PLAN10002 Introduction to Urban Design & Planning Final Report

INDIVIDUAL URBAN DESIGN & PLANNING REPORT

GIRVAN CHRISTIAN TENGGONO 917833

Parkville

North Melbourne

Study Area Green Space

POPULATION 2016 - 2030

65,295

36,959

2

100

Suburb

BUILT SPACE 2013 - 2015

0

100

200

300

400 m

PARKS AND RESERVE Figure 2016 - 2030

4.8 km²

Legend Streets Building

4.7 km²

In addition, this report will follow Oxford’s dictionary’s definition of green space, which is: “An area of grass, trees, or other vegetation set apart for recreational or aesthetic purposes in an otherwise urban environment” (Oxford Dictionary, 2016)

This report will analyse issues regarding green space in the chosen study area, the “Melbourne 3000 Corner” (M3C), and implement actions based on a given vision.

This will be done by discussing the existing issues and opportunities on the site, clarifying a vision for the site’s future, create objectives and actions and implementing them.

Melbourne

31.9 km²

In the future, issues due to Melbourne’s urbanisation will occur. The increase of population by 76% in 2030 (City of Melbourne, 2015) will pressure the existing green space, resulting in the decrease of the population’s well-being. Green space is essential for the well-being of the population. The presence of green space has benefits in health, social and

West Melbourne

29.5 km²

environmental aspects. Research has shown that living in the city increases the likelihood of an individual to develop depression by 40%; nevertheless, research also has shown that individual who lived in proximity to green space are significantly less likely to suffer mental health issue (Myers, 2017). This underlines the importance of green space for the well being of the population.

Carlton

East Melbourne

INTRODUCTION The City of Melbourne is located on the traditional land of the Kulin Nation. For the Wurundjeri, Boonerwrung, Taungurong, Djajawurrung and the Wathaurong groups who form the Kulin Nation. The city was established in 1835; since then, the population number rose substantially. The chosen area for this report is located in the suburb Melbourne and next to the suburb Carlton. The area is approximately 164,000m2 and is located in several planning zones.This area is chosen because it is a microcosm of the Melbourne CBD. The area has characteristics and issues which are also prevalent in other areas of the Melbourne CBD to an extent.Thus, this area could be used as a representative of the Melbourne CBD. However, it should be noted that there are limitations

Figure 1: Map of M3C, data retrieved from QGIS

2: Statistics of Melbourne population, built space, and parks and reserve area, data retrieved from City of Melbourne.

Study area Existing on-site green space

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On-site green space catchment area

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Figure 3: Map of M3C green space, data retrieved from QGIS

Existing off-site green space

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Melbourne Metro future station

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SITE ANALYSIS

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From the analysis, the study area is located in the catchment area of various green spaces, from neighbourhood sized up to regional sized. The streets in the site are well shaded by various trees providing a comfortable microclimate for the pedestrian. Excluding private green space, there are 2 public open spaces located in the area: (1) the Eight Hour Reserve and (2) the Royal Melbourne Regiment Drill Hall Garden.

Despite this, there are several issues regarding the site’s current green space and the future development of the site.

Existing green spaces within the site The site photos are taken on the 25/07/2017. Both sites were underused based on the observations throughout 25/07/2017 - 30/07/2017. Main issues observed are (1) the overshadowing by surrounding buildings and (2) noise and pollution from the surrounding traffic. This created an uncomfortable environment for pedestrians using the area Above: The Eight Hour Reserve is located between Russell and Victoria Street. A monument commemorating the 8 hours movement is located on this site.

Left: The Royal Melbourne Regiment Drill Hall Garden is a small local garden which is located in the triangle at the corner of Victoria and Therry Streets.

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ISSUE 1 : OVERSHADOWING ISSUE 2 : INTERFERENCE ISSUE 3 : FUTURE POPULATION

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ISSUE 1

OVERSHADOWING Figure 4: Map of M3C building height, data retrieved from QGIS

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Figure 5: International building density comparison previous to the 18 to 1 plot ratio (Taylor, 2015).

300 m

Opportunity To minimise the overshadowing of current and future green spaces, regulations regarding the building height, setback and plot ratio (a tool for allowable density) must be reviewed. Melbourne City Council officer had concluded that apartment towers in Melbourne CBD were built at four times the maximum densities allowed in some of the most crowded cities in the world (Lucas, 2015). Hence, an amandment towards the current 18 to 1 plot ratio (Victoria State Government, 2016) should be evaluated.

Legend Height (m)

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145 190 240 240+

Study Area

Currently, the green spaces in the area are overshadowed by the surrounding building despite conforming to Melbourne’s planning scheme. The regulation stated that public spaces in the Central City area should not be overshadowed on the 22nd September

(Planning scheme, 2017). On the other hand, the buildings within the site are around 40 metre tall, with some reaching over 80 metre (Butler, 2016). Hence, the existing green spaces are mostly overshadowed throughout the seasons.

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ISSUE 2

INTERFERENCE Victoria S t rry

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Opportunity There are several rooftop private green spaces in the area. This Includes green roofs and rooftop gardens.

Since rooftop green spaces are relatively free from the noise and pollution emitted by traffic, by opening the currently private rooftop green spaces, the population in the area can access green spaces which are not pressured by the surrounding traffic.

The green space in the area is interfered by large streets. The streets in the study area are dominated by pedestrian and tram priority streets (VicRoads, 2012). However, Victoria Street is a major westeast corridor for traffic.

As a result, the green spaces located in the area would be affected by the noise and pollution emitted from the traffic.

Thus, the discomfort defeats the recreational and aesthetical purpose of green spaces.

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Car Lane Width (m)

Study area Green roof Rooftop garden

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Study Area

Figure 6: Map of M3C street size, data retrieved from City of Melbourne.

Footpath

Traffic

Tram

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8

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Traffic 8

Figure 8: Map of M3C Green roof, data retrieved from City of Melbourne.

Footpath 3

Figure 7: Franklin Street street use and size (data in metre), data retrieved from City of Melbourne.

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ISSUE 3

Figure 9: A concept image of the future CBD North Station (MetroTunnel, 2017).

FUTURE POPULATION As mentioned before, Melbourne’s population will increase by 76% in 2030 (City of Melbourne, 2015).

Currently, within the site, the demand for residential is growing. This is apparent from the fact that according to the City of Melbourne: 2 residential towers are being applied, 5 are approved and 4 are under construction (City of Melbourne, 2017). The demand for accessibility will also increase in relation to the population growth. As a result, green spaces would be pressured to be sold for road development and expansion. For instance, in 2013 state government proposed a freeway tunnel which the land loss will reach 1% of the Royal Park on Parkville (Dow, 2013).

Opportunity To relief the green space demand from the growing population, the currently under construction metro station can relief the traffic in the area and provide additional green space for the site.

Furthermore, in correlation to the first opportunity, the proposed plot ratio which will limit building height, but greater height can be allowed for developers in return for community benefits (Lucas, 2015).

This can also correspond to the second opportunity since private developers can create community benefit by making rooftop green spaces. As a result, the number of green spaces can increase without hindering the capability of the area to sustain the growing population. Figure 10: A concept image where Melbourne fully intergrate rooftop green space to every building (Savvas, 2015).

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VISION To build a future where the “Melbourne 3000 Corner” (M3C) could be a resilient and sustainable urban jungle that reflects Melbourne’s past environment.

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OBJECTIVE I. PAST To restore Melbourne’s prior ecosystem II. PRESENT To encourage city dweller to grow an awareness in the importance of green space III. FUTURE Turning the “M3C” into a real urban jungle by maximising available grey spaces

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OBJECTIVE I.

PAST

To restore Melbourne’s prior ecosystem Urbanisation has changed the face of Melbourne’s landscape for decades. The focus in urbanisation has been revolving around the creation of structures such as wall, roads and building. This had pushed green spaces to the city’s outskirt or to leftover areas which area unsuited for buildings.

Landscape Urbanism is a relatively recent concept that emphasises landscape should be the fundamental framework for designing a city (Steiner, 2011, p.

333). Landscape Urbanism will be used as the fundamental planning strategy for this objective to return the ecological aspect to the currently urbanised Melbourne.

Figure 11: Melbourne landscape in1841 (State Library Victoria, n.d.)

Action 1.1.

Explore the availability of Elizabeth street to support an urban stream or water body Action 1.2.

Putting an emphasis on using Melbourne’s indigenous plants

Figure 12: Melbourne in 1838 (n.a., n.d.)

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Figure 13 (right): Flooded Elizabeth Street (Masanauskas, 2016) Figure 14 (bottom): Water Square in Rotterdam which serves as a public space and water collection area (Bokern, 2014)

Action 1.1.

Explore the availability of Elizabeth street to support an urban stream or water body Elizabeth Street was built on top of the bed of Williams Creek; despite having the creek running underneath the street, Elizabeth Street still flood occasionally (10).Thus, the reclamation of the creek is an option to be explored to restore the initial water system on Melbourne. In relation to the site, the availability of opening a body of water on the space on the corner of Victoria and Elizabeth Streets should be explored. Several interventions has been successfully implemented to restore a city’s water system or alleviate the effects of flooding. This report highlights two instances: the Cheonggyecheon stream restoration in South Korea and the Benthemplein water square in the Netherlands.

Figure 15 (left): Cheonggyecheon Stream in Seoul which restored an original stream which was built into a highway (Räisänen, 2014) Figure 16 (bottom): Plan view of the Cheonggyecheon Stream (n.a., n.d.)

Figure 17 and 18 (right): proposal for Elizabeth Street stream, with 2 scenarios with different amount of water (Short, 2015)

Figure 19 (left): proposed watering hole on Elizabeth Street next to Queen VIctoria Market (McGaw & Chang, 2010).

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Action 1.2.

Putting an emphasis on using Melbourne’s indigenous plants The use of native plants will be beneficial in many aspects. Native plants have adapted to the local environment for a long period of time, it has adapted to the soil, rainfall, topography and other geographic factors.

Several benefits includes: - Less maintenance, pesticide and fertiliser - Creating wildlife corridors for indigenous fauna - Suited to the local water availability. Generally drought and flooding tolerant.

- Effective to be planted on large and difficult areas (Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, 2009) Emphasising using indigenous plants will be added in the planning scheme.

Figure 20: Velvet Tussock Grass (Seeds of South Australia, n.d.)

Figure 21: Chocolate Lily (Harrison, 2005)

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Figure 22: Narrow-leaf Bitter Pea (Seeds of South Australia, n.d.)

Figure 23: Native (wild) flax (Wood, 2014)

OBJECTIVE II.

PRESENT

To encourage city dweller to grow an awareness in the importance of green space

The importance of green space is often overlooked by people.

It is shown that people with less green space within 1km of their home felt a lesser degree of social support (Maas et al., 2009).

Hence, the importance of implementing goals and strategies which are relatively shorter to achieve, to be implemented for the current population should not be overlooked.

Action 2.1.

Redesigning the Royal Melbourne Regiment drill hall garden to enhance its use for the community Action 2.2.

Encouraging the community to explore informal green spaces by making public infographic maps throughout the city

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Figure 24: Pop up patch on Federation Square car park (Clegg, 2015).

Figure 25 and 26: Local community in the Drill Hall Garden (Drill Hall Residents Association, 2017)

Action 2.1.

Redesigning the Royal Melbourne Regiment drill hall garden to enhance its use for the community Figure 27: Current condition of he Drill Hall Garden (Author, 2017).

Figure 28: The addition of lights increased the attractiveness of PopUp patch (Clegg, 2015).

Figure 29: VegOut in St. Kilda has various art piece installed in the garden(Veg Out Community Gardens, 2015).

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Society’s function can be improved by empowering communities through participating in greening programs (Westphal, 2003). Research has shown that having a community garden will improve the attitude of residents towards the neighbourhood (Armstrong, 2000).

Currently, the Royal Melbourne Regiment drill hall garden is a community garden in the area run by the Drill Hall Residents Association. Nevertheless, Social Capital could be further enhanced by improving or adding facilities to the garden. More lights and additional planter boxes could encourage more people to visit the Royal Melbourne Regiment drill hall garden.

There are several successful community gardens in Melbourne to be considered as an example, for instance, VegOut in St. Kilda and Pop Up Patch on Federation

Action 2.2.

Encouraging the community to explore informal green spaces by making public infographic maps throughout the city Informal Green spaces consist of small different green spaces which are often overgrown by vegetation and managed only to an extent; the space is referred as a liminal space. Hence, Informal Green spaces are often overlooked, and very little is known about the quantity, distribution and the structure of the space (Rupprecht & Byrne, 2014). Despite this, research has shown that 80% of the spaces are accessible to the public (Byrne & Rupprecht, 2014). Thus, the creation of a public infographic map which can be distributed throughout the city could help the community to explore the currently existing informal green spaces rather than creating new green spaces which are usually less viable.

Figure 30 - 36: images shown on this page are informal green spaces found around the M3C. By having a map showing the location of these small green spaces, the need for new green spaces is alleviated since the local population could utilise these spaces when needed. New green spaces are not desirable since construction will be costly and time-consuming to create.

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OBJECTIVE III.

FUTURE

Turning the “M3C” into a real urban jungle by maximising available grey spaces

Melbourne is currently growing at a rapid rate; however, current spaces are still dominated by grey spaces. Thus, instead of sacrificing existing structures in the M3C area to accommodate the growing need for green space, turning the M3C into an urban jungle starting from laneways and tramlines will satisfy the demand for green spaces for the future population.

Action 3.1.

Explore the availability of streets to support “parklets” Action 3.2.

Enhancing the tram lines in Swanston and Elizabeth streets by creating green tram tracks

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Figure 37: Concept image of future Melbourne (Malishev, n.d.)

Action 3.1.

Explore the availability of streets to support “parklets” Parklets are small open space which are repurposed from footpath, the idea is coined by the City of San Francisco’s “Pavement to Park Program” in 2010. Parklets provide several functions such as seating, planting, bicycle parking, art, and much more, which are accessible to public. The funding of the parklets comes from local business, residents and community organisations (Pavement to Parks, 2015). Currently, the footpaths on the M3C area are large enough to support parklets. However, the corner of Swanston and Victoria Streets will be the main focus for the parklet proposal.

Parklets maximises the use of the street area while addressing the idea of Triple Bottom Line. Several approaches could be executed for different parklets on different streets; by knowing the need of the population around the street, parklets will be beneficial for the people, planet and the profit of the area.

Figure 40: Current park on the corner of Swanston and Victoria Streets (Author, 2017)

Figure 38: Parklet at Buena Vista Horace Mann School (Kim, 2015).

Proposed area to support future parklet.

17 Figure 39:Reveille Coffee Parklet (Heller, 2014).

Figure 41: Underused area proposed to support parklet (Author, 2017).

Figure 43: Nantes Tramway line number 3 on France (Ingolf, 2012)

Action 3.2.

Enhancing the tram lines in Swanston and Elizabeth streets by creating green tram tracks The idea of green tram tracks has been explored in European countries, and recently it has been proposed for the Southbank Boulevard (City of Melbourne, 2016). There are various benefits of using green tram tracks, this includes: better water drainage and retainment, better aesthetics for the city, supporting ecosystem for various invertebrates in the city, noise absorption up to 2 - 4 dB, and the reduction of the urban heat island and pollution effect (Schreiter, 2010).

Figure 44: Concept image of green tram tracks in Southbank (Melbourne City Council, 2017).

Figure 45: Implemented green tram track on the M3C area, image showing Queen Victoria Market stop on Elizabeth Street (McGaw & Chang, 2010).

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Figure 42: Green tram tracks in Dresden, Germany (n.a., n.d.)

IMPLEMENTATION

The actions from this report will be implemented throughout the span of 20 years. Projects would be divided into 3 phase: Design, consultation and construction/execution phase. The maps given on the right side of the page illustrates the changes that will happen to the M3C site throughout the years.

Turning visions into reality

OBJECTIVE I. PAST

OBJECTIVE II. PRESENT

OBJECTIVE III. FUTURE

RELEVANT PROJECT

ACT 1.1

ACT 1.2

ACT 2.1

ACT 3.1

Metro Tunnel

Project Large Type structure

Planning Scheme

Small Small Small intervention intervention structure

Major Large intervention structure

Victoria State Government

Community

Public Transport Victoria

Melbourne Metro Rail Authority

Yarra Trams

City of Melbourne

2022

Informal green space map

Key City of Stakeholder Melbourne

Community garden

City of Melbourne

ACT 2.2

City of Melbourne

Community City of Melbourne

ACT 3.2

City of Melbourne

Years 0

2027 5

Metro Tunnel

10

2037

Continuous

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20

Design Phase Consultation Phase Construction / Execution Phase

Water feature

Green Tramline

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