GENEWS April 2019 Issue

Bio 30 Week...[p.2] GeneSoc Celebrates its 35th...[p.3] GeneSoc retrieves first... [p.4] GeneSoc bags medals... [p.5] m m ADZU Hailed as... [p.6] Sean Santos named... [p.7]

Four new DNA Bases...[p.7] Second HIV Patient Cured...[p.8]

NUTRIGE-KNOWMICS: How the Food... [p.9] Not One, But Seven... [p.10] When Gaming GETs Serious [p.11] Passionate and Excellent Service...[p.12]

Should We Design Babies Using CRISPR [p.13] Milestones in the History of Genetics [p.15]

2 BIO 30 WEEK 2019: SERVING THE FLAVORFUL CONCEPTS OF NUTRIGENOMICS

By: Agnes Gutierrez

From April 8-12 2019, The UPLB Genetics Society will host its annual BIO 30 Week at the Institute of Biological Sciences Building, University of the Philippines-Los Banos. With the theme, “Palatable Discourse: Savoring the Emerging Concepts on Nutritional Genetics”, BIO 30 Week 2019 will focus on the science of Nutritional Genetics and will aim to spread information about the relationship of nutrition to a person’s genes through creative and exciting activities.

About the Theme: Nutrigenomics Nutritional genetics (nutrigenomics) is the field of science which seeks to understand and explain the interactions between genes and nutrients at the molecular level towards its effects on the gene expression (physical appearance) and health of an individual.

Nutrigenomics would enable a better quality of customized diets according to an individual’s genetic make-up and possibly prevent future ailments especially the Non-transmissible Chronic Diseases (NTCDs) which are prevalent health threats in our society.

trivia display, poles, board, and ceiling design.

BIO 30 Quiz Contest. Caters all Bio 30 students currently taking the said The trivia display is the main feature course to test their mental prowess of the exhibit as it contains the dif- and will challenge their minds to the ferent facts and information about utmost. nutrigenomics. It is made up of chipboards and used cartons that are lay- Theme-based Seminar. Focuses on one ered and adorned to resemble stained- class to obtain a more immersive exglass windows. These will be placed posure to the theme of the exhibit by between two poles. The poles are having an expert discuss Nutritional surrounded with corrugated boards Genetics to the class during the sessprinkled with gold glitters to create sion. a classy atmosphere.

The board contains the members, of- Print-All-You-Can. This event seeks to ficers, and the activities of the organi- provide students free printing serzation. It mimics a bar complete with vices. They can print their handouts, a mache of wine bottles and glasses, reports, and reviewers as much as as well as wooden barrels and crates. they want within a specified time.

Last is the ceiling which is adorned This is the organization’s way to lend with four handmade chandeliers students a helping hand in preparaequipped with flickering LED lights. tion for their hell weeks.

All these are greatly detailed products of a month-long workshop done by the members of the organization in which their passion to live up to the objectives have always been tireless and unyielding.

About the Exhibit: Fine Dining

The activities of Genetics Week are as follows:

For the exhibit for this year’s bio 30 week, the creative theme that will represent Nutrigenomics is Fine Dining.

The exhibit is divided into 4 parts:

Thanksgiving Mass. Before the start of the exhibit week, this sacred ceremony will be conducted to open the Bio 30 week.

Minor Orientation. This is the organization’s way to showcase their values, achievements, and activities to students who are interested to join the organization.

Open Tambayan. This is an avenue of GeneSoc to give back to the academic community for supporting the organization in their advocacies and activities by giving out free food and refreshments to students, teachers, and staff of the university.

3 GENESOC CELEBRATES ITS 35TH FOUNDING ANNIVERSARY Medicine: Dr. Teri Marie P. Laude (Autosomes)

Dr. Laude was lauded the Paramount Achievement for Medicine for her efforts in breaking the stigma on mental health, advocating for anti-sexual harassments and violence against women, and for excellence in the field of Family Medicine. She graduated from UPLB with a bachelor’s degree in Biology. She then pursued Medicine at the University of the Philippines Manila. In 2014, she obtained her master’s degree in Clinical Medicine (Family and Community Medicine) at the University of the Philippines, Manila.

Social Welfare: Dr. Sylvia Briones De Guzman (F1) Dr. De Guzman was lauded the Paramount Achievement Award for her extraordinary efforts in the improvement of human societies and for being one of the first to bring complete response and relief to the City of Tacloban, Leyte after Typhoon Haiyan (YolanBy Sean Lemuel Santos (Hybrizyme) da). During that time of crisis, at the Eastern Visayas Regional Medical Center, she and her team gave emergency and surgical LOS BAÑOS, LAGUNA– With the theme “Timeless”, The UPLB services to those who are affected by the devastating typhoon.

Genetics Society (GeneSoc) recently celebrated its 35th Anniversary and Alumni Homecoming (35th AHOC) at the Winner Events During the 35th anniversary, Michelia Malabrigo (Hybrizyme), Place, Sta. Rosa, Laguna on December 15, 2018. the president of GeneSoc, presented a progress report which featured the current activities, accomplishments and involvements The 35th anniversary was hosted by Juan Miguel Balatibat (Hybriof the organization. Most notable in her report are the two nazyme), the 35th AHOC Co-Head, and Ma. Angelica Robles (Cybrid), tional events currently hosted by GeneSoc: The National Intercolthe current Outreach Committee Head of GeneSoc. The event was legiate Genetics Quiz Contest and Genetics Camp. The bagging formally opened by James Raphael Medrano (Rap), the 35th AHOC of the TAYO Awards and UNO Awards by the organization was Head. also featured on the report.

The most-awaited part of the event was the Paramount Achievement Awards where several GeneSoc members (Genes) were recognized for their exemplary performance and significant contributions in their respective fields. The awardees were Dr. Peter S. Guzman (Charter) for Academe and Research, Dr. Glenn B. Gregorio (Recombinants) for Industry, Dr. Teri Marie P. Laude (Autosomes) for Medicine, and Dr. Sylvia Briones De Guzman (F1) for Social Welfare.

Academe and Research: Dr. Peter S. Guzman (Charter) Dr. Guzman was lauded the Paramount Achievement Award for his extraordinary efforts in the field of plant breeding. His endeavours and researches in the development of corn varieties had helped more than 20,000 Filipino farmers. The University of the Philippines Los Banos College of Agriculture Alumni Association also honoured him as its distinguished alumnus for his significant contribution. He graduated from UPLB with a bachelor’s degree in agriculture, cum laude, and master’s degree in plant breeding at the same university. He achieved his doctorate from Iowa State University and a post-doctorate degree from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

Industry: Dr. Glenn B. Gregorio (Recombinants) Dr. Gregorio has been designated the Paramount Achievement Award for Industry for his work in the development of abiotic stress tolerant rice varieties. He was the deputy head of the International Rice Research Institute’s (IRRI) Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division and the acting global coordinator of Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER). His research on rice breeding and genetics of salt-tolerant rice paved the way for the advancement of the rice industries in the Philippines. In 1986, he graduated master’s degree (Major in Plant Breeding, Minor in Soil Science) and in 1997, for his doctorate (Major in Genetics, Minor in Statistics), he graduated at the same university. Recently, he has been given the title of Academician by the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) Philippines.

Several alumni members also gave an inspirational message. They talked about how GeneSoc shaped them to become excellent in their respective fields and how grateful they are as a member of the organization.

Mr. Paul Hilario (Exons) led the toast during the event. He made the toast for the successes of GeneSoc and the years ahead for the organization.

Special awards were also given during the night. Below is a list of the recipients: Young-At-Heart: Lichelle Dara T. Espada-Calor (Replicons) and Resa D. Javier-De Jesus (Charter) Faces of the Night (Alumni): Male-Paul Benjamin R. Hilario (Exons), Female-Vanessa Dyan R. Aldemita (Heteroplasmy) Best Dressed Alumni: Male-Alberto A. Kalaw (Eugenics), Female-Reyna Marie Chua (Synapsis) Best Dressed Residents: Male-Sean Lemuel L. Santos (Hybrizyme), Female-Hedaya Angli (Replichore) Some ice-breakers were also held such as the “Bet on your Orgmate” game patterned to the game show “Bet on your Baby”, “Category” Game where contestant-members have to enumerate three things based on a category, and the “Act-It-Out” Game much like the game of charades.

In the closing ceremony, Yzzia Montifar, the Vice-President of GeneSoc gave some closing remarks and led the Genes in reciting the organization’s preamble.

4 GENESOC RETRIEVES 1ST GENEWS NEWSLETTER DATED OCTOBER 1984

Compiled by Sean Lemuel L. Santos (Hybrizyme)

Below is the list of articles found in the 1st newsletter of GENEWS:

LOS BAÑOS, LAGUNA–History lives again for The UPLB Genetics Society (GeneSoc) as the GENEWS Team retrieves A. News a copy of the very first issue of the GENEWS Newsletter 1. Genetics enthusiasts form organization which was released on October 5, 1984.

2. GeneSoc wins first three trophies 3. GeneSoc-STATS tandem hits bottom at PalaCASan This historic document was given by Prof. Celia Dela Viña 4. Molecular biologists leave town who is a former professor of the Genetics and Molecular Bi- 5. IBPGR turns 10 ology Division of IBS and also a former junior adviser of 6. Board appoints Ramirez as dean for 2nd time GeneSoc during its early years.

7. Sedano leaves for Beijing 8. Payawal hints need for change in curricula The newsletter is composed of four parts: News, Editorial, 9. IBS sponsors numerous projects Did You Knows and Literary. The News section contains 9 articles, the Editorial has 2 articles and Did You Knows and B. Editorial Literary have 4 contents each.

1. Yes, Hybrid Rice and Male Sterility The 1st article of the newsletter is a headline about the recent formation of The UPLB Genetics Society. It was stated in the article that 20 students formed GeneSoc on December 20, 1983 at the Horticultural Science Lecture Hall. The constitution of GeneSoc was said to have been ratified on February 5, 1984. In the first year of GeneSoc, Dr. Liwayway M. Engle was the senior adviser, Prof. Celia Dela Viña was the junior adviser, and Mr. Paulino Daniel Cepeda was the president.

One interesting article of the newsletter is the editorial entitled, “Cornerstone of a Society” which reveals the philosophy behind the formation of GeneSoc. The writer notes that “it is the hope of the members that it will be able to contribute – even a little bit – to genetics in ways that will benefit mankind intellectually as well as in practical terms”.

The writer also adds that GeneSoc looks forward in expanding both the knowledge and appreciation of Genetics.

Short History The GENEWS Newsletter originated from The GENE NEWS which was the monthly news publication of the Genetics Group of UPLB (now Genetics and Molecular Biology Division). The GENE NEWS had its first release in February 1982. In 1984, it paved the way for the creation of GENEWS, now the official publication of The UPLB Genetics Society.

2.

Cornerstone of a Society

C. Did You Know That 1. Protein can be translated directly from DNA 2. Peanut oil has mutagenic properties 3. Some fruit varieties have arisen by spontaneous somatic mutations 4. Eugenics was known to Plato D. Literary 1. A Little Flower, by Joy Concepcion 2. I Should Be Me Not We, by Rey Umali 3.

Wake up! Wake up! The Sun is Setting in Your Life, by Rey Umali 4. Thoughts

5 GENESOC BAGS MEDALS AT THIS YEAR’S WACASAN

GeneSoc members during the awarding of their Men's Basketball Team as champions (Photo courtesy of Michelia Malabrigo).

By Jessica Agustin (Securin)

GeneSoc garners numerous awards in WaCASan, the closing ceremony of PalaCASan, held last Saturday, March 23, 2019 at Colegio de Los Banos in Los Banos, Laguna.

Members of the organization excelled at three (3) sporting events on which they garnered three championships, two 2nd places, six 3rd places, one 4th place and two special awards. The events include swimming, badminton and basketball.

Swimming For the women’s swimming event, Michelia Malabrigo (Hybrizyme) won the following: 1st place in 50m Freestyle 2nd place in 25m Backstroke 2nd place in 50m Breaststroke 3rd place in 25m Freestyle 3rd place in 50m Backstroke Juan Miguel Balatibat (Hybrizyme) got the 3rd place in 50m breaststroke for the men’s swimming event.

GeneSoc also placed 3rd for both 4x25m Medley and 4x25m Relay.

These were won by Michelia Malabrigo, Juan Miguel Balatibat, Yzzia Montifar (Hybrizyme) and Rap Medrano (Replichore)

Badminton For the Badminton event, Michelia got the 1st place for Women’s Badminton.

Arlon De Jesus (Aptamers) and Michelia won the 3rd place for Mixed Badminton while Arlon placed 4th in the About PalaCASan Men’s Badminton.

PalaCASan has been an annual one semester long sports festival of the Basketball College of Arts and Sciences led by For the Men’s Basketball, GeneSoc suc- CAS-based academic organizations. cessfully defended their championship PalaCASan 2018 was hosted by The title against The CPS Triangle in the UPLB Microbiological Society with best-of-three finals (2-0). GeneSoc has the theme Project Outlast: An Armalready reached a 5-peat championship In-Arm Combat. GeneSoc hosted streak since 2014. Jim Diezon (Repli- PalaCASan 2016 with the theme chore) was awarded the Most Valuable Bumabangon. Lumalaban. ManlalaPlayer (MVP) for the Men’s Basketball. ro ng Bayan.

Mr. and Ms. PalaCASan 2018 PalaCASan also has its own pageant contest in search for Mr. and Ms. PalaCASan 2018. Juan Miguel Balatibat was awarded as the People’s Choice for Mr. PalaCASan 2018. Densel Ross Itliong (UP CELLS) and Mary Aubrey K. Mercado (UPLB STATS) won the contest and were named as Mr. and Ms. PAlaCASan 2018, respectively.

6 ADZU HAILED AS NIGQC 2019 CHAMPIONS points depending on their answers.

By Aims Montes LOS BAÑOS, LAGUNA- Besting 10 other schools from around the country, the team of Ateneo de Zamboanga University was named as champions of this year's National Intercollegiate Genetics Quiz Contest held at the SEARCA Umali Hall in the University of the Philippines-Los Baños last March 16, 2019.

The UPLB Genetics Society, in its 9th successful year of hosting NIGQC, highlighted the emerging concepts of Nutrigenomics with the theme “Nourishing the Genome: Advancing the Human Health through Nutrigenomics”.

The winning team, AdZU, was represented by Ray Joshua Macrohon, Najwa Hind Molina, and Adzhar Tiplani who were accompanied by Dr. Jocelyn Partosa, their coach. In recognition, they were awarded with medals and certificates.

University of the Philippines-Manila came in 2nd place while the team from Ateneo de Manila University landed 3rd place.

Aside from the major awards, an individual award was also given to the top scorer for the first round of the competition termed as Synapsis. Joseph Raymund Sanchez, from the Ateneo de Manila University topped the individual examination with a total score of 57.5 points.

To officially open the program, Dr. Glenn B. Gregorio delivered his opening remarks. Dr. Gregorio is a Plant Breeder in IRRI, a professor in UPLB, and a newly-elected Academician of the National Academy of Science and Technology. He is also an alumnus of GeneSoc. After the Synapsis round, Mr. Jacus S. Nacis, a Science Research Specialist who focuses on Nutritional Genomics, Metabolism, and Obesity at the Food and Nutrition Research Insititute, conducted a lecture seminar on the basic concepts of Nutrigenomics. He highlighted the relationship of genes to the cases of obesity and the benefits of this field to the improvement of one's health.

The second part of the competition, the Dogma Round, was composed of three parts namely Initiation (easy), Elongation (average), and Termination (difficult). Meanwhile, the third round of the tilt followed which is the Genetic Drift or the Bottleneck round wherein the contestants were given multipliers that they could use to increase or decrease their

The judges of the competition were Dr. Merlyn S. Mendioro, the Director of the Institute nof Biological Sciences, Dr. Ma. Genaleen Q. Diaz, a professor in the Genetics and Molecular Biology Division of the IBS, and Dr. Roberta N. Garcia, a professor in the Institute of Plant Breeding Crop Science Cluster.

The quiz masters were Prof. Marjorie delos Angeles, an Assistant Professor in the Plant Biology Division and Prof. Emmanuel T. Galang, an Assistant Professor in the Genetics and Molecular Biology Division.

The questions for this year’s NIGQC covered the fields of Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics, Human Genetics, Quantitative Genetics, Microbial Genetics, Developmental Genetics, and Qualitative Genetics.

Eleven schools participated in the event. These include the following: Ateneo de Manila University, Ateneo de Zamboanga University, Bulacan State University, Mariano Marcos State University, Miriam College, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, Pampanga State University, Polytechnic University of the Philippines - Sta Mesa, Southern Luzon State University, University of the Philippines Manila, and Virgen Milagrosa State University Foundation.

The participants and guests were entertained through intermission numbers performed by the UPLB Filipiniana Dance Troupe and Agnes Gutierrez, a BS Biology student.

Before NIGQC 2019 closed, Michelia Merill Linne Malabrigo (Hybrizyme), the President of The UPLB Genetics Society, delivered her closing remarks and thanked everyone for the success of the event.

When asked about her first NIGQC 2019 experience, Najwa Hind Molina, a member of the winning team, said, “ …We can say that it’s a very challenging experience for us. Obviously, it’s our first time to join…It’s also very rewarding for us also. Actually, we did not expect to win at all. It’s very funny because when the announcement came, we were all stunned. We really did not expect to win and I think it’s a good plot twist for Ateneo de Zamboanga (translated)”.

The UPLB Genetics Society would like to thank the following sponsors for their support on the 9th NIGQC. The NIGQC 2019 co-presentors are: Bayer and DekaLB; its donors: Diamed Enterprise, Pro-seed Development Association, Inc., ArmanCanDoIt! Ltd., Jared Genio and Family, and Jindra Samson; its partner institutions: Institute of Biological Sciences and Genetics and Molecular Biology Division; powered by: Bonitos Bar and Restaurant, Eat-Sumo, and the Original Buko Pie Bakeshop.

7 SEAN SANTOS NAMED 2018 CAS OUTSTANDING STUDENT

ternally and externally from the university, for the scholastic performance he exhibited in the Institute of Biological Sciences (IBS) as a student of BS Biology, and for displaying laudable leadership skills, good moral character, and volunteerism that made him serve as an inspiration and a role model who embodies the university’s creed of "honor, excellence, and public service”.

By Daniel Varias

LOS BANOS, LAGUNA–The UPLB Genetics Society (GeneSoc) resident member and GENEWS editor-in-chief Sean Lemuel L. Santos was named the 2018 College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) Outstanding Student during the College’s 46th Anniversary Celebration held last November 23, 2018 at CAS Annex 1 Auditorium of the University of the Philippines, From Batch Hybrizyme, Sean is an excellent Los Baños (UPLB). student who is a consistent topnotcher of his The plaque of recognition was handed to Sean class, as described by his adviser, Dr. Ma. Car“for being a consistent University Scholar, mina C. Manuel of the Genetics and Molecular for his awards and recognitions gained in- Biology Division (GMBD) of IBS. The award is

an addition to the numerous awards he attained from the university. In the past three years, he received the 2016 Outstanding Freshman Award, 2017 Outstanding Sophomore Award, and 2018 Outstanding Junior Award from IBS, UPLB. He also belonged consistently in the list of Top CAS Students from 2016 to 2018.

Besides his academic excellence, his leadership was also shown in various positions. He has been the Editor-In-Chief of GENEWS, the official publication of the organization, for two consecutive terms. He also once served as the Logistics Committee Head in the Outreach Program of GeneSoc and the 35th Alumni Homecoming of the organization, and Equipment Committee Head of PalaCASan 2016.

Furthermore, he is known to be an active volunteer in community services, like the Elderly Development Program in 2017, Red Cross activities in leadership training, first-aid training, and basic life support courses, and outreach activities such as in Medical Mission and the HOPE Intervention Program: One Gene One Child led by GeneSoc.

FOUR NEW DNA BASES SYNTHESIZED but also four synthetic ones.

In a study published on February 22, in the journal Science, a research team led by Steven Brenner from the Foundation of Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME) in the US has synthesized four additional nucleotide bases, namely P, Z, S, and B, wherein P pairs with Z, and S pairs with B. This essentially doubles the “letters” comprising the DNA, and thus increasing the information density over standard DNA.

Source: phys.org

By John Nicolas Olitin

Ever since the beginning of life a couple billion years ago, genetic information is believed to be stored in the DNA as a string of only four bases or letters–Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Adenine (A), and Thymine (T).

The DNA system composed of the four natural bases and the four artificial ones is called “hachimoji” DNA (meaning “eight letters” in Japanese). It functions the same as normal DNA, is found to be stable, and can be transcribed into RNA.

However, according to Brenner, in order to determine if hachimoji has the ability to support life, it has to be self-sustaining–a crucial factor that the research team was unable to test without the risk of creating a biohazard in Just recently, researchers have created a DNA the process. that contains not just the four natural bases

This is not the first time that artificial nucleotides have been synthesized. In a 2011 study also led by Brenner, an expanded genetic information system composed of the four standard nucleotides, and two additional nonstandard nucleotides (P and Z) were also developed.

With a more diverse set of genetic components, scientists can, in theory, create DNA or RNA sequences that can function better than regular DNA, aside from storage of information.

Furthermore, hachimoji DNA can potentially be used to create novel proteins. For instance, a protein is now being developed based on strands of DNA including P-Z that were observed to be better at binding to cancer cells as compared to regular DNA. This protein can then be included as part of an anti-cancer drug.

In addition to its medical applications, this discovery expands the scope of the structures that we might encounter as we search for life in the cosmos, as well as provide insights as we seek answers to mysteries regarding life’s origin.

8 SECOND HIV-PATIENT CURED THROUGH A MUTATION

The HIV (yellow) is attacking the T-cells (blue) of the immune system. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS and targets T-cells which fight-off many pathogens. (Photo courtesy of: US National Institutes of Health).

By John Dane Valdez

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that targets the cells in the immune system, making it more difficult to fight-off infections and diseases. HIV can spread through certain body fluids, and can eventually lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). As of today, there is no definite cure for HIV but its effects can be controlled through Anti-Retroviral Therapy or ART. The only known person to be completely cured of HIV is Timothy Ray Brown, also known as the “Berlin patient”. He was treated through a stem cell transplant that eliminated the virus. A decade later, another person dubbed as the “London patient” was cured of his HIV infection using the same method.

According to Dr. Ravindra Gupta, a virologist in the Division of Infection and Immunity at University College London, this shows that the Berlin patient was not an anomaly, and that the use of stem cell transplant eliminated HIV in both patients.

However, he also said that it is too soon to say if the London patient has been definitively cured of HIV. What they know for now is that the patient is in a longterm remission from the virus for 18 months, without needing the medication.

The London patient was diagnosed with HIV in 2003.

Since then, he has been taking antiretroviral medications to manage his HIV infection. In 2012, he was diagnosed with Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a type of blood cancer that can be treated with a bone marrow transplant.

The stem cells that came from the donor had a rare mutation in the gene that codes for the CCR5 protein. This protein is located on the surface of white blood cells and acts like a knob where the HIV holds to so that it could enter the cells. When the gene for CCR5 is mutated, the protein is not produced, preventing the HIV from entering the cells.

Gupta stressed that using stem cell transplant as the standard method of treating HIV would not work since it carries a lot of risk.

Timothy Brown was diagnosed with leukemia, so both patients used the transplants to treat cancer, not HIV. Dr. Amesh Adalja, a senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security in Baltimore, explained that the treatment of the London patient gives us an idea that HIV can be eradicated. Based on the way both patients were treated, it can be observed that eliminating the CCR5 protein effectively cures HIV infection. Thus, researchers can focus more on finding out ways to remove or halt the production of the CCR5 protein besides using stem cell transplants.

The case of the London patient is an important one, as it does not only pave the way for more scientific innovations, but also gives humanity a chance to combat this harmful virus and provide a definite cure for it in the future.

9 NUTRIGE-KNOW-MICS: HOW THE FOOD AFFECTS OUR GENOME

WE

EAT

genes are expressed. It also looks into how the variations in our genes affect the nutritional environment. Its focus lies within understanding the interaction between the nutrients we take and other dietary bioactives within our genomes at the molecular level in order to understand how these specific nutrients or specific diet regimes may affect human health and disease.

By Sophie Malagday

We Filipinos are known for our appetite and how much we love eating. For every occasion, we always prepare our foods lavishly as we want to keep the tradition of festivity. We have our famous rice cakes such as bibingka, sapin-sapin, desserts such as halo-halo, and of course, the most famous of all, lechon. During our three meals, it is a staple to eat rice, partnered with our occasional viands such as tinola, adobo, and the like.

As varied as our traditional delicacies are, the food we eat can also affect our DNA in a variety of ways.

The human genome is composed of 23 chromosome pairs with a total of about 3 million base pairs. In humans, there are 24 distinct chromosomes: 22 chromosomes that are autosomal and the sex-determining X and Y chromosomes. The DNA is our hereditary material and serves as the blueprint or the set of instructions needed to know what color our hair would be, how our face shape would be, as well as our personalities. There are many factors that may affect the expression of our genes—one of these is nutrition.

Nutrition, according to the World Health Organization, is the intake of food, taking into consideration the dietary needs of one’s body. Good nutrition means that the food intake is adequate, well-balanced, and is combined with regular physical activity.

Good nutrition ensures that the interactions between the nutrients or food molecules that we intake and the molecules in our body are well-coordinated in order to make sure that the body is well and healthy.

Macromolecules such as protein, carbohydrates, and fats are the food molecules we often ingest. These molecules interact with the components of cells and may or may not alter its composition. Too much protein intake, without proper exercise in which the proteins would be used and broken down, would lead to an accumulation of proteins which then turns into sugars then to fat. This is primarily why a diet heavy in meat, eggs, and the like without the supplement of exercise could lead to weight gain.

This may also increase blood sugar levels which can also feed pathogenic bacteria and yeast.

Too much carbohydrate intake, without proper exercise that could use it up, could lead to rapid spikes in blood sugar levels which often results to energy crash, giving you a feeling of fatigue. It could also lead to obesity as the sugars which were unused turn into fat.

Too much fat intake, without proper exercise, on the other hand, could also lead to weight gain as fat contains more calories compared to proteins and carbohydrates. High fat diets could also lead to constipation as the fiber intake needed is limited. These macromolecules and their interaction with other molecules in our bodies have been known to affect our health. However, the same diet may not have the same results for different people.

How, then, is this possible? This is where nutrigenomics comes into the picture.

Nutrigenomics is the science that delves into the effects of food and its components or constituents on our genes and how these

The field of nutrigenomics is fairly young but it has already unraveled much to the curious minds of the scientific community. So why exactly should you be informed about this new and emerging field? Why do you need to be concerned?

Firstly, it is important to note that diet can be a huge risk factor for a number of different diseases. Since our diet can greatly influence our health and the way we respond to different diseases, it is important to know what type of diet is a best fit for one to stay healthy. However, it is found that diets are not a one-size-fits-all. Each person requires different types of nutrients in order to stay healthy. Nutrigenomics can help us find a diet that best fits each of our needs.

Secondly, dietary chemicals from the food we intake can act on the human genome to alter the genes’ activity or structure.

This is very much important as the genes are contained in our DNA. This is of great concern because the food you eat today may not only affect your body and how your genes would be expressed, but it may also affect the genes of the generations after you.

Lastly, nutrigenomics may serve as a tool to treat various diseases. Dr. Lionel Bisson, a health and wellness physician from New York, says that nutrigenomics has diverse applications that spans both nutrition and medicine. Patients are treated based on their symptoms and genetic studies. The genetic studies are then used as a guide to determine the right nutrition for prevention.

Even though it is still a developing field of science with many much more unexplored, it is always important to stay informed about the importance of this promising field, stay in the know with nutrige-know-mics!

10 NOT ONE, BUT SEVEN: THE SCIENCE IN "WHAT HAPPENED TO MONDAY" surface (with the help of cortical granules and enzymes that digest the zona pellucida) and creates a protective barrier (Sun, 2003). This mechanism is actually triggered after the egg and sperm fuses.

It prevents polyspermy which in turn reduces the chances of producing identical twins.

By Kenneth Tria

sperms fertilizing a single egg while dizygotic twins are obtained when two eggs are each fertilized by different sperms. In addition, other forms of multiple births occur when the zygote divides into two or more embryos. Hence, it is possible to have different combinations of identical and fraternal children from different forms of multiple births.

In movies, one of the most common motivations of antagonists in doing cruel acts is overpopulation. One example is the film What Happened to Monday, a dystopian sci-fi thriller film that offers a unique and interesting case apart from other blockbuster hits. In this movie, Earth has already reached the maximum Several factors could affect the frequency population size it could sustain. of multiple births which include mothIn response to this, the government has er’s age and fertility treatments (Abissued a one-child policy for every cou- dolahhi et al., 2017). For unknown reaple. Any excess would then be captured sons, as the woman gets older, she tends and "stored" in a capsule to hibernate to release more eggs which would really until the population drops in number. increase the chances of having multiple However, Terrence Settman has a rath- births. It was also theorized that higher er peculiar case as his daughter gave follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was birth to identical female septuplets. His the reason for such occurrence. daughter died after delivery and he was left with seven babies to take care of. In Aside from these, fertility treatments the society where multiple births are not such as In-vitro fertilization (IVF) is accepted, this proved to be a challenge also one of the main reasons for the inof survival for the children and Terrence. crease in multiple birth frequency. IVF is performed by extracting eggs from In reality, multiple births exist and have the mother and manually combining actually been increasing in the past four the sperm samples from the father in decades (Kulkarni et al., 2013). Some of a laboratory dish. The embryo/s would its forms are twins, triplets, quadruplets, then be transferred to the uterus of the quintuplets, and sextuplets. The one ob- mother to allow for child development. served in the movie is one example of Therefore, multiple birth rates would high-order multiple births which is rela- surely increase due to the possibility of tively rare compared to other forms. The fertilization of more than one egg in the most famous case similar to the film dish. would be the McCaughey septuplets. All of them are still alive and have already In comparison to the movie where the turned 21. Some of them are studying in Settmans are monozygotic, the real-life college while some are already engaged. McCaugheys are polyzygotic. Meaning, the McCaugheys originated from differMultiple births occur due to either the ent egg- and-sperm combinations which fertilization of one or many eggs by led to their birth. On the other hand, the many sperms. After the sperm enters the Settmans came from a single egg that vagina and travels through the fallopian was fertilized by several sperms. tube, it would then try to penetrate an egg cell in order for conception to occur. This is actually possible, yet highly imUsually, only one sperm fertilizes an egg probable. Following the Hellin’s law, but sometimes, multiple fertilization the probability of having septuplets in the population is 1:896 or 2.01x10-12% can occur. which is extremely low. Moreover, cortiMonozygotic twins are a result of two cal reactions in the egg alters the egg’s

Furthermore, the survival of the septuplets is also very unlikely due to several complications that arise during pregnancy and even after birth. Pre-term labors are not uncommon to multiple pregnancies as there are several conditions which could promote such. These include preeclampsia, placenta problems, ruptured amniotic membranes, and growth restriction (Fierro, 2019). The higher order multiple births would then have less chances of survival due to a large number of offspring in the mother’s womb.

In consideration of such risks, the McCaugheys and Settmans are lucky to stay complete and outlast possible problems in multiple births.

Multiple births especially twins actually have practical applications today in behavioural genetics through twin studies. These are conducted in fraternal and identical twins to determine the genetic and environmental influences for trait phenotypes and disorders. It is important to remember that identical and fraternal twins have complete or partial similarity in their genotypes which are used to relate the influence of environment in the expression or inheritance of certain disorders.

Watching movies is truly entertaining and an efficient way to combat boredom.

But being a keen observer and sifting through the facts to believe in are important things to keep in mind when viewing films. Knowing the basis of a concept with the help of science or other disciplines is imperative as it would assist in realizing what is right or wrong. Since a simple misconception would always lead to a wrong interpretation impeding our progression.

11 WHEN GAMING GETS SERIOUS This led Dr. Emmanuel S. Baja, a research associate professor at the National Institutes of Health in UP Manila (NIH-UPM), to initiate the HIV Gaming, Engaging, and Testing (GET) project, taking advantage of the increasing popularity of mobile games. In the country, about 15 million active gamers are within 10 to 35 years old. This opportunity is a solution to create awareness, spread knowledge, and break the stigma on HIV and AIDS. The HIV Gaming, Engaging, and Testing (GET) project was initiated by the National Institutes of Health in the University of the Philippines Manila in cooperation with the University Health Services (UHS), and in partnership with Volunteer Youth Leaders for Health (VYLH) along with different academic organizations such as The UPLB Genetics Society, The UPLB Microbiological Society, Philippine Association for Nutrition Alpha-Omega Chapter, and The UPLB Communication Broadcasters Society. Under the project is a mobile game application called Battle in the Blood, or simply #BitB.

By Sean Timothy Gacutan (Helitron) LOS BANOS, LAGUNA – The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects 37 million people worldwide regardless of sex, age, and gender. It is able to infect CD4+ lymphocytes which functions to defend our body from pathogens. Furthermore, the virus is also capable of frequent mutations which makes it all the more dangerous and deadly.

If left untreated, HIV can lead to Autoimmune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) that makes the host susceptible to a wide variety of pathogens. The virus can be transmitted through sharing of needles during drug use or blood transfusions, unprotected sex, breast milk feeding, and motherto-child transmission.

Researchers have already established the HIV life cycle, the mechanisms of pathogenesis, how HIV interacts with its host, and the different anti-retroviral drugs to combat against HIV. However, a cure for this infection has not yet been found.

Globally, a considerable percentage of the worldwide population does not know their infection status. This increases the risk of the transmission of HIV and the severity of the infection if individuals are HIV positive. This might be caused by a lack of knowledge and awareness, and the stigma that comes with HIV.

Battle in the Blood was implemented by UP Manila in collaboration with the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom under Newton – Agham Program of the Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD) – Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and Medical Research Council of the UK Government. The mobile game app is a collection of puzzles in which players are tasked to fight different bacteria and viruses such as HIV, Gonorrhoea, and Herpes. Aside from the puzzles itself, the game tells eight stories about real life scenarios about HIV and AIDS. Last April 2 to 4 2019, the HIV GET project was brought to UPLB in partnership with the Volunteer Youth Leaders for Health. Aside from encouraging students to download the game, free HIV counselling and testing was also provided by the University Health Services.

Educational discussions were also given by different organizations, tackling different perspectives when it comes to HIV. For the first day, The UPLB Genetics Society and The UPLB Microbiological Society held a seminar about the molecular basis of transmission of HIV. For the second day, the Philippine Association for Nutrition Alpha Omega Chapter, discussed HIV and nutrition: how proper nutrition can slow down the progress of HIV. Lastly, the UPLB Communication Broadcasters Society gave a talk about how to break free from the stigma that comes along with HIV.

12 PASSIONATE AND EXCELLENT SERVICE: GENESOC’S OUTREACH PROGRAMS Compiled and Edited by Raphael Medrano (Replichore) LOS BAÑOS, LAGUNA — GeneSoc’s passion for serving others hasn’t stopped since its dawning. This year, GeneSoc’s current Outreach Committee Head, Ma. Angelica Robles of Batch Cybrid, looks forward into giving her utmost in maintaining this passionate service.

Right at the start of the academic year, GeneSoc conducted its Adopt-ARoom program last August 25, 2018 at the Genetic Laboratory Rooms C-125 and C-127. A similar activity was also conducted last January 29, 2019; the Adopt-A-Wing program allows GeneSoc members to donate supplies such as chalk boxes, whiteboard markers, and batteries, to Wing C via the help of the IBS Director’s Office.

As part of the Genetics Week, the annual One Gene, One Child: The HOPE Intervention Program was conducted in Calamba, Laguna, on October 22, 2018.

With Angelica’s volunteerism, brand new activities by the committee has also been conducted. This is the Gene-GLE or the Genes Give Love Event. It’s first part was conducted as part of the Christmas program in Canlubang, Laguna on December 9, 2018, and another part on February 24, 2019. These programs aim to hand out donations such as books and toys to the children.

Next in the list of activities for the outreach committee is the Annual Medical Mission on May 4, 2019 in Pacific Hills Subdivision in Canlubang, Laguna. These will feature free check-ups, circumcision, dental check-ups, and talks about folate and newborn screening.

GENESOC MEMBERS GET AWARDED AT THE 36TH IBS ANNIVERSARY

By Jan Samson

LOS BANOS, LAGUNA–Several GeneSoc members were recognized for their outstanding performance during the 36th Anniversary of the Institute of Biological Sciences held last March 18 at the IBSLH Main Lecture Hall. The event carried the theme, “Caring for the Environment the IBS Way”.

GeneSoc alumni Dr. Merlyn S. Mendioro (Honorary), Dr. Ma. Genaleen Q. Diaz (F1), and Jickerson P. Lado (Integrons) were recently given the Outstanding Teacher Award (OTA) during the event. This award is given to faculty members who have served the University and the Institute with exemplary service and commitment. Sean Lemuel L. Santos (Hybrizyme) joins the other awardees by receiving the prestigious Outstanding Senior Award during the awarding ceremony for attaining a General Weighted Average (GWA) of 1.25 reflecting academic excellence.

Dr. Merlyn S. Mendioro Dr. Mendioro is currently the Director of the Institute of Biological Sciences. She finished her Bachelor’s Degree in Agriculture in UPLB. Thereafter, she pursued graduate studies and earned her master’s degree in Agronomy and PhD in Genets from the same university. She was awarded as one of the Outstanding Young Scientists (Genetics) by the National Academy of Science and Technology in 1995. Her specializations include plant genomics, cytogenetics, agriculture, genetics, breeding and maker assisted selection.

She is a member of the Phi Sigma Biological Honor Society (Alpha Chi Charter), DOST S&T Expert Volunteer Pool, an associate member of the National Research Council of the Philippines, and an Honorary Member of The UPLB Genetics Society.

Dr. Ma. Genaleen Q. Diaz Dr. Diaz is a professor and former head under the Genetics and Molecular Biology Division (GMBD) of the Institute of Biological Sciences (IBS).

She graduated with a degree of BS Biology major in Genetics in UPLB. She continued her MS and PhD in Genetics at UPLB. She is awarded as an

Outstanding Young Scientist (Genetics) by the National Academy of Science and Technology in 2006. She is recognized for her outstanding contributions to the genetic analysis of important Philippine crops such as Coconut, Luffa, Momordica, and various medicinal plants.

Some of her specializations include Molecular Genetics, Biology, Plant Genetics, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology.

Prof. Jickerson P. Lado Prof. Lado is also a professor in GMBD-IBS. He also once served as the Head of the Student Organizations and Activities Division (SOAD) of the Office of Student Affairs (OSA). He graduated as cum laude under BS Biology where he majored in Cell and Molecular Biology. He pursued graduate studies and finished his Master’s degree in Genetics – Minor in Biochemistry. He also studied as an exchange student in Michigan State University where he took courses such as Virology and Cell Biology. In 2013 and 2014, he was awarded as one of the Outstanding Teachers of IBS. He was also given the UPLB Outstanding Teacher Award under the Biological Science Junior Faculty category in 2014.

His specializations include Genetics, Cell and Molecular Biology, Cytology and Microscopic Imaging.

Sean Lemuel L. Santos Sean Santos is a 4th year BS Biology-Major in Genetics student. He finished his secondary education in Santa Rosa Science and Technology High School as First-Honorable Mention. In 2018, he was named as the College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) Outstanding Student for his academic excellence and active involvement in volunteer activities. He was also Top 3 among the 46 CAS Students who were awarded last year by the College. Sean is a co-author of a research paper on coconut galactomannan which was presented during the 2nd International and 9th Annual National Convention and Scientific Meeting. He is currently working on his thesis which seeks to analyze the genetic diversity of onion armyworms. He is currently serving his second-term as Editor-In-Chief of GENEWS, the official publication of GeneSoc.

13 SHOULD WE DESIGN BABIES USING CRISPR? bryo to be implanted into the mother’s womb. This is done through a process known as pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD).

With CRISPR being developed as a gene-editing tool, it could one day be used to produce babies without genetic diseases or even babies with enhanced traits such as intelligence, athletic ability, or creativity.

Designer babies were once science-fiction. Now, a powerful tool known as CRISPR has the potential to rewrite the human DNA and create babies without diseases. But this comes with ethical concerns (Photo courtesy of: singularityhub.com).

CRISPR is cheap, powerful and limitless. It is only a matter of time before it can be used to create designer babies. The question then is not how it can be used to design life, but should we actually use it for such?

of the virus DNA. When a virus inWe are now entering the era of gene-editing where the power to design life is almost with- fects again, Cas9 would use the sgR- Here are some things that we have to in our hands. But should we do it?

NA to look for any match. And when consider:

By Sean Lemuel Santos (Hybrizyme)

In 2018, a Chinese researcher named Dr. He Jiankiu announced that he has created the world’s first gene-edited babies. Dr. He claims that he made these babies resistant to HIV by editing a gene using a new, powerful molecular tool known as CRISPR. He edited the gene known as CCR5 so that the virus could not, supposedly, attack the immune system’s cells of the babies.

it does, it would chop up the virus Somatic vs. Germline Editing DNA like a paper shredder.

What CRISPR is

Now, scientists have been able to turn CRISPR from being a shield against viruses to being a weapon against diseases. CRISPR is now being used as a gene-editing tool that could look for harmful genes and remove them out of the DNA. But how? by designing the sgRNA to look exactly like a bad gene, scientists can deploy CRISPR to locate this bad gene, remove it from Incredible as it may sound, Dr. He’s the DNA of an organism, and then experiment has sparked huge safety allow the cell to repair any resulting concerns among scientists and raised damage. ethical issues on gene-editing.

The potentials of CRISPR in biology, But what exactly is CRISPR and why agriculture and medicine are enoris using it such a big deal? mous. For one, it can be used to genetically edit mosquitoes so that they What CRISPR was would not carry malaria or dengue and thereby stop the spread of these CRISPR is a revolutionary, gene-edit- deadly diseases. It can also be use ing technology that was first discov- to design crops that are resistant to ered as an ancient immune system drought, heat or harmful pests. More of bacteria against invading viruses. importantly, CRISPR can be utilized It has two components: the CRISPR to treat genetic diseases that afflict or Clustered Regularly Interspaced mankind such as sickle-cell anemia, Short Palindromic Repeats which are cystic fibrosis or Tay-Sachs disease. the repeating parts in the bacteria’s DNA, and the Cas9 or CRISPR-as- But can CRISPR be used to design sociated protein 9 which acts like a life? sniper looking for any virus DNA that it could “kill”.

Enter the World of Designer Babies When a virus infects bacteria and injects its DNA, Cas9 would cut a piece of this virus’ DNA and paste it within the CRISPR so that the bacteria could “remember” the virus. The bacteria would then produce a copy of this virus DNA known as the short-guide RNA (sgRNA) which Cas9 would bring as it scouts the cell for any signs

In the past, designing life is all left to chance. Parents do not have any idea if their babies have genetic diseases until they are born and have grown up.

But advancements in medicine have changed all this. Now, parents can determine which embryos are genetically healthy and which ones are not.

They could then select the “best” em-

There are two types of editing that can be done using CRISPR: somatic gene editing and germline editing. In somatic gene editing, changes in the DNA are done in any of the individual’s cells except the sperm or the egg.

As a result, any changes (and problems) made stays within the individual and are not passed on to the next generation.

Ethical concerns arise mostly in germline editing where changes are made in the DNA of sperms, eggs or human embryos. These changes are permanent and are handed down to offspring. The problem with germline editing is that there is no informed consent given to the future generations. It could also stir the course of human evolution in ways we do not intend to. We might for example prefer to have all babies HIV-resistant but if an outbreak of West Nile virus (in which HIV-resistant people are prone to) occurs, all these babies would least likely to survive.

Treatment vs. Enhancement Another concern in CRISPR is whether we should use it only to cure diseases or also utilize it to attain genetic advantages. CRISPR can be a powerful medical tool that could treat human diseases and thereby alleviate the suffering of millions. If proven safe and reliable, then it should definitely be used to cure diseases. However, the concern appears when CRISPR is to be used as a form of enhancement. Many bioethicists are concerned that using CRISPR to improve, say intelligence or height, could lead to a new form of

14 eugenics wherein individuals with less of a physical feature are deemed inferior and useless.

Affordable vs. Expensive As what happens to the fate of many technologies, CRISPR could also be possessed by the hands of a few.

For now, CRISPR remains affordable for research. But in the future, only the rich might have an easy access to this technology which tremendously widens the gap between the rich and the poor. This could create a society whose hierarchy is based on the quality of their genetics. Already, rich people have an environmental advantage over poor people. They have better access to clean water, healthcare and education. If CRISPR becomes a luxury, only the rich could have a genetic advantage which ultimately worsens the conditions of the poor and leads to further inequality.

Safe vs. Risky CRISPR has already undergone a tremendous number of experiments by a myriad of scientists for over many years. However, there is still much that we don’t know about them. One thing is its safety. Just recently, in a paper published in Nature, CRISPR has been found to have caused large scale deletions and rearrangements in the DNA of mouse stem cells. As of this moment, we still don’t know if CRISPR can accurately make the edit we intend to. And even if it can, we are also unsure if it is not changing the normal genes we don’t want to be edited. These so-called off-target effects in the DNA can have serious consequences such as the emergence of new diseases or development of cancer.

Need vs. Want Should we actually design life based on choice or should we just leave everything to chance? This is an important question that surrounds the use of gene-editing. For some, gene-editing should be considered ethical since we are using this technology to provide the next generation with genetic advantages that would keep them from having diseases and even allow them to contribute significantly to society. They see CRISPR as a need– an imperative to make a better world.

On the other hand, some would say that gene-editing is unethical since it plays with life. It prioritizes subjective human preferences over natural processes that have shaped the course of our evolution for millions of years. They look at CRISPR as a want–a human vanity.

What We Should Do As the CRISPR technology develops, it is important that we make careful steps. Public discussions and debates must continuously be done so that the whole society would have clear ethical agreements.

Strict regulations and guidelines must also be imposed on the use of CRISPR to prevent unintended consequences on the environment and human health. Research must also be expanded by governments so that our knowledge of CRISPR would increase and our awareness of its implications would widen.

CRISPR is a powerful tool that can change the world but can also be destructive if we become irresponsible with its use. Right now, we must proceed with caution so that the potentials of CRISPR in improving our lives would not be laid to waste.

GENEWS TEAM a.y. 2018-2019 Editor-in-Chief

Sean Lemuel L. Santos (Hybrizyme)

Lay-out Editor:

Maria Lourdes Dominique R. Avena (Hybrizyme)

GENEWS Staff:

Jessica DL Agustin (Securin) Sean Timothy B. Gacutan (Helitron) Louise Jan M. Lopez (Replichore) James Raphael Medrano (Replichore) Agnes Gutierrez Aims Montes Daniel Varias Jan Samson John Dane Valdez John Nicolas Olitin Kenneth Tria Sophie Malagday

15 MILESTONES IN THE HISTORY OF GENETICS and the corresponding practical applications of this knowledge.”

- Prof. Aprill P. Manalang First Screen of Metabolic Defects in Newborns, 1961 Robert Guthrie develops a method to test newborns for the metabolic defect, phenylketonuria (PKU).1

(Photo courtesy of: www.tpr.org)

By Louise Jan M. Lopez (Replichore)

In the field of Genetics, there have been countless discoveries that expanded our understanding of all life forms. At the moment, Genetics has become one of the most widely understood science and has much attained all kinds of admiration and approval from the scientific community. It has become most successful in terms of its applications to the real world and on the innovations for the improvement of life.

Such discoveries are all equal in importance and has all contributed much for the realization of Genetics. But it is also critical to mention that there are some which seemed to be essential for its notable nature. In order to stress how such discoveries are indispensable in Genetics, the GENEWS Team has interviewed esteemed professors from the Institute of Biological Sciences at the University of the Philippines Los Banos. In a short but critical response, each professor picked and explained how some discoveries and events in the Genetic Timeline seems the most important for them.

GENEWS Team: “Which moment in the history of genetics seems most important?”

Ban on Genetic Discrimination in the Workplace, 1995 Protection under the American with Disabilities Act is extended to cover discrimination based on genetic information.1 “I believe that the beautiful union between science and humanity is reflected in this landmark historical event.

Here, we see that our moral and societal maturity developed further as we understood the unifying theme that connects us all.”

- Prof. Emmanuel T. Galang

Discovery of the Double Helix Structure of DNA, 1953 Francis H. Crick and James D. Watson described the double helix structure of DNA. They receive the Nobel Prize for their work in 1962.1

“This discovery first established usefulness of studying genetics in relation to the detection, management, and prevention of certain diseases or disorders.”

- Prof. Joseph C. San Pascual Rediscovery of Mendel’s Work, 1900 Botanists DeVries, Correns, and von Tschermak independently rediscover Mendel’s work while doing their own work on the laws of inheritance. The increased understanding of cells and chromosomes at this time allowed the placement of Mendel’s abstract ideas into a physical context.1

“The elucidation of the structure of the genetic material is the most basic information that paved the way in the understanding of the genes and their actions and the development of vari- “Though Charles Darwin have formuous molecular tools.” the theory of Natural Selection, - Prof. Genaleen Q. Diaz, PhD lated have observed variation in the population, and concluded that these variGenes are Made of DNA, 1952 are being passed on to the next Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase show that ations generation, cannot explain what only the DNA of a virus needs to enter a causes thesehevariations and how are bacterium to infect it, providing strong they transmitted from generation to support for the idea that genes are made of generation. Not until Mendel’s work DNA.1 was rediscovered and results of his later becomes two of the “It revolutionized genetics research experiment most important of genetics: Law by paving the way to recombinant of Independent laws Segregation and AsDNA technology/genetic engineer- sortment.” ing and genetic manipulation studies such as gene-editing.”

- Prof. Joan Christine O. Adajar - Prof. Aimee G. Cagalawan Heredity Transmitted in Units, 1865 Gregor Mendel’s experiments on peas demonDNA Transforms Cells, 1944 that heredity is transmitted in discrete Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Mac- strate The understanding that genes remain lyn McCarty show that DNA (not proteins) units. distinct entities even if the characteristics of can transform the properties of cells – thus parents appear to blend in their children exclarifying the chemical nature of genes.1 plains how natural selection could work and 1 “Avery, McLeod, and McCarty’s land- provides support for Darwin’s proposal. mark experiment that showed the “Without this concept demonstrated transforming ability of the DNA is by Mendel in his work on peas, maybe one of the most important discoveries we will still wonder why and how variin the field of genetics and in science, ation is retained after so many generin general. It encouraged scientists to ations. Heredity is passed on to subshift focus and explore the possibility sequent generations as distinct units that the genetic material is made up and combines with those from anothof DNA and not protein, which is the er parent to bring about variation. It popular candidate at that time. This is not some sort of a liquid thing that new focus paved the way to break- simply blends with that from the oththrough discoveries (including the er parent, loses its identity afterwards, structure of the DNA) which all led hence, cannot be passed on to many to our modern understanding of the generations, and would decrease varirole of DNA as hereditary material

16 subsequent generations as distinct units and combines with those from another parent to bring about variation. It is not some sort of a liquid thing that simply blends with that from the other parent, loses its identity afterwards, hence, cannot be passed on to many generations, and would decrease variation instead of increasing it. This concept supported Darwin’s proposal that nature selects the fittest from a great variety of individuals.”

- Prof. Diana Rose R. Gonzales Discovery of Natural Selection, 1859 Charles Darwin wrote “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life.”

“In 1973, evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky wrote an essay entitled “Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution.” Personally, in a greater scheme of life, genetics has been providing, at the molecular level, essential information for understanding evolutionary mechanisms. This alone makes Darwin’s work truly remarkable. Having no available knowledge that time about genetics, he was able to expound evolution and natural selection exceptionally.

Such viewpoints became hallmark concepts in biology that paved the way to look for ‘intrinsic factors’ in organisms responsible for inheritance and variation.

Today, we call these ‘factors’ – genes, and this field – genetics.”

- Prof. Jickerson P. Lado Development of DNA Fingerprinting, 1984 In 1984, Sir Alec Jeffreys discovered that humans have unique patterns of repeating DNA sequences called minisatellites. He later on developed the method of using DNA to establish identities of individuals which proved to be useful in forensic science.

“The discovery of human DNA fingerprints by Sir Alec Jeffreys is a perfect example of how curiosity coupled with the desire to impact society ignite many important scientific discoveries. He applied DNA cutting enzymes on samples of his lab mate and family. After discovering that bands are unique between individuals but shared by the child with his parents, its applications to human identification and parentage testing immediately dawned on him. That was when the revolutionary field of DNA forensics was born.”

- Prof. Jae Joseph Russell B. Rodriguez

These discoveries in Genetics are each vital for the attainment of its current fame and success as a science. These have allowed our scientists to see that our DNA, a mere small and simple sequence of bases in our cells, are the actual ones responsible for all complex traits and the molecular mechanisms that supervise them for those variations that differentiate each individual from another.

Some discoveries can be considered more essential or required but each discovery, big or small, has contributed fundamental evidence that built our current comprehension of the science. Each of these discoveries has contributed to our understanding of how Genetics and the machineries or tools associated with Genetics interact to make up all life forms.

All these are equally crucial for the success of Genetics – one less could easily make our conception of Genetics fall apart.

Details of the events/discoveries in the history of genetics italicized above were quoted directly from the Genetic Timeline Factsheet of the National Human Genome Research Institute).

1