HVAC system for large-scale residential buildings

Reversible heat pump

Electricity from the grid, (solar) Space heating, DHW, space cooling 5-20 kW 5.70 SCOP (35°C water supply temperature) 5.48 ESEER (18°C water supply temperature) – Depending on the design conditions Widely used solution for space heating and cooling; Recently also DHW can be produced with heat recovery; Integration with solar thermal; Potentially closedcycle if integrated; with PV; Optimal performance at lower loads Dependence on the outdoor-indoor temperature gradient; Potential mismatch between expected and real operating conditions (evaporator/condenser source side temperature, ΔT); Lack of data from manufacturers on operating conditions different from reference points

VRF/VRV

Electricity from the grid, (solar) Space heating, DHW, space cooling From 12.5 kW up (heating) from 1.2 kW up (cooling) 2.5–5 COP depending on design conditions Energy performance and cost effectiveness; The indoor unit refrigerant flow rate can be calibrated on the cooling loads; Integration with solar thermal; Heat recovery from thermal zones under space cooling for the integration of hot water production Limited hot water thermal level (45°C); Superheats in indoor units and compressor speed should be carefully designed

efficiencies are higher than the one of conventional collectors; Potentially closedcycle if electricity is provided by PV

HVAC system for large-scale residential buildings

As was mentioned for large-scale residential buildings most commonly used system for heating, cooling, and DHW is the district heating/cooling system (DHCS). A district heating (DHS) system is a system that produces heat, in the form of hot water and superheated steam, from a central power plant using gas, renewable energy, or waste heat. The produced heat is distributed via the DH distribution system (pipe network) to the district heating substations and the end-users. DH system efficiency is around 85%. Combining with electricity production (Combine Heat and Power-CHP) efficiency can increase up to 92%. Additionally, applying the fourth generation DHS will increase the efficiency of the existing systems. The fourth-generation DHS is a concept that applies modern smart, sustainable