Schatten im Sonnenparadies (Tamilisch)

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: Njrpa kPdt xj;Jiog;G ,af;fk;

ISBN ,y

: 978-955-8103-28-9

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: 2015I{d;

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: nIauhkd; gpufyehj;

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: md;ldp NIRjhrd;

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: hermankumara@gmail.com nafsosl@gmail.com

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: 94-31 22 39750

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: 94-314 870658

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: ,y 10>ky;tj;j tPjp>ePh;nfhOk;G

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: www.nafso-online.org

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mike;Js;s ,e;j jPtpw;F 2014k; Mz;by; 1.5 kpy;ypad; Rw;Wyh gazpfs; tUif je;jpUe;jdu;. Nkw;F INuhg;gpa ehlhd N[h;kdp 109>922 gazpfis nfhz;L Kjyhk; ,lj;jpYk;> 20097 gazpfSld; Rtp];rh;yhe;J 5k; ,lj;jpYk; cs;sJ. ,yq;ifahdJ ,yFthf #hpa xspia ehbtUgtu;fspd; Xa;T gaz epWjjkhf khj;jpuk; mikag; ngwhJ. ,J gy ,Uz;l gf;fq;fis nfhz;Ls;s mNjNtis ,tw;wpy; gpujhdkhf 26 tUlfhykhf ,lk; ngw;w cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; kw;Wk; mjd; NghJ ,lk;ngw;w fzf;fpy; vLf;fg;glhj Aj;j Fw;wq;fs;> kdpj chpik kPws;fs; vd;gdTk; mlq;Ffpd;wd' Aj;jk; KbTw;w epiyapYk; ,d kw;Wk; kj uPjpapyhd rpWghd;ikapdh; td;KiwfSf;F cl;gl;L tUfpd;wdh;. I.eh. rigapd; kdpj cupikfSf;fhd cau; Mizahsu; etdPjd; gps;is 2013 Mf];l; khj tUifapd; NghJ ,yq;ifapy; mjpfupj;JtUk; ru;thjpfhu Nghf;F Fwpj;J Fw;wk; rhl;bapUe;jhu;.

2015k; Mz;L ,lk; ngw;w [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jypy; Kd;dhy; [dhjpgjp kfpe;j uh[gf;r> jdJ Kd;dhy; gq;fhspahd rpwpNrdtplk; 51.28

f;F 47.58

thf;Fr; rjtPjj;jpy; vjpu;ghuhj Njhy;tpia jOtpdhu;. rpwpNrd mtu;fs; jdJ Nju;jy; tpQ;Qhgdj;jpy; Coiy fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> kdpj cupikfs; ghJfhf;fg;gLjiy cWjpg;gLj;jy;> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp kw;Wk; [dehaf fl;likg;Gf;fis kPs;fl;bnaOg;Gjy; vd;gtw;wpid Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu;. mj;Jld; epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjp Kiwia ePf;Ftjd; Clhf [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fis Fiwg;gjhfTk; cWjpaspj;jhu;. rpwpNrd mtu;fs; jdJ Nju;jy; tpQ;Qhgdj;jpy;> Xu; epiyahd jpl;lj;jpid jdJ Ml;rpapy; Kjy; 100 ehl;fSf;Fs; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjhf cWjpaspj;jhu;. ,J Xu; rpwe;j Muk;gkhf njd;gl;lhYk;> midj;J jug;gpduhYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Aj;j Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr Rahjpd tprhuiz kw;Wk;

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Nghd;w tplaq;fs; rpwpNrdtpd; jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy.

3>

,e;j ,U mk;rq;fSk; ,tuJ Nju;jy; tpQ;Qhgdj;jpy; Gwf;fdpf;fg;gl;lik Mr;rpupag;gLj;Jtjhf mikatpy;iy. Vnddpy; ,tu; kfpe;j uh[gf;r murhq;fj;jpy; fhyj;jpy;

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4>

Rw;Wyhj;Jiw mgptpUj;jpapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Fiwe;j kdpj cupik juj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu;

Kd;ida murhq;fk;> ePz;l fhy Aj;jj;jpypUe;J kPz;l ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpf;F Rw;Wyhj; Jiw Xu; ghupa ce;Jrf;jp vd tiuaWj;jJ. Rw;Wyhj;Jiw tsu;r;rpapd; %ykhf nghJ kf;fs; ed;ikailtNj murhq;fj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhFk;. Gjpa Jiwfspy; mgptpUj;jp miltjw;F> r%f kw;Wk; Rw;W#oYld; ,iaghd Fiwe;j mgptpUj;jp juq;fis ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. ,jid gq;Fgw;Wk; midj;J jug;gpdUk; kjpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ghupa Rw;Wyhj; jpl;lq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;j Kd;jhf r%f kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy; jhf;f kjpg;gPLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. flw;fiuapy; epue;ju fl;llq;fs; mikg;gJ Kw;whf jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ajhu;jj;jpy; murhq;fNkh my;yJ KjyPl;lhsu;fNsh my;yJ ,uhZtNkh ,t; Fiwe;j mgptpUj;jp juj;jpid fzf;fpy; vLf;ftpy;iy. ,J Nghd;Nw murpayikg;gpy; cWjp;g;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s kdpj cupik tplaq;fSk; kjpf;fg;gltpy;iy.

Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapd; kPJ ,uhZtj;jpd; nry;thf;F

cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; Kbtile;jpUf;Fk; epiyapYk; ,uhZt nrythdJ fle;j Mz;Lfspy; njhlu;r;rpahf mjpfupj;J te;Js;sJ. Aj;jj;jpd; ,Wjp tUlkhd 2009k; Mz;by; ,uhZt nrytPdkhdJ 1.1 gpy;ypad;1 a+Nuhthf fhzg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; 2015k; Mz;bw;fhd tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;jpy; ,uhZt nrytPdj;jpw;fhf 1.9 gpy;ypad; a+Nuh xJf;fg;gl;lLs;sJ. ,J Njrpa nrytpd; 16.6 rjtPjj;jpw;F rkdhdJ. ,uhZtkhdJ jiug;gil> tpkhdg;gil> flw;gil Mfpatw;wpd; Clhf ehlshtpa uPjpapy; Rw;Wyh eltbf;iffis tp];jPug;gLj;Jtjw;fhf> Rw;Wyh tpLjpfis mikg;gjid ikag;gLj;jp tuT nryT jpl;l epjp xJf;fPl;bid mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wJ. ,uhZtj;jpduhy; ,t;thW Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw re;ju;gkhdJ gpur;rpidf;FwpajhfNt cs;sJ. Vnddpy; ,J cs;Su; kf;fspd; gpujhd tUkhd khu;f;fj;ij jLg;gjhfNt mikfpd;wJ. Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; flikahw;Wk; ,uhZtj;jpdu; ,uhZt jpizf;fsj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj jkJ Cjpaj;jid ngWfpd;wdu;. ,jw;F gjpyPlhf ,uhZtj;Jiw $Ljyhd tUkhdj;jpid 1. Conversion rate of Sri Lankan Rupee – Euro = EUR 1 = Rs. 152.3 (20.1.2015).

5>

ngWfpd;wJ. vdNt jdpahu; Jiwapduhy; toq;fg;gLk; tpiyapid tpl Fiwe;j tpiyapy; Rw;Wyh nghjpfspid ,uhZtj;jpduhy; toq;ff; $bajhf cs;sJ. ,q;F flikahw;Wk; ,uhZtj;jpdu; jk;ik ,uhZtj;jpdu; vd;gjid ntspff ; hl;LtJld;> rpyu; ,uhZt rPUilapdpNyNa Rw;Wyhj; Jiw flikfspy; <LgLfpdw ; du;. ,tw;wpd; %ykhf <l;lg;gLk; ,yhgkhdJ kw;WnkhU gpur;rpidahf cs;sJ. Vnddpy; ,jd; gad;ghL Fwpjj ; ntspgg ; ilj; jd;ik kpfTk; Fiwthf cs;sikahFk;.

cs;Su; ,y;iy

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ehl;bd; epahakhd fl;Lg;ghl;by; mgptpUj;jp miltjw;F> murhq;fkhdJ Fwpg;ghf Rw;Wyhj;Jiwia Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf 4 gFjpfis njupTnra;Js;sJ. mitahtd Fr;rntsp> ghrpf;Flh> fy;gpl;b kw;Wk; njj;Jt vd;gdthFk;. vkJ Ma;thdJ Fr;rntsp> ghrpf;Flh kw;Wk; fy;gpl;b Mfpa gpuNjrq;fis cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. ,g; gpuNjrq;fspy;; ,d uPjpapy; kpfTk; gy;tifik fhzg;gLtJld; Aj;j fhyq;fspy; kpfTk; mupjhfNt Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; tUif je;Js;sdu;. ,jw;fpilapy; N[u;kd; kw;Wk; Rtp]u;yhe;J Kftu; epWtdq;fspd; gq;fspg;gpy; gy tpLjp tshfq;fs; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. vkJ Ma;tpd; gpujhd Nehf;fk;> Rw;Wyhj;Jiw jpl;lq;fspd; fhuzkhf kdpj cupikfs; kPwg;gl;Ls;sdth? cs;Su; kf;fs; ve;jstpw;F ed;ikailfpd;wdu;? vt;thW cs;Su; kf;fs; mgptpUj;jpfspy; cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;? Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapdhy; md;whl tho;f;ifapy; jhf;;fk; vd;d? cs;Su; epy cupikfs; kjpf;fg;gl;ldth? tpLjpfspy; gzpGupAk; gzpahsu;fspd; epiyik vd;d? vd;gij rpe;jpf;f itg;gjhFk;.

Fwpj;j %d;W gpuNjrq;fspYk; murhq;fj;jpd; Fiwe;j mgptpUj;jp juk; mupjhfNt mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Rw;Wr; #oy; kw;Wk; r%f jhf;f kjpg;gPLfs; mt;tg;nghOJ kl;LNk ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJld;> mjd; mwpag;ghLfs; kpff; FiwthfNt cs;sJ. Rw;Wyhj;Jiw jpl;lkply;fspd; NghJ cs;Su; kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F ,lkspf;fg;gltpy;iy. tpLjp tshfq;fs; fliy miltij jLg;gjhf fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy; kPdtu;fspd; tho;thjhuk; mgfupf;fg;gl;;Ls;sJ. epy mgfupg;G ,lk; ngWtJld; cs;Su; kf;fspy; rpwpa mstpdu; khj;jpuNk ed;ikailfpd;wdu;. ngUk;ghyhd tpLjpg; gzpahsu;fs; ,yq;ifapd; Vida gpuNjrq;fisr; Nru;e;jtu;fs;. tpLjpfspd; Njitfis toq;Ftjw;F nghUj;jkhd fw;ifnewpfis ngWk; tha;g;Gfs; ,y;iy.

6>

N[u;kdp kw;Wk; Rtp]u;yhe;J gaz Kftu;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fs; Nkhrkhd kdpj cupik gjpTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;w NghjpYk;> Fwpj;j gpuNjrq;fspy2; tpLjpfis mikg;gjw;F 49 N[u;kdp kw;Wk; 21 Rtp]u;yhe;J gaz Kftu; epWtdq;fs; Kd; te;Js;sd. Nghu; ,lk; ngw;w gpuNjrq;fspy; Rw;WyhJiw mgptpUj;jp jpl;lkply;fspy; gq;nfLf;fpd;w midj;J gaz Kftu;fsplKk;> jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jifapy; kdpj cupik nfhs;iffis epiyepWj;Jtjpy; gq;fspg;G nrYj;JkhW ehk; Ntz;bf; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. ,J midj;J gaz Kftu; epWtdj;jpdJk; r%f nghWg;ghFk;. mj;Jld; tplh Kaw;rpAld; njhlu;r;rpahf cs;Su; gq;fhspfSld; ,ize;J kdpj cupik nfhs;iffis epiyehl;Ltij cWjpg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

I.eh rigapd; tpahghu kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd nfhs;if topfhl;lyhdJ Rw;WyhJiwf;F mj;jpatrpakhd tpilaq;fis vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. ,t; nfhs;if topfhl;lypd; mbg;gilapy;> kdpj cupikfSf;F Neu; vjpuhd eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtjid tpahghuq;fs; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;' mj;Jld; vt;tpjkhd kdpj cupik kPwy;fSf;Fkhd rhj;jpaj;jd;ikfSf;F vjpuhf jPu;khdq;fis nraw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,it gaz Kftu; epWtdq;fspdJ nghWg;G khj;jpukd;wp> kdpj cupikfs; jhf;fj;Jld; Neub njhlu;Gila eltbf;iffs;> gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspy; <LgLgtu;fspdJk;; nghWg;GkhFk;. kdpj cupikfis kjpj;J nraw;gLj;jy; vd;gJ khj;jpukd;wp mJ midj;J epWtd nray; KiwfspYk; Kiwahf ,izf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mr;RWj;jYf;F cs;shfpa kf;fs; rq;fkhdJ> jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; jd;dhu;t nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; kdpj cupik njhlu;ghd tpilaq;fis jkJ flikfSld; ,izj;J nraw;gLkhU Ntz;Lfpd;wJ. vt;thuhapDk; Ma;tpd; ngWNgWfshd> ,yq;ifapy; Fwpj;j tpilaq;fs; njhlu;ghd Kaw;rpfs; jpwk;gl NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy> Nghjpa MNyhrid nray;Kiwfs; ,d;ik> epy mgfupg;G ,lk; ngwy;> fliy mZf Kbahik> fl;lha kPs;FbNaw;wk; mj;Jld; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw mgptpUj;jpapy; cs;Su; kf;fs; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;glhik vd;gd cs;Su; kf;fspd; r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpapd;ikf;F fhuzkhf miktJ re;Njfj;jpw;F ,lkw;wJ. 2. As it was in December 2014.

7>

cs;slf;fk; 1. mwpKfk; - #upa xsp gpufhrpf;fpd;w Njrj;jpd; kPJ glu;fpd;w fW Nkfq;fs; 1.1. ru;thjp;fhu Nghf;Fila ehl;bd; Nkhrkhd kdpj cupik epiyikfs; 1.2. ,d kw;Wk; kj uPjpahd rpWghd;;ikapdu; kPjhd mlf;FKiw njhlu;fpwJ 1.3. murpay; gpur;rhukhf Rw;Wyhj;jiw 1.4. ru;tNjr gaz toq;Fdu;fspd; nghWg;G

2. Fwpf;Nfhs; kw;Wk; Ma;TKiw 2.1.

%d;W gpuNjrq;fspd; kPsha;T

3. MAjg; gilapd; ghj;jpuk;(tfpgq;F) 3.1. tlf;fpd; ,uhZt 3.2. ,uhZtj;jpduhy; 3.3. jdpahu; Jiwapy; 3.4. Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy;

gpurd;dk; epy mgfupg;G MAjg;gilapdu;; MAjg;gilapdu;

4. Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; kdpj cupikfs;; 4.1. ru;tNjr kdpj cupik fl;likg;G 4.2. nkd;ikahd rl;lf; flikfs; 4.3. [.eh. tpahghu kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfSf;fhd nfhs;if topfhl;ly;

8>

5. ,yq;ifapy; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw- Kf;fpa njhopy; Jiwf;fhd 5 Mz;L jpl;lk; 5.1.

5.2.

5.3.

mgptpUj;jp juq;fs; Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapd; %Nyhghak; 2011 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2016 Rw;Wyhj;Jiw tyaq;fs; 5.3.1. fy;gpl;b 5.3.2. ghrpf;Flh 5.3.3. Fr;rntsp

6. Kuz;ghLila gpuNjrq;fs; 6.1.

6.2.

6.3.

6.4.

cs;Su; kf;fis <LgLj;jy; cs;Su; kf;fs; kPjhd jhf;fk;; epy mgfupg;G njhopshsu; epyikfs; kw;Wk; ,dj;Jtk;

7. KbTfs; 8. Nfhupf;iffs; 9. ,izg;Gfs; RUf;fq;fspd; gl;bay; 9.2. Rtp]; kw;Wk; N[u;kdp gaz toq;Fdu;fs; 9.3 epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; rl;l mbj;jsq;fs; 9.1

9>

10 >

1. mwpKfk; #upa xsp gpufhrpf;fpd;w Njrj;jpd; kPJ glu;fpd;w fW Nkfq;fs;

11 >

,yq;ifapy; Rw;Wyh gazpfSf;F toq;Ftjw;F gy mk;rq;fs; cs;sd. Rj;jkhd Rthrf; fhw;iw cila mofpa flw;fiufs;> Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jhtu> tpyq;fpdq;fs;> Xu; Fwpg;glj;jf;f gy;ypd> fyhr;rhu tuyhw;Wg;

gpd;zzpia

nfhz;l

jPT

MFk;.

Rw;Wyhj;

Jiwapy;

,yq;if Xu; gpujhd ,yf;fhf fhzg;gLtjhf Nyhd;yp gpsdl; 2013y;3 Fwpg;gpl;;lnjhU jw;nrayhd epfo;T my;y. 2012k; Mz;by; ,yq;ifapd; cr;r <u;g;G gy Rw;Wyh gazpfspdhy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 2013k; Mz;L xU kpy;ypad; gazpfs; tUif je;jpUe;jdu;. fpl;lj;jl;l 1.3 kpy;ypad;4 gazpfs; tUif je;jdu;. mj;Jld; 1.5 kpy;ypaDf;Fk;5 mjpfkhd Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; 2014y;6 tUif je;jdu;. Fiwe;jJ 69 Rtp]; kw;Wk; 124 N[u;kdp gaz Kftu;fs; ,yq;ifia mtu;fsJ gpujhd gaz ,yf;Fj; jykhf nfhz;Ls;sdu;.7 Nkw;fj;jpa Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; tUifapd; vz;zpf;if mbg;gilapy; gpupj;jhdpah Kjy; ,lj;ij ngWtNjhL mLj;jjhf ,uz;lhk; ,lj;jpy; N[u;kd; cs;sJ.8 Rtp]; Ie;jhk; ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.vt;thuhapDk; N[u;kdp> Rtp]; Mfpad ,yq;ifapd; Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; Kf;fpa ehLfshFk;.9 ,yq;if Rw;Wyhtpw;fhd ,yf;F kl;Lky;y. ,e;ehL gy td;Kiwahd gpd;zzpia nfhz;lJ> 26 tUl cs;ehl;L Aj;;jj;jpd; Aj;j Fw;wq;fs; ,d;Dk; ntspg;gLj;;jg;gltpy;iy. md;W Kjy; ,d;Wtiu Nkhrkhd kdpj cupik epiyikia nfhz;lJ. 2009 Nk khjk10; Kbtile;j Aj;jj;jpy;> 1983 njhlf;fk; 2009 tiuapy; rpq;fs kw;Wk; 3 Cf. http://www.lonelyplanet.com/themes/best-in-travel/top-10-countries/ (27.1.2014).

4 Cf. Research & International Division. Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (Hsg.): 2012 Annual Statistical Report, Colombo: 2012, S. 5. (Can be accessed at: http://www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/Annual_Statistical_ Report-2012_new.pdf (10.12.2014).)

5 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/december%202013-web.pdf (27.1.2014).

6 Cf. http://www.news.lk/news/business/item/5589-sri-lanka-s-tourist-arrivals-rose-by-16-1in-december (02.02.2015).

7 A list of tour operators can be found in the annex.

8 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/Page2DEC14.pdf (02.02.2015).

9 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/Tourist%20Arrivals%20by%20Country%20of%20 Residence%202013.pdf (21.11.2014).

10 Cf. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-05-20/up-to-100000-killed-in-sri-lankas-civil-warun/1689524 (12.11.2014).

12 >

jkpo; rdj;;njhifapy; ghupa Nrjk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. I. eh rigahdJ> ,yq;if ,uhZtj;jpw;Fk;> jkpo; <o tpLjiyg; GypfspilNa ,lk; ngw;w ,Wjpf;fl;l Aj;jj;jpy; Fiwe;jJ 40>000 - 70>000 capupog;Gf;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sjhf kjpg;gPL nra;Js;sJ.11 ,U jug;gpduhYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Nghu; Fw;wq;fs; gw;wpa midj;Jyf tprhuidf;F ,yq;if kpfTk; fLikahf mDkjpia kWj;J tUfpd;wJ. I.eh rigahdJ ,t; kWg;gpw;F gjpyspf;Fk; Kfkhf ,yq;ifapd; xj;Jiog;gpd;wp tpupthd tprhuidia

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1.1 ru;thjpfhu Nghf;Fld; nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w ehl;by; kdpj cupik mr;RWj;jy;fs;

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fyhr;rhu cupikfs; kPjhd td;Kiwfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. I.eh. rigapd; kdpj cupikfSf;fhd cau; Mizahsu; etdPjd; gps;is 2013 Mf];l; khj tUifapd; NghJ ,yq;ifapy; mjpfupj;JtUk; ru;thjpfhu Nghf;F Fwpj;J Fw;wk; rhl;bapUe;jhu;.13 gy;NtW ru;tNjr kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapd; kdpj cupik mikg;Gf;fs; cjhuzkhf ru;tNjr neUf;fb FO> kdpj cupik fz;fhzpg;gfk;> ru;tNjr kd;dpg;Gr;rig> 11 Cf. United Nations, Report of the Secretary-Generalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Internal Review Panel on United Nations Action in Sri Lanka, November 2012, S. 14. (Can be accessed at: http://www. un.org/News/dh/infocus/Sri_Lanka/The_Internal_Review_Panel_report_on_Sri_Lanka (03.12.2014).)

12 Cf. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/27/un-step-sri-lanka-war-crimes-inquiry (2.6.2014).

13 Cf. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=13673 (28.11.2014).

13 >

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15

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Clftpashsu;fs; mr;RWj;jg;gly;> nfhy;yg;gly;> fhzhky; Nghjy;> 14 See: Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA): Land Acquisitions and Related Issues in the North and East of Sri Lanka, November 2014; Democracy In Post War Sri Lanka – 2014; Field Report. Jaffna and Killinochchi Districts. 23-25 April 2013; Mirak Rakeem (CPA), Protracted Displacement. Urgent Solutions: Prospects for Durable Solutions for Protracted IDPs in Sri Lanka, 2013. International Crisis Group (ICG): Sri Lanka’s North I: The Denial of Minority Rights, 2012; Sri Lanka’s North II: Rebuilding under the Military, 2012; Sri Lanka’s Authoritarian Turn: The Need for International Action, 2013; Sri Lanka’s Potemkin Peace: Democracy Under Fire, 2013. Human Rights Watch (HRW): “We Will Teach You a Lesson”. Sexual Violence against Tamils by Sri Lankan Security Forces, 2013. Amnesty International (AI): Locked Away. Sri Lanka’s Security Detainees, 2012; Sri Lanka. Submission to the United Nations Human Rights Committee, 2014.

15 Cf. Yasmin Sooka, An Unfinished War: Torture and Sexual Violence in Sri Lanka 2009 – 2014, March 2014. (Can be accessed at: https://barhumanrights.org.uk/sites/default/ files/documents/news/an_unfinished_war._torture_and_sexual_violence_in_ sri_lanka_2009-2014_0.pdf (10.12.2014).)

16 Cf. ibid.

17 Cf. Freedom from Torture, Out of the Silence: New Evidence on Ongoing Torture in Sri Lanka. 2009 – 2011. November 2011. (Can be accessed at: http://www.freedomfromtorture.org/sites/default/files/documents/Sri%20Lanka%20Ongoing%20Torture_ Freedom%20from%20Torture_Final%20Nov_07_2011.pdf (10.12.2014).)

18 Cf. http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2013,1054.html (21.11.2014).

14 >

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19 Cf. http://en.rsf.org/sri-lanka-rwb-and-jds-address-open-letter-to-27-08-2013,45104.html (21.11.2014).

20 Cf. https://www.cpj.org/killed/asia/sri-lanka/ (5.2.2015).

21 Human rights lawyer Nimalka Fernando received death threats during a broadcast on the state-owned radio station. (Cf. http://www.forum-asia.org/?p=16489 (12.11.2014).)

Human rights lawyers Ruki Fernando and Rev. Praveen Mahesan were arrested in March. (http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/19/world/asia/sri-lanka-ruki-fernando-arrest/ (12.11.2014).)

22 Cf. http://www.news.lk/news/sri-lanka/item/5620-presidential-election-2015-final-results (02.02.2015).

23 http://www.maithripalas.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Manifesto-English-for-proof-reading.pdf (14.1.2015).

24 http://www.news.lk/fetures/item/5665-maithripala-sirisena-s-100-day-work-programme (14.1.2015) 25 Cf. http://www.defence.lk/main_abt.asp?fname=President (02.02.2015)

15 >

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1.2 ,d kw;Wk; kj uPjpahd rpWghd;;ikapdu; kPjhd mlf;FKiw njhlu;fpwJ ,yq;if vg;nghOJk; gy;ypd kw;Wk; gy kjq;fis nfhz;l xU jPthFk;. rdj;njhifapy; rpq;fs ngsj;ju;fs; mjpf kf;fs; njhifia nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,d uPjpapy; rpWghd;ik ,dj;jpd; mjpf gq;fpid jkpo; ,e;Jf;fSk; mLj;j epiyapy; K];ypk;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,j;Jld; ed;F fl;likf;fg;gl;l fpwp];jtu;fSk; tho;fpd;wdu;.26 Aj;jk; KbTw;w epiyapYk; rpWghd;ik kPjhd mlf;FKiwfs; ,d;dKk; njhlu;fpd;wd. ru;tNjr neUf;fb FO jdJ 2012k;; Mz;L mwpf;ifapy;> mjpfupj;J tUk; ngUk;ghd;ik rpq;fs kakhf;fj;jpD}lhf rpWghd;ikapdu; nrupthf thOk; tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;fpy; rdj;njhif guk;gy; khw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; nraw;ghLfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd vd njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jkpou; jhafg; gFjpfspy;27 rpq;fs FbNaw;wk; %yk; ,d tpfpjhrhuj;ij khw;wpaikf;f murhq;fk; ,uhZtj;Jld; ,ize;J nraw;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy; “r%f rpw;gP” vd;Dk; epWtdj;jpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpd; gb> 89 jkpo; fpuhkq;fspd; ngau;fs; rpq;fsg;28 26 In 2012, more than 20 million people lived in Sri Lanka. 74.9% were Sinhalese, 11.2% Sri Lanka Tamils, 4.3% Indian Tamils and 9.2% Moors or Muslims. While the Sinhalese predominantly populate the south of Sri Lanka, the majority of Tamils live in the northern provinces of the country. In 2012 religious affiliation was as follows: 70.2% Buddhist, 12.6% Hindus, 9.7% Muslim and 7.4% Christians (Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Ac tivities&tpl=3 (12.11.2014) and http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop43&gp=Activities&tpl=3 (12.11.2014).)

27 Cf. International Crisis Group, Sri Lanka’s north I: The Denial of Minority Rights. Asia Report N.219, March 2012. (Can be accessed at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/ Files/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/219-sri-lankas-north-i-the-denial-of-minority- rights.pdf (10.12.2014).)

28 Cf. The Social Architects, Salt on Old Wounds: The Systematic Sinhalization of Sri Lanka’s North, East and Hill Country, 2012. (Can be accessed at: http://www.internation-

16 >

ngau;fshf khw;wg;gl;ld' ,J khj;jpukd;wp> Aj;jjpdhy; moptile;j 367 ,e;J Nfhtpy;fs; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw kPs;fl;baikf;fg;glhky; cs;sJ. rpy gFjpfspy; ,e;J Myaq;fs; ,Ue;j ,lq;fspy; ngsj;j tpfhiufs; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.29 jkpou;fs; nghJ ,lq;fspy; epidT$u;jy; jil nra;ag;gl;lJld;> 2014k; Mz;L Nk khjk; jkpo; kf;fSf;F Aj;jj;jpy; ,oe;j jk; cwtpdu;fis epidT$u;jy; murhq;fj;jpdhy; jilnra;ag;gl;lJ.30 Aj;jk; KbTw;w fhyk; njhlf;fk; K];ypk; kf;fs; kPjhd jhf;Fjy;fs; mjpfupj;Js;sd. ,yq;if K];ypk; fhq;fpu]pd; mwpf;ifapd; gpufhuk;.

2013k; Mz;by; 241 jhf;Fjy; rk;gtq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJld; ,tw;Ws; 118 r%f> murpay; ,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk; murpay;thjpfspd; jiyaPLfspdhy; elhj;jg;gl;ljhFk;.31 ,t; gy jhf;Fjy;fs; Nghyprhu; Kd;dpiyapNy eilngw;wJ. mr;re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; nghyprhu; ghu;itahsu;fshf ,Ue;jhu;fNs jtpu mtu;fshy; td;Kiwfis jLg;gjw;Nfh ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shdtu;fis fhg;ghw;Wtjw;Nfh ,aytpy;iy.32 2014k; Mz;L kjq;fSf;fpilapyhd KWfy; epiy cr;r fl;lj;ij mile;jJ. mSj;fktpy; nghJ gyNrdhtpdhy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;bUe;j vjpu;g;G eltbf;ifapd; NghJ cs;Su; K];ypk; kf;fSf;Fk; Vw;ghl;lhsu;fSf;Fkpilapy; fytuk; Vw;gl;ljpy; 4 Ngh; nfhy;yg;gl;lJld; 88 Ngh; fhakile;jpUe;jdu;.33 ,r; rk;gtk; ,lk; ngw;W ,uz;L ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd;> MAjk; jupj;j rpq;fs fhilau;fshy; K];ypk;fspd; 9 tPLfSk;> 62 filj;njhFjpAk; mopf;fg;gl;l nghOJ kPz;Lk; fytuk; %z;lJ.34 fj;Njhypf;fu;fSk; td;Kiwfspy; jhf;fg;gLtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gk; mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wJ. alpolicydigest.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Salt-on-Old-Wounds.pdf (10.12.2014).)

29 Ibid.

30 Cf. http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Colombo-blocks-North%E2%80%99s-commemoration-of-Tamil-war-victims-31111.html (4.6.2014).

31 Cf. Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), Religious Violence in Sri Lanka. January 2013 – December 2013. An update of “Muslims’ Concerns” presented by the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, August 2013.

(Can be accessed at: http://www.onetext.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Annex-1-Religious-Violence-2013. pdf (16.11.2014).)

32 Ibid.

33 Cf. http://www.ft.lk/2014/06/26/striking-the-match/ (16.11.2014).

34 Cf. http://colombogazette.com/2014/06/17/army-deployed-as-tensions-escalate/ (17.06.2014).

17 >

2013 k; Mz;by; fj;Njhypf;fu;fs; kPjhd 69 jhf;Fjy; rk;gtq;fs; gjpthfpAs;sd. 2014k; Mz;by;> Jg;ghf;fpKidapy; mr;RWj;jy; njhlf;fk; fj;Njhypf;f 35vjpu;g;G gpur;rhuq;fs; tiuapy; 61 rk;gtq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.36 Rw;Wyh efukhd `pf;fLitapy; ngsj;j Fk;gypdhy; fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rig kPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jhf;Fjy; rk;gtk; gp.gp.rp nra;jpapYk; njuptpf;fg;gl;lJ.37

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36 Cf. http://nceasl.org/category/religious-liberty/incident-reports/ (16.11.2014).

37 Cf. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25716456 (12.11.2014).

38 Cf. Naceur Sophia Philip, Präsidentschaftswahl in Ägypten. Hier liefert die Armee Brot and Wohnungen, WOZ 15.5.2014; and Schultz Stefan, Wirtschaftsmacht armed forces. Ägyptens General-Direktoren, Spiegel Online 5.7.2013.

39 Cf. Ko Ko Thett, Responsible Tourism in Myanmar: Current Situation and Challenges, Prague: 2012. (Can be accessed at:http://www.ecoburma.com/responsible-tourism-in-myanmar-current-situation-and-challenges/ (14.11.2014).)

40 Cf. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/9779857/Sri-Lanka-criticised-over-wartourism.html (03.12.2014).

41 The High Commissioner is the highest-ranking diplomat of a Commonwealth State in another Commonwealth state. (Cf. Lorna Lloyd, Diplomacy with a Difference: The Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880-2006, Leiden: 2007, p. 293.)

18 >

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43 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/140803/business-times/sri-lanka-branding-campaign-ineurope-kicks-off-nextmonth-109030.html (14.11.2014).

44 Cf. Osthues, Claudia, Reisen in Konfliktgebiete. Die Verantwortung von Reiseveranstaltern, Berlin: 2010. (Can be accessed at: http://tourism-watch.de/en/node/1512 (14.11.2014).)

45 Cf. United Nations, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy”, 2011.

19 >

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fl;lha

kPs;FbNaw;wk;

mj;Jld; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw mgptpUj;jpapy; cs;Su; kf;fs; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;glhik vd;gd cs;Su; kf;fspd; r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpapd;ikf;F fhuzkhf miktJ re;Njfj;jpw;F ,lkw;wJ.

46 Cf. Roundtable Human Rights in Tourism, Human Rights in Tourism. An Implementation Guideline for Tour Operators, October 2013. (Can be accessed at: http://issuu.com/ drkate/docs/rt_human_right_in_tourism_eng_02/3?e=7067515/6889112 (28.12.2014).)

47 Cf. http://www.fairunterwegs.org/aktuell/news/article/menschenrechte-im-tourismus-praktische-loesungen-entwickeln- austausch-pflegen.html (1.12.2014).

20 >

21 >

22 >

2. Fwpf;Nfhs; kw;Wk; Ma;TKiw

23 >

2.1 Rw;Wyhj;Jiw tpku;rdk;

tyaq;fs;

3

njhlu;ghd

,e;j mwpf;ifapd; Nehf;fk; ahNjdpy;> ,yq;ifapd; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw

mgptpUj;jpapy; kdpj cupik nfhs;iffs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wdth? mt;thuhapd; ve;j mstpw;F gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd? Rtp]; kw;Wk; N[u;kdp Rw;Wyhj;Jiw tu;j;jf epWtdq;fs; Gjpa Rw;Wyhj; jyq;fis mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ kdpj cupikf;F vjpuhd mghafukhd tpilaq;fis

fz;lupjy;

vd;gdthFk;.

,jid

fz;lwptjw;F>

Vw;fdNt Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; %d;W gpuNjrq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;Nshk;: fy;gpl;b> ghrpf;Flh kw;Wk; Fr;rntsp. ,k; %d;W gpuNjrq;fSk; ,duPjpapy; gy;tifik nfhz;lJ.

vkJ Ma;tpy; gpd;tUk; Fwpfhl;bfs; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;lJ. • Rw;Wyh jpl;lq;fspy; cs;Su; kf;fspd; <LghL my;yJ gq;fspg;G • Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jpapy; cs;Su; kf;fs; kPjhd r%f> nghUshjhu jhf;fq;fs; • Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jpf;fhf epyq;fs;; jd;dfg;gLj;jg;gly; • njhopshsu;fspd; njhopy; kw;Wk; Ml;Nru;g;G epyikfs; kw;Wk; Copau;fspilNaahd ,dg;guk;gy; njhopy; GupAk; rpWghd;ikapdupd; gzp epiyik kw;Wk; mtu;fs; Ruz;lYf;F cl;gLtjw;fhd rhj;jpag;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Nrfupg;gjw;F> Ma;Tg; gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J jyh xU tpLjpia gFg;gha;tpw;F cw;gLj;jpAs;Nshk;. ,k; %d;W tpLjpfspy; ,uz;L tpLjpfSf;fhd Kd; $l;ba gjptpid gy;NtWgl;l Rtp]; kw;Wk; N[u;kdp gaz elj;Jzu;fs;

%ykhf

Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.48

fy;gpl;bapy;

mike;Js;s

jw;NghJ gad;ghl;bw;F te;Js;s tpLjpf;fhd Kd; $l;ba gjpTfspid ,izaj;jsk;

%ykhf

Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

,g;

gFg;gha;T

kw;Wk;

mwpf;iffs; fz;bg;ghf Fwpj;j tpLjpfSf;F khj;jpuNk cilaJ. 48 See agoda.com; booking.com; holidaycheck.ch.

24 >

vdNt ,it nghJikg;gLj;j KbahJ. ,it njupT nra;ag;gl;l gpuNjrq;fSf;F Vw;GilajhfhJ.

,t; Ma;T mwpf;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; jfty;fs; Jiwrhu;e;j kPsha;T kw;Wk; fs jfty; Nrkpg;G %ykhf ngwg;gl;lit. ,f; fs Ma;thdJ vkJ

,yq;if

,af;fk;”(

gq;fhsp

epWtdkhd

“

Njrpa

kPdt

xj;Jiog;G

“National Fisheries Solidarity Movement”- NAFSO)49

vd;w

epWtdj;jpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,k; %d;W gpuNjrq;fspYk; NAFSO jpwikahd> cs;Su; gq;fhsp mikg;GfSld; ,ize;J kPdtufs;> kPdt epWtdq;fs;> tpLjp Copau;> tpLjp Kfhikj;Jt mq;fj;jtu;fs; Nghd;Nwhuplk; Neu;fhziy Nkw;nfhz;L jfty;fis jpul;bAs;sJ. epu;thfj;jpd; kPJ nfhz;l mr;rj;jpd; fhuzkhf jk;ik milahsg;gLj;j tpUk;ghj Neu;fhziy toq;fpatu;fs; jhq;fs; toq;fpa jfty;fis mwpf;ifapy; ntspapl mDkjpj;jdu;. jfty;fis toq;fpatu;fis ghJfhg;gjw;fhf

mtu;fSila

milahsj;jpid

Fwpg;gplhky;

tpLfpd;Nwhk;.”

49 See http://www.nafso-online.org/ (16.11.2014).

25 >

26 >

3. MAjg; gilapdupd; ghj;jpuk;

27 >

,yq;ifapd; MAjk; jhq;fpa gilapdu; ghJfhg;G mikr;rpd;

gzpahsu;fshtu;. ,g; ghJfhg;G mikr;R flw;gil> thd;gil kw;Wk; jiug;gilia cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.50 2015k; Mz;L [dtup khjk; tiuapy; ghJfhg;G

mikr;R

Kd;dhy;

[dhjpgjpapd;

,isa

rNfhjuuhd

Nfhl;lhNga uh[gf;]51 mtu;fspd; Neub fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jJ. ,tu; tpLjiyg;

GypfSf;F

vjpuhd

filrp

Aj;jj;jpd;

fl;lisfSf;F

nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jhu;. jkpou;fSf;F vjpuhd Nghu; Fw;w tprhuidfs; ,lk;ngwtpUf;fpd;wd.52 cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; KbTw;Ws;s NghjpYk;> fle;j Mz;Lfspy; ,uhZt nrytPdk; njhlu;r;rpahf mjpfupj;j td;dk; cs;sJ ~Aj;jj;jpd; ,Wjp Mz;lhd 2009y; ,uhZtr; nryT 1.1 kpy;ypad; a+Nuh fhzg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; 2015k; Mz;L 1.9 kpy;ypad; a+Nuh xJf;fg;gl;Ls;J.53 ,J vjpu;T $wg;gl;Ls;s nkhj;j nrytPdj;jpd; 16.6 rjtPjkhFk;.54 ikj;jpupghy rpwpNrd mtu;fspd; ke;jpup rigapd; tuT nryT jpl;lk; vt;thW mikAk; vd;gjid nghUj;jpUe;J ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

3.1. tlf;fpy; ,uhZt gpurd;dk; Aj;jk; Kbtile;J 5 tUlq;fs; fle;j epiyapYk; ,yq;ifapd; tlf;F gpuNjrj;jpd; ,uhZt gpurd;dkhdJ kpf mjpfkhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.55 Kd;dhy; [dhjpgjp 2014k; Mz;L nra;jpj; jhs; xd;wpw;F toq;fpa nrt;tpapy;>

tlf;fpy;

70>000

Mf

epiy

nfhz;bUe;j

Majg;gil

50 Cf. http://www.defence.lk/english.asp# (15.11.2014).

51 51 Cf. http://www.defence.lk/main_abt.asp?fname=SoD (10.12.2014).

52 52 Cf. United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General’s Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka, März 2011. (Can be accessed at: http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/Sri_Lanka/POE_Report_Full.pdf (10.12.2014).)

53 53 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/141109/business-times/sl-budget-altered-during-parliament-debate-126082.html(12.11.2014).

54 Cf. http://www.arabnews.com/economy/news/636871 (6.2.2015).)

55 Cf. http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/military-presence-in-sri-lankas-north-is-worrisomewigneswaran/article6108055.ece?utm_ source=RSS_Feed&utm_medium=RSS&utm_campaign=RSS_Syndication (14.11.2014).

28 >

jw;nghOJ 12000 khf Fiwe;Js;sjhf Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.56 vdpDk; ,r; nrt;tp toq;fg;gl;l FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs;> n[dpthtpy; eilngw;w ntspehl;L ,uhrje;jpupfspd; re;jpg;gpd;nghOJ [dhjpgjp nrashsu; yypj; tPuJq;f gpd;tUk; jutpid toq;fpapUe;jhu;.57 kpf cau;e;j vz;zpf;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l

120>000

tPuu;fspy;

30

rjtPjk;

gilj;Jiw

Fiwg;G

nra;ag;gl;L Aj;jk; Kbtile;j gpd;du; 80>000 tPuu;fshf 2013k; Mz;L xf;Nlhgupy; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.

58

vt;thuhapDk;> ,e;j gil Fiwg;ghdJ

,uhZtg;gilapid kl;LNk Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJld; flw;gil kw;Wk; thd; gilapdu; ,jDs; cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy.59

56 Cf. http://www.dailynews.lk/local/troops-drastically-down-north (12.11.2014).

57 Cf. https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/lalith-weertaunge-rebuts-president-on-northern-troop-numbers/ (12.11.2014).

58 Cf. http://www.dh-web.org/hrsits/GenevaLWppt.pdf (12.11.2014).

59 Cf. https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/lalith-weertaunge-rebuts-president-on-northern-troop-numbers/ (12.11.2014).

29 >

I.eh. rigapd; kdpj cupikf;fhd cau; Mizahsu; etpgps;is jdJ

tlf;F>

fpof;F

khfhzq;fspw;fhd

tp[aj;jpd;

nghOJ>

,uhZtj;jpdupd; gpurd;dj;jpd; jhf;fk; ghJfhg;ig epiyg;gLj;j my;yJ kPs;fl;likg;G Njitia tplTk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ vd;w Kbtpw;F te;jpUe;jhu;.60 2014k;

Mz;L

ghJfhg;G

mikr;rpdhy;

ntspaplg;g;l;l

mwpf;ifapy;> ntspehl;L flTr; rPl;il cilatu;fs; tl gFjpf;F nry;tjw;F Kd; mDkjp ngwg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.61 mj;Jld; nry;tjw;fhd fhuzj;jpidAk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.62 2015k; Mz;L Gjpa murhq;fj;jpdhy; ,f;fl;Lg;ghL jsu;j;j;g;gl;lJ.63

3.2. MAjg; gilapduhy; epy mgfupg;G

gy jrhg;gq;fshf MAjg;gil ,yq;ifapd; tl gFjp kf;fspd;

epyq;fs;

RtPfupf;fg;gl;L

jd;dfg;gLj;jpf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ.64

Aj;j

fhyj;jpy; tl gFjp kf;fs; ntspehLfSf;F my;yJ ehl;bd; Vida gFjpfSf;F ,lk;ngau;e;Js;sdu;. Aj;jk; KbTw;w gpd;du;> gyu; jkJ nrhe;j ,lq;fSf;F kPsj; jpUk;g tpUk;GtJld; jkJ epyq;fis kPsg; ngw tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;.65 kf;fspd; RtPfupf;fg;gl;l epyq;fs; ,uhZt Kfhk;fshf> cau; ghJfhg;G tyaq;fshf (HSZ)66 my;yJ tpNrl nghUshjhu tyaq;fshf(SEZ)67 khw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. aho; Flhtpy; kl;Lk; 60 Cf. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=13673 (14.11.2014).

61 Cf. http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/sri-lanka-imposes-new-curbson-travels-to-northern-province/article6504385.ece (16.11.2014).

62 Cf. http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=Foreign_Passport_holders_traveling_to_the_ North_20141030_02 (16.11.2014).

63 63 Cf. http://colombogazette.com/2015/01/16/regulations-for-foreigners-lifted/ (19.1.2015).

64 64 Cf. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-22652210 (03.12.2014).

65 Cf. https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/1474-northern-tamils-petition-appealcourt-to-help-prevent-grab-oftheir-homes-by-rajapaksa-regime/ (5.2.2014).

66 Cf. Centre for Policy Alternatives, Land in the Northern Province. Post-War Politics, Policy and Practices, December 2011(Can be accessed at: http://cpalanka.org/wp-content/ uploads/2011/12/Land-Issues-in-the-Northern-Province-Post-War-Politics-Policy-andPractices-.pdf (6.2.2015).)

67 Cf. Centre for Policy Alternatives, Trincomalee High Security Zone and Special Economic Zone, September 2009 (Can be accessed at: http://cpalanka.org/wp-content/ uploads/2009/11/Trincomalee%20High%20Security%20Zone%20and%20Special% 20Economic%20Zone.pdf (6.2.2015).)

30 >

fpl;lj;jl;l 6000 Vf;fu; epyg;gug;gpid epue;ju cau; ghJfhg;G tyakhf;f Ntz;Lnkd MAjg;gilapdu; NfhUfpd;wdu;.68 flw;gilapdUk;

fy;gpl;b

gpuNjrj;jpy;

epy

RtPfupg;gpid

Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sjid ,t; Ma;T Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. flw;gilapdu; VO filfspidAk; xU kUj;Jt tshfj;jpidAk; Mf;fpukpj;Js;sdu;. epy cupikfSf;fhd cWjpg; gj;jpuq;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk; epiyapYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

epy

cupikahsu;fSf;F

vJtpj

el;l<Lk;

,Jtiu

toq;fg;gltpy;iy. ,jw;Fk; Nkyhf> flw;gil Kfhk;fSf;F mUfpy; kPd;gpbapy; <LgLtjidAk; jil nra;Js;sdu;. ,it Aj;j fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l

Kfhk;fs;

vdpDk;

,it

,d;Wk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mj;NjhL fsj;jpy; vkf;F fpilj;j jftypd; gb> mur Gydha;T gpuptpdu;

kPdtu;fis

flypy;

epWj;jp

tprhuizfis

Nkw;nfhz;L

tUfpd;wdu;. vkf;F fpilj;j jftypd; gb> Fr;rntspapy; 150 Vf;fu; epyj;jpid flw;gil jd;dfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,tw;Ws; xU njd;id tpij cw;gj;jp epiyaKk; xd;gJ fliy milAk; ,lq;fSk;(gpuNtr top) cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.

3.3. jdpahu; Jiwapy; MAjg;gilapdu; ,uhZtkakhjy; gutyhf ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ,J tlf;fpy; khj;jpukd;wp ,yq;ifapd;

tu;j;jf

jiyefuhd

nfhOk;gpYk;

,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

,uhZtk; nghJg;gzp> ,aw;if ghJfhg;;G> fl;bl epu;khdg; gzpfs; kw;Wk; Rj;jk; nra;Ak; Ntisfspy; <LgLfpd;wJ.69 cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; KbTw;w ehspypUe;J> ,uhZtk; gy;NtW jdpahu; Jiw nraw;ghLfspy; mjpfupj;j msT <Lgl;L tUfpd;wJ. cs;ehl;L nkhj;j cw;gj;jpapy; gq;Nfw;W

cz;ikahd

nghUshjhu

tsu;r;rp

eltbf;ifapid

68 Cf. The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, No. 1807/23, 26th April 2013. (Can be accessed at: http://documents.gov.lk/Extgzt/2013/PDF/ Apr/1807_23/1807_23%28E%29.pdf (16.11.2014).)

69 Cf. Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA), Forced evictions in Colombo: The ugly price of beautification, Colombo April 2014. (Can be accessed at: http://f.cl.ly/ items/3T1o3B3v263n3Z3r2u24/Colombo%20Evictions%20Report%20-%20April%20 2014.pdf (10.12.2014).)

31 >

epiyepWj;jtNj

,uhZtj;jpd;

Xu;

,yf;fhFk;.70

,uhZtk;

jdJ

Ra mDkjpAld; 2011k; Mz;L ghuk;gupa tpahghupfis tpl Fiwe;j tpiyapy; fha;fwp tpw;gidia Mhk;gpj;jJ.71 2012k; Mz;L ,uhZtk; jdJ nrhe;j tptrha kw;Wk; fhy;eil cw;gj;jpia Muk;gpj;J tptrha kw;Wk; ghw;nghUs; cw;gj;jpia Cf;Ftpj;jJ. ,jDhlhf ,uhZtk; muprp> gotif> fha;fwp kw;Wk; ghw;nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ.72 Njrj;jpd; gpujhd ghw;nghUs; cw;gj;jpahsuhf Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid ,uhZtk; Ra ,yf;fhf nfhz;Ls;sJ.73

3.4. Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapy; MAjg;gilapdu;

nghJg; gzpfs;> tptrhaj;Jiw khj;jpukd;wp> Rw;Wyh Jiw

njhlh;ghd

,uhZtj;jpdJ

mtjhdKk;

mjpfupj;j

td;dKs;sJ.

Rw;Wyh gazpfSf;fhf gy;NtW Nritfis toq;FtNjhL jiug;gil 'thd;gil"

flw;gilfs;

Muk;gpj;Js;sdu;.xU

ehL

re;ju;gj;jpy;

KOtjpYk; mjhtJ

Rw;wyh 2014

tpLjpfisAk;

nrg;lk;gu;

khjk;

$l;lnkhd;wpw;F gq;Fgw;wpa Njrpa xj;Jiog;G ,af;fj;jpd; Ma;T FOtpd; gpujpepjpnahUtu; Fwpg;gpl;lJ ahnjdpy; fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; nyt;bdl; fkhz;lu; N`th tpjhuzNf yhy; ngNuuhtpdhy; vjph;fhyj;jpy; ehL KOtjpYk; 150Rw;Wyh tpLjpfis Muk;gpg;gjw;F vjpu; ghu;jpUg;gjhf fUj;J Kd;itf;fg;gl;ljhf $wg;gl;lJ.

70 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/140817/business-times/sri-lankas-business-like-armymoves-into-dairy-farming-110771.html (06.10.2014).

71 Cf. http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20110107_02 (13.11.2014).

72 Cf. http://www.army.lk/detailed.php?NewsId=4343 (13.11.2014).

73 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/140817/business-times/sri-lankas-business-like-armymoves-into-dairy-farming-110771.html (06.10.2014).

32 >

,uhZtj;jpduhy; elhj;jg;gLk; Rw;Wyh trjpfs; kw;Wk; nghjpfspd; gl;bay;

a Cf. http://www.layahotels.lk/ (06.10.2014). b Cf. http://www.dailymirror.lk/news/14575-army-to-build-a-ďŹ ve-starhotel-in-colombo.html (12.11.2014). c Cf. http://malima.lk/ (06.10.2014). d Cf. http://whalewatching.navy.lk/ (06.10.2014). e Cf. http://www.airforce.lk/ (06.10.2014). f Cf. http://thalsevanaresort.com/ (06.10.2014). g Cf. http://thalsevanaresort.com/naturepark/ (06.10.2014). h Cf. http://www.army.lk/sfhqmlt/ (06.10.2014).

33 >

,yq;ifapd;;

nra;jpj;jhs;>

rz;Nl

yPlupd;

mwpf;ifapd;

gpufhuk;>

“y$d; fghdh]; ghzk” tpdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epykhdJ Kd;dhy; cupikahsUf;F NghJkhd ,og;gPL toq;fhky; mgfupf;fg;gl;l Vida epyq;fspy;;

,JTk;

xd;W

vd;gw;fhd

Nghjpa

Mjhuk;

cs;sjhf

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f; fhzp jw;nghOJ flw;gilf;F cwpj;jhdJ.74 NkYk;> vkJ Ma;Tg; gq;fhspfspd; jftypd; mbg;gilapy;> tlf;F cau; ghJfhg;G tyaj;jpy; “jy;nrtd” tpLKiw tpLjp fhq;Nfrd;Jiwapy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,g;gpuNjrj;jpw;F

nghJ

kf;fs;

nry;tjid

,uhZtk; jil nra;Js;sJ. STP epWtdk; ,uhZt jiyaPl;NlhL elhj;jg;gLk; Rw;Wyh trjpfs; kw;Wk; nghjpfs; Xu; gpur;rpidAs;s tplakhFk;. ,jw;F fhuzk;> ,J cs;Su;; kf;fspd;

tho;thjhuj;ij

flikahw;Wk;

rpijf;fpd;wikahFk;.

,uhZtj;jpdu;

,uhZt

Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy;

jpizf;fsj;jpypUe;Nj

jkJ Cjpaj;jpid ngWfpd;wdu;. ,jw;F gjpyPlhf ,uhZtj;Jiw $Ljyhd tUkhdj;jpid ngWfpd;wJ.75 vdNt jdpahu; Jiwapduhy; toq;fg;gLk; tpiyapid tpl Fiwe;j tpiyapy; Rw;Wyh nghjpfspid ,uhZtj;jpduhy; toq;ff; $bajhf cs;sJ. ,q;F flikahw;Wk; ,uhZtj;jpdu; jk;ik ,uhZtj;jdu; vd;gjid ntspf;fhl;LtJld;> rpyu;

,uhZt

rPUilapdpNyNa

Rw;Wyhj;

Jiw

flikfspy;

<LgLfpd;wdu;. ,tw;wpd; %ykhf <l;lg;gLk; ,yhgkhdJ kw;WnkhU gpur;rpidahf cs;sJ. Vnddpy; ,jd; gad;ghL Fwpj;j ntspg;gilj; jd;ik kpfTk; Fiwthf cs;sikahFk;.

74 Cf. http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2013/05/12/land-grab-at-panama/ (06.10.2014).

75 Cf. https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/increasing-military-involv ement-insri-lankan-business-ventures/(03.12.2014).

34 >

35 >

36 >

4.

Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; kdpj cupikfs;

37 >

ru;tNjr

Rw;Wyhj;

njhopw;

JiwapdJ

epiyj;jpU

mgptpUj;jpahdJ> Vida Jiwfis tpl mjd; re;ijg;gLj;jypYk; kw;Wk; el;ngaupYNk ngupJk; jq;fpAs;sJ. ,j;Jiw Vida Jiwfis tpl

epWtdg;

nghWg;gpy;

gpd;jq;fpAs;sJ.

Rw;Wyh

tu;j;jfkhdJ

rl;luPjpapy; KOg; nghWg;Gf;$wy; mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wJ. r%f nghWg;G tha;e;j epWtdq;;fs; kdpj cupikfis kjpg;gjpYk;> Rw;Wr;#oy;> r%f mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; jdJ gq;fhspfSld; njhlu;r;rpahd njhlu;ghliy nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; ,tw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;j Jizahf ,Uj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.76 ,t; mwpf;if ru;tNjr juj;jpy; tu;j;jf ];jhgdq;fs; nghWg;Gld; ele;J nfhs;sf; $ba topfhl;ly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J kdpj cupik

gpufldq;fs;

kw;Wk;

nkd;

Nghf;fhd

rl;lf;

flikfis

cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

4.1. ru;tNjr kdpj cupik fl;likg;G ,yq;if> 1948k; Mz;L kdpj cupik gpufldj;ij kjpg;gjw;F Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.77 kw;Wk; ,yq;if I.eh.rigapd; gpd;tUk; kdpj cupik gpufldq;fspy; ifr;rhj;jpl;Ls;sJ.78 • nghUshjhu> r%f> cld;gbf;if.79

fyhr;rhu

cupikfSf;fhd

ru;tNjr

• rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; cupikf;fhd ru;tNjr cld;gbf;if80 • rpj;jputijf;F vjpuhd gpufldk;81 76 Cf. Arbeitskreis Tourismus and Entwicklung, Unternehmensverantwortung - die Herausforderung für Reiseveranstalter, Basel 2014. (Can be accessed at: http://www.fairunterwegs.org/fileadmin/ContentGlobal/PDF/CSR/CSRaktedef_gesamt.pdf(17.12.2014).)

77 Cf. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Can be accessed at: http://www.ohchr.org/ EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf (26.11.2014).)

78 Cf. http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=164&Lang=EN (14.1.2015) 79 Cf. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CESCR.aspx (15.12.2014) 80 Cf. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CCPR.aspx (15.12.2014) 81 Cf. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CAT.aspx (14.1.2015)

38 >

• ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd midj;J tpjkhd ,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;fhd cld;gbf;if82 • midj;J tpjkhd cld;gbf;if83

ghugl;rj;jpid

,d ghugl;rj;jpid ,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;fhd

• Gyk;ngau;e;j njhopshsu; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ FLk;gj;jpdu; midtuJk; cupikfis ghJfhgg;jw;fhd ru;tNjr cld;gbf;if84 • rpWtu; cupikf;fhd cldgbf;if85

4.2. nkd;Nghf;Fila rl;lf; flikfs;

1990k; Mz;by; eLg;gFjp njhlf;fk;> gy;Njrpa epWtdq;fs;

kdpj cupikfSf;fhf nghWg;Gf; $wy;fSf;F ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; gy;NtW Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. ,k; Kaw;rpapd; gydhf Ra Vw;ghl;by; mu;gzpg;Gld; $ba nkd; rl;l mbg;gil tpjpfs; kw;Wk; juq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd' • cyf tq;fpapd; IFC epiyj;jpUf;ff; $ba fl;likg;G(Rw;Wr; #oy;> r%f nfhs;if> nraw;jpwd; juk; kw;Wk; jfty; mwptjw;fhd nfhs;if86 • ru;tNjr njhopshsu; epWtdj;jpd; (ILO) Kj;jug;G Nfhl;ghl;L gpufldk; (gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fs; Fwpj;J kw;Wk; ILO tpd; ru;tNjr njhopshsu; juk; cl;gl 59 Nfhl;ghLfis cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ)87 82 Cf. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CEDAW.aspx (14.1.2015).

83 Cf. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CERD.aspx (14.1.2015).

84 Cf. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CMW.aspx (14.1.2015).

85 Cf. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx (14.1.2015).

86 Cf. http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/ ifc+sustainability/our+approach/risk+management/ifcsustainabilityframework_2012 (14.1.2015).

87 Cf. International Labour Office (ILO), Tripartite Declaration of Principles. Concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy, 2006. (Can be accessed at: http://www.ilo. org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---multi/documents/ publication/ wcms_094386.pdf (24.11.2014).)

39 >

• I.eh kdpj cupikfs; kw;Wk; tu;j;jf Nfhl;ghLfSf;fhd topfhl;ly; (,J mur kw;Wk; tu;j;jf epWtdq;fs; gw;wpaJ)88 • nghUshjhu kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd epWtdk; (OECD) – gz;dhl;L epWtdq;fSf;fhd topfhl;ly; ( OECD ehLfspy; jskhff; nfhz;l midj;J tu;j;jfk; gw;wpaJ)89 • fhzp >kPd;gpb >fhLfs; gad;ghl;bw;fhd nghWg;ghd Ml;rpf;Fupa jd;dhu;t topfhl;ly; - I.eh czT kw;Wk; tptrha epWtdk; (FAO) ( epyq;fis muR kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; thq;Fjy; my;yJ gad;gLj;jy;)90 Nkw; Fwpg;gpl;l midj;J nkd;ikahd flikfisAk; Rtp]; kw;Wk; N[u;kdp

Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ.

OECD

apd;

topfhl;ly;

jtpu;e;j

Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l midj;J topfhl;ly;fSk; Nfhl;ghLfSk; ,yq;iff;F Vw;GilajhFk;.

4.3. [.eh. rigapd; tu;j;jf> kdpj cupikfSf;fhd nfhs;if topfhl;ly; [.eh.

tu;j;jf>

kdpj

cupikfSf;fhd

nfhs;if

topfhl;lyhdJ

Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; kdpj cupikfs; kjpf;fg;gLtjw;F rpwg;G Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,t;

topfhl;ly;fs;

ru;tNjr

rl;lj;jpd;;

fPo;

nghWg;Gfs; cilait my;y. vt;thuhapDk;> ,t; topfhl;ly;fs; mur kw;Wk; tpahghu nghWg;GfSf;F Xu; cWjpahd fl;likg;ghf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

,it

murpd;

eilKiwapy;

cs;s

kdpj

cupik xg;ge;jq;fis mbj;jskhff; nfhz;likfpd;wd.mj;Jld;> cyf 88 88 Cf. United Nations, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy”, 2011. (Can be accessed at: http://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/GuidingprinciplesBusinesshr_en.pdf (24.11.2014).)

89 Cf. OECD, OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. Recommendations for Responsible Business Conduct in a Global Context, 2011. (Can be accessed at: http:// www.oecd.org/daf/inv/mne/48004323.pdf (24.11.2014).)

90 Cf. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security, 2012 (Can be accessed at: http://www.fao.org/ docrep/016/i2801e/i2801e.pdf (24.11.2014).)

40 >

tq;fpapd; nghUspay; rhu; epWtdq;fshd OECD kw;Wk; ru;tNjr epjp epWtdk; (IFC) Mfpatw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; mk;rq;fs;> I.eh rigapd; kdpj cupik Nguitapd; xUkpj;j Kbthy; Fwpg;gpl;L Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,Ug;gpDk;>

muRfspdhy;

Fwpj;j

topfhl;ly;

newpKiwfis nray;gLj;jy; kpfTk; fbdk; vd ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. INuhg;gpa Mizak; jkJ cWg;G ehLfis Nkw;fz;l topfhl;Ljy;fis tu;j;jf kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfspy; nray;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eilKiwj; jpl;lnkd;wpid jahu; nra;AkhW Nfl;Lf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ.91jw;nghOJ

gpupj;jhdpah> neju;yhe;J> ,j;jhyp kw;Wk; nld;khu;f; Mfpa ehLfs; ,t; topfhl;ly;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Njrpa jpl;l tiugpid nfhz;Ls;sd.92 ,jw;fhf Rtp]u;yhe;jpy; Njrpa nray;jpl;lk; xd;W tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.93

91 Cf. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sustainable-business/corporate-socialresponsibility/human-rights/index_en-.htm (14.1.2015) 92 Cf. ibid.

93 Cf. http://www.parlament.ch/d/suche/seiten/geschaefte.aspx?gesch_id,=20123503 and http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Business/NationalPlans/ HRAndBusinessBaselineSwitzerland.pdf (14.1.2015)

41 >

tu;j;jf nraw;ghL kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfs; topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfspd; %d;W gpujhd Jhz;fs;94 1. kdpj cupikfis ghJfhg;gjpy; murpd; flik: muR

murpdhy;

3k;

jug;gpdhy;

nra;ag;gLk;

kdpj

cupik

kPwy;fis jLg;gjw;F ,ize;Js;sJ.cjhuzkhf jk; epyq;fspy; tu;j;jfu;fs;

nra;fpd;w

nraw;ghLfspdhy;

eilngWfpd;w

kPwy;fis Fwpg;gplyhk;.kdpj cupikfs; kPwg;gLtij jLg;gjw;F guprPyid nra;tjw;F jz;lid toq;Ftjw;F kdpj cupikfs; kPwg;gl;bUg;gpd; e\;l<L toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

2. kdpj cupikfis kjpg;gjw;fhd epWtdq;fspd; nghWg;G: tpahghuq;fs;

NeubahfNth

my;yJ

jdJ

tpahghu

njhlu;Gilatu;fs; %ykhfNt kdpj cupikfSf;F Nenujpuhd jhf;fj;jpid jtpu;j;jy; kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfis kjpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,g;

nghWg;Gf;fis

miltjw;F

tpahghuq;fs;

Fwpj;j nfhs;iffis nraw;gLj;JtJ kw;Wk; tplhKaw;rpAld; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

3. cupikf;fhd jPu;T: ehLfs;

Xu;

gaDs;s

jPu;tpid

toq;Ftjw;F

NghJkhd

mstPLfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F cupa ,og;gPLfs; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. tpahghuq;fSk; mjpfhu kl;lj;jpyhd

rl;lk;

rhuh

topKiwfis

toq;f

Ntz;Lk;

my;yJ mt;thuhd topKiwfspy; gq;Nfw;f Ntz;Lk;.

94 Cf. United Nations, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy”, 2011. (Available at: http://www.ohchr.org/ documents/publications/GuidingprinciplesBusinesshr_en.pdf (24.11.2014).)

42 >

43 >

44 >

5. ,yq;ifapd; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw:Ie;J tUlj; jpl;lk;

45 >

5.1.mgptpUj;jpapd; juq;fs; ,yq;if

murhq;fkhdJ

cs;ehl;L

Aj;jk;

KbTw;w

gpd;du;

nghUshjhuj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F Rw;Wyhj;Jiwia gpujhd njhopw; Jiwahf tiuaWj;Js;sJ. Rw;Wyhj;Jiw tUkhdj;jpd; %yk; kf;fs; ed;ikailtij gpujhd Nehf;fkhf nfhz;Ls;sJ.95 ,t;tpUj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Gjpa gFjpfspy; r%f Rw;Wr; #oYld; ,ire;J nry;Yk; tifapy;> ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mjpfhurig Fiwe;j mgptpUj;jpj; juq;fis

mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJld;>

,it

gq;Fgw;Wk;

midj;J

jug;gpduhYk; mtjhdpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.96

Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; • Rw;Wyh jpl;lq;fSf;F Njitahd Rj;jkhd jz;zPu; toq;fy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. egu; xUtUf;fhd ehs; xd;wpd; jz;zPu; Njit Fiwe;jJ 450 yPl;lu; MFk;. midj;J Rw;Wyhj; jpl;lq;fspYk; Rw;Wr; #oYld; ,irthd fopT ePu; Rj;jpfupg;G Kiwik fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. midj;J Rw;Wyh jpl;lq;fSk; RW;Wyh mjpfhu rigapdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ljhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.97 • midj;J vjpu;fhy KjyPl;lhsu;fSk; jpl;lj;jpd; msT> epyg;gug;gpd; jhf;fj; jd;ik mbg;gilapy; Rw;Wr;#oy; jhf;f kjpg;gPL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. midj;J Rw;Wyhj; jpl;lq;fspYk; r%f jhf;fj;jpw;F cl;glf; $ba gpuNjrq;fspy; r%f jhf;f kjpg;gPLfs; jpl;lq;fs; Muk;gpg;jw;F Kd;djhfNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; mtrpakhFk;. vdpDk; ,t; kjpg;gPLfs; vt;thW Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njspthf Fwpg;gplg;ltpy;iy. mjhtJ

ve;j

mbg;gilapy;

kw;Wk;

vt;thW

rupghu;f;fg;gLjy; vd;gd njspTgLj;jg;gltpy;iy

juTfs;

.98

95 Cf. Ministry of Economic Development, Tourism Development Strategy 2011 – 2016.

(Can be accessed at: http://www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/English.pdf (27.1.2014).)

96 A survey of legal and institutional foundations for tourism development in Sri Lanka can be found in the annex.

97 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/development_guidelines (1.12.2014).

98 Cf. ibid.

46 >

â&#x20AC;¢ flw;fiu

ghJfhg;G

gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

Xu;

jpizf;fskhdJ fl;likg;ig

flw;fiuapid

jPu;khdpj;Js;sJ.

,j;

jPu;khdj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> ve;j xU re;ju;gj;jpYk; flw;fiuapy; epue;ju

fl;blq;fs;

mikj;jyhfhJ.

epue;jukw;w

,yFtpy;

mfw;wf;$ba fl;Lkhdq;fspid Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.99 jz;zPUld; njhlu;Gila tpisahl;Lf;fs; rhu;e;j fl;blq;fs; njhlu;gpy; jdpj;jdpahd

Kiwapy;

jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.

100

,yq;if

Rw;Wyhj;

Jiwapdhy;

Rw;Wr; #oy; kw;Wk; r%f fl;Lg;ghLfs; Nghyd;wp> tpUe;jpdu;fspd; eyDld; njhlu;Gila juq;fs; kpfj; njspthf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;gb> Rj;jkhd fhw;Nwhl;lk;> Fsp&l;ly; trjp> gRik> thfd jupg;gplk; kw;Wk; tPjpfl;likg;G epiy vd;gd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.101 ,f; fl;Lg;ghLfs; cs;Su; kf;fspd; Njitfs; njhlu;gpy; vjidAk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.

99 Cf. Coast Conservation Department, Coastal Zone Management Plan (Can be accessed at: http://www.coastal.gov.lk/ downloads/pdf/CZMP%20English.pdf (1.12.2014).)

100 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/development_guidelines (1.12.2014).

101 101 Cf. ibid.

47 >

5.2. Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapd; %Nyhghak; 2011 – 2016 cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; KbTw;w gpd;du; Rw;Wyhj; Jiwia Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F murhq;fk; Xu; Ie;J Mz;L fhy jpl;lj;ij tFj;Js;sJ (2011 – 2016).102 ,j;jpl;lkhdJ

gpd;tUk;

,yf;Ffs;

kw;Wk;

%Nyhghaq;fis

nfhz;Ls;sJ.

,yf;Ffs;

103

• 2016y; 2.5 kpy;ypad; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; • Ie;J tUlfhyj;jpy; 3 gpy;ypad; Neub ntspehl;L KjyPL • Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd Ntiytha;g;G 2010k; Mz;by; 125000 jpy; ,Ue;J 2016k; Mz;by; 500000 tiu mjpfupj;jy; • Rw;Wyh %yk; cs;Su; kf;fs; gadiljy; • md;zpa nryhtzpia ngUf;Fjy; ( 2010k; Mz;bd; 500 kpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyupypUe;J 2016k; Mz;by; 2.75 gpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyu; tiu mjpfupj;jy;) • ru;tNjr tu;j;jf myfpid Jiwapd; gpujhd gq;fspg;G • Mrpahtpd; gpurpj;jp cUthf;Fjy;

%Nyhghaq;fs;

ngw;w

tpUj;jp Rw;Wyhj;

nra;tjpy; jykhf

Rw;Wyhj;

,yq;ifia

104

• Rw;Wyhj;Jiwf;F cfe;j #oiy cUthf;Fjy; • rupahd ghijapy; Rw;Wyhj;Jiwia Cf;Ftpj;jy; • Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; jpUg;jpia cWjpg;gLj;jy; • cs;Su; Rw;Wyhj; Jiwia Kd;Ndw;Wjy; • ,yq;if gw;wpa vz;zf;fUit kw;Wk; Njhw;wg;gl;lil tpUj;jp nra;jy; 102 Cf. Ministry of Economic Development, Tourism Development Strategy 2011 – 2016.

(Can be accessed at: http://www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/English.pdf (27.1.2014).)

103 Cf. ibid.

104 Cf. ibid.

48 >

,yq;ifapy;

nra;tjw;F

Rw;Wyhj;

Jiwf;fhd

KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;fhd

tup

epiyikfis

tpjpg;Gf;fis

tpUj;jp

,yFgLj;jy;>

rf;jp nrytpid Fiwj;jy; kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis tpUj;jp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,j;Jld; tpLjpfspy; miwfspd; vz;zpf;if ghupa mstpy; mjpfupf;fg;gly; mtrpakhFk;. 2010k; Mz;by; ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp

mjpfhurigapdhy;

mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l

22>

735

miwfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vt;thuhapDk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; 2.5 kpy;ypad; cy;yhrg; gazpfspd; jq;Fkplj;jpw;F ,d;Dk; 22>500 miwfs; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.105 ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsu;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F ,yq;ifahdJ> 327>600 a+Nuhtpw;F mjpfkhf KjyPL nra;gtu;fSf;F 4â&#x20AC;&#x201C;12 tUl fhy tup tpyf;fpid mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.106 ,j;

jPtpy;

epahakhd

Jupjg;gLj;Jtjw;F> cUthf;fpAs;sJ.

107

fl;Lg;ghl;by;

murhq;fkhdJ

45

Rw;Wyh Rw;Wyh

mgptpUj;jpia tyaq;fis

,jd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhf miktJ Rw;Wr; #oy;

kPjhd Nenujpu; jhf;fj;jpid Fiwg;gjhFk;.108 jw;Nghija mgptpUj;jpia fUj;jpw; nfhs;Sk; nghOJ> murhq;fj;jpd; %Nyhghak; ntw;wpaspf;fpd;wik Gydhfpd;wJ. 2008k; Mz;by; 440>000 Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;Js;sdu;. ,J 2013k; Mz;by; 1.3 kpy;ypadhf mjpfupj;Js;sJ.109 2014k; Mz;by; 1.5 kpy;ypad; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; tUif je;Js;sdu;.110 ,Nj Nghd;W mz;zpa nryhtdpAk; mjpfupj;js;sJ. fle;j tUlj;Jld; xg;gpLk; nghOJ 44.1 rjtPjk; mjpfupj;Js;sJ. ,J 1.04 gpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyu;fshFk;. mj;Jld; 105 105 Cf. ibid.

106 Cf. http://www.investsrilanka.com/setting_up_in_srilanka/investment_with_tax_ incentives_17.html (28.1.2014).

107 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/tourism_zones (28.1.2014).

108 Cf. http://www.investsrilanka.com/key_sectors_for_investment/tourism_introduction. html (28.1.2014).

109 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/december%202013-web.pdf (27.1.2014).

Development of tourist numbers: in2011: 855,975; in 2012: 1,005,605 (Cf.: Research & International Division. Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (ed.):2012 Annual Statistical Report, Colombo: 2012. (Can be accessed at: http://www.sltda.lk/sites/default/ files/Annual_Statistical_Report-2012_new.pdf (17.12.2014).)

110 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/Page1DEC14.pdf (2.2.2015).

49 >

,yq;ifapd; gpujhd tUkhd khu;f;fq;fspy; Rw;Wyhj; Jiw Ie;jhk; ,lj;jpid ngw;Ws;sJ. ,t; Mz;by; fle;j Mz;Lld; xg;gpLifapy; 17.4 rjtPjk; Nkyjpf njhopy;tha;g;G cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.111

5.3 Rw;Wyh tyaq;fs;

111 Cf. Research & International Division. Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (ed.): 2012 Annual Statistical Report, Colombo: 2012.

50 >

Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jpapy; gpujhdkhf ehd;F gpuNjrq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.112 • tl fpof;F fiuNahuj;jpy; jpUNfhzkiyf;F mz;ikapy; mike;Js;s Fr;rntsp • fpof;F

fiuNahuj;jpy;

kl;lf;fsg;gpw;F

mz;ikapy;

mike;Js;s ghrpf;Flh • tl

Nkw;F

fiuNahuj;jpy;

Gj;jsk;

khtl;lj;jpy;

mike;Js;s fy;gpl;b • njd; Nkw;F fiuNahuj;jpy; nge;njhl;ltpw;F mz;ikapy; mike;Js;s njj;Jit vkJ Ma;tpy;> ehk; fy;gpl;b> ghrpf;Flh kw;Wk; Fr;rntsp Mfpa tyaq;fspy;

ftdk;

nrYj;jpAs;Nshk;.

,g;gFjpfs;

,d

uPjpapy;

gy;tifik nfhz;lJld;> Aj;j fhyj;jy; kpfTk; FiwthfNt Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; tUif je;Js;sdu;. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; tpLjpfis mikg;gjw;F> Fiwe;jJ 49 N[u;kdp kw;Wk; 21 Rtp]; gaz Kftu; epWtdq;fs; Kd;te;Js;sd.113

5.3.1 fy;gpl;b fy;gpl;b Flh rpwpa jPTfspdhy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J nfhOk;gpypUe;J 170

fpNyhkPl;lu;

njhiytpy;

mike;Js;sJ.

fy;gpl;bahdJ

,e;J

rKj;jpuj;jpype;J Gj;jsk; tisFlhit gpupf;Fk; mofpa flw;fiu gpuNjrkhFk;.114 fy;gpl;b

Aj;jj;jpw;F

Kd;dUk;

gpd;dUk;

Rw;Wyhg;

gazpfisf; ftu;e;j gpuNjrkhFk;.115 ,yq;ifapd; Vida gpuNjrq;fSld; 112 Cf. http://www.investsrilanka.com/key_sectors_for_investment/tourism_introduction. html (28.1.2014).

113 Exact listing follows in the subsequent paragraphs.

114 Cf. http://www.ceylonroots.com/destinations/kalpitiya-dolphin-watching/ (3.2.2014).

115 Cf. http://www.lankapage.com/NewsFiles/Oct25_1382709190.php (3.2.2014).

51 >

xg;gpLifapy;>

Rfhjhuk;>

fy;tp

kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa gpuNjrkhFk;. rdj;njhif 759>776 MFk;.

kw;Wk;

116

117

cl;fl;likg;G

vd;gtw;wpy;

2012k; Mz;by; Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpd;

Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpd; xu; gFjpahd

fy;gpl;bapy; 86>019 Ngh; gutyhf tho;fpd;wdu;. Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpd; rdj;njhifahdJ ,d kw;Wk; kj mbg;gilapy; gy;tifik nfhz;lJ: 73.6 rjtPjkhdtu;fs; rpq;fstu;fs;> 19.3 rjtPjkhd118 tu;fs; K];ypk;fs; kw;Wk; 6.3 rjtPjkhdtu;fs; jkpou;fs; tho;fpd;wdu;.119 43.2 rjtPjkhd ngsj;ju;fSk;>

20

rjtPjkhd

,];yhkpau;fSk;>

3.2

rjtPjkhd

,e;Jf;fSk;> 32.8 rjtPjkhd fj;Njhypf;fu;fSk; trpf;fpd;wdu;.120

116 Cf. http://www.sacw.net/IMG/pdf/Sri_Lanka_IFFM_final_report-16-03-11.pdf (17.2.2014).

117 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp =Activities&tpl=3 (3.3.2014).

118 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop31&gp =Activities&tpl=3 (5.3.2014).

119 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp =Activities&tpl=3 (30.10.2014).

120 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop43&gp =Activities&tpl=3 (30.10.2014).

52 >

fy;gpl;b xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wyh tpLjpj; jpl;lk; (KITRP)

murhq;fkhdJ 2008k; Mz;by; ftu;rpfukhd Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapid gad;gLj;jp fy;gpl;b xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wyh tpLjpj; jpl;lj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. ,j; jpl;lj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; Fwpj;j 14 jPTfspy; tpLjp kw;;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G jpl;lq;fSf;F KjyPl;lhsu;fis ngWtjhFk;.121 Fiwe;jJ MW mjp nrhFR tpLjpfs; mikg;gjw;F jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.122 khiyj;jPtpd; khjpupia gpd;gw;wp cau; tpiy vy;iy nfhz;l Rw;Wyh gpuNjrkhf fy;gpl;bia mikg;gNj murpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.123 ,yq;if Rw;Wyh rigapd; $w;wpd; gpufhuk;> ,t; Mz;bd; ,Wjpf;Fs; 10>000 gLf;if miwfisf; nfhz;l VO tpLjpfs; mikf;fg;gl cs;sJ.124 ,t; ,yf;fpid miltjw;F> ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig nghJ epyq;fis ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;F 30-40 tUl Fj;jiff;F toq;f Kd;te;Js;sJ.125 vkJ Ma;tpd; gb> Rw;Wr; #oy; jhf;f kjpg;gPNlh my;yJ r%f jhf;f kjpg;gPNlh ,Jtiuapy; fy;gpl;bapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. ,j; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; Neub njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; 15>000 kiwKf Njhopy; tha;g;G 22>500 cUthf;FtNj fy;gpl;b xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wyh tpLjpj; jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.126 mj;Jld;> ,j; jpl;lj;jpy; cs;Su; kf;fspd; gq;fspg;G cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.127 mj;Jld; ,r; nraw;ghLfspd; nghOJ kf;fspd; tho;thjhuq;fSf;F ghjpg;Gf;fs; my;yJ ,lg;ngau;Tfs; eilngwyhfhJ.128 jq;Fkpltrjp; kw;Wkpd;wp> Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis ftUk; tifapy; gy;NtW jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. cjhuzkhf> Nfspf;if g+q;fh> cs;Su; tpkhd epiyak;> Nfhy;/ jply; vd;gtw;wpid Fwpg;gplyhk;. jdpahu; KjyPl;lhsu;fs; kw;Wk; mtrpakhd cl;fl;likg;Gfs; ngw;Wf; 121 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/kalpitiya (3.2.2014).

122 Cf. http://www.development.lk/project_detail-1a--10.html (3.2.2014).

123 Cf. http://www.development.lk/news_detail-7-53.html (5.2.2014).

124 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/kalpitiya (3.2.2014).

125 Cf. http://www.development.lk/news_details-7-56.html (4.2.2014).

126 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/kalpitiya (3.2.2014).

127 Cf. http://www.development.lk/project_detail-1a--10.html (3.2.2014).

128 Cf. http://www.news.lk/news/politics/item/3179-not-a-single-displacement-or-loss-oflivelihood-due-to-kalpitiya-tourism-development-project (24.11.2014).

53 >

nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ.129 Kjw; ghu;itapy; murhq;fj;jpd; jpl;lk; ntw;wpfukhf njd;gLfpd;wJ. ept;Nahf; lapk;]; rQ;rpif mwpf;ifapy;> 2013k; Mz;bd; “45 nry;y Ntz;ba ,lq;fs;” gl;baypy; fy;gpl;b 31k; ,lj;jpid ngw;Ws;sJ.130

jw;NghJ nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; tpLjpfs; 2014k; Mz;L ,Wjpapy; ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; gjpTfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kjy; tpLjpahf Kfj;Jthuk; jPtpy; mike;Js;s mjpnrhFR tpLjpahd “lr; Ng upNrhu;l;” mikfpd;wJ. ( ,J lr; Ng my;yJ %l;Lty; vdTk; mwpag;gLk;)

lr;Ng upNrhu;l; 2013k; Mz;L jpwf;fg;gl;lJ cupikahsu;: ePy; B rpy;th> lr; Ng upNrhu;l; fy;gpl;b lr;Ng upNrhu;l;bw;fhd gjpTfs; Neubahf nIu;kd; kw;Wk; Rtp]; gaz Kftu;fs; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;s ,ayhJ. khwhf ,izaj;jsq;fspd; ClhfNt Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. (agoda.com;booking.com; holidaycheck.ch).

jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;s tpLjpfs; rd; upnrhl; ,d;tr;kd;l; fk;gzp ypkp;ll;> nts;isj;jPtpy; Rw;Wr;#oYld; ,iaghd Rw;Wyh tpLjpia mikf;f jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ. ,j; jPthdJ ,yq;if>

khiyj;jPT

kw;Wk;

Rtp];

KjyPl;lhsu;fspd;

,ize;j

Kaw;rpapy; Ie;J tUl fhy Fj;jif mbg;gilapy; 24>200 a+Nuhtpw;F ngwg;gl;L mikf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.131 <t; “rd; rplb fy;gpl;b” 2017k; Mz;L 129 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/kalpitiya (3.2.2014).

130 Cf. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/01/10/travel/2013-places-to-go.html?_r=0 (3.2.2014).

131 Cf. http://www.development.lk/news_detail-7-54.html (5.2.2014). See also: http://www. tagesanzeiger.ch/schweiz/standard/ Fischer-muessen-Insel-fuer-Touristenanlage-raeumen/ story/11921226 (3.12.2014).

54 >

jpwf;fg;gl cs;sJ.132 ,e;jpa epWtdkhd f;a+gp yq;fh nyru; Gug;gl;b 16.82 kpy;ypad; mnkhpf;f nlhyu; (14.5 kpy;ypad; a+Nuh) nrytpy; ,Yg;gd; jPtpy; Rw;Wr;#oYld; ,iaghd Rw;Wyh tpLjpia mikf;f jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ.133 ,j; jPtpid 98>000 a+Nuhtpw;F Ie;J tUl Fj;jiff;F ngw;ws;sJ.

134

5.3.2. ghrpf;Flh ,yq;ifapd;

fpof;F

fiuNahuj;jpy;

mike;Js;s

rpwpa

fpuhkk;

ghrpf;Flh. khYkhY upNrhl; ghrpf;Flhit gpd;tUkhU tpgupj;Js;sJ> neUf;fbahd efupypUe;J ghupa njhiytpy; mike;Js;s fly;top Eiothapy;> ,t; nrhu;f g+kpapy; ntw;Wg;ghjq;fspy; nkd;ikahd #lhd nts;is kzypid czu KbAk;> kpf ngWkjpahd Rj;jkhd flw;fhw;iw czu KbAk;.135 kl;lf;fsg;G

khtl;lj;jpy;

ghrpf;Flh

mike;Js;sJ.136

kl;lf;fsg;G

khtl;lj;jpd; rdj;njhif 525>142 MFk;.137 ,jpy; 23>317 ghrpf;Flhtpy; gutpAs;sJ.138 ,g; gpuNjrKk; ,d kj uPjpapy; gy;tifik nfhz;lJ. 72.6 rjtPjk; jkpou;> 25.5 rjtPjk; K];ypk;fs;> 1.2 rjtPjk; rpq;fstu;fSk; thOfpd;wdu;.139

64.6rjtPjj;jpdu;

,];yhkpau;fs;>

8.8

,e;Jf;fs;>

rjtPjkhdtu;fs;

rjtPjkhd ngsj;ju;fSk; trpf;fpd;wdu;.

25.5

rjtPjkhdtu;fs;

fj;Njhypf;fu;fs;;

kw;Wk;

1.1

140

132 Cf. http://www.attractionsmanagement.com/detail.cfm?pagetype=detail&subject=news&CodeID=312796 (16.12.2014).

133 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/ongoing_projects (5.2.2014).

134 Cf. http://www.development.lk/news_detail-7-55.html (5.2.2014).

135 See: http://www.maalumaalu.com/ (5.11.2014).)

136 Cf. http://welcometobatticaloa.com/visits-activities/passikudah-and-kalkudah-beaches/ (5.3.2014).

137 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3 (3.3.2014).

138 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop31&gp=Activities&tpl=3 (5.3.2014).

139 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3 (1.3.2014).

140 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop43&gp=Activities&tpl=3 (3.3.2014).

55 >

ghrpf;Flh Njrpa tpLKiw tpLjp 1983k; Mz;bw;F Kd;du; ghrpf;Flh Xu; gpugy;akhd Rw;Wyhj; jykhFk; mf;fhyj;jpy; ,g; gpuNjrj;jpy; %d;W tpLjpfspy; 171 miwfs; fhzg;gl;ld.

1983k; Mz;L cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; Muk;gpj;j gpd;du; Rw;Wyhj; Jiw Kw;W KOjhf rupe;jJ. ghrpf;Flh upNrhu;l;> ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; Rw;Wyhj; Jiwia fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd murpd; Xu; Kaw;rpNa MFk;. mur jftypy; gb 60 n`f;Nlau;fspy; 500 Gjpa tpLjp miwfs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.141 gj;jpupif kw;Wk; gaz Kftu; epWtdq;fs; 1>000 tpLjp miwfis vjpu;T $wpAs;sdu;.142 ,yq;ifapd; thuhe;j gj;jpupifahd rz;Nl xg;rtu;> vjpu;fhy Rw;Wyh tsu;r;rpf;F cl;fl;likg;G trjpfSf;fhd ghupa

KjyPLfs;

Njitg;gLfpd;wd

vd

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.

mj;Jld;

kl;lf;fsg;G tpkhd epiyak; tp];jupf;fg;gLk;> Gifapuj fl;likg;G tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;. Nkyjpf jpl;lq;fshf> Gjpa re;ijj; njhFjp> jpwe;j ntsp jpNal;lu;> kpjp tz;bg;ghij Nfhy;/ jply; kw;Wk; ePu; tho;fhl;rp rhiy vd;gdTk; mikf;fg;gl cs;sd.143 rz;Nl

xg;rtupd;

mwpf;ifg;gb.

Xu;

Rw;Wr;

#oy;

jhf;f

kjpg;gPL

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L mjd; mwpf;if nghJ kf;fs; ghu;itf;fhf khtl;l nrayfj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.144 vkJ fs Ma;tpd; gpufhuk; cs;Su; kf;fSf;F kjpg;gPl;bd; ngWNgWfs; mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jw;NghJs;s tpLjpfs; 2014k; Mz;L brk;gu; khjj;jpypUe;J ghrpf;Flh tpLjpfSf;fhd ru;tNjr gjpTfis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;

141 Cf. http://www.sltda.gov.lk/passekudah_project (1.3.2014).

142 Cf. http://www.colombopage.com/archive_12/Jan28_1327770179CH.php (14.1.2015) and http://holidayplace.co.uk/news/details/105377/sri-lanka-to-develop-pasikuda-as-tourist-destination (14.1.2015).

143 Cf. http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2013/06/02/fea09.asp (1.3.2014) 144 Cf. http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2010/04/04/fin17.asp (14.11.2014).

56 >

khY khY upNrhu;l; kw;Wk; ];gha 2011k; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ b cupikahsu;; Theme Resorts & Spas (Pvt) Ltd. c

jPk; upNrhl; kw;Wk; ];gh]; jdpahu; epWtdk; NIu;kd;

kw;Wk;

Rtp];

Rw;Wyh

tu;j;jf

fk;gd;fspDlhf

,t;

N`hl;lypd; Nritfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Kd;$l;bNa gjpT nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;. a Cf. http://www.dutchbayresorts.com/index.php (5.11.2014). b Cf. http://www.dutchbayresorts.com/index.php/boutique-hotel (5.11.2014). c Cf. http://www.dutchbayresorts.com/index.php/contact (5.11.2014).

`khah gPr;d 2013k; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.e

cupikahsu;- Amaya Resorts & Spa f

`khah upNrhl; kw;Wk; ];gh NIu;kd; kw;Wk; Rtp]; Rw;Wyh tu;j;jf fk;gdpfspDlhf ,t; N`hl;lypd; Nritfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Kd;$l;bNa gjpT nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;. d Cf. https://www.amayabeach.com/ (5.11.2014). e Cf. http://www.breakingtravelnews.com/news/article/centara-set-toopen-second-resort-in-sri-lanka/ (3.3.2014). f Cf. http://www.amayaresorts.com/find-a-resort (30.10.2014).

57 >

mnk];jp upnrhu;l; ghrpf;Flhh 2012k; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.i cupikahsu; -va;bfd; ];ngd;]; N`hl;ly; Kfhikj;Jt jdpahu; epWtdk J nIu;kd; kw;Wk; Rtp]; Rw;Wyh tu;j;jf fk;gdpfspDlhf ,t; N`hl;lypd; Nritfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Kd;$l;bNa gjpT nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;. h Cf. http://www.amethystpassikudah.com/ (5.11.2014). i Cf. http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=articledetails&code_title=47837 (3.3.2014). j Cf. http://www.amethystpassikudah.com/contact_us.php (5.11.2014).

cfh Ng upNrhu;l;k 2012k; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

cupikahsu;-

cfh

v];nfg;];

jdpahu; epWtdk; Uga Escapes Pvt Ltd m nIu;kd; kw;Wk; Rtp]; Rw;Wyh tu;j;jf fk;gdpfspDlhf ,t; N`hl;lypd; Nritfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Kd;$l;bNa gjpT nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;. k Cf. http://www.ugaescapes.com/ugabay/ (5.11.2014). l Cf. http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2012/10/14/fin06.asp (5.11.2014). m Cf. http://www.ugaescapes.com/about-us.html (5.11.2014).

58 >

mdpyhdh ghrpf;Flhn 2013k;

Mz;L

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

o

cupikahsu; - mdpyhdh N`hl;ly; kw;Wk; Gug;gl;b -Anilana Hotels & Properties Limited p

nIu;kd; kw;Wk; Rtp]; Rw;Wyh tu;j;jf fk;gdpfspDlhf ,t; N`hl;lypd; Nritfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Kd;$l;bNa gjpT nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

n Cf. http://www.anilana.com/pasikuda/index.html (5.11.2014). o Cf. http://www.anilana.com/index.html#about (3.3.2014). p Cf. http://www.anilana.com/board-of-directors.html (5.11.2014).

rd; mf;Fth ghrpf;Flhq 2012k; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

cupikahsu; - rd;rpahk; upNrhl; Sun Siyam Resorts

s

nIu;kd; kw;Wk; Rtp]; Rw;Wyh tu;j;jf fk;gdpfspDlhf ,t; N`hl;lypd; Nritfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Kd;$l;bNa gjpT nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;. q Cf. http://sunaqua.com/pasikudah (16.12.2014). (The “Sun Aqua Pasikudah” is also called “The Beach House” by German and Swiss agencies. Cf. http:// www.restplatzboerse.ch/hotel/the-beach-house-at-pasikudah-sri-lankahid-72697/ (17.12.2014).) r Cf.http://www.attractionsmanagement.com/detail.cfm?pagetype= detail&subject = news&CodeID=312796 (16.12.2014). s Cf. http://www.sunsiyam.com/ (16.12.2014).

59 >

5.3.3. Fr;rntsp

,yq;ifapd; fpof;F fiuNahuj;jpy; jpUNfhzkiyapypUe;J 40

fpNyhkPl;lu; njhiytpy; mike;Js;s rpwpa kPd;gpb fpuhkkhd Fr;rntsp>145 Rw;Wyh gpuNjrq;fshd jpUNfhzkiy kw;Wk; epyhntspf;F ,ilNa mike;Js;sik

Fr;rntspiaAk;

Xu;

Fr;rntspapd; 8 fpNyhkPl;lu; ePykhd146 Rw;Wyh

tyakhf

murhq;fk;

Rw;Wj;jykhf

khwpAs;sJ.

flw;fiuapid Xu; kpf Kf;fpa

gpufldg;gLj;jpAs;sJ147

jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.

148

Fr;rntsp

,J Rw;Wyh tyakhf

milahsg;gLj;jg;gl Kd;du; tpLjpfs; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy.149

2012k; Mz;L jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpd; rdj;njhif 380>000 MFk;.150 ,jpy; 33>100 Fr;rntsp gpuNjrj;jpy; gutpAs;sJ.151 ,k; khtl;lKk; ,d kj uPjpapy; gy;tifik nfhz;lJ. 2012k; Mz;by; 40.4 rjtPjk; K];ypk;fs;>

30.6

rjtPjk;

jkpou;fs;>

27

rjtPjk;

rpq;fstu;fSk;

tho;fpd;wdu;.152 26 rjtPjk; ,];yhkpau;> 25.9 rjtPjk; ngsj;ju;fs;> 25.9 rjtPjk; ,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; 5.8 rjtPjk; fj;Njhypf;fu;fs; Mtu;.153

145 Cf. http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2013/02/03/fea09.asp (3.3.2014).

146 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/110320/BusinessTimes/bt03.html (3.3.2014).

147 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/eastern_region_development (3.3.2014).

148 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouS/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop31&gp=Activities&tpl=3 (5.3.2014).

149 Cf. http://www.tourismnews.lk/index.php/health/item/220-jungle-beach-in-kuchchaveliawarded-best-luxury-hideawayresort-of-indian-ocean (3.3.2014).

150 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3 (3.3.2014).

151 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop31&gp=Activities&tpl=3 (5.3.2014).

152 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3 (3.3.2014).

153 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop43&gp=Activities&tpl=3 (3.3.2014).

60 >

Fr;rntsp Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp tyak; ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig Fr;rntspapy; kpfg; ghupastpy;

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154 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/eastern_region_development (3.3.2014).

155 Cf. http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2010/04/04/fin17.asp (04.12.2014).

156 Cf. http://med.gov.lk/english/?p=12220 (3.3.2014).

157 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/110320/BusinessTimes/bt03.html (3.3.2014).

61 >

Fj;jif tpiy kPz;Lk; mjpfupf;fg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ murhq;fk; 10 Vf;fu; epyj;jpw;F 5 kpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyu;fs; tpjpj;Js;sJ. ,J 200 rjtPj mjpfupg;ghFk;.158 2013k; Mz;L etk;gupy; nghJeytha tu;j;jf mikg;gpd; re;jpg;gpd; nghOJ> ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig kPz;Lk; xU jilit Fr;rntsp Rw;Wyh tyaj;jpw;fhd KjyPl;llhsu;fis <u;f;Fk; eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurigapd; jpl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk;> 510 Vf;fupy; 40 flw;fiu tpLjpfs; mikg;gjhFk;. ,e;j epyq;fs; ePz;l fhy Fj;;jif mbg;gilapy; toq;f KbAk;.159 vdpDk; tpiyapd; mjp$ba mjpfupg;gpd; fhuzkhf ,k; Kaw;rp ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy.160

jw;NghJ mike;Js;s tpLjpfs; 2014k; Mz;bd; brk;gu; khj ,Wjpapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l [q;fy; gPr;rpy; ru;tNjr gjpTfis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

[q;fy; gPr; 2012k; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ

cupikahsu; - Uga Escapes Pvt Ltd c

nIu;kd; kw;Wk; Rtp]; Rw;Wyh tu;j;jf fk;gdpfspDlhf ,t; N`hl;lypd; Nritfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Kd;$l;bNa gjpT nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

a Cf. http://www.ugaescapes.com/junglebeach/ (5.11.2014). b Cf. http://med.gov.lk/english/?p=12220 (3.3.2014). c Cf. http://www.ugaescapes.com/about-us.html (5.11.2014).

158 Cf. http://www.ceylontoday.lk/22-58450-news-detail-land-offered-in-former-war-zonekuchchaveli-to-chogm-businessdelegates-govt-inflates-prices-and-fails-to-attract-investors-for-tourism-zone.html (17.3.2014).

159 Cf. Board of Investment of Sri Lanka, Commonwealth Business Forum. Colombo, Sri Lanka. 12th to 14th Nov 2013. Project Proposals, Colombo: 2013. (Can be accessed at: https://www.muenchen.ihk.de/de/international/Anhaenge/sri-lanka-projectproposals-62s.-4-26-mb-.pdf (10.12.2014).)

160 160 Cf. http://www.ceylontoday.lk/22-58450-news-detail-land-offered-in-former-warzone-kuchchaveli-to-chogm-businessdelegates- govt-inflates-prices-and-fails-to-attractinvestors-for-tourism-zone.html (17.3.2014).

62 >

N[u;kdp gaz Kftu;fs;-

5vorFlug, Arendt Reisen, B&R Reisen, billiger.

de,DERPART, DERTOUR, Discount Travel.com, Expedia.de, ferien.de, Flieg-ab-Basel,Flyloco, FTI, Geoplan Touristik, HOLIDAY LAND, Inforeisen.de, ITS Reisen, JahnReisen, Kozica Reisen, lastminute.com, Lidl Reisen, L’TUR, Merican Reisen, Neckermann Reisen, Oscar Reisen, Raiffeisen-Tours-Kooperation, reisefieber-reisen, Reisegeier, reiselinie.de touristik, Schmetterling Reisen, Sri Lanka Reisen, Thomas Cook, Ticket Shop, TravelScout24, tropo, TUI, weg.de

Rtp]; gaz Kftu;fs;

- Big Blue Tours, ebookers.ch, FTI Schweiz, Helvetic

Tours, Kuoni, Lanka Reisen, L’TUR tourism , Manta Reisen, Neckermann Reisen Schweiz, Reisegeier Schweiz, Restplatzbörse Schweiz, srilanka-rundreise.ch, tourasia, Tourisme Pour Tous, travelhouse, travelsrilanka.ch, WTA-X Travel

jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;s tpLjpfs; Gjpa Rw;Wyh tpLjpj; jpl;lkhdJ Fr;rntsp gpuNjrj;jpy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

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63 >

64 >

6. Kuz;ghl;L gpuNjrq;fs;

65 >

6.1. cs;Su; kf;fspd; jiyaPL (kf;fis cs;thq;Fjy;) ; 6.1.1. Njrpa nfhs;if (mtfhrk;) jpl;lq;fis

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161 Cf. http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/CONTENTS.html (24.11.2014).

162 Cf. http://www.forum-asia.org/?p=16489 (12.11.2014).

163 Cf. https://www.cpj.org/killed/asia/sri-lanka/ (5.2.2014).

66 >

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cjhuzkhf> ghzk fpuhkj;jpdUf;F mtu;fsJ epyj;jpy; jpl;lkplg;gl;l 164 Cf. http://colombogazette.com/2014/10/26/human-rights-group-slams-crackdown/ (24.11.2014).

165 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/120219/News/nws_17.html (24.11.2014).

166 Cf. http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results (04.12.2014).

167 Cf. http://www.transparency.org/news/pressrelease/20121205_sri_lanka_placed_79th_in_ global_corruption_perception_index (28.11.2014).

168 Cf. http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2011/03/27/govt-leasing-out-islands-in-kalpitiya-toforeign-investors/ (24.11.2014).

169 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/140803/business-times/tourism-rules-but-are-the-numbers-right-109023.html (24.11.2014).

67 >

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170 Panama is a small coastal village in the immediate neighbourhood of Arugam Bay in the south east of Sri Lanka.

171 Cf. http://www.ceylontoday.lk/51-30929-news-detail-legally-bequeathed-illegally-acquired.html (26.11.2014).

172 Cf. http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2013/05/12/land-grab-at-panama/ (09.12.2014).

173 Cf. http://lagooncabanas.lk/ (28.11.2014).

174 Cf. Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA), Legal and Policy Implications of Recent Land Acquisitions, Evictions and Related Issues in Sri Lanka, November 2014, S. 35. (Can be accessed at: http://f.cl.ly/items/2Y450U3L0j0y000J3e3l/Legal%20 and%20Policy%20Implications%20of%20Recent%20Land%20Acquisitions,%20Evictions%20and%20Related%20 Issues%20 in%20Sri%20Lanka.pdf (10.12.2014).)

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69 >

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176 A beach seine is a seine net operated from the shore. In the process, schools of fish are caught with the seine. A large number of people are required for towing the seine to the shore. (See: http://www.fao.org/fishery/geartype/202/en (21.11.2014).)

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177 Cf. http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Kalpitiya:-Muslim-woman-defeats-mega-tourism-project-over-land-expropriation-23734.html (5.2.2014).

178 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/130728/business-times/cid-probes-passikudah-land-grabfrom-swiss-nationals-54009.html (1.3.2014).

71 >

cly; uPjpahd td;KiwAk; kf;fspd; ghJfhg;Gk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kdpj cupikfs; jdpegu; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd cupik> Ngr;R kw;Wk; xd;W $ly; Rje;jpuk; ghrpf;Flhtpy;> fhzp cupikahsupdhy; Ntiyf;F mku;j;jg;gl;bUe;j fhtyhspia ,uhZt tPuu;fs; tpul;babj;Js;sdu;. ,J njhlu;gpy; fhty; Jiw tprhuizfis Muk;gpj;Js;sJ.179 Fr;rntspapy;> mUfhikapYs;s flw;gil Kfhkpd; fl;lis mjpfhup mg;gpuNjr kPdtu;fis fliy tpl;L nry;yhtpbd; kPd;gpb cgfuzq;fis jPapl;L nfhOj;Jtjhf mr;RWj;jpAs;shu;.

6.2. cs;Su; kf;fs; kPjhd jhf;fk; 6.2.1. Njrpa re;ju;g;gk;(mtfhrk;) kdpj mgptpUj;jp Rl;nlz; 0.715 iaf; nfhz;L 187 ehLfspy; ,yq;if 92k; ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ. kdpj mgptpUj;jp

Rl;nlz;dpd; mbg;gilapy;

njw;fhrpa ehLfspy; ,yq;ifahdJ cau; kdpj mgptpUj;jp nfhz;l ehlhf tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.180 ,J xU GwkpUf;f> ,yq;ifapd; fpuhkg;Gw kf;fs; cau; jiyf;Fwpa tUkhd tpfpjk; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j Rfhjhu trjpfspdhy; mtjpAUfpd;wdu;. cyf tq;fpapd; 2013k; Mz;L mwpf;ifapd; gpufhuk;> jiyf;Fupa tWik tpfpjk; Njrpa tUikf; Nfhl;bd; 6.7 rjtPjkhf cs;sJ. ,J 2007k; Mz;by; 15.2 rjtPjkhf fhzg;gl;lJ.181 fpuhk kw;Wk; efuq;fspilNa ghupa ( r%f) ,ilntsp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

2010k; Mz;by; 84.7 rjtPj tWikapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

179 179 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/130728/business-times/cid-probes-passikudah-landgrab-from-swiss-nationals-54009.html (1.3.2014).

180 Cf. http:// 181 Cf. http://data.worldbank.org/country/sri-lanka (24.11.2014).

72 >

kf;fs; fpuhkg; gFjpfisr; rhu;e;jtuhtu;.182 ,ytr Njrpa Rfhjhu Nrit fhzg;gl;lhYk;> Njrpa itj;jpa Nritapy; itj;jpaupfspd; Ntiyg;gO fhuzkhf Njrpa Rfhjhu Nrit kpff; Fiwe;j juj;jpNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mNdfkhd itj;jpa epiyaq;fs; nfhOk;G tyaj;ij ikag;gLj;jpNa mike;Js;sJ. fpuhkq;fspy; rpwg;G Rfhjhu epGzu;fs; fpilg;gJ

fbdkhFk;.183

cyf

tq;fpapd;

mwpf;ifg;gb>

rdj;njhifapy; 82 rjtPjkhdtufs; fpuhkg;Gwj;jtu;fs;.

,yq;if

184

flw; njhopy; Vwj;jho 1.3 kpy;ypad; ,yq;if kf;fs; kPd; gpbia jkJ tho;thjhukhf nfhz;Ls;sdu;.185

vdNt

jq;Fjilapd;wp

fliy

miljy;

,d;wpaikahjJ. Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fs; mjid rpukg;gLj;JtJ my;yJ jLg;gjhf mikfpd;wJ. Xu; FLk;g tpahghukhd kPd;gpbapy; Neubahf fliy miljy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;. kPd;gpb glFfspd; jupg;gplk; fpuhkj;jpw;F mz;ikapy; mike;Js;sikahy;> ngz;fs; mq;F nrd;W jdJ fztUf;F cjtpahf kPd;fis tiyapype;J vLj;J ,ilj;jufu;fSf;F tpw;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jw;F Nkyhf cg;G kw;Wk; fUthl;L cw;gj;jpapy; <Lglyhk;. glF Jiwfis miltJ fbdkhapd; ngz;fs; kPd;gpb Jiwapy; cs;thq;fg;glkhl;lhu;fs;. ,J kPd; tpw;gid %yk; tUkhdk; FiwtiltJld; FLk;g RikAk; mjpfupf;Fk;.

Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapy; cs;Su; kf;fspd; gq;Nfw;G ,yq;ifapd;

tWiknahopg;gpw;F

Gjpa

njhopy;

tha;g;Gf;fis

182 Cf. The Centre for Poverty Analysis, A closer look at Sri Lanka’s poverty figures: are we reading them right?, Colombo,September 2013. (Can be accessed at: http://www.island.lk/ index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=88119 (29.11.2014).)

183 Cf. Schuster Adrian (Organisation suisse d’aide aux réfugiés, OSAR), Sri Lanka: Gesundheitsversorgung im Norden Sri Lankas. Themenpapier der Länderanalyse, Bern 2013.

(Can be accessed at: http://www.fluechtlingshilfe.ch/herkunftslaender/asia/sri-lanka/srilanka-gesundheitsversorgung-im-norden-sri-lankas (10.12.2014).)

184 Cf. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS/countries (20.11.2014).

185 Cf. http://www.fisheries.gov.lk/content.php?cnid=ststc (20.11.2014).

73 >

cUthf;Ftjw;F Rw;Wyh Xu; cfe;j tplakhFk;. ,yq;ifapy; mur MjuT Rw;Wyhj; Jiw Kw;W KOjhf ,jd; tUkhdk; %yk; cs;Su; kf;fs;

ed;ikailtjhfNt

cUthf;fg;gLk;

njhopy;

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

tha;g;Gfs;

%yk;

Rw;Wyhj; kf;fspd;

Jiwapy;

tho;thjhuk;

cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.186

186 Cf. Ministry of Economic Development, Tourism Development Strategy 2011 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2016.

(Can be accessed at: http://www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/English.pdf (27.1.2014).)

74 >

6.2.2 Ma;T KbTfs; tho;thjhuk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kdpj cupikfs; NghJkhd

tho;ifj;ju

cupik>

elkhLk;

cupik>

tpUk;gpa

njhopiy nra;tjw;fhd cupik kw;Wk; jdpegu; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd cupik.

Ma;tpd; KbTfs; Rw;Wyh

jpl;lj;jpd;

fhuzkhf

fliy

miltjpy;

fhzg;gLk;

rpukq;fspdhy; gy kPdtu;fs; tho;thjhuj;ij ,yf;Fk; mghak; mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wJ. rpy re;ju;gq;fspy; ,J ,lk; ngw;Wtpl;lJ.

fy;gpl;b fliy kw;Wk; tskhd kPd;gpb gpuNjrq;fSf;F nry;tjw;F gy kPdtu;fSf;F jil tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kfj;Jthuj;jpy; lr; Ng upNrhu;l; tpLjpfspd; epu;khzj;jpd; NghJ 4 Vf;fu; rJg;G epyk; mopf;fg;gl;lJ. ,q;F Kd;du; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWtu;fshy; ,why; kw;Wk; rpq;fp ,why; gpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,q;F mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhy;tha; kPdtu;fs; thtpia miltj;ij jLf;fpd;wJ. lr; Ng upNrhu;l;bdhy; 100 kPl;lu; Rw;wsTs;s gpuNjrk; mgfupf;fg;gl;L jz;zPupy; muz;fSk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd; topahf kPdtu;fs; fliy miltJ jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J thtpapd; Xu; gFjpahFk;. ,t;tplj;jpy; 50 kPdtu;fs; jkJ tho;thjhuj;ij Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdu;. flw;fiuapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j ,uz;L Jhz;by; kPd;gpb ,lq;fSk; mopf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; Ntis nra;j 57 kPdtu;fs; NtW Ntis Njb nry;y epu;ge;jpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. nts;isj;jPtpy; gl;lk; tpLk; Rw;Wyh eltbf;ifapdhy; kPdtu;fs; thtpia miltJ jilg;gl;Ls;sikahy; kPdtu;fs; kpf Nkhrkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. rpwe;j kPd;tsu;g;G gpuNjrkhd rPdfyp gFjpapy; tpLjp epu;khz gzp fhuzkhf ,why; gz;idj; njhopy; elhj;j KbahJs;sJ. ,jdhy; cs;Su; kf;fs; tUkhd %yj;jpid ,oe;Js;sdu;.

75 >

ghrpf;Flh cs;Su; kf;fs; ,oe;Js;sdu;.

fliy miltjw;fhd midj;J topfspidAk;

mtu;fs;

jw;nghOJ

5

fpNyhkPl;lu;

ele;J

nrd;W

mz;kpj;j glFJiwia milfpd;wdu;. 300f;Fk; mjpfkhd kPdtu;fs; 5 fpNyhkPl;lu; ePsKs;s kpff; FWfpa 14 n`f;nlau; flw;fiuapid gad;gLj;jtjw;F js;sg;gl;ls;sdu;. jw;nghOJ mtu;fs; 300 kpl;lupw;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhy; newpry; epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Fr;rntsp flw;fiu futiy kPd;gpbg;G Kiw 17 ,lq;fspy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;

fhuzkhf

gpujhdkhf

900

K];ypk;

kPdtu;fs;

jkJ

tho;thjhuj;ij ,oe;Js;sJld; kpd;gpb glFfis gad;gLj;Jgtu;fSk; mr;RWj;jYf;F cs;shfpAs;sdu;. NkYk; fliy milAk; 9 ,lq;fs; jLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jw;nghOJ rpy kPdtu;fs; 3 fpNyhkPl;lu; Jhuk; ele;J fliy milfpd;wdu;.

mur nghJ cl;fl;likg;G trjp ghjpf;fg;gl;l kdpj cupikfs; juj;jpw;F Vw;g NghJkhd tho;f;ifj;ju cupik> fy;tp cupik> tpUk;gpa ,lj;jpw;F nry;tjw;fhd cupik> capu; tho;tjw;fhd kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G cupik

Ma;T KbTfs; murhq;fk;

toq;fpa

cWjpnkhopahdJ

NenujpuhdJ>

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l cl;fl;likg;G trjpfspy; cs;Su; kf;fs; kpfr; rpwpa

mstpNyNa

tho;f;ifapy;

ed;ikaile;Js;sdu.;

Rw;Wyhj;

Jiw

jpl;lq;fs;

kf;fspd; ghupa

md;whl

jhf;fj;jpid

Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd.

76 >

ghrpf;Flhtpy;> kPd;gpb epiyaq;fs; tpLjpfs; mikg;gjw;F toptpl Ntz;bAs;sJ.

,jdhy;

kPd;gpb

tiy

kw;Wk;

cgufuzq;fis

ghJfhj;J itg;gjw;fhd ,lj;jpid ,oe;Js;sJld; kw;Wkd;wp kPd; Nrfupg;gpw;F gad;gLj;Jk; Fspu;rhjd ngl;bfis Fiwe;j tpiyf;F tpw;f Ntz;ba epiyapy; cs;sdu;.

Fr;rntspapy;> flypid mz;kpj;j tpisahl;L ikjhdk;> nghJrd epiyak;> fpzWfs; kw;Wk; ,e;J Myaq;fs; Rw;Wyhj; jpl;lq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. fw;gpl;b Kfj;Jthuk; jPtpy;> fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigapd; kf;fshy; gy jrhg;jq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l eilghij> lr; Ng upNrhu;bd; epu;khzg; gzpfspdhy; jilg;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;nghOJ Mgj;jhd Xu; ghij toahfNt jpUr;rigia

milaKbfpd;wJ.

,Yg;gd;jPtpy;>

KjyPl;lhsu;fs;

(f;fPa+gp yq;fh) kw;Wk; cs;Su; kf;fspilNaahd tha;%y xg;ge;jk; kjpf;fg;glhikapdhy;>

mikj;Jj;

jUtjhf

cWjpaspf;fg;gl;l

cl;fl;likg;G trjpNa> jz;zPu; toq;fy;> ghyu; ghlrhiy> Rfhjhu trjp Nghd;w vitAk; mikf;fg;gltpy;iy. khztu;fs; mUfpy; cs;s cr;rpKid jPtpYs;s ghlrhiyf;F nry;fpd;wdu;. ,q;fpUe;Nj jkf;F Njitahd FbePiuAk; ngWfpd;wdu;.

77 >

Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapy; cs;Su; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kdpj cupikfs; gq;Fgw;Wk; cupik> njhopy; Guptjw;fhd cupik

Ma;tpd; KbTfs; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw tu;j;jfj;jpy; cs;Su; kf;fs; gq;Fgw;WjYf;fhd tha;g;G gzpfspd;

kpfTk;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

nghOJ

Gjpa

njhopy;

tpLjpfspd;

tha;g;Gf;fs;

epu;khzg;

jpwf;fg;gl;ld>

vdpDk; ,jd; gpwF cs;Su; kf;fshy; Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; tUkhdk; ngWtJ fbdkhf cs;sik ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• fy;gpl;b : fy;gpl;bapy;> lr; Ng upNrhu;l; epu;khzg; gzpfspy; cs;Su; kf;fs; gq;Fgw;wp jkJ tUkhdj;jpid ngw;wdu;. vdpDk; vkJ Ma;tpy; jpul;lg;gl;l jftypd; gb> ,q;F gq;Fgw;wpatu;fSf;F rupahd nfhLg;gdTfs; toq;fg;gltpy;iy vd njupate;Js;sJ.187 jw;nghOJk; kpff; rpwpa mstpyhd cs;Su; kf;fNs tpLjpfspy; gzpf;F mku;j;jg;gl;Ls;sjhf Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. • ghrpf;Flh: ghrpf;Flhtpy;> tpLjp epu;khzg; gzpfspy; gzpGuptjw;F cs;Su; kf;fSf;F tha;g;G toq;fg;gl;lJld; rpyu; khj;jpuNk mtw;wpid Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. vdpDk; epu;khdg; gzpfs; epiwTngw;wTld; mtu;fSf;F tpLjpfspy; Ntistha;g;G toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy. Majg;gilapduhy; tpLjpfis mz;kpj;J rpwpa filfs; elhj;jg;gLtjhy; cs;Su; kf;fspw;fhd tUkhdk; ngWk; re;ju;g;gk; kpfTk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

187 187 Neil de Silva, owner of the “Dutch Bay Resort”, has allegedly not respected contracts and failed to make payments. One supplier (name known to the STP) received a cheque for over EUR 22,300 that bounced. Likewise, the accounts of the building contractor (name known to the STP) have not been settled. The resort does not appear to generate any income.

78 >

• Fr;rNtyp: Fr;rNtyp vkJ Ma;tpd;gb> [q;fpy;gPr; flikahw;Wgtu;fspy; Nru;e;jtu;fs;.

188

ngUk;ghyhNdhu;

kj;jpa

upNrhu;l;by;

kiyehl;ilr;

kpff; Fiwe;j msthd cs;Su; kf;fNs tpLjpfspd;

Kyk; tUkhdk; ngWfpd;wdu;.

• Ma;tpw;F

cl;gLj;jg;gl;l

%d;W

tpLjpfSf;Fkhd

kPd;

,ilj;jufu;fs; %ykhfNt ngwg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; nghOJ cs;Su; kPdtu;fs; kpf mupjhfNt ftdpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.

kf;fspd; Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G ghjpf;fg;gl;l kdpj cupikfs; Rfhjhuj;jpw;fhd cupik

Ma;tpd; KbTfs; Rw;Wyhj;

Jiwapy;

jz;zPu;

toq;fs;

Nenujpuhd

jhf;fj;ij

nfhz;Ls;sJ. • fy;gpl;b tpLjpfspy; jz;zPu; Efu;T mjpfupj;jpg;gjdhy; cs;Su; kf;fs; ghupa ePu; gw;whf;Fiwia vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. FbePu; gw;whf;Fiw

kw;Wkd;wp

Vida

NjitfSf;Fkhd

jz;zPu;

gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

188 “Hill Country” is a mountainous inland region located between the cities of Kandy, Nuwara Eliya and Badulla.

79 >

6.3. epyk; mgfupg;G 6.3.1. Njrpa re;ju;g;gk; murhq;fk;

Njrpa

ghJfhg;G>

efu

mgptpUj;jp

kw;Wk;

Rw;Wyhj;

jpl;lq;fSf;F epyq;fis jd;dfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

epy cupik murhq;fkhdJ

nghJ

eyd;

fUjp

epyq;fis

jd;dfg;gLj;jp

Kd;dhy; cupikia ,uj;J nra;a KbAk;. vdpDk; ,jid ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F> epy cupikahsu;fSf;F Kk; nkhopfspYk; mwptpj;jy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mwptpj;jy; toq;fg;gl;L 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; jkJ Ml;Nrgidia Kd;itf;fyhk;. Ml;Nrgid nra;ag;gLk; nghOJ nghJ mwptpj;jy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.189 Rw;Wyhj;Jiw NjitfSf;F epyq;fs; jd;dfg;gLj;jy;

,yq;ifapy;

rl;lg+u;tkhFk;.

nghJ

eyd;

fUjp

epyq;fs; jd;dfg;gLj;jypd; nghOJ Nkw;$wg;gl;lit Vw;GilajhFk;.190 ,yq;ifapy; ntspehl;L gpui[fs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; epyq;fis nfhs;tdT nra;a KbahJ. vdpDk; Fj;jiff;F ngw mDkjp cz;L.191

epyk; njhlu;ghd Kuz;ghL Rdhkp Nguoptpd; jhf;fk; 2004k; Mz;L Rdhkp Nguoptpd; gpd;du;> flw;fiuNahuq;fspy; jhf;f tyaq;fs;

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

me;j

jhf;f

tyaq;fspy;

guk;giu

189

190 Cf. Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Tourism Act, No. 38 of 2005; published as Supplement to Part II of the Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of December 02, 2005. (Can be accessed at: http://www.sltda.lk/sites/ default/files/Tourism_%20Act_%202005_0.pdf (01.12.2014).)

191 Cf. Minister of Finance and Planning, Land (Restrictions on Alienation), published as Supplement to Part II of the Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of August 15, 2014. (Can be accessed at: http://documents.gov.lk/ Bills/2014/GS%20-%20 land/landE.pdf (01.12.2014).)

80 >

guk;giuahf tho;e;j kf;fs; mfw;wg;gl;ldu;.192 ,J gpujhdkhf kPdtu;fs; kw;Wk; flw;fiuia mz;kpj;J trpf;Fk; flw;fiuia tho;thjhukhf nfhz;ltu;fSf;F ghupa gpur;rpidahFk;.193 fiuNahuq;fspy; Kd;du; tho;e;j kf;fs; mfw;wg;gl;L mj;jhf;f tyaq;fspy; tpLjpfs;; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhj; jyq;fs; mikf;f mDkjp mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.194

tl khfhzj;jpy; epiyik ,yq;ifapd; tl khfhzj;jpy; Aj;j fhyj;jpy; MAjg;gilapduhy; ghupasT epyq;fs; mgfupf;fg;gl;ld. epy cupikahsu;fs; kPsj;jpUk;g Kaw;rp nra;jhYk; ,uhZtk; ,d;Wk; me;epyq;fspy; jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. ,jw;F

gjpyhf

Mapuj;jpw;Fk;

epy

cupikahsu;fs;

Nkw;gl;l

jkpo;

kf;fs;

,og;gPl;bid jq;fs;

ngWtjw;fhd Kiwg;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdu;.

ngwTs;sdu;.

epyq;fis

kPsg;;

195

efuq;fspy; epiyik khw;Wf; nfhs;iffSf;fhd epiyaj;jpd; fw;ifapd;gb> efuq;fspd; etPdkakhf;fSk; epy Kuz;ghlhfNt fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. nfhOk;gpy; mz;zsthf 70>000 Ngu; ,lkhw;wj;jpw;F cl;gl;Ls;sdu;. mNdfkhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,t;thwhd ,lkhw;w nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ nghJ kf;fSld;

fye;jhNyhrpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy

kw;Wk;

Nghjpa

jfty;

toq;fg;gLtJkpy;iy. ngUk;ghYk; MAjg;gilapduhNyNa ,t;thwhd kPs;FbNaw;wq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. 2010k; Mz;L Nk khjk;> ,uhZtj;jpduhy;

trpg;gpl

kf;fspd;

vjpu;g;gpidAk;

kPwp

nfhOk;G

nfhk;gdpj; njU gFjpapy; 20 tPLfs; cilf;fg;gl;ld.196 192 Cf. http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2006/s1560405.htm (11.06.2014).

193 Cf. http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20050206/issues-1.htm (11.06.2014).

194 Cf. http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2006/s1560405.htm (11.06.2014) and http://www. srf.ch/sendungen/dok/bufferzone-sri-lanka-zehn-jahre-nach-dem-tsunami (14.12.2014).

195 Cf. http://www.ucanews.com/news/tamils-up-in-arms-over-jaffna-land-seizures/68595 (17.06.2014).

196 Cf. Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA), Forced evictions in Colombo: The ugly price of beautification, Colombo April 2014. (Can be accessed at: http://f.cl.ly/items/3T1o3B3v263n3Z3r2u24/Colombo%20Evictions%20Report%20-%20April%202014.pdf

81 >

,Nj Nghd;w Xu; epfo;T 2014k; Mz;L nfhOk;gpd; nghuy;iy gFjpapy; ,lk;ngw;wJ. rl;l nrad;Kiwfs; vjidAk; gpd;gw;whJ trpg;gtupfspd; vjpu;g;Gf;F kj;jpapYk; tPLfs; mopf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j tplak; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jPu;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.197

6.3.2.Ma;tpd; KbTfs; epyq;fis jd;dfg;gLj;jtjw;F Kd;duhd fye;jhNyhrid ghjpf;fg;gl;l kdpj cupikfs; jfty; mwpAk; cupik Ma;tpd; KbTfs; epyq;fis jd;dfg;gLj;jy; njhlu;gpy; KjyPl;lhsu;fs;> ,yq;if Rw;Wyh

mgptpUj;jp

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NghJkhd tpguk; mwptpf;fg;gltpy;iy.

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tpLjp epu;khdg;gzpfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjid mtjhdpj;Js;sdu;.198 kw;WnkhU

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199

epyj;jpy;

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nrhFR

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trpj;Jte;j nts;isj; jPtpypUe;J MNyhrizfs; vJTk; ,lk;ngwhky;> ntspNaWkhW mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Yg;gd;jPtpy; epyj;ij gad;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd tha;%y xg;ge;jk; kPwg;gl;lJld; trpg;gtu;fis fl;lhag;gLj;jp jPit tpl;L ntspNaw;wpAs;sdu;.

(01.12.2014).)

197 Cf. https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/appeal-courts-instruct-udato-stop-damagingdestroying-houses-in-34-watte-until-matter-is-settled-in-court/ (01.12.2014).

198 Cf. http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Kalpitiya:-Muslim-woman-defeats-mega-tourism-project-over-land-expropriation-23734.html (5.2.2014).

199 Name is known to STP.

82 >

Fr;rntspapy;> FbapUg;ghsu;fSld; vJtpjkhd MNyhrizAkpd;wp mtu;fsJ

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300

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200

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mj;Jld; epyj;jpw;fhd cupik ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy;

200 200 Seinulabdheen Saleema noticed that construction workers of the “Dutch Bay Resort” (DBR) had entered her property. When she alerted DBR chairman Neil de Silva to this, he told her that he had purchased the land from another party. Hence Saleema went to court and filed charges against the hotel project. After seven months of hearings the court recognised her right of ownership. Given that the resort had already been completed by then, the parties agreed to compensation of EUR 32,800. (See: http://www.asianews.it/ news-en/Kalpitiya:-Muslim-woman-defeats-mega-tourism-project-over-land-expropriation- 23734.html (5.2.2014).)

83 >

milahsk; fhzg;gl;lJ. epy cupikahsu; epyj;jpid lr; Ng upNrhu;l; cupikahsu; ePy; B rpy;thtpw;F tpw;gid nra;ayhk;. ,t; epyk; Ntyp xd;wpdhy; Vida epyq;fspy; ,Ue;J gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. kw;WnkhU epy cupikahsuhy; lr; Ng upNrhu;l;upd; epy mgfupg;Gf;nfjpuhf njhlug;gl;l tof;fpy;

ntw;wp

ngw;Ws;shu;.201

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upNrhu;l; epu;khzg;gzpfis g+u;j;jp nra;Js;sikahy; ,Ujug;gpilNa Ngr;Rthu;j;ij eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. NkYk; Kfj;Jthuj;jpy; 40 Vf;fu; epyk; rl;lj;jpw;F Kudhf thq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.202 nts;isj;jPtpy;> kPd;gpb gUtj;jpy; 12 FLk;gq;fisr; Nru;e;j 60 Ngu; tho;e;J tUthu;fs;. midtiuAk; ntspNaWkhW KjyPl;lhsu;fs; $wpAs;sdu;. ,Yg;gd;jPtpy; epue;jukhf trpf;Fk; 40 FLk;gq;fisAk; gUtfhy

thrpfshd 100 NgupidAk;

jPit

tpl;L ntspNaWkhW

Ntz;lg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ghrpf;Flhtpy;> Rtp]; gpuiQf;F nrhe;jkhd epyk; mtUf;F njupahkNy tpw;fg;gl;L Rw;Wyh epWtdj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;nfjpuhd rl;l eltbf;if eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ.203

201 201 Name known to the STP. 202 202 40 acres: 5 acres belong to the Mohotthuwarama church (St. Anthonyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Church); 8.5 acres are privately owned (the land titles were handed over to a businessman, whose son resold it); 8.5 acres are the property of another individual (who has, however, no deed of ownership); the owners of the remaining 17 acres of land could not be identified.

203 203 In the summer of 2013, the Sunday Times reported on land grabbing in Passikudah.

Two Swiss nationals own 13 acres of land in Passikudah worth EUR 1.1 million. The notarised documents are available. Allegedly, the land has been sold by a third party to Citrus Leisure PLC. The case now is a matter for the courts and is also being investigated by the Criminal Investigation Department (CID). The guard employed by the Swiss nationals had been ousted by soldiers. The local police had been pressured not to investigate this matter. The Swiss Embassy is observing the case, while Citrus Leisure PLC has suspended the hotel project. (Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/130728/business-times/cid-probespassikudah-land-grab-from-swiss-nationals- 54009.html (1.3.2014).)

84 >

6.4 njhopshyu; epiyik kw;Wk; ,dj;Jtk; 6.4.1. Njrpa re;ju;g;gk; ,yq;ifapd; mjpfhug+u;t Ntiyaw;Nwhu; tpfpjk; 4.4 rjtPjkhFk;. ,tw;Ws; 15 tajpw;Fk;; 24 tajpw;Fk; cl;gl;ltu;fs; 19.1 rjtPjkhFk;. ,yq;ifapd; tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F gpuNjr ngz;fspd; Ntiyaw;Nwhu; tpfpjk; mjpfkhFk; (10 rjtPjk;).204 ,yq;ifapd; rl;lg+u;tkhd khjhe;j Cjpak; gapw;rp kl;l mbg;gilapy; 43 a+Nuhtpw;Fk; 62 a+Nuhtpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;ljhFk;.205

Nkyjpf

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Ntis

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206

C111

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cld;gbf;ifapy; ifr;rhj;jpl;Ls;sJ. ,J Ntiy toq;Fk; Kiwapy; ghFghbd;ikia vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.207 MapDk;> ,yq;ifapd; njd;gFjp fk;gdpfs;

jkpou;

gFjpfspy;

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gpujhdkhf rpq;fsj; njhopshyu;fis kl;Lk; cs;thq;Ffpd;wJ vd;w Fw;wr;rhl;bw;F cs;shfpAs;sJ.208

204 204 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/samplesurvey/LFS_Annual%20Bulletin_2013-f.pdf (24.11.2014).

205 Cf. http://www.salary.lk/home/salary/minimum-wage/faq-on-minimum-wages/faq-minimum-wages-in-sri-lanka#Inf4 (06.10.2014).

206 206 Cf. http://www.salary.lk/home/salary/minimum-wage (06.10.2014).

207 Cf. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11200:0::NO:11200:P11200_COUNTRY_ID:103172 (28.2.2014). The Convention affirms that “all human beings, irrespective of race, creed or sex, have the right to pursue both their material well-being and their spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic security and equal opportunity” and considers further that “discrimination constitutes a violation of rights enunciated by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights”. See http://www.ilo.org/dyn/ normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312256 (last accessed 05.01.2015).

208 208 Cf. International Crisis Group, Sri Lanka’s North I: The Denial of Minority Rights.

Asia Report N.219, March 2012. (Can be accessed at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/219-sri-lankas-north-i-the-denial-of-minority- rights. pdf (10.12.2014).)

85 >

6.4.2. Ma;tpd; KbTfs; Ntiy nra;Ak; epiyik ghjpf;fg;gl;l kdpj cupik gzpapy; rhjfkhd epiyikf;fhd cupik> NghJkhd tho;f;ifj;ju cupik> njhopw;rq;f cupik

Ma;tpd; KbTfs; vkf;F fpilj;j jftypd;gb> Ntiy nra;Ak; epiyik njhlu;gpy; njhopshyu;fs; jpUg;jpailatpy;iy. [q;fpy; gPr; upNrhu;l;by; Rj;jg;gLj;jy; njhopy; GupAk; 10 ngz;fs; r%f nfhLg;gdTfs; vjidAk; ngwtpy;iy. khY khY upNrhu;l;by; gzpGupAk; njhopshyu;fs; jkJ Cjpak; njhlu;gpy; jpUg;jpailatpy;iy. njhopw;rq;fk; mikf;f Kbahikahy; ,J Fwpj;J epu;thfj;jpid mZf KbahJs;sdu;.

vt;tpj ghFghLkpd;wp rkkhd kw;Wk; epahakhf elj;jg;gLjy; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kdpj cupikfs; ghFghL ,d;ikf;fhd cupik> Ntiy nra;tjw;F nghWj;jkhd #oy; cupik

Ma;T KbTfs; jw;Nghija rhu;

epiyikapy;>

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86 >

87>

88 >

7. KbTfs;

89 >

fy;gpl;b> Fr;rNtsp kw;Wk; ghrpf;Flh gFjpfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l vkJ Ma;Tfspd; gpujpgyd;fs; kw;Wk; Ma;tpy; fz;lwpag;gl;l juTfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; rpghupRfis (KbTfis) Kd; itf;fpd;Nwhk; • ehk; Muha;e;j juTfSf;F Vw;g Rw;Wyhj;jpl;lq;fspy; cs;Su; kf;fis ifahs;tjpy; ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig jhNd mwpKfk; nra;j ju epiyikfis Fiwe;jsthtJ gpd;gw;wgtpy;iy. mt;tg;nghOJ khj;jpuk; r%f kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy; jhf;f kjPg;gPLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. rpy gpuNjrq;fis nghWj;jtiuapy; kjPg;gPl;L mwpf;ifapd; ntspg;gilj; jd;ik kpff; FiwT my;yJ Kw;whf ntspg;gilj;jd;ik ,y;iynadyhk;.

• ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp Rw;Wyh rig kw;Wk; KjyPl;lhsu;fs; cldb Rw;Wyhj;jpl;lq;fs; njhlu;gpy; cs;Su; kf;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fis Nkw;nfhs;tpy;iy. mj;Jld; jpl;lq;fspd; jhf;fq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; kpff; FiwthfNt mwptpj;Js;sdu;. cs;Su; kf;fs; gq;Fgw;Wk; tifapy; vt;tpjkhd MNyhriz nrad;KiwAk; fhzg;gltpy;iy.

• ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig kw;Wk; KjyPl;lhsu;fs; mikr;rpd; flw;fiuNahuq;fspy; epue;ju fl;blk; mikf;Fk; jilia Gwf;fzpj;Js;sdu;.

• Ma;Tf;F cl;gl;l %d;W gpuNjrq;fspYk; elkhLk; cupik kWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kPdtu;fSf;fhd tha;g;Gfs; Fwpg;glj;jf;fsT kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;L my;yJ Kw;whf jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. • cs;Su; kf;fSf;F kpfTk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tUkhdj;jpidNa Rw;Wyhj;Jiw ngw;Wj;jUfpd;wJ. tpLjpg; gzpahsu;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdtu;fs; Vida Jhug; gpuNjrq;fis rhu;e;jtu;fs;. cztfq;fspw;fhd kPd; nfhs;tdT ,ilj;jufu;fsplNk

90 >

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJld; cs;Su; kPdtu;fs; ngupJk; fzf;fpy; vLf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

• mbg;gil

trjpfs;

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• rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> cWjpaspf;fg;gl;l ,og;gPL toq;fg;gltpy;iy. ,og;gPl;L nfhLg;gdTfs; mNdfkhd re;;ju;g;gq;fspy; ePjpkd;w jPu;g;gpd;

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Mde;jg;gLj;Jtjhf mike;Js;sJ. ePjpj;Jiw rhuh Kiwg;ghl;L topKiwfs; fhzg;gltpy;iy.

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91>

92>

8. Nfhupf;iffs;

93 >

,t; Ma;tpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l kdpj cupik kPwy;fs; njhlu;gpy; cldb eltbf;if Njitnad ehk; ek;Gfpd;Nwhk;. ,yq;if> Rtp]u;yhe;J> N[u;kdp murhq;fq;fs;> INuhg;gpa xd;wpak;> gaz Kftu;fs;> tpLjpfs; kw;Wk; KjyPl;lhsu;fsplk; vkJ Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itf;fpd;Nwhk;.

,yq;if murhq;fk; kw;Wk; ,yq;if mjpfhurigf;fhd Nfhupf;iffs;

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• ,yq;if murhq;fk; kw;Wk; ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mjpfhurigAk; tpLjpfs;

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94 >

• cs;Su; kf;fs; jilfspd;wp fliy miltjid cupikia cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fspdhy; ve;jtpj fhuzj;ijf; nfhz;Lk; ,jid jilg;gLj;jyhfhJ. • Rw;Wyh tyaq;fspy; thOk; cs;Su; kf;fs; fy;tp fw;Fk; tha;g;Gfs; tpUj;jp nra;jy; mtrpak;.

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Kiwg;ghLfis

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd

jiyik

fl;lha

fhupahyaj;jpy;

rl;lg+u;tkhd

Neubahf

eltbf;iffis

cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.

95>

• Rtp];u;yhe;J> N[u;kdp kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; ,yq;ifAldhd ,Ujug;G

kw;Wk;

cupikf;fhd

gd;Kf

ghjfkhd

uPjpapy;>

Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy;

epiyikfs;

njhlu;gpy;

kdpj mbf;fb

gwpkhw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;baJld; ,jd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd Njitfspid fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,yq;ifAld; njhlu;Gfis nfhz;Ls;s Rtp]; kw;Wk; N[u;kdp gaz Kftu;fSf;fhd Nfhupf;iffs; kdpj cupikfis mtjhdpjy; kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhd Njitahd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; • gaz Kftu;fs; kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd

rl;l eltbf;iffspid

jkJ epu;thf fl;likg;gpw;Fs; nraw;gLj;Jtjid tof;fkhf nfhz;bUf;f

Ntz;Lk;.209

mj;Jld;

jq;fshYk;

jq;fsJ

Nrit toq;Fdu;fs;> toq;Fdu;fspd; eltbf;iffspd; NghJ kdpj

cupik

kPwy;fs;

,lk;

ngwhikia

cWjpg;gLj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;(vjpu;fhy Kftu;fs;> tpLjpfs; kw;Wk; KjyPl;lhsu;fs;).

• gaz Kftu;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Xu;

Kiwg;ghl;L

topKiwapid

nfhz;bUf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapd; kdpj cupik ghjpg;GfSf;fhd epue;ju vjpu; eltbf;if kw;Wk; jPu;Tfs; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.210 • mgfupf;fg;gl;l epyq;fspy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;s tpLjpfs;> cs;Su; kf;fs;

kw;Wk;

kPdtu;fs;

fliy

milaKbahJ

jLf;Fk;

tpLjpfs;> ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWghd;ik ,dj;jpw;nfjpuhd Ntw;Wik 209 For useful and specific information on how this can be implemented in practice, see: Roundtable Human Rights in Tourism, Human Rights in Tourism.

An Implementation Guideline for Tour Operators, October 2013. (Can be accessed at: http:// issuu.com/drkate/docs/rt_human_right_in_tourism_eng_02/3?e=7067515/6889112 (28.12.2014).)

210 See ibid.

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fhl;Lk; tpLjpfs; mj;Jld; njhopw;rq;f eltbf;iffis jil my;yJ kWj;Js;s tpLjpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpid jkJ gl;baypy; cl;gLj;jf; $lhJ. • ,uhZtj;jpduhy; mikf;;fg;gl;Ls;s

elhj;jg;gLk; epyj;jpw;fhd

Rw;Wyh cupik

epy

jyq;fs;> mgfupg;gpd;

%ykw;wJ my;yJ kdpj cupik kPwy;fs; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy vd;gjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; ,y;yhj tpLjpfis gaz Kftu;fs; jkJ gl;baypy; cl;gLj;jf;$lhJ. • cs;Su; kf;fspd; tUkhdk; ngUFk; tifapy; gaz Kftu;fs; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;

tpLjp cupikahsu;fs;;> KjyPl;lhsu;fs;> cs;Su; gaz Kftu;fs; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh ,af;Fdu;fSf;fhd Nfhupf;iffs; cs;Su; kf;fis cs;thq;Fjy; kw;Wk; gapw;rpaspj;jy;.

• tpLjp cupikahsu;fs;;> KjyPl;lhsu;fs;> cs;Su; gaz Kftu;fs; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh ,af;Fdu;fs; kdpj cupikfis ghJfhf;Fk; rl;l eltbf;iffis jkJ KO njhlu; nraw;ghLfspy; cl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

• tpLjp cupikahsu;fs;; kw;Wk; KjyPl;lhsu;fs; cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis epu;khzpf;f njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;du; cs;Su; kf;fSld; rkkhd Kiwapy; fye;jhNyhrizfis Nkw;nfhz;L mtu;fsJ mDkjpia ngwNtz;Lk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSld; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;jp ,Ujug;G flikfs; Fwpj;J rl;luPjpahd xg;ge;jk; cUthf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

• cs;Su; kf;fis fliy mila KbahJ jLf;Fk; tifapy; kw;Wk; mgfupf;fg;gl;l epyq;fspy; tpLjpfis mikf;f $lhJ. • Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l kdpj cupik kPwy;fs; njhlu;gpy; Kiwg;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd topKiw> ,og;gPL kw;Wk; jPu;Tfspid tpLjp cupikahsu;fs;; kw;Wk; KjyPl;lhsu;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

97 >

98 >

9.gpd;dpizg;G

99 >

RUf;fq;fspd; tpsf;fk; AI

Amnesty International

CHOGM

Commonwealth Head of Government Meeting

CID

Criminal Investigation Department

CPA

Centre for Policy Alternatives

EU

European Union

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

HDI

Human Development Index

HRW

Human Rights Watch

HSZ

High Security Zone

ICG

International Crisis Group

ILO

International Labour Organization

KIA

Kuchchaveli Investors Association

KITRP

Kalpitiya Integrated Tourism Resort Project

LTTE

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

MOD

Ministry of Defence

NAFSO

National Fisheries Solidarity Movement

NGO

Non-governmental Organization

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

SEZ

Special Economic Zone

SLMC

Sri Lanka Muslim Congress

SLTDA

Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority

STP

Society for Threatened Peoples

TI

Transparency International

UNO

United Nations Organization

YMHA

Young Men Hindu Association

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,yq;if Rw;Wyh JiwNahL ,ize;Js;s epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; rl;l epiyikfs; • Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) The “Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka” is a free, independent and sovereign state. The governmental system is based upon a presidential system, which was established in 1978. The executive is led by the president and the heads of the various ministries. The legislature consists of the parliament with its 225 members.211 The president is head of state as well as head of the executive branch, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.212

• Ministry of Economic Development (MED) The Ministry of Economic Development consists of various branches, including regional and rural development, poverty eradication and development of the tourism industry.213 The new Sri Lankan government dissolved this ministry and established the Ministry of Tourism and Sport.214

• Tourism Act, No. 38 of 2005 The “Tourism Act, No. 38 of 2005” is a law that introduced a new institution into tourism: the Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (SLTDA). The Sri Lankan Institute of Tourism and Hotel Management, Sri Lanka Tourism Promotion Bureau as well as “the Sri Lanka Convention Bureau” also emerged through this act.215 The act came into effect in October 2007, and in the process the “Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority” replaced the former Sri Lanka Tourism Board.216 211 Cf.http://www.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=200&Itemid=374&lang=en (07.11.2014).

212 Cf. http://www.priu.gov.lk/execpres/Indexep.html (07.11.2014).

213 Cf. http://med.gov.lk/english/?page_id=2 (07.11.2014).

214 Cf. http://www.priu.gov.lk/Govt_Ministers/Indexministers.html (6.2.2015).

215 Cf. Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Tourism Act, No. 38 of 2005; published as Supplement to Part II of the Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of December 02, 2005. (Can be accessed at: http:// www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/Tourism_%20Act_%202005_0.pdf (10.12.2014).)

216 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/tourisum_act (07.11.2014).

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• Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (SLTDA) The mission of the SLTDA is to develop Sri Lanka as a destination for international and domestic tourists. It advises ministers on tourism issues and provides support to the other, newly created tourism authorities. Another responsibility is to strengthen the tourism sector so as to contribute to the economic development of Sri Lanka. Additional tasks of the SLTDA are to develop and advance adequate, attractive as well as effective tourism services; the assignment and accreditation of tourism businesses; the implementation and maintenance of international and local standards.217 The population still often refers to the Tourism Board as the tourism institution.

• Sri Lanka Institute of Tourism and Hotel Management (SLITHM) The SLITHM is in charge of training women and men for the tourism industry.218 It should identify the tourism-related areas that require the training of staff and develop the corresponding curriculum. It also issues certificates and administers vocational centres.219

• Sri Lanka Tourism Promotion Bureau (SLTPB) The SLTPB is in charge of marketing Sri Lanka as a tourism destination. It is to praise Sri Lanka as the “gateway to Southeast Asia”, and make Sri Lanka known as the region’s centre of excellence in tourism management and development.220 The SLTPB manages the Official Sri Lanka Tourism Website where all national tourism attractions are advertised.221 217 Cf. Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Tourism Act, No. 38 of 2005; published as Supplement to Part II of the Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of December 02, 2005.

218 Cf. http://www.slithm.edu.lk/ (07.11.2014).

219 Cf. Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Tourism Act, No. 38 of 2005; published as Supplement to Part II of the Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of December 02, 2005.

220 Cf. ibid.

221 Cf. http://www.srilanka.travel/ (07.11.2014).

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â&#x20AC;˘ Sri Lanka Convention Bureau (SLCB) The SLCB advertises Sri Lanka as a venue for fairs, meetings and exhibitions and subsequently coordinates these events.222

â&#x20AC;˘ Board of Investment (BOI) The BOI is the investment promotion agency of the Sri Lankan government.

The main task of the BOI is to attract investments into the economy so as to bring in capital, generate employment and encourage the development of new skills. The BOI may offer tax incentives to investors,223 especially in the target sector tourism and for tourism-related projects.224

222 Cf. Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Tourism Act, No. 38 of 2005; published as Supplement to Part II of the Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of December 02, 2005.

223 Cf. http://med.gov.lk/english/?page_id=89 (07.11.2014).

224 Cf. Board of Investment of Sri Lanka, Commonwealth Business Forum. Colombo, Sri Lanka. 12th to 14th Nov 2013. Project Proposals, Colombo: 2013. (Can be accessed at: https://www.muenchen.ihk.de/de/international/Anhaenge/sri-lanka-projectproposals-62-s.-4-26-mb-.pdf (10.12.2014).)

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