Spring 2011 Beef Horizons

Volume 15/Number 1

Spring 2011

Genex Offers the Industry’s Best

Chute-Side Service

2

©2011 CRI

Beef Horizons

The Market Signals…

BEEF Horizons

Published bi-annually for beef producers in the United States.

Address correspondence to: Genex Cooperative, Inc. 100 MBC Drive, P.O. Box 469 Shawano, WI 54166 TEL: 888.333.1783 FAX: 715.526.3219 E-MAIL: info@crinet.com website: www.crinet.com

Unbelievable!

Willie Altenburg, AVP, Beef Marketing

CattleFax February 25, 2011: Daily Market Outlook and Analysis

Futures Market Summary

SPRING 2011 Vol. 15/No. 1 Editor

Nearby Elec. Contract Close Change High Low Live Cattle 112.025 0.925 112.325 111.100 Feeder Cattle 129.825 0.425 130.100 129.200 Corn 7.1200 0.2625 7.2225 6.8325

Lindsay Johnson

Graphic Designer Angela Franzen

Contributing Writers

Terri Dallas, John B. Hall, Ph.D., Brad Johnson, Sue Roesler, Sarah Thorson

Never in your lifetime have you ever seen $112 live cattle, $130 feeder cattle and $7.00 corn! At this writing, the signals in the market place are the strongest we have ever seen.

Genex Cooperative, Inc.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS Duane J. Nelson, President Winthrop, Minn., 507.647.2540 Jimmy Franks, 1st Vice President Waynesboro, Ga., 706.437.0527 John J. Ruedinger, 2nd Vice President Van Dyne, Wis., 920.922.9899 Paul Greene, Secretary Berlin, N.Y., 518.658.2419 Jacques Couture Westfield, Vt., 802.744.2733 Jim Crocker Valley City, Ohio, 330.483.3709 Jon Wayne Danielson Cadott, Wis., 715.289.3860 Harlin Hecht Paynesville, Minn., 320.243.4386 Kay Olson-Martz Friendship, Wis., 608.564.7359 Bobby Robertson Tahlequah, Okla., 918.456.2357 Ronald Totten Stafford, N.Y., 585.344.0758 Clarence Van Dyke Manhattan, Mont., 406.282.7579 Richard Vold Glenwood, Minn., 320.634.4665 Alfred Wanner, Jr. Narvon, Pa., 717.768.8118

The nation’s lowest cowherd numbers in 30 years should begin rebuilding. However, two things in the market place are antagonistic to rebuilding.

1) Input costs such as fuel, fertilizer and energy costs 2) Replacement heifers are “pulled” toward the feedlot due to their value to be fed out.

Cow/calf producers are making a long-term commitment to the cowherd by retaining replacement heifers. A.I. sired and bred heifers will be worth more in the future.

Replacement heifers are setting sale records as well. Commercial bred heifers are selling this winter for $1700+, with added premiums if bred to an A.I. calving ease sire. Even more if pregnancy tested or ultra sounded in synchronized breeding and calving groups. Premium prices for outstanding maternal genetics will separate “the good from the average” more in the future. The market signals are there…we just need to know how to read them!

ts n e t n Co

Mission Statement

e mbe r s

4 Prof S pr ing dy for a e R u e Yo 5 Ar.I. Season?

A it

Provide products and services as effectively as possible to maximize the profitability of members and customers worldwide while maintaining a strong cooperative.

e n ex M from G

h ip

to be n e fit A.I. be a d l u ? d Co r be e f cow h e r ou y

NEWE ST m e n - THE OLOGY e S d e x Se TECHN PRODUCTIVE STRY RE BEEF INDU OR THE F

6

8

Be e f S p

ecials

10 o Make e E PDs t Us To w tion .I. S e lec 3 Ho 1 you r A RING SP

es

S ir 14 New g Star s h e R is in T 20

Profit From Genex

Membership Terri Dallas, V.P. Information and Public Relations, CRI

Beef and dairy producers from all 48 continental U.S. states have the opportunity to become Genex members, delegates and directors. Becoming a member is simple and rewarding. It allows you to have grassroots input in the governance of your cooperative!

What are the benefits of becoming a Genex member?

As a Genex member, you...

• Have voting privileges allowing you to have a voice in the governance of the cooperative.

• Have the opportunity to participate in district and member appreciation meetings.

• Receive equity in the cooperative.

• Can become a Genex delegate or a Genex director.

How do I become a member? To become a member, simply:

• Purchase $200 of semen, products and/or services in a 12-month period.

• Complete a membership form.

• Have your social security number or tax identification number on file at Genex.

If I become a member, do I have to attend regular meetings?

• Members are invited to one meeting each year. This meeting is the cooperative’s chance to thank members for their involvement and update them on the status of the cooperative.

A meal is always included!

As a member, how is my opinion heard by the cooperative?

• As a producer member you will have the chance to elect a delegate for your district.

Each delegate represents approximately 100 members.

• Each delegate represents his or her district at a fall input meeting and at the annual meeting each March.

• Delegates gather as a region at the annual meeting to elect their board member.

Board members from 13 regions comprise the Genex Board of Directors.

• Thus, as a producer member your opinions are brought to the attention of the governing board by the elected delegate for your district.

4

©2011 CRI

Beef Horizons

Are You Ready for

Spring A.I. Season?

Sarah Thorson, Beef Education Manager, CRI

It is that time of year again. Spring is just around the corner, and for many producers, calving is in full swing. As hard as it is to believe, it is almost time to order semen and begin planning for this year’s artificial insemination (A.I.) project. Here a few tips to help this year’s project go off without a hitch.

Check your equipment

Hopefully, before you packed away your A.I. equipment last year you took the time to clean everything and make sure it was in good working order. If you didn’t, and even if you did, now is a good time to double check and make sure everything is ready to go. Clean your A.I. guns using rubbing alcohol and a pipe cleaner and then allow them to air dry. Make sure the plungers of your A.I. guns are not bent and they slide smoothly in and out of the A.I gun.

Whether you use a thermos or CITO thaw unit to thaw semen, now is a good time to test your thaw bath water temperature against a standard fever thermometer and make adjustments, if necessary. Genex recommends semen be thawed in a 90-95 degree Fahrenheit water bath for a minimum of 40 seconds. Water that is too hot or too cold, by even a degree or two, can cause decreased fertility. Once A.I. season is in full swing, remember to change the water in your water bath daily.

Plan Ahead

It is important to start thinking about what synchronization programs you would like to use well before you are ready to start your A.I. project. Some of the protocols take a month or more from start to finish.

and 73 of the Genex Beef Genetic Management Guide to find a list of synchronization protocols recommended by the Beef Reproduction Task Force.

Once You Have a Plan, Stick With It

Once you choose a synchronization strategy, it is important to follow through with each step on the correct day, or you will be disappointed in the results. Make yourself a calendar and hang it in highly visible place. Make sure to mark which days are treatment days and note what treatment is to be given that day.

It is important that all synchronization drugs are administered correctly. For injections, make sure they are given intramuscularly (IM). An 18-gauge needle that is 1 ½-inch in length is a good choice for giving these injections. You should use a small (3 to 5 cc) syringe, depending on the injection, to ensure proper dosage.

Proper dosage is also vital when using oral MGA. Ensure adequate bunk space for all heifers and that the MGA is properly mixed into feed.

Remember CIDRs are a onetime use item. Using them more than once can result in a lower CIDR retention rate and reduced effectiveness. Make sure to clip the blue tails off the CIDRs to decrease the risk of them being pulled out by other curious animals.

Revisit A.I. Technique

When choosing a synchronization program, ask yourself the following questions: • How many times am I willing to put them through the chute?

• How much am I willing to spend?

• What are my expectations for results?

Even the most experienced inseminator should take some time to review proper semen handling and A.I. technique.

Simple things such as using tweezers to remove straws from the semen tank and pre-warming your insemination gun can play a big role in the success of an A.I. project.

One of the most important things is to ensure proper placement of semen in the reproductive tract of a cow.

Semen should be deposited in the uterine body just past the last ring of the cervix.

The answers to these questions will help you to determine which synchronization program is the best fit for your herd.

Remember, a protocol working well for your neighbor doesn’t guarantee the same results in your herd if it doesn’t match your management style. Refer to pages 72

Hopefully these tips will help you plan for the upcoming breeding season. If you have any questions, remember your local Genex Representative is only a phone call away. They are armed with the knowledge and tools to help make your A.I. project successful. ©2011 CRI

Beef Horizons

5

Could

Artificial Inse Be be a benefit to your

While artificial insemination (A.I.) technology has its roots in the dairy industry, only about 8 percent of beef producers currently use A.I. nationwide.

Carl Dahlen, the new NDSU beef specialist in Fargo, said dairy farmers saw a “tremendous gain” in milk production when they began using A.I. in their dairy program due to the improved genetics.

Beef producers could gain benefits from using A.I. as well, although there are drawbacks, according to Dahlen, who spoke to producers at the recent NDSU Beef Research Review held at Hettinger Research Extension Center.

One of the biggest benefits of using A.I. is creating more uniformity in the calf group.

Dahlen said another benefit of A.I. is enhanced carcass value and improved genetics in the herd, such as valuable replacement heifers.

“A.I. can also reduce the introduction of diseases into the herd because you know these A.I. bulls have been tested,” he added.

A.I. could also be used for sexed semen, where producers would have a 90 percent chance of accurately breeding for a male or a female, he said.

“When you sell your calves, they may be moved into three or four pens depending on the weight difference,” he said. “If there is more uniformity as a result of A.I., the calves tend to be of similar age and similar genetics and kept together in a group.”

A.I. can also shorten the calving season by using estrous synchronization, he said. Making sure all the cows will be bred together shortens the whole time of calving. When using bulls naturally, the season can be spread out.

And that can mean more profit to the producer, he said, pointing out that studies conducted at sales barns showed that the more calves that were uniform and sold as a group received the highest prices of all the calves sold.

There are numerous estrous synchronization protocols available, and that can be confusing to the producer, Dahlen said, adding that that’s one of the reasons producers choose not to use estrous synchronization.

Other benefits of A.I. include possibly increasing weaning weights, he added.

“Producer suveys show the main reason producers do not want to A.I. is it takes too much time and labor and it is too complicated,” he said.

The reason for that is A.I. provides access to proven bulls that already “have many daughters on the ground” that have contributed to the overall improvement in weaning weight average.

Dahlen said as a result, “You know what you are going to get and if you want increased pounds weaned to exposed females, there are bulls that are very well proven to provide that.”

Some of the best beef bulls out in a rancher’s pastures have never been used for A.I., Dahlen said, but that is the nature of the industry. However, when a producer buys a bull for his herd, he isn’t absolutely guaranteed it will provide what he needs, he added.

6

Some producers are using A.I. for balancer bulls, so they will have a cross bred calf which brings an average of two breeds. They are often working to achieve increased vigor (heterosis) or other superior qualities in the calf that comes from crossbreeding.

©2011 CRI

Beef Horizons

But producers have access to sources that can steer them in the right direction to find out if A.I. would be something that could enhance their operation and what protocol would work.

Talking to your local veterinarian or Extension agent is one good way of finding out about estrous synchronization protocols.

Dahlen said they hold classes each year where Extension agents learn about the top protocols to explain to producers. There is also the Beef Reproductive Task Force that meets each year and puts together a list of recommended protocols that work under a set of given scenarios. Semen and drug companies, as well as animal scientists give input into these recommendations, he added.

mination ef Cow Herd?

Sue Roesler, Farm & Ranch Guide

Those recommendations are usually placed in the A.I. catalogs and some bull catalogs each year, so that is a good place for producers to look for protocols that work.

“The main thing we tell producers is the protocol has to work in your operation,” he said, adding producers aren’t likely to try it again if the protocol fails.

In his estimation, a good protocol is relatively simple to use and would include a maximum of three cow handlings, the ability to synchronize cycling and non-cycling cows and have fixed-time insemination (the ability to successfully inseminate cows at a predetermined fixed time).

“Each cow cycles at a different time and the more difficult the birth is, the longer it takes for that cow to cycle again,” Dahlen said, pointing out estrous synchronization can be a way of ensuring the cow cycles at a fixed time. That eliminates the need for producers to run out and check cows twice a day to see if they are in heat or not.

“Estrous synchronization totally eliminates heat detection.

They are ready to breed at a fixed time after the final shot,” he said.

However, not all cows will become pregnant as a result of A.I. and producers will still need a cleanup bull or bulls, depending on the size of their operation.

“When we use A.I., we expect 50 to 60 percent of the cows and heifers to become pregnant but that is 50 or 60 percent of the cows we don’t need bulls to cover,” Dahlen said.

Is A.I. cost-effective?

Dahlen said the average cost of GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone) is $4.40; a CIDR (controlled internal drug release) is $9; PGF (prostaglandin F) is $2; semen is $15 and labor is $4.10 equaling about $34.50 per cow to A.I..

Dahlen gave three scenarios to help figure out the cost of buying a bull versus A.I..

In the first example, the purchase price of bulls in a 100-cow herd was $6,000 with a useful life of three years. With all the cost figured in, the cost per cow to produce a pregnancy was $83.45.

“The actual savings by going to A.I. and buying only two bulls for cleanup service was $7.25 per cow,” he said.

However, Dahlen asked the question “does a reduced bull cost justify A.I. when the bulls could be purchased for $2,000 each?”

In this scenario, he figured a herd size of 100, so four bulls would be needed which would add up to $30.12 per cow. In that same herd, the cost to A.I. would be $34.50 per cow but only two cleanup bulls would be needed.

Useful life of the bull is one important consideration, because at a useful life of three years, in another three years, producers would need to buy four bulls again.

“These are just illustrations to show what kind of costs producers need to consider when they choose between A.I. and natural service or use a combination of both,” Dahlen said.

He added producers should call their local Extension agent to figure out not only protocols but costs for their operation.

Dahlen said they are continuing to look at long term issues with A.I. including calving distribution and ease, weaning weights, physical characteristics, performance beyond weaning, longevity in the cow herd and genetic progress over time.

Reprinted with permission from Farm & Ranch Guide and Sue Roesler.

However when looking at natural bulls, producers should figure in such things as its purchase price, feed, yardage, health costs, stocking rate, useful life, depreciation, death loss and salvage value.

©2011 CRI

Beef Horizons

7

Sexed Semen - THE Newest

Reproductive Technology For years, sexed semen technology was only a tool for the dairy industry because of limited availability of sexed semen from beef bulls, and even more limited information on the performance of sexed semen in beef herds. Now, there are sufficient numbers of beef bulls with sexed semen to begin to meet the needs of the seedstock sector, and address the wanted traits for the commercial producer. More research studies and field studies are indicating the potential for use of sexed semen in the beef industry.

Ranch level results with sexed semen Multiple large scale studies from the dairy industry indicate that sexed semen results in a 10 to 20 percent reduction in pregnancy rates compared to conventional semen. Data on pregnancy rates to sexed semen in beef cows and heifers are more limited. Nebraska researchers (Deutscher et al., 2002) reported a three to 13 percent reduction in A.I. pregnancy rates when using sexed versus conventional semen in yearling beef heifers.

At the University of Idaho Nancy M. Cummings Center, we bred postpartum lactating beef cows with either sexed (n = 235) or conventional (n = 507) semen over the last three breeding seasons (Hall et al., 2010). Our pregnancy rates (Figure 1) to sexed semen averaged 52 percent (range 48 to 67 percent) while pregnancy rates to conventional semen averaged 58 percent (range 52 to 69 percent).

Most of the 235 cows (198) we bred with sexed semen were bred using the CO-Synch + 5d CIDR fixed-time A.I. protocol (Figure 2). In year one, pregnancy rates to sexed semen were abnormally high. This was partly due to all cows bred to sexed semen were bred after detected heat while conventional was a combination of heat detected and fixed time A.I. In year two and three, all cows were bred by fixed-time A.I. Consistently, the highest pregnancy rates are in cows that were bred after observed heat or had been in heat before fixed-time A.I. Other researchers had pregnancy rates ranging from 30 to 55 percent. Rhinehart and coworkers (2010) reported a four to 38 percent reduction in pregnancy rates when using sexed semen in heifers,

8

Š2011 CRI

Beef Horizons

and a 33 percent reduction in postpartum cows.

In general, beef producers can expect a reduction in A.I. pregnancy rates of 10 to 20 percent with sexed semen compared to conventional semen.

Our work at the University of Idaho along with work from the University of Tennessee (Rhinehart et al., 2010) demonstrates that sexed semen can be used successfully in beef cows as well as heifer.

A key point when selecting postpartum cows is they should be body condition score five or better, and at least 50 days post calving.

Calf performance. Calves produced from gender selected semen are normal with growth rates comparable to their herd mates that are products of conventional semen. Across two calving seasons at the University of Idaho, there was no difference in weaning weights of A.I. calves from sexed or conventional semen (Figure 3). Similarly, Tubman and coworkers (2004) found no difference in abortion rates, birth weight, calving ease, calf vigor, calf health, weaning weights, or mortality before weaning in over 1100 calves from sexed semen compared to 793 calves from conventional semen.

Economics. Several authors have tried to address the economics of use of sexed semen. We have demonstrated the ability to produce a 73:27 gender ratio with a single fixed-time A.I. service followed by natural service clean-up bulls (Hall et al., 2010).

In 2010, if 73 percent of our 300 calves had been steers instead of 49 percent then we would have realized a net increase in income of $6,000 to $7,000.

Beef Industry

for the

By John B. Hall, Ph.D., Extension Beef Specialist, University of Idaho

FIGURE 2.

5-day CO-Synch + CIDR®

Perform TAI at 72 + 2 hr after 1st PG with GnRH at TAI. Tow injections of PG 8 + 2 hr apart are required for this prtocol.

FIGURE 1. PREGNANCY RATES TO CONVENTIONAL AND SEXED SEMEN AT UNIV. OF IDAHO

GnRH

PG

80 CIDR®

Percentage Pregnant

70 0

60 50 40 Sexed Conventional

30 20 10 0

40/ 120/ 97 233

40/ 73/ 101 105

123/ 296/ 235 507

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

All years Hall et al., 2010

PG

A.I. 8+2 hr ....72+ 2 hr..

5 8

FIGURE 3. GENDER RATIOS AND PERFORMANCE OF FEMALE CALVES Year 1 Semen Type

25/ 103/ 37 179

Treatment Day

GnRH

Female to Male Ratio Growth Performance (lbs)*

Year 2

GSS

CON

GSS

CON

78:22

47:53

68:31

50:50

572.9

570.4

612.3

603.3

GSS = gender-selected semen; CON = Conventional semen. * Growth performance = 205 d adj. wt.

Hall et al., 2010

As each ranch situation is different, one of the best calculators for the cost and returns to using sexed semen can be found on the Genex Cooperative, Inc. website at: http://genex.crinet.com/page2008/GenChoiceSexedSemen In my opinion, this calculator is rather conservative so it gives a realistic analysis if inputs are listed honestly.

Management strategies when using sexed semen

• Consider sexed semen in your herd only if A.I. pregnancy rates with conventional semen are consistently 60 percent or better.

• Use only in healthy cycling females in good body condition.

• Cycling mature beef cows are also good candidates.

• Inseminate only animals observed in heat.

• If using fixed-time A.I., make sure a high percentage of the animals were in heat before fixed-time A.I. We believe this is the advantage to the CO-Synch + 5 day CIDR protocol.

• Use only experienced and proven A.I. technicians to inseminate cows or heifers.

• Be extremely careful with semen thawing and handling. Follow all semen handling recommendations provided by your A.I. company.

• Keep up on current research on sexed semen as well as the latest recommendations from A.I. companies.

©2011 CRI

Beef Horizons

9

2011

Spring Beef $18 Now $16

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$25 Now $18

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1AN01064 Traveler 004

Name

CED

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WW

YW

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97

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Special Prices can be combined with Volume Special.

Utilize with the Farm Plan Beef Deferral Program!

Special runs February 1 - May 31, 2011. Š2011 CRI

Beef Horizons

RE

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11 -1.8 44 BLUE MOON .76 .90 .85 1AN01075 3 3.2 63 FREE SPIRIT .41 .70 .57 1AN01161 GRASS MASTER 6 1.9 51 .35 .55 .43 1AN01180 2 5.1 70 PROVIDENCE .48 .84 .76 1AN01152 8 0.7 67 SUBSTANCE 0.42 .75 .64 1AN01165 4 3.5 57 TRAVELER 004 .93 .98 .97 1AN01064 8 2.5 58 WINDY 702 .75 .92 .88 1AN01123

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10

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HPG

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.91

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.61

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YG

MB

BF

VICTOR 719T 1HP00829 NAME

Amigo 1SM00111 Trailblazer 1SM00100

CED

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BW

WW

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.54

SC

FAT

REA

MCE

MM

MWW

STAY

API

TI

9.6

0.1

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©2011 CRI

Beef Horizons

11

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Making Practical Sense of

EPDs

Brad Johnson, Beef Programs Administration Manager, Genex

There are countless pieces of information available to breeders seeking to evaluate potential A.I. sires or herd bulls. Expected Progeny Differences (EPDs) have been developed for performance, maternal and carcass traits. Indexes exist for multiple situations. Making sense of it all can seem mind boggling. As breeders of beef cattle it’s our ambition to identify not simply the most popular bull, but the best fit for the herd. In doing so, a few questions need to be asked.

Where are you now? Where do you want to be?

What are you paid for?

The current genetic makeup of the cowherd needs to be considered. Are your cows predominantly British-based, Continental-based or a blend of the two?

For commercial herds it makes sense (and cents) to utilize crossbreeding for the benefit of low heritable traits like reproductive traits, and to select for highly heritable traits like growth and carcass using EPDs. As an example, Angusbased commercial herds would mate well with a Simmental or Charolais bull that has top percentile EPDs for growth, ribeye area and low fat thickness EPDs. Also, consider the strengths and weaknesses of the cowherd. For example, if a herd is experiencing a higher than acceptable amount of thin and/or open cows it may be beneficial to chose sires that are lower milk EPD and higher $EN (Angus cattle) or Stayability (Red Angus). Different areas of the country and different management levels will require different levels of milk EPD, so it is important to select the optimal EPD level, not necessarily the highest. The use of high accuracy A.I. sires is the best method for matching the needs of the herd.

After considering the current genetics of the cowherd, think about the goals for future production. Do you wish to grow the herd by retaining home-raised heifers, or will most of the calves be sold to the feedlot? If the farm or ranch intends to keep back their own heifers for replacements, great emphasis should be placed on using bulls with high ranking maternal EPDs like Calving Ease Maternal (CEM), Milk, Mature Weight (MW) and Mature Height (MH). By contrast, the herd selling all calves to market may as well focus on using A.I. bulls that are leaders for performance traits like Weaning Weight (WW). Both herds should keep Calving Ease Direct (CED) and Birth Weight (BW) at better than average levels, in order to keep calving difficulty to a minimum and maximize the number of weaned calves. Again, by using highly proven A.I. bulls, the herd is most likely to achieve success.

EPDs do simply that: predict how a particular bull’s calves will compare to calves of the average bull of the same breed. Selecting high accuracy, trait leading A.I. sires is undoubtedly the most economical and practical method to meet the herd’s goals.

©2011 CRI

Beef Horizons

13

NEw 1AN01200 WILL ROLE

MODEL

Reg.# 16383632 Born: 12/29/08 Birth Wt.: 78 lbs.

205 Days: 875 lbs.

365 Days: 1405 lbs.

Scrotal: 42.0 cm. @ 12 mos.

Yrlg. Frame 6.2 Owned by: Trowbridge Angus, NY; Robert Willekes, MT; Conley Cattle Co., OK; Pembrook Cattle, OK; Partisover Ranch, GA; Taylor Cattle Co. KY; Locust Hill Farm LLC, VA; Johnny Guice, LA; Stinson Angus, TN; R&L Angus, KS; 74-51 Cattle Co, OK; Standridge Farms, OK

✦ Role Model was the phenotypic standout at the 2010 Midland Bull Test where he was evaluated as a top marbling and calving ease prospect.

✦ This young sire has an outcross pedigree and is backed by a remarkable cow family that originated in the famous Sitz Angus Ranch program.

CED

BW

WW

YW

RADG

ACC .05 RANK 10%

.05

.05 25%

.05 15%

.05 25%

SCR Doc CEM MILK

$EN

CW

MARB

.14 20%

.20

EPDS I+10 I+1.1 I+52 I+100 I+0.17 0.59 I+24 I+7 I+27 -8.60 22

CED MVP % Rank 50

BW 53

WW ADG 16 29

YW 28

.34

.05 3%

.05

.05 15%

RFI 68

DMI 71

NFI

CEM 65

MA 67

CW 37

0.42

FAT 81

RE

FAT

.22

.17

$W

0.20 0.006 27.72

REA 65

MS 78

$F

$G

$B

38.51 25.49 55.30 15%

20%

Feltons Meat Packer 62 Connealy Meat Packer 547 Bestrelle of Conanga 539 V D A R Lucys Boy Will Henrietta Pride 113A Sitz Henrietta Pride 1209

TND 35

NEw 1AN01202 MOHNEN LONG

DISTANCE 1639

Reg.# 16455862 Born: 1/20/09 Birth Wt.: 76 lbs.

205 Days: 793 lbs.

365 Days: 1305 lbs.

Owned by: Mohnen Angus, SD; Genex, WI

✦ Long Distance is the total package! We believe he could be one of the most influential calving ease/curve bending bulls to come to Genex since Final Answer.

✦ The first calves are coming small with excellent vigor.

Study his Pfizer 50K test and find he ranks among the breed’s elite for low birth weight and growth.

Outcross genetics with long-term viability!

EPDS

CED

8

BW

0.4

ACC .27 .33 RANK 25% 20%

MVP % Rank

14

CED 3

©2011 CRI

WW

46 .25

BW 3

YW RADG CEM MILK $EN

CW

MARB

.22

.15

.25

91 0.07 .42

WW ADG 4 10

8

.16 YW

20 0.66 13 .19

RFI

Beef Horizons

DMI 50

NFI 40

0.40

CEM 20

RE

FAT

.23

.24

$W

0.04 0.020 25.59

MA 50

CW 20

FAT 40

$F

$G

$B

31.71 22.65 44.96 25%

REA 20

MS 30

TND 60

Mohnen Brushpopper 353 Mohnen Brushpopper 295 Mohnen Jilt 1283 Rito 6I6 of 4B20 6807 Baldridge Blackbird M565 Baldridge Blackbird 736F

NEw 1AN01203 CCC MERRITT 030 Reg.# 16678311 Born: 1/12/10 Birth Wt.: 89 lbs.

205 Days: 889 lbs.

365 Days: 1417 lbs.

Scrotal: 40.0 cm. @ 12 mos.

Yrlg. Frame: 6.3 Owned by: Crouthamel Cattle Co., WA; Conley Cattle Co., OK; Mohnen Angus, SD; Genex, WI

✦ Merritt surfaced as a power bull with an outcross pedigree that combines maternal, growth and carcass genetics that will stand the test of time.

✦ His depth of body and muscle puts him in a league of his own from a phenotypic standpoint. If you want the very best young sire with proven power genetics this bull needs to be used. The excitement behind this bull is tremendous.

EPDS ACC RANK

CED

0

.26

BW

WW

YW

RADG

.35

.26 4%

.25 3%

.05

3.7

63 114 I+0.14

CEM MILK

4

$EN

CW

MARB

.09 20%

.15 20%

27 -13.05 23

.14

.17 15%

0.57

RE

FAT

.17

.13

$W

$F

0.04 0.022 25.76

$G

$B

48.79 25.17 58.12 3%

15%

✦ His individual ratios are as follows: WW Ratio: 115, YW Ratio: 112, IMF Ratio: 123, RE Ratio: 100.

Feltons Meat Packer 62 Connealy Packer 547 Bestrelle of Conanga 539 Vermilion 7078 Dateline L189 MVCC GAR Bando 1240 M V C C Gar Bando 815

NEw 1AN01204 S A V POTENTIAL 0205 Reg.# 16687683 Born: 3/5/10 Birth Wt.: 83 lbs.

205 Days: 1043 lbs.

365 Days: 1652 lbs.

Owned by: Schaff Angus Valley, ND; Top Line Angus, IL; Potential Associates; Genex, WI

✦ Potential was the pick of respected cattlemen at the Schaff Angus Valley sale. He was the top selling Pioneer son in a sire group that averaged 16.3 sq. in. ribeye and scanned a 105 IMF average amongst 400 contemporaries!

✦ Potential took the honors as the heaviest weaning

EPDS ACC RANK

CED

4

.28

MVP % Rank

BW

WW

YW RADG SCR CEM MILK

.35

.26 1%

.25 1%

CED 31

BW 29

WW ADG 7 3

2.6

69 120 0.12 0.90 .31

6

$EN

CW

MARB

.19 1%

.28

33 -20.79 36

.34 20%

.10

.12 2%

YW 18

RFI 35

DMI 75

NFI

CEM 35

0.34

MA 43

CW 8

RE

FAT

.26 15%

.27

FAT 96

REA 27

Potential nursing his two-year old dam

15

$W

0.42 0.028 30.75 15% MS 93

TND 26

$F

52.78 2%

bull of the entire 2010 SAV natural calfcrop, earning him an official 205 day weight of 1043 pounds for a weaning ratio of 117. His superior phenotype, muscle and structure along with his friendly $G $B disposition, complete a near perfect resume.

20.10 59.55 10%

S A V Final Answer 0035 S A V Pioneer 7301 S A V Blackbird 5297 S A V 004 Density 4336 S A V Elba 7021 S A V Elba 2425

©2011 CRI

Beef Horizons

15

NEw 1AN01208 TC Vance 011 Reg.# 16734345 Born: 1/17/10 Birth Wt.: 70 lbs.

205 Days: 815 lbs.

365 Days: 1401 lbs.

Scrotal: 38.0 cm. @ 12 mos.

Yrlg. Frame: 6.25 Owned by: TC Ranch, NE; Sitz Angus Ranch, MT; Split Diamond Ranch, MT; Genex, WI

✦ TC Vance 011 was the lead off “A” bull in the TC Ranch Carload in Denver.

✦ His pedigree is anchored by generations of calving ease/curve bending TC herd sires and top producing cows. His individual ratios: BWR: 92, WWR: 120, YWR: 113; IMF: 107; RE: 115.

✦ This very special young sire is named after CED

EPDS 10

ACC .28 RANK 10%

BW

WW

.34 10%

.26 3%

-0.5

65

YW

SCR

CEM Milk

.25 3%

.33 15%

.10 15%

114

1.1

10

$EN

CW

MARB

RE

FAT

.11 10%

.17

.19 25%

.15

30 -15.92 28

.11 5%

$W

$F

3%

3%

$G

0.38 0.31 0.056 34.04 47.96 17.40

$B

52.81 25%

one of the Angus breed’s all-time great pioneer breeders, Vance Uden. If there ever has been a bull calf that can aptly honor the name of Vance Uden it is TC Vance 011.

S A V Final Answer 0035 Connealy Right Answer 746 Happy Dell of Conanga 262 Connealy Thunder TC Pride 8056 TC Pride 4226

NEw an1210 SANDPOINT Statement W872 Reg.# 16784280 Born: 8/25/09 Birth Wt.: 92 lbs.

205 Days: 699 lbs.

365 Days: 1425 lbs.

Scrotal: 42.0 cm. @ 14 mos.

Tattoo: W872 Owned by: SandPoint Cattle Co., NE; Doug Booth Family Angus, WY; Statement Associates; Genex, WI

✦ Statement is a stout-made, heavy muscled bull that is structurally sound with an attractive look and tremendous disposition! He is a true outlier in his sire group for eye appeal, balance and just good quality. He combines this with carcass and performance values that are off the charts and backed up by his Pfizer HD 50K data.

✦ His highly productive dam is a full sister CED

BW

WW

YW

RADG

SC

ACC .05 .05 .05 RANK 10% 20% 10%

.05 10%

.35

.36

Doc CEM Milk

$EN

CW Marb

RE

Fat

.32 25%

.32

$W

$F

$G

$B

10%

10%

3%

10%

EPDS I+11 I+.3 I+60 I+106 0.11 -0.16 I+3 I+8 I+31 -14.33 8 0.81 0.30 0.005 32.56 41.53 39.08 59.83

MVP % Rank

16

CED 3

©2011 CRI

BW 15

WW ADG 3 31

YW 7

.05

RFI 51

Beef Horizons

.05

DMI 68

NFI

.05 4%

CEM 8

.26

MA 6

CW 81

.34 4%

FAT 9

REA 39

MS 18

TND 58

to CRA Bextor, the sire of Aberdeen, and has been a no miss donor for the SandPoint program.

S S Traveler 6807 T510 S S Objective T510 0T26 S S Miss Rita R011 7R8 B A R Ext Traveler 205 Southern 608 Lady 0175 Cra Lady Jaye 608 498 S Easy

NEw 1HP00833 MSU XEROX 20X Reg.# P43108318 Born: 2/21/10 Birth Wt.: 90 lbs.

205 Days: 706 lbs.

Scrotal: 38.0 cm. @ 11 mos.

Owned by: Michigan State University, MI; Boyd Beef Cattle, KY; The Xerox Group; Genex, WI

✦ Xerox is a young prospect sired by the 2009 National Western Grand Champion bull, About Time, and out of the dam of performance and maternal leader, Revolution!

✦ This young bull is short marked, goggle-eyed and dark cherry red with a great disposition and excellent physical build. Use to infuse the same blood as two of the most influential animals in breed history.

EPDS

CED

3

ACC .13 RANK 20%

BW

WW

YW MILK M&G CETM SCR

FAT

REA MARB BMI

CEZ

BII

.37

.30 2%

.28 10%

.16 10%

.17 2%

15%

20%

3.6

66 101 18 .11

51

4.3 0.9 -0.029 0.77 0.15 $24 $18 $18

.09 .14 15% 10% 20%

.15 20%

5%

CHB

$37 1%

THM Durango 4037 CRR About Time 743 CRR D03 Cassie 206 Remitall Online 122L MSU TCF Rachael ET 54N HH Miss Adv 786G 1ET

NEw 1HP00834 TH 71U 719T MR.

HEREFORD 11X

Reg.# P43101172 Born: 1/20/10 Birth Wt.: 78 lbs.

205 Days: 815 lbs.

Owned by: Sparks Ranch; Jarold & Ryan Callahan, OK; Mark Sims, OK; Wooden Shoe Farms, ID; Boyd Beef Cattle, KY; Pender Brothers, FL; Sandra Martsching, ND; Hoffman Herefords, NE; Genex, WI

✦ Mr. Hereford has created more excitement than any bull we have brought in regardless of breed!

✦ This son, of the great Genex sire Victor 719T, was the chosen one by the world’s best cattlemen at the record-breaking Topp Hereford sale because of his near flawless EPD profile, structure, muscle, power, pedigree, and cow family.

CED

BW

WW

YW MILK M&G CETM SCR

FAT

REA MARB BMI

CEZ

ACC .10 RANK 5%

.37 20%

.28 5%

P+

P+ 10%

P+ 2%

10%

EPDS 5.3 1.6

62

77

19 .09

49

20%

BII

1.1 0.6 -0.028 0.75 -0.02 $20 $19 $16 .07

.09

P+

15%

CHB

$30 4%

DRF JWR Prince Victor 71I TH 122 71I Victor 719T KBCR 19D Dominette 122 NJW FHF 9710 Tank 45P TH 7N 45P Rita 71U TH 814H 3L Rita 7N

©2011 CRI

Beef Horizons

17

NEw 1SM00123 ELLINGSON IDEAL X13 Reg.# 2563890 Born: 1/28/2010 Birth Wt.: 98 lbs.

205 Days: 919 lbs.

365 Days: 1751 lbs.

Scrotal: 37.5 cm. @ 13 mos.

Owned by: Ellingson Simmentals, ND; Ben Kleppe, ND; Genex, WI Homozygous Polled

✦ Ideal is the most performance-oriented, homozygous polled, outcross red Simmental sire to be found in years. The hunt has been on to find the best homozygous polled son of THSF Freedom, and we think Ideal meets the demand!

✦ His young productive dam is a heavy milking female

EPDS

ACC RANK

CE

5

.15

BW

WW

YW

MCE MILK MWW CW

YG

MARB

BF

REA

SHR

STAY

.36

.32 1%

.36 1%

.15 25%

.22 1%

.24

.25 1%

.23 1%

.08 15%

.06 15%

2.3

API

TI

53 102.2 4.9 5.2 31.7 26.9 -0.17 -0.15 -0.02 0.69 -0.42 23 104 67 .20

.21 2%

.29 1%

with beautiful body design and capacity. Use Ideal to mate to any female that needs to be “powered up!” If you want the heaviest cattle at weaning and yearling, use Ideal!

25%

“BH Tracker 998J 2015710 P” THSF Freedom 300N SAFN Miss Zing 02H Ellingson Powerline P430 Ellingson Powerline S681 Ellingson Long Cut N343

NEw 1SM00122 TRIPLE C SINGLETARY S3H Reg.# 2341645 Born: 3/4/06 Birth Wt.: 91 lbs.

205 Days: 753 lbs.

365 Days: 1326 lbs.

Scrotal: 42.0 cm.

Owned by: Remington Land & Cattle, AB; Cow Camp Ranch, KS; Genex, WI Homozygous Black, Homozygous Polled

✦ Singletary is the homozygous polled, homozygous black bull of choice to replace the now deceased Genex long-time great sire, Shear Force.

✦ Singletary will produce progeny similar to his sire, with outstanding calving ease in a moderate-framed package, perhaps adding a bit more depth of body than Shear Force.

CE

BW

WW

YW

MCE MILK MWW CW

ACC .22 RANK 1%

.47

.40 2%

.38 5%

.18 20%

EPDS 15.1 0.1 50.1 80.2 5.6

2

.29

27

YG

MARB

BF

REA

SHR

STAY

API

.28 20%

.29 1%

.39

.28 3%

.09 4%

.19 20%

1%

9.6 -0.06 0.59 0.02 0.43 -0.5 22.1 156.5

.29 .32 10% 15%

TI

86.7 1%

Nichols Legacy G151 Hooks Shear Force 38K C&D Tracy Ellingsons Black Perfector Lucas Josie 19K RIV BLK Josie 43B 755G

18

©2011 CRI

Beef Horizons

NEw 1AR00932 BADLANDS

NET WORTH 23U

Reg.# 1267422 Born: 2/12/08 Birth Wt.: 86 lbs.

205 Days: 664 lbs.

365 Days: 1118 lbs.

Owned by: Badlands Red Angus, ND; Genex, WI

✦ Badlands Net Worth is a big time performance sire with the #2 WW EPD and #4 YW EPD among all young Red Angus sires.

✦ Badlands Net Worth is a cherry red, heavy-muscled bull with a great disposition. He offers the genetics of one of the Angus breed’s all time great bulls, S A V 8180 Traveler 004.

ACC RANK

CED

3

.23

BW

WW

YW MILK TM

.43

.34 2%

.33 1%

2.6

64 117 18 .19

50

ME

2 P

2%

HPG CEM STAY MARB REA

FAT

P 25%

.33

11

3

.19

10 P

0.26 0.22 0.03 .22 20%

.22 25%

S A V 8180 Traveler 004 PFFR Shaq 607 RRM-Nancy-8965-9606 LCC Cheyenne B221L Bandlands Medora 406 Badlands Medora 440

Shop GeNEX

24/7

EPDS

Genex Products and Semen Available Online

By: Brad Johnson, Beef Programs Administration Manager, Genex

Genex Profit Shop offers beef customers the convenience of purchasing from their ranch office, living room or mobile Purchase online, anytime fromayour office, living device.

Open 24 hours day, members can shop the online retaildevice. store forThe genetics, products andShop supplies.

Products room or mobile Genex Profit allows available Profit Shop include beef semen, A.I. members to shop atthrough their convenience for genetics, supplies, EAZI-BREED™ CIDR®s and beef A.I. certificates. products andCustomers supplies.

Products available include browsing the site can view direct links to immediately makeEAZI-BREED™ a purchase with MasterCard beef semen, A.I. supplies, CIDR®sor Visa an online payment system. Products are shipped and beef A.I. using certificates.

Customers immediately make directly via UPS.

a purchase with MasterCard or Visa using an online Whether ordering through Profit Shop or fromto your local payment system.

Products are shipped directly representative, it’s never been easier to purchase you via UPS. Genex Whether ordering through Profit Shop Genex products and semen. Many current and new Genex or from your customers local Genex representative, it’s never have already taken advantage of this service.

Available products can beproducts viewed at profitshop.crinet.com. n been easier to purchase Genex and semen.

Check out the Genex Profit Shop at http://profitshop.crinet.com.

Genex Equity Redemption

By: larry romuald, Vice President, finance, Cri

The Genex and CRI boards of directors have authorized the retirement of Genex equity for the years 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980 and 1981. For active Genex members, the equity retirement appeared as a credit on your statement. There are no tax implications on this retirement. All equity redemptions have been from qualified issuances with taxes paid at the time of their allocation.

This is the official public notice of this retirement and former members must notify Genex headquarters for redemption of their equity. The board reserves the right to suspend redemption if cash flow needs©2011 of the cooperative are Horizons impaired.

CRI Beef If there are any questions, contact Genex Controller Diane Patza at 715-526-7520.

19

Estrus Synchronization Courses Available

The University of Missouri – Animal Sciences Extension department has developed a series of online courses titled “Fundamentals of Beef Reproduction and Management: Focus on Estrus Synchronization.” These courses are free and provide excellent information prior to starting your spring breeding project. In addition, each course includes assessment questions to help you evaluate your comprehension of the information.

Reproduction is the major factor impacting profitability in a cow/calf operation. The largest cause of reproductive loss in beef herds is that cows fail to become pregnant during the breeding season. Heifers and cows fail to become pregnant because they do not show estrus (heat) or fail to conceive after showing estrus. Estrus synchronization protocols have been developed that increase the proportion of females that conceive early in the breeding season and facilitate the use of artificial insemination. A.I. is the most powerful tool for genetic improvement through the selection of sires that are genetically superior for economic traits (e.g., calving ease, growth and carcass merit). Recent advances in estrus synchronization protocols that facilitate the adoption of A.I. in combination with improved herd health programs provide a series of technologies that if properly integrated will add significant value to calves.

The three courses are designed to familiarize you with the following topics: Course 1 Includes:

• Physiological principles that underlie estrus synchronization • An overview of commercially available estrus synchronization products

Course 2 Includes:

• Specific estrus synchronization protocols currently recommended for beef heifers and cows

Course 3 Includes:

• Management considerations for implementing an estrus synchronization program in your herd • A description of the impact of estrus synchronization on reproductive management You can access the courses for free at http://animalsciences.missouri.edu/extension/beef/estrous_synch/

20

©2011 CRI

Beef Horizons

RISING STARS

1

From time to time, as a beef department we have conversations that start out something like: “The progeny I’ve seen out of that up and coming sire are going to someday make him one of our top sellers.”

The problem is, most of the time it ends there and no one puts it on paper. Here are a few of those thoughts and predictions the Genex Beef Staff have seen and heard in our travels. We get to see thousands of progeny from our sires and thought it was about time we shared what we have learned with the members and customers who are loyal to our brand! These bulls will someday be filling the shoes of sires like 1AN01044 FINAL ANSWER, 1AR00914 SAKIC, 1SM00094 IN DEW TIME and 1HP00823 REVOLUTION!

1

1AN01161 FREE SPIRIT has earned a leading position in the breed for all-around genetic superiority and his EPD profile along with Pfizer HD 50K data, have secured his position among the breed’s most elite sires. His phenomenal progeny have exceeded all expectations and confirm his ability to transmit both phenotype and genotype. Use Free Spirit to infuse the Net Worth power without sacrificing carcass traits and breed character.

2

1AN01117 THUNDER has answered the last question with the latest EPD report on his remarkable daughters…they milk!

What a blessing to the Angus breed to have an outcross calving ease bull with all the attributes to make a true pathfinder and landmark sire! The udder structure and milking ability of his daughters and the salability of his sons will keep him in the forefront of ranchers’ breeding lists for heifers!

3

1AN01177 DENALI sired the top selling sire group for 21 Angus Ranch of North Dakota this spring and is impressing cattlemen around the globe for his ability to consistently produce low birth weight cattle with extra muscle and dimension. HARB Cincha, Denali’s maternal grandsire, was widely known as a female-making bull whose daughters stood the test of time and excelled for maternal excellence! Denali is combining all the good attributes from Thunder and Cincha!

4

If you want a “sleep all night, make every basketball game” heifer bull, 1AN01183 FRONT RANGE fits the bill. The Front Range calves are born very light with exceptional vigor. His genomic indicators tell us he will remain in the breed’s top percentiles for light birth weight, maternal calving ease and maternal milk. The fleshing ability of the Front Range cattle is exceptional. He could be termed the bet the ranch heifer bull that will make long lasting, highly maternal daughters that flesh in any environment.

5

A lot has already been said about the “Genex cover sire” 1AN01170 CHISUM. He’s an old school, rancher’s bull that combines some of the most prolific female-makers in the breed: EXT, Alliance 6595 and Traveler 6807! If you like cattle to be “roughage converters” and grow with the most elite performance cattle in the industry, you need to use Chisum.

The

3

4

2

5

©2011 CRI

Beef Horizons

21

The

RISING STARS 6

1AN01116 UPWARD has become a household name sire whose curve-bending EPD profile, maternal excellence and overall good kind will keep him in the forefront of the beef industry for years to come. Anywhere you travel across the globe the Upward sons and daughters are in high demand. As soon as you hear the name Upward, good cattlemen pay very close attention!

7

One of the breed’s most elite $Beef and $Feedlot bulls is 1AN01145 JACKSON. He is siring above expectations and combining high marbling from the top side of his pedigree with the durability, fleshing ability and maternal from the bottom side of his pedigree, Connealy Freightliner! He is be one of a very few bulls to rank in the breed’s top one percent for YW EPD and MARB EPD! And, the cattle are range-ready, rancher friendly animals that flat get it done on paper and in the real world.

6

7

8 8

1AR00928 HALFMANN R588 has surfaced as the “bet the ranch” heifer bull the Red Angus breed has been waiting for.

His sons and daughters have been in high demand for their hard working, no nonsense combination of calving ease and real world phenotypic traits for maternal and fleshing ability. This bull also offers an extreme outcross and can be mated on most Red pedigrees.

9

1AR00926 CHESTER has been evaluated by top cattlemen as one of the most complete power Red Angus bulls of his generation.

His muscular, heavy boned look is backed up by a cow family that is second to none. Use this Canadian sensation to add power to your calf crop and increase the udder quality of the females.

9

IMPRESSIVE has been described by many as one of the truly complete Red Angus sires they have ever seen. He’s a smaller framed bull with bred in calving ease, fleshing ability and the ability to survive in any climate or environment. The highly regarded program this young bull comes from demands their cattle “pay their way!”

10 1AR00929 10

22

©2011 CRI

Beef Horizons

11

12

13

14

15

16

11 The Simmental world has been waiting for a homozygous

black,homozygous polled, power bull, and his name is 1SM00121 UPGRADE! His remarkable EPD profile ranks him in the top 10 percent for 10 separate traits!

He was used across the board in his first breeding season and has come out ranking as one of the breed’s all time muscle and performance bulls. He’s more than just a pretty picture – he’s a great breeding bull!

12 If you like thick, wide-based cattle that press the scales

but don’t get too big framed, then 1SM00113 TANKER is a bull to add to the equation! Genex is very fortunate to have the breed’s two foremost homozygous black, homozygous polled growth sires, Tanker and Upgrade, who both have YW EPDs over 100! Tanker will sire high octane, wide made cattle that stay moderate in their mature and yearling frame score!

13 1SM00114

TUITION sired the top two yearling bulls

in the TNT program in 2011 and is starting to make a name for himself as one of the leaders in the SimAngus world of heterosis. This homozygous black, homozygous polled bull tabulates one of the most complete set of EPD scores in the industry ranking him in the Simmental database’s top one percent for WW, YW and TI traits.

Combine this with his calving ease, “bet the ranch” heifer bull status and being sired by Final Answer, makes him a must use bull for top cattlemen.

MONTEZUMA looks and sires like a Charolais bull should. He powers up his offspring and adds his well balanced, deep sided look and flexible structure. This sire will make his mark on the breed not because he was a past National Western Champion, but because of his capability to make excellent offspring out of average cows.

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VICTOR 719T has jumped through all of the necessary hoops to become a top A.I. within the breed.

He’s proven to be not only a heifer bull, but one that sires attractive, beefy cattle with real world performance and desirable markings. His sons have been some of the most sought after bulls throughout the country, and we expect his daughters to be top notch brood cows. This bull could likely be the next Genex Hereford bull to lead the breed in registrations.

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WORLDWIDE is to say the least, an exciting prospect. His pedigree reads like the “who’s who” of performance-oriented, breed-leading maternal sires from Ribeye to Legend all the way back to the same cow that produced Revolution! Worldwide has been evaluated by some of the most elite seedstock producers anywhere and found to be flawless in his structure, perfect in his markings and with good body composition. He currently ranks in at least the breed’s top 20 percent for 12 separate traits!

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©2011 CRI

Beef Horizons

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Genex Cooperative, Inc.

PRSRT STD US POSTAGE PAID STEVENS POINT, WI 54481 PERMIT NO 272

P.O. Box 469, 100 MBC Drive Shawano, WI 54166

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Mission Statement

Provide products and services as effectively as possible to maximize the profitability of members and customers worldwide while maintaining a strong cooperative. Š2011 CRI

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