and produce marketable products made from post-consumer carpet.

Like many textiles, carpet is made of petroleum-based material.

Currently, more than 400 million pounds of used carpet are discarded in California landfills each year, an amount representing 39 million gallons Une Société de TransForce of oil that could be put to other uses.

A TransForce Company Carpet has been recycled for more than a decade in California and across the U.S, and the recovered carpet resources have been used to manufacture new carpet fibre, building and construction materials and Composting products for the consumer and automotive industries, among other uses.

BioReactor Landfill A key goal of AB 2398 is to significantly increase the quantities of carpet recycled in California.

Waste Water Treatment Facility The carpet product stewardship program will be administered by Soil Remediation Facility Carpet America Recovery Effort (CARE), a not-for-profit organization formed as a public/private partnership between government entities, 17125 Lafleche Road entrepreneurs, and the carpet industry to find market-based solutions for Moose Creek ON carpet recycling.

613-538-2776 • www.laflecheenvironmental.com Since the group was founded in 2002, CARE members have diverted more than two billion pounds of carpet from the nation’s landfills.

CalRecycle will provide oversight for the AB 2398 program, which requires carpet manufacturers to participate in an approved carpet • Private & Public Sectors • Waste diversion planning stewardship program as well as conduct consum• Residential, IC&I and • Recycling, MHSW, C&D waste streams Composting, MBT, er education programs.

E-Waste • Waste auditing For more information, visit Waste Paul van der Werf, M.Sc. | 519-645-7733 | 877-801-7733 | 2cg.ca Management www.carpetrecovery.org or Consulting Services Mary Little | 905-372-4994 www.calrecycle.ca.gov

Waste Management says it has developed a product called the SmartEnergy Compactor that uses a solar panel to operate the controls of a compacting dumpster. The dumpster can also be remotely monitored to avoid unnecessary servicing.

The technology behind the electronic control system originated at Big Belly Solar, which makes public trash and recycling bins equipped

Find your green.

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36 www.solidwastemag.com June/July 2011

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Advertisers’ Index Company

Page #

June/July 2011

Company

Page #

AET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Molok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

AMRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Multi-Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Bandag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Norseman Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Battery Broker Environmental Services Inc . The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Ontario Waste Mgmt Assoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Borden Ladner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

Paradigm Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Canadian Waste & Recycing Expo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Paul Van der Werf (2CG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Environmental Business Consultants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Protainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Eriez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Geoware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

SiEMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

Ginove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Schuyler Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Integrated Municipal Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Serious Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Lafleche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Sheehan Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Laurin Inc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Trux Route Management Systems Inc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Liebherr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Van Dyk Baler Corp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Italian Trade Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Walinga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Mack Truck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Waste Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Miller Thomson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

WasteQuip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Ontario Waste Management Association

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Contact: Michele Goulding (905) 791-9500 www.owma.org

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BLOG

by Andy Campbell “No one expected leveraging $70 million in program improvements in such a short time.”

Continuous Improvement Understanding Ontario’s CIF program

T

he blue box program in Ontario cost over $180 million (net) in 2009 to recycle 870,000 tonnes of material and is under pressure to fi nd ways to be more effective and effi cient. Funding for capital projects and program improvements is often neglected in recessionary times and with pressure from taxpayers to reduce or eliminate tax increases. Municipalities receive funding from paper and packaging stewards in Ontario, but these monies are often diverted to general revenue accounts and spent on the spectrum of municipal services.

Paper and packing stewards seek to have the money they give municipalities invested in continuous improvement and new infrastructure to increase diversion and control program costs. Municipalities appreciate the stewards’ interests, but prioritize their spending to the areas of greatest need each year. Both parties recognize that new investments are required to change the status quo and to implement system-wide cost reductions, but opportunities for major progress are limited in the absence of additional funding. Ontario’s approach to the management of the blue box program, and partial extended producer responsibility (EPR), requires creative ways to move the system ahead.

Waste Diversion Ontario (WDO), Stewardship Ontario, the City of Toronto and the Association of Municipalities of Ontario (AMO) recognized this problem four years ago and developed its Continuous Improvement Fund (CIF) as a mechanism to direct funding from industry to dedicated blue box improvement projects. The CIF was seeded with over $53 million to work with municipalities to fi nd better and best practices, technology improvements and to have a province-wide perspective on cost saving opportunities. The CIF provides between 25 and 100 per cent of the costs for projects that meet the fund’s priorities.

The CIF has been a success. To date, 368 projects have been approved for a total of $27 million in CIF grants. Adding in other monies, the total value of these projects is $70 million. Many of these project ideas would not have come forward in these diffi cult fi nancial times, and certainly no one expected leveraging $70 million in program improvements in such a short time. All of these projects advance the blue box program and there are still more opportunities that should be of interest to recyclers in all provinces.

There are too many great projects to discuss, but here are a few examples: • Over $900,000/year will be saved by nine municipalities by installing rural depot compaction roll-off units and by building medium-sized transfer stations to transport material more effi ciently.

• Over one hundred municipalities have undertaken planning initiatives that will increase diversion and control costs by implementing better monitoring and measurement systems and, in some cases, partnering with neighbouring municipalities.

• Construction of a regional MRF will reduce operational costs by over $1 million per year.

• Energy audits identifi ed over $100,000 per year in savings in six MRFs.

To date, 368 projects have been approved for a total of $27 million in CIF grants.

• Installation of optical sorters in MRFs to increase plastic packaging diversion while reducing labour costs.

• Investment in private-sector plastics re-processors will build a stable local market for mixed plastics.

• Reduction of the cost to purchase blue boxes and 96 gallon carts by over 30 per cent through joint tendering for all municipalities in Ontario.

• Many of the projects have a fi nancial payback of less than three years.

These initiatives also led Stewardship Ontario to invest over $2 million in additional funds in partnership with the CIF on developing plastics recycling capacity.

The CIF is a negotiated agreement between the parties and demonstrates an effective way to approach solutions in challenging times.

Dedicating funds to blue box program projects through a grant program such as the CIF has created a fi nancial instrument that is acceptable to staff, elected offi cials, industry stewards and taxpayers. It has also become a resource for smaller municipalities who don’t have staff with waste management expertise, and is potentially a centre of excellence for all municipalities.

It’s interesting that the CIF is not a governmental, municipal or stewards’ organization. It’s in the middle, with a clear mandate to improve the system through cooperative efforts. Having a sizable fund allows ideas to become action. (Change isn’t free.)

WDO has succeeded in its initiative and will need to determine this summer if the CIF program will continue with additional funding. Other jurisdictions should investigate if some form of the CIF can improve their recycling and EPR programs. The CIF has demonstrated that creative solutions can be found in diffi cult fi nancial times.

Andy Campbell, P.Eng., is Director, Continuous Improvement Fund, Waste Diversion Ontario in Toronto, Ontario.

Contact Andy at andycampbell@wdo.ca

38 www.solidwastemag.com June/July 2011

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R e c y c le y o u r

rec har gea ble bat ter ies

and cell phones

W hether at home, work or play, rechargeable batteries and cell phones are part of our lives.

O nce they no

longer hold their charge, recycle them.

C all 2R ecycle supplies free collection boxes for your workplace as well as at drop-off locations at retail and within your community.

Go to www.call2recycle.org to register your business for free and to find nearby participating collection sites.

You can also recycle at any participating hardware supply store:

877-2-RECYCLE SWR j-J 2011.indb 39

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