ABPL90170 Landscape Studio 4: Climate Responsive Landscape Planning Strategy - Final Booklet

SEA LEVEL RISE

BRIGHTON, A CATALYST

1

CONTENTS I.

SITE SELECTION 1.

2.

3.

II.

Intent + Implementation Background Research + Strategies Site selection Suburb scaled analysis to determine key edges for intervention

BRIGHTON 6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

III.

IV.

Data research + analysis to select a suitable site

Suburb Analysis History Past + Future Present Software Modeling Model Projection Strategy Review

KEY EDGES 13.

14.

27.

Exploration in detail

Key Edges Coast 15.

Present + Future: Analysis + Masterplan 17.

Coast Simulation 20. Grey Coastal Edge 23.

Green Coastal Edge 26. Plant Species Inland 28. Present + Future: Analysis + Masterplan 30. Inundated Street 32. Former Swamp 34. Construction TImeline 35. Plant Species

2

CONCLUSION 36.

37.

V..

Diversification in time Brighton 2100

APPENDIX 40.

Achieved outcome

Appendix

Additional Content

Design Intent Having Brighton as a catalyst suburb to reconciliate the urban growth and the sea level rise.

Implementation 1.

2.

Create a series of green infrastructure through hard and soft engineering Introduce water to become a part of the community instead of alienating it.

1

Cause of Sea level rise Melting Glacier

Factors increasing Severity Coastal Flood

Increase storm-water drain

Constructibility Existing Forest and Green space

Remoteness to Existing Green space

Remote from existing water surface Ocean Thermal Expansion

Subsidence (Sinking cities)

Groundwater Pumping

Shoreline Erosion

Keep area without groundwater bore

Soil Salinity

Coastal line

Land Function

Proximity to sea level affected area

Remote from urban developed area

Wind speed and direction Declining Wetland and intercoastal habitat

Remoteness to Existing area

Topography

Strategy Plan

1.1 Maintain Wetland & intertidal Habitat 1.2 Maintain Existing man-made water retainment infrastructure 1.3 Stop building near affected shoreline and plan retreat

Protect

2.1 Expanding natural infrastructure (including wetland and intertidal habitat) 2.2 Creation of natural dikes and moats around flat land 2.3 Protect coasts from coastal erosion

Prevent

3.1 Retain groundwater from small scale (residential) to large scale (commercial pumping, etc.)

3.2 Inject Groundwater to prevent sinkage and stop adding new groundwater bores 3.3 Increase storm-water drain around coastal flood area & implement WSUD

2

<15 degree slope

SITE SELECTION Setting Parameter

Topography

Wind Speed

3

SITE SELECTION Weighted overlay iterations using set parameter

4

SITE SELECTION Weighted overlay iterations using set parameter

City of Bayside

Brighton

BRIGHTON Distance - CBD Land area

: :

11 km 3,719 ha

5

BRIGHTON

BRIGHTON Distance - CBD Land area

Catalyst to reconciliate the bay and the urban.

: :

11 km 3,719 ha Population Residence Density

: 23,253 people : 30.87 people/ha

Dwelling Detached Med Density High Density Median house price Median unit price

: : : : :

57.5% 22.4% 19.1% $1,998,000 $815,000

Flooding policies - Erosion Management Overlay - Not a part of Floodway Overlay or inundation overlay - Suburbs have no prominent open watercourses, serviced by drainage network - No prominent inland greenspace to decrease runoff - recent ďŹ&#x201A;ood: 2000, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018 - last storm surge: 1935, ďŹ&#x201A;ooded and swept a large amount of the beach

Little to none intercoastal area

Seawall serve as a minimal protection. No protection for major coastal floods.

Predominantly housing area, built up directly adjacent to the beach

6

Permeable area above ground level

Flat area, dominated with roads. Little to no permeable surface

HISTORY Postcard from Brighton beach (late 1800s)

Brighton Tornado (1918)

Flooded New St., Brighton (2016)

Mid - Late 1800s 1840, Henry Dendy (1800–81) purchased 5,120 acres (2,070 ha). Houses are started to be build around the late 1840s The noted bathing boxes in Brighton are known to have existed as far back as 1862

1918 A severe storm formed and moved off Port Phillip, three tornadoes struck Brighton beach

2000 - 2020 Flooding on the following years: 2000, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018 (100 year flood in bold) Inundation happen for days as the area is flat and there is no open water surface.

pre-European Settlement Indigenous Australians who inhabited the Yarra River catchment area and eastern Port Phillip Bay and Western Port were the Woi wurrung and Boon wurrung.

The site is dominated by castal dunes, sandy woodlands and swamps

Coastal Dune Scrub Example, Mornington Peninsula

Damage retrospectively rated F3 on the Fujita scale was observed in places.

1934 Torrential rainfall of up to 350 mm, causing flash flooding from the Elster Creek, coastal flood also happen due to record high tide and 100 kpm/hr wind reulrs in a seawall failure Highest flood level recorded (3.27m)

Early 1900s A single line railway-tram from St Kilda to Brighton Beach was completed in 1906. The railway tramline was duplicated in 1914.

Connectivity made the suburb significantly grew

Photo of the bathing boxes (Early 1900s)

Elster Creek Flooding (1934)

7

Future Scenario Every 10cm of sea level rise increases the frequency of coastal flood x 3 NOAA worst case projection states an increase on 2m, whcih will additionally increase by 2m (4m in total) during coastal floods.

PAST + FUTURE Site Selection Significant intercoastal area reduction.

Major water collection point from grasshopper topography analysis Swamp would collect additional water in the past, reducing significant inundation in other areas

Legend Suburb Boundary Contour (1m) Water surface Chosen Site

Bay Depth (m) 0 2.5 5 10

EVC (pre 1750) Swamp Scrub Damp Sands Herb-rich Woodland Coastal Banksia Woodland/Coastal Dune Scrub Mosaic 8 Coastal Headland Scrub/Coastal Banksia Wodland Mosaic

Water + Flooding 1% AEP Flood Topography Generated WaterďŹ&#x201A;ow Sea Level Rise (82 cm) Water Struct Line

N 1:25.000 @ A3

PRESENT

Site Observation Significant flooding with no surrounding open water surface Clustered Groundwater bores Surrounding Observation Existing Breakwater nearby, can be implemented to the site.

Little to none intercoastal area, however, with cultural significance.

Additional Observation Highly compacted golf-course on the higher ground would retain minimal water, causing inundation on the site.

Legend Suburb Boundary Contour (1m) Water Surface Commercial Area

Chosen Site

Bay Depth (m) 0 2.5 5 10

Infrastructure Water bore Storwater Drain 1% AEP Flood Water Struct Line

9

N 1:25.000 @ A3

SOFTWARE MODELING Mesh Creation

Building Extrusion

Building on Topography

Rhino + Grasshopper

ArcMap + Arcscene

SHP Files Collection

10

Water Flow

MODEL PROJECTION 2100 (82cm)

2100 (NOAA 2m Worst case scenario)

2100 (2m + 2m Coastal flood)

N

Current Condition

Projection obtained from NOAA Climate.gov Adapted from Sweet et al., 2017 11

STRATEGY REVIEW Strategy Plan

1.1 Maintain Wetland & intertidal Habitat 1.2 Maintain Existing man-made water retainment infrastructure 1.3 Stop building near affected shoreline and plan retreat

Protect

2.1 Expanding natural infrastructure (including wetland and intertidal habitat) 2.2 Creation of natural dikes and moats around flat land 2.3 Protect coasts from coastal erosion

Prevent

3.1 Retain groundwater from small scale (residential) to large scale (commercial pumping, etc.)

3.2 Inject Groundwater to prevent sinkage and stop adding new groundwater bores 3.3 Increase storm-water drain around coastal flood area & implement WSUD

12

Completed through site selection

Explored in selected area

BRIGHTON 2020 Key Edges

Green Coastal Edge

Inundated Street

inland

coast

Grey Coastal Edge

Former Swamp

13

KEY EDGES: COAST Grey Coastal Edge

Strategy Plan

1.1 Maintain Wetland & intertidal Habitat 1.2 Maintain Existing man-made water retainment infrastructure 1.3 Stop building near affected shoreline and plan retreat

Protect

2.1 Expanding natural infrastructure (including wetland and intertidal habitat) 2.2 Creation of natural dikes and moats around flat land 2.3 Protect coasts from coastal erosion

Prevent

3.1 Retain groundwater from small scale (residential) to large scale (commercial pumping, etc.)

3.2 Inject Groundwater to prevent sinkage and stop adding new groundwater bores 3.3 Increase storm-water drain around coastal flood area & implement WSUD

Green Coastal Edge

14

COAST: PRESENT Green Coastal Edge Adjacent to green spaces, However, still dominated by hard coastal edge with little to no intercoastah habitat

Green space dominated by compacted grass turf

Grey Coastal Edge Little to none green area adjacent to it.

Breakwater allow a small beach on site.

Legend

15

Work Area Green Coastal Edge Grey Coastal Edge

1:6.250 @ A3

N

COAST: FUTURE New Intertidal Zones The creation of the intertidal habitats breaks tidal waves significantly, reducing the need for additional infrastructure

2.1, 2.2

Renewed Brighton Foreshore Re-enigneering of the seawall and creation of patches of public realms reconnects people with the coast

2.3

Planned Coastal Retreat Coastal retreat is set for inundated houses and houses within close proximity with coast edge with no surrounding green infrastructure

1.3

Legend

16

Work Area Future Public Realm Retained Green space

Future Green Space Oyster Reef Mangrove Forest Saltmarsh and Mudplains Sandy Beach

Wetland Coastal Scrub 1:6.250 @ A3

N

COAST SIMULATION Simulation created in Blenderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Water physics engine: Mantaflow, to simulate and review the effectivity of intervention

No Protection

Intercoastal Dunes

Addition of Seawall

Seawall Adjusment 17

COAST SIMULATION Frame 4: Water breaches without protection

No Protection

Intercoastal Dunes

Addition of Seawall

Seawall Adjusment 18

COAST SIMULATION Frame 12: Water breached in 3 scenarios except the final adjustment

No Protection

Intercoastal Dunes

Addition of Seawall

Seawall Adjusment 19

GREY COASTAL EDGE Initial Site: Anthro-centric infrastructure

Legend Work Area Future Public Realm Retained Green space

Sea wall as temporary measure

Sea break allows a small area of beach to be retained

Shallow waters, however is degraded and poor in biodiversity.

20

ENHANCED COASTAL EDGE Designed Site: Eco-centric infrastructure

Mangroves can be grown in conjungtion with oyster reefs, acting as a natural extension to the sea wall

Planned retreat for high impacted households. Land aquired and is replaced with swale and mounds.

Saltmarsh and mudflats retain sand movement within the area, allowing sand movement and dunes creation.

21

Due to contolled current, introduction of seagrass meadow, a habitat provider for the beach

Oyster reefs extends out to deeper water, breaking the waves. More beach area can be retained as erosion decreases

ECOLOGICAL TIMELINE Present

Sea level

Transition

Transformed

+ 0 cm

+ 41 cm

+ 82 cm

• Pioneer ecosystem slows wave and reduces erosion, allowing • Sand dunes creation, protection allows inland habitat to flourish. sand to deposit, creating a bigger beach area • Mangrove and oyster reef allows intertidal habitat to floursih.

• Bigger beach area introduces coastal scrub habitat.

Projection obtained from NOAA Climate.gov Adapted from Sweet et al., 2017 22

GREEN COASTAL EDGE Initial Site: Flat and unengaging

Legend Work Area Future Public Realm Retained Green space

Highly compacted area, flat toppography does not support future storm surges.

Infrastructure segregates the coasts and people

23

ENHANCED COASTAL EDGE Designed Site: Engages Socially and Ecologically

Cut and fill technique is used to create mounds and swales. Mounds become coastal shrub that mitigates storm surges impact and swales become coastal wetland

Promenade reconnects the users with the coast while defending against high tides.

Several areas are cut and stairways are made so users can interact with the bay.

24

Sea wall are textured, providing growth room for barnacles, which acts as filtering organism

Sand returns to the area as eroding waves are soften by the mangrove forest.

SEAWALL SECTIONS

Existing

Flat turfed green space

Proposed

Mounds and swales to collect overflow from seawall

Erosion due to regular overtopping of the seawall

Seawall offers connection to the sea, connecting people and the bay 25

PLANT SPECIES A snippet of selection for plant groups

Coastal Scrub

Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae Leptospermum laevigatum Poa poiformis Rhagodia candolleana

Saltmarsh

Atriplex cinerea Sarcocorina quinqueflora Suaeda australis Tecticornia pergranulata

Water tolerant Mudflat and Mangrove

Avicennia marina Fucus vesiculosus Sarcocornia quinqueflora Zostera muelleri

Ponding Tolerant

Amphibolis antarctica Caulerpa subsp.

Heterozostera tasmanica Ulva subsp.

26

KEY EDGES: Inland Inundated Street

Strategy Plan

1.1 Maintain Wetland & intertidal Habitat 1.2 Maintain Existing man-made water retainment infrastructure 1.3 Stop building near affected shoreline and plan retreat

Protect

2.1 Expanding natural infrastructure (including wetland and intertidal habitat) 2.2 Creation of natural dikes and moats around flat land 2.3 Protect coasts from coastal erosion

Prevent

3.1 Retain groundwater from small scale (residential) to large scale (commercial pumping, etc.)

3.2 Inject Groundwater to prevent sinkage and stop adding new groundwater bores 3.3 Increase storm-water drain around coastal flood area & implement WSUD

Former Swamp

27

INLAND: PRESENT Inundated Streetscape North Road Wide streets. Generous green space in the area. However, low in vegetation biodiversity.

St Kilda St Four laned street intersection.

Street edge is equiped with multiple gutters.

Meek St Residential street is dominated with impermeable surface.

Former Swamp Bay St Commercial area on former swamp. Street edge equipped with several gutters. Green space higher than street level.

Legend Work Area Former Swamp Inundated Streetscape + Residential Area

Commercial Area Historical Swamp 1:6.250 @ A3

N

INLAND: FUTURE

Aquiefer Recharge well New buildings include Managed aquifer recharge wells which acts as overflow in times of extreme inundation

3.2

Streetscape Augmentation Green strips, raingarden, swales, permeable asphalt and paving will enhance the street, alleviating the regular innundation

3.3

Swamp Exhumation Street on former swamp embraces ponding, retaining as much water as possible to reduce coastal flooding on the lower area.

3.3

Legend Work Area Former Swamp Inundated Streetscape + Residential Area

Planting Raingarden Waterlogged 1:6.250 @ A3

N

INUNDATED STREET Initial Site: Minimal Soil and Water interaction

Legend Work Area Former Swamp Inundated Streetscape + Residential Area

2020

2060

Soil

Subgrade Soil

Silt

Green space offer minimum water absorption

Runoff from pavement and street is immediately discharged into the storm-water pipe. Heavy reliance on the infrastructure 30

2100

Planting Raingard Waterlo

PERFORMATIVE GROUND Designed Site: Rich interaction between ground, surface and water

Asphalt Treated Permeable Base Aggregate Base Soil

Aggregate Subbase

Subgrade Soil

Silt

New buildings include Managed aquifer recharge wells which acts as overflow in times of extreme inundation

Permeable paving

Permeable Asphalt

Reliance to main storm-water drain is aleviated, increasing the lifespan and reducing the volume intake.

31

Ponding is encouraged in some area. Raingardens are established on all street edges.

Multiple opportunities for water to be absorbed or to overlow to the storm-water drain

FORMER SWAMP Initial Site: Wetland has long dissapeared from the site

Legend Work Area Former Swamp Inundated Streetscape + Residential Area

Commercial area, highly built environment

32

Vegetation above the street level, missing the opportunity to return water to the ground

Planting Raingarden Waterlogged 1:6.250 @ A3

N

EXHUMATION Designed Site: Using the past on the site to solve future problem

The ponding and planting selection exhumes the former wetland back to the surface, reintroducing it to community

Permeable Asphalt 33

Plant selection does not include fully aquatic plants as dry phase will happen. However, droughts increases the productivity of the plants afterwards.

CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE

Present

Transition

Underground reworked

Transformed

infrastructure

34

Suface WSUD implemented as excavation for underground works finishes

Implementation of managed aquefier recharge well on new properties

PLANT SPECIES A snippet of selection for plant groups

Street Edging

Leucophyta brownii Liriope muscari Miscanthus sinensis ‘Gracillimus’ Westringia ‘Gray box’

Grassland

Austrostipa ramosissima Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus Imperata cylindrica Pennisetum alopecuroides

Water tolerant

Partial Waterlogging

Baloskion tetraphyllum Lachnagrostis filiformis Lomandra hystrix Lomandra longifolia

Ponding Tolerant

leocharis acuta Gahnia radula Juncus gregiflorus Lythrum salicaria

35

DIVERSIFICATION IN TIME Enhanced Ecology and Biodiversity + Stabilised Maintenance

Bay

Location

Inland

Peak Maintenance

Time 36

DIVERSIFICATION IN TIME Inland

Performance + Use Potential

Spring Flower Walk Street Walk

Art Instalation

Sretching

Wildlife Watch Picnic

Flea Market

Play Photo Session Group Meetup

Outdoor Library

Location

Yoga Session

Flea Market

Lunch

Gathering Sunset Watch

Beach Walk

New Years Celebration

Educational Walk

BBQ

Night Walk

Beach Sport

Sun bathing

Wedding

Swimming

Bay

Oyster Harvesting

Kayaking

Fishing Time

37

BRIGHTON 2100 Reconciled Future

38

APPENDIX

39

DATA COLLECTION Sea level rise: Background Look for potential development area to protect and prevent the risk of sea level rise

climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12808-z climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12808-z

40

Sea level rise: Background â&#x2014;? 8/10 Victorians live under 50km from the ocean (3.9 / 4.8 Million) â&#x2014;? Growth in both resident (permanent and non-permanent) and visitor populations on the coast

Elwood, December 2017 https://www.marineandcoasts.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0025/405835/VCS_2014.pdf https://www.marineandcoasts.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0025/405835/VCS_2014.pdf https://theconversation.com/australias-coastal-living-is-at-risk-from-sea-level-rise-but-its-happened-before-87686 https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/how-a-possible-twometre-sea-level-rise-would-flood-thousands-of-melbourne-homes-20170522-gwagl1.html https://theconversation.com/australias-coastal-living-is-at-risk-from-sea-level-rise-but-its-happened-before-87686

https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/how-a-possible-twometre-sea-level-rise-would-flood-thousands-of-melbourne-homes-20170522-gwagl1.html

41

Factors Causing Sea level rise Global Scale ● ●

Glacier Melt Thermal expansion

Metropolitan scale ●

Groundwater retention

climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sealevel.html#:~:text=Global%20sea%20level%20has%20been,has%20increased%20in%20recent%20decades.&text=The%20two%20major%20causes%20of,as%20glaciers%20and%20ice%20sheets.

climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sealevel.html#:~:text=Global%20sea%20level%20has%20been,has%20increased%20in%20recent%20decades.&text=The%20two%20major%20causes%2 0of,as%20glaciers%20and%20ice%20sheets.

42

What increases the severity Coastal Flooding Subsidence (sinking cities) â&#x2014;?

Caused by groundwater pumping and building mass

Shoreline Erosion â&#x2014;?

Due to multiple cause (wind, flooding, soil salinity)

Declining wetlands and intercoastal habitat

https://environment-review.yale.edu/making-way-coastal-wetlands-look-sea-level-rise-and-urban-development https://theconversation.com/climate-explained-why-coastal-floods-are-becoming-more-frequent-as-seas-rise-127202 https://environment-review.yale.edu/making-way-coastal-wetlands-look-sea-level-rise-and-urban-development https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-189-2015 https://theconversation.com/climate-explained-why-coastal-floods-are-becoming-more-frequent-as-seas-rise-127202 https://www.csiro.au/en/Research/Environment/Oceans-and-coasts/Sea-level-rise https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-189-2015 https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1075/change.html https://www.csiro.au/en/Research/Environment/Oceans-and-coasts/Sea-level-rise https://www.floodvictoria.vic.gov.au/learn-about-flooding/flood-types/coastal

https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1075/change.html https://www.floodvictoria.vic.gov.au/learn-about-flooding/flood-types/coastal

43

Flowchart of Metropolitan Melbourne Open Space Development Plan Step 1 Identify Theme Water problem

solved by

need sites

Green/Blue infrastructure to install

Identify suitable areas

produce

Metropolitan Melbourne Open Space Development Plan

Step 2 Data Research Data search & collection Data research

brainstorming

Data integration Data digitization

Step 3 Establish Criteria

44

Group data package

Final SITE SELECTION

45

SITE ANALYSIS

-

AEP: Annual Exceedance Probability No waterbody or Water Retarding Basin Large reserve/area of interest: 2 Golf Courses (Highly compacted) Beach highly prone to erosion Main circulations are cut by flood extent

Extreme Coastal Flood scenario based on Digital Elevation Model (+8m)

-

https://www.ses.vic.gov.au/documents/112015/3561834/Bayside+Municipal+Storm+and+Flood+Emergency+Plan+v5+May+2019/9aac1411-5a4f-7d4d-8f45-7eb4f9ff64d3 https://coastalrisk.com.au/viewer

https://www.ses.vic.gov.au/documents/112015/3561834/Bayside+Municipal+Storm+and+Flood+Emergency+Plan+v5+May+2019 /9aac1411-5a4f-7d4d-8f45-7eb4f9ff64d3 https://coastalrisk.com.au/viewer

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PRECEDENT Nehterlands

Soft Engineering Sand motor USA H+N+S

Oyster-tecture China SCAPE studio

Qunli National Urban Wetland Turenscape Landscape Architecture

Diagram showing how tides and waves changes the shape of the dune over 5 years, research found currents, surge and wind plays a minor role

• Project protect low-lying coastal zone from sea level rise impacts by naturally expanding the sand dunes • Fortify and re-nourish the eroding surrounding beaches, fed the adjacent coastline by 6km • Originally, the Sand Motor protruded 1 km into the sea and stretched along 2 km of coast. At many locations it rises up to 5 meters above mean sea level • The sand dune naturally changes it shape as it adapts to the environment (including storms and floodings) • Adaptation is predicted using process-based model Delft3D Observation • Suitable to be implemented to the site as the site currently only have a thin strip of dunes, where historically the dune stretches far inland • Beneficial for the surrounding beaches as well, works well with the idea of creating a catalyst • The bay is relatively shallow, not as expensive to create an additional dune as 2 km into the bay the depth sits under 5m https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/case-studies/sand-motor-2013-building-with-nature-solution-toimprove-coastal-protection-along-delfland-coast-the-netherlands https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378383916302563

• Initially, 16.4% of the developable land was zoned as permeable green space, the majority of the former flat plain will be covered with impermeable concrete, despite the historical flooding and waterlogging • site was a former wetland with water sources cut, under the threat of disappearing.

• cut-and-fill technique create mounds surrounding the former wetland. Core of the wetland untouched and left alone for natural transformation.

• Developed as part of the MoMA Rising Currents Exhibition in 2010, with the idea of an oyster hatchery/eco-park in the Gowanus interior that would eventually generate a wave-attenuating reef in the Gowanus Bay. • A combination of net and wavebreaker infrastructure • $60 million implementation grant to build the protective reef structures Observation • Relevant as Port Phillip Bay is a part of the shellfish reef ecosystems, which is on the brink of extinction (reduced by 90%) • Oysters are beneficial economically, socially and naturally (as oysters filter as much water as a bathtub a day) https://www.6sqft.com/living-breakwaters-an-award-winning-project-brings-oyster-tecture-to-the-shores-ofstaten-island/ https://www.scapestudio.com/projects/oyster-tecture/ https://www.natureaustralia.org.au/what-we-do/our-priorities/oceans/ocean-stories/restoring-shellfish-reefs/

Observation • Suitable on site as intially there was several swamps inland.

• However, due to residential construction in the 1800s it causes flooding on its surounding area during heavy rain and coastal flooding.

• An addition of a wetland would also help storm-water to be gradually absorbed by the ground, repleneshing the bored ground water.

http://landezine.com/index.php/2014/01/qunli-national-urban-wetland-by-turenscape/

PRECEDENT China

Hard Engineering TetraPot Netherlands Sheng-Hung Lee

• A hybrid between artificial sea defense and natural sea defense • Provides a biodegradable pot insert, soil, and space for roots to grow • Plans to work with the local government to test out TetraPOT prototypes on Chongming Island Observation • A good bridge between the current hard engineered solution to sea level rise and natural solutions (as data on natural solution is less abundant).

• Implementing mangrove forests as coastal protection is already trialed by researchers around Port Phillip Bay.

https://inhabitat.com/tetrapot-uses-mangroves-to-grow-a-greener-sea-defense-system/ https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/protecting-our-coasts-naturally

Amphibious House UK DuraVermeer and WaterStudio

• The first amphibious houses were realized in 2005 (specifically 32 real amphibious houses plus 14 floating house were realised).

• Building in a flood zone in order to adapt to an increasing risk of river flooding. The rivers Maas and Waal are expected to flood once every 12 years.

• Challenge includes: Limited market of owners, difficulty obtaining permit and higher construction cost (due to unconventional building method).

Observation • Possibly a good alternative to full relocation • Rebuilding is still costly, however, this adds an alternative to fully moving due to coastal inundation.

• However, due to the reduced land price due to inundation, new units could possibly be built in the area, overcoming the cost of the building.

https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/case-studies/amphibious-housing-in-maasbommel-thenetherlands

48

Milford-on-Sea Beach Huts Snug Architects

• The original terrace of beach huts were severely damaged in a huge storm on 2014.

• Replacement of beach huts that will withstand 1 in 200 years storm event • No change in hut dimensions.

• Walkways with connected bridges built on top of the huts.

• Artworks are implemented on the concrete design.

• Additional seawall put behind the huts to improve coastal defense.

Observation • A good homage to the nearby Brighton beach Victorian bathing boxes.

• Socially and culturally engaging engineering project instead of creating a pure structure, challenges the relationship between people and nature. https://snugarchitects.co.uk/our-work/milford-on-sea-beach-huts

EARLY INFRASTRUCTURE EXPLORATION

Regular Tide

Strategic climate retreat

Natural coastal Raised roads risk management with stormwater area pump and drain

Coastal Flooding 49

New residential area

Groundwater injection plant

PRECEDENT

Masterplanning

https://www.scapestudio.com/projects/living-breakwaters-competition/

http://www.rebuildbydesign.org/our-work/all-proposals/winning-projects/big-u

https://www.west8.com/news/the_blue_dunes_team_wxywest8s_final_proposal_for_the_rebuild_by_design_competition_ unveiled/

http://www.rebuildbydesign.org/our-work/all-proposals/winning-projects/ny-living-with-the-bay

50

coast Grey Coastal Edge

inland Green Coastal Edge

Inundated Streetscape

51

Former Swamp

52