under graduate architecture dissertation 2020- M.GEETHA

WASTE LANDS TO BE KNOWN AS

PRODUCTIVE LANDS

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WASTE LANDS TO BE KNOWN AS PRODUCTIVE LANDS

A PROJECT REPORT (15AR4272) Submitted by: MAKINENI. GEETHA CHOUDARY

160160014 in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE KONERU LAKSHMAIAH EDUCATION FOUNDATION

VADDESWARAM, GUNTUR - 522502 APRIL 2019

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KONERU LAKSHMAIAH EDUCATION FOUNDATION: GUNTUR – 522 502 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this project report titled “WASTE LAND TO BE KNOWN AS PRODUCTIVE LANDS” is the Bonafide work of MAKINENI. GEETHA CHOUDARY- 160160014 who carried out the project work under my supervision.

Certified further that to the best of my knowledge the work reported here does not form part of any other project / research work on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

PRINCIPAL

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

PROF. SELVARAJ

Ar. VIDYA SAGAR REDDY

School of Architecture

School of Architecture

Koneru Lakshmaiah

Koneru Lakshmaiah

Education Foundation, Guntur.

Education Foundation, Guntur.

The Project Viva-Voce Examination is held on _______________

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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DECLARATION I M.GEETHA CHOUDARY hereby declare that this pre-thesis on “waste lands to be known as productive lands� being submitted as partial requirements of B. Arch. Study during 4th YEAR 2nd SEMESTER by me for evaluation, represents my own work which has been done with all my efforts and references to literatures and acknowledgement of discussions.

I declare that the pre-thesis has been composed by myself and that the format of work done shall not exist in any other publications or articles as this is my hard work. I confirm that appropriate credits have to be given within this pre-thesis where reference were mentioned in the bibliography of the report.

No content of this dissertation has been copied from any other dissertation report in part or full. If at any stage it is found that this is significantly copied from any other resource, the evaluation of this report and accordingly grade award shall automatically stand cancelled.

The contents in this dissertation are either my own work or compilation of data / information as gathered from case studies / survey as indicated / referenced and permitted as per rules.

(Signature of the student) M.GEETHA CHOUDARY 160160014

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to convey my sincere thanks of gratitude to my guides-professor AR. VARUN and professor AR. SAMI UR REHMAN as well as our principal AR. SELVARAJ who gave me the opportunities in selecting this topic and guiding me

in proper path to portrait the research on “WASTE LAND TO BE KNOWN AS PRODUCTIVE LANDS”. Without their guidance and persistent help this dissertation wouldn’t have been possible.

I take this opportunity to express gratitude to all of the department faculty members for their help and support. I also thank my sister and brother-in-law who took me to many sites related to my topic and encouraging me with support and attention.

I would like to thank my classmates and friends who helped during the research in giving innovative inputs to go deep into the research and finding the finest way in reaching the rounds of research.

MAKINENI. GEETHA CHOUDARY

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CONTENTS

1.

Abstract:................................................................................................................................... 9

2. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 10 3. Literature Review...................................................................................................................... 10 3.1 Case Studies Supporting Literature Review ....................................................................... 11 3.2 Mining Waste Lands ........................................................................................................... 11 3.2.1- Brown Stone Park........................................................................................................ 11 3.2.2- Shimao Quarry Hotel .................................................................................................. 12 3.2.3- Sesa’s Approach .......................................................................................................... 12 3.3 Industrial Waste Lands ........................................................................................................ 13 3.3.1- Tata Steel ..................................................................................................................... 13 3.3.2- Hindalco Industries Ltd. .............................................................................................. 14 4. Research Methodology ........................................................................................................... 14 5. Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 16 5.1 Introduction To Waste Land Scenario In India… ............................................................... 16 5.2 Mining Context

Example: Andhra Pradesh ................................................................. 17

5.3 Reuse Of Wastelands .......................................................................................................... 18 6. Results ....................................................................................................................................... 18 6.1 Land Recycling ................................................................................................................... 19 6.2 Farming ............................................................................................................................... 19 6.3 Agro-Forestry ...................................................................................................................... 19 6.4 Water Amusements ............................................................................................................. 19 6.5 Large Scale Projects ............................................................................................................ 19 6.6 Sustainable Approach .......................................................................................................... 19 7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 20 7.1 Possibilities In Reclamation Of Mining Waste Land .......................................................... 20 7.2 Possibilities In Reclamation Of Industrial Waste Land ...................................................... 21 8.Bibiliography ............................................................................................................................. 22

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Table of Figures Figure 1quarry Hotel ..................................................................................................8 Figure 2 Industrial Waste Land..................................................................................8 Figure 3water Amusement In Brown Stone Quarry ................................................11 Figure 4 After Reclamation Of Quarry ....................................................................12 Figure 5 Before Reclamation Of Quarry .................................................................12 Figure 6 Developed Football Academy In Iron Ore ................................................13 Figure 7 Butterfly Garden In Goa's Iron Ore ...........................................................13 Figure 8 Polluted Water Due To Chemical Waste Before Reclamation .................14 Figure 9 Afforestation After Reclamation ...............................................................14 Figure 10 Red Solid Mud From Chemicials ............................................................14 Figure 11 Hinlandco Industries ................................................................................14 Figure 12 Map Showing Waste Land Distribution Percentages In India. ...............16 Figure 13 map Showing Distribution Of Waste Lands In Andhra Pradesh 2015-2016. ...........................................................................................................................17 Figure 14mining Waste Lands .................................................................................18 Figure 15 Industrial Waste Lands ............................................................................18 Table 1 Showing the Possible Reclamations In Mining Waste Land......................20 Table 2 Showing the Possibilities For Industrial Waste Lands ...............................21

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INTRODUCTION: After minerals were identified through research and those quarries were taken lease for particular period of time. After that time period those quarries were left out as empty spaces. In future, these abandoned quarries can survive as useful spaces through interventions.

BRIEF: Reducing polluted spaces and increasing public interactive spaces and public activities related spaces improvises the atmosphere in surroundings.

IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS: Areas of open spaces left out after quarrying are getting polluted due to the dust and other pollutions increasing in surroundings. Further it may lead to endangered environment slowly when ages pass‌..

AIM: To focus on RECLAIMING OF ABANDONED QUARRIES rather than identifying new open spaces to get converted to public space these quarries can be identically turned into major activity centres – parks, shopping malls, theatres, baths, adventure place etc.

OBJECTIVES: An initiative to develop limestone quarry that was unused and distributed water bodies in Bangalore quarry.

1. Quarryhotel Hotel Figure 1quarry

Figure 2 industrial waste land

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RESEARCH QUESTION Why should we explore unused spaces, while we have abandoned quarries to grab development in future.

PROBLEM STATEMENT On a whole, due to abandoned quarries there is a huge loss in environmental ecosystem due to degradation of capability of land. If this land is utilised properly, we can help in reducing concrete footprint on regular ground rather increasing footprint in it.

RESEARCH STATEMENT Throughout India, we have 205.90sq.km. of mining wasteland out of which a certain percentage of land can be utilised for need based activities like recreational, theme parks, which cater the needs by habitants (in the vicinity) that will significantly contribute in reducing footprint of built area. In turn, helping in saving the ecosystem.

1. ABSTRACT: Many places were being neglected throughout the country, once they are used. These places are facing problems due to less potentials identified in the site after use. At present, these places when surrounded by dwellings is used by throwing waste residuals and letting the environment spoiled or unhygienic.

If located in boundaries – that is used to throw industrial wastes and sometimes used as dump yard etc. Most of these are seen in quarries. The ecosystem can be saved.

Converting land to full potential site. These sites help in creative design that helps surroundings by taking an initiative with respect to both site and requirement nearby.

Reusing the spaces, when identified a significant purpose can be introduced to the site will be satisfied through restoring natural spaces available.

Introducing landscapes, public recreational spaces within such industrial zones that have so much to offer in terms of physical assertions.

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2. INTRODUCTION Many places were being neglected throughout the country, once they are used. These places are facing problems due to less potentials identified in the site after use. At present, these places when surrounded by dwellings is used by throwing waste residuals and letting the environment spoiled or unhygienic. If located in boundaries – that is used to throw industrial wastes and sometimes used as dump yard etc. Most of these are seen in quarries.

A quarry is an area where we find natural resources abundantly available for a particular period of time later which these resources along with quarries get abandoned till, they are regenerated. These holes on land-developed by quarrying, fills with water and form dangerous quarry lakes or becomes a nonattractive sites. If these abandoned quarries are in close proximity to urban environments, locals get exposed to air pollution and noise pollution from trucks and machinery. These quarries carry negative impact to the surrounding environment. Chemicals released during quarrying may get mixed with nearby water bodies that may lead to loss of natural habitats and vegetation in the long run.

A quarry in Bangalore takes life from 3 years after it is abandoned. Karnataka is already said as a minerals rich state of South India. Bangalore being called as a metropolitan city from years have a demand in getting embossed with the development that is taking pace in nowadays.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW Due to rise of human needs, the necessity of quarry is getting unavoidable. During industrial civilization these quarries played an important role by fulfilling the humans in the form of providing materials required to meet the needs of consumers.

Sustainable redevelopment is a well-known solution to the change in climatic conditions that cater the surroundings with stable changes in environment. this quarrying leads to major loss in environmental changes that occur in regular intervals, which in turn impose the change in built environment.

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Reuse of these abandoned quarries creates natural characteristic features to the built zone which actually takes a minute to understand the usage of that particular space.

Any quarry space can be converted to an usable space or an adaptive space that depends on site where it is situated.

On a whole, due to abandoned quarries there is a huge loss in environmental ecosystem due to degradation of capability of land. If this land is utilised properly we can help in reducing concrete footprint on regular ground rather increasing footprint in it.

3.1 CASE STUDIES SUPPORTING LITERATURE REVIEW 3.2 MINING WASTE LANDS 3.3 INDUSTRIAL WASTE LANDS

3.2.1- BROWN STONE PARK Location:

161 Brownstone Ave, Portland, CT 06480, United States

Type of project:

Water Amusements and Adventure Park

Initially, when abandoned quarries are identified by the officials of Portland in 2000. They bought 42 acres of land adjoining the quarry to develop a recreation center that get backs the importance of brown stone quarries that used to exist. They thought that this can be achieved by accompanying the structures without making changes to the existing abandoned quarry.

Figure 3water amusement in brown stone quarry

Being this a historic landmark of Portland will increase the economy is also one of the criteria they considered while planning for this project. These abandoned quarries were taken lease by the brownstone exploration and discover park. This place is serving its potentials to the nearby cities 11

initially, but now raise in demand let the name spread in nearby states. A huge lake that doesn’t have any barriers in between create an excitement in the user. Possibility of having an adventure.

3.2.2- SHIMAO QUARRY HOTEL Location: Shimao Wonderland, 5188 Chen Hua Rd at Ding Yuan Rd, Songjiang District, Shanghai.

Type of the project: continental hotel A new continental hotel sees the world hiding its presence in an abandoned quarry located 30 miles from shanghai. Constructing a wonderland like this took a decade of time and finally opened in 2018. The quarry is refilled with water after the completion of the project but under the water it has two floors, in which upper floor is for guestrooms and the lower floor is of MEP Installations.

Figure 5 before reclamation of quarry

Figure 4 after reclamation of quarry

Some features of the hotel are low profile, grass roof, and thermal properties of the quarry rock mass and lake. Inside the hotel, passive sustainable materials creating a unique microclimate that provides summer cooling and winter heating. This says that any brownfield site has the ability to change its inner climate both on-ground and underground.

3.2.3- SESA’s APPROACH Location: Co-Satish Mahalekar, Raghwir House, Karpur, Sanquelim, Sanquelim, Goa, 403505 Type of the project: eco tourist-based development.

Sesa group from Vedhantha ltd. Mining company took a forward step in developing an abandoned iron ore in goa to change it into an ecotourist spot. This project includes horti – silvi culture approach, spice plantation, bamboo pavilion, medicinal garden, aromatic

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garden, butterfly garden, pisciculture pond. Other than these green spaces this place also has a technical school and also a football academy running at its excellence.

This sanquelim reclaimed mine reverted back to its importance by getting occupied with more or less unique approaches in the form of nature and schools etc. the type of development chosen by the group is mostly related to plantations because sanquelim iron ore has very rich minerals and soil components that helps soil in regenerating its fertility and reducing calamities like soil erosions.

Figure 7 butterfly garden in goa's iron ore Figure 6 developed football academy in iron ore

3.3 INDUSTRIAL WASTE LANDS 3.3.1- TATA STEEL Location: Tata steel plant, Jamshedpur.

Type of the project: afforestation through leguminous vegetation.

Chemicals releasing as slag waste produced by tata steel plant located at Jamshedpur is reclaimed through afforestation. Many chemicals like phosphorus, Thomas slag, silicate and by-products are to be crushed and grinded which is not available up to the fineness required. The slag dumped at periphery of the town is increasing causing a hindrance by stopping the vegetation growth. The reclamation leaded to increase nitrogen levels in leguminous trees, amount of phosphorus produced is taken by plants to add growth. Carbon percentage increased due to decomposition of fallen leaves.

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Figure 8 afforestation after reclamation

Figure 9 polluted water due to chemical waste before reclamation

3.3.2- HINDALCO INDUSTRIES Ltd. Location: yamanapur, belgaum, Karnataka-590010.

Type of the project: afforestation with different species of trees.

Bayers process producing red mud solid waste is disposed in ponds in nearby farms.

Chemicals like high alkaline, salinity, metal oxides releasing are causing huge loss of vegetation by producing vegetative dry dust, bacteria. It is reclaiming through grass and legume species and trees. Using drip irrigation and watering 8-10 liters/day. para grass and signal grass has shown maximum growth. pH value decreased, micro nutrients enriched.

Figure 10 Hinlandco industries

Figure 11 red solid mud from chemicals

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4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Introduction to wastelands

Introduction to abandoned quarries Present scenario of wastelands in India

Present of abandoned quarries in India in India.

Types of wastelands to scenario How many waste Wastelands be reclaimed lands

Types of quarries to be reclaimed

How many abandoned Study based approach quarries regarding reclamation of wastelands

Approaches in other countries.

Study based approach regarding reclaimation of quarries

Brownstone park.

Approaches in other Portland, U.S. countries

Abandoned quarries in bangalore

Approaches in India.

Approaches in India.

SESA approach in an iron ore, Goa.

Quarry hotel, Brownstone park. shanghai, china.

Portland,U.S.

OD mines, Goa. SESA approach in an iron ore, Goa.

HINDALCO industries ltd. Belgaum, Quarry hotel, Karnataka. shanghai, china.

TATA steelGoa. plant, OD mines, Jamshedpur.

OD mines, Goa. Analysing data collected from various sources and identifying the need for approach in OD mines, Goa. India. With an example Type of development Type of development Type of development Analysing various sources and identifyingrequired the need for approach in in stone quarries. data collected frommissing.

Andhra pradesh.

Conclusion on possibilities in reclamation of waste lands

Type of development in stone quarries.

Figure 10 map showing Type of development waste land distribution required in Andhra pradesh 15 percentages in India.Type Conclusion onofpossibilities in reclamation a stone quarry development missing in Andhra pradesh.

5. DATA ANALYSIS 5.1 Introduction to waste land scenario in India‌ Developments happening throughout the place or a region is the direct way of creating an importance to the place. There is some indirect way of helping some places to be renowned to tackle the importance of place existing there from a period of time without being used. Those are the waste lands lying on the ground after their primary usage and naming them as abandoned.

Throughout India we have about 90 million hectares of waste land out 329 million hectares of total land. Unfortunately, in India 40% of 1.3 billion population lives on land.

The waste land percentages according to DOLR (Development Of Land Resources) percentages of waste land distribution in every state with percentages is mention below.

Figure 12 map showing waste land distribution percentages in India.

According to 2015-2016 reports by DOLR, in Andhra Pradesh- 14.7% of total geographical area is considered as waste land. waste land with respect to dense and open scrubs is decreasing in Andhra Pradesh at a fast rate. 2368.95 sq.km. of mining waste land is recorded in 2015-16 survey.

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5.2 Mining context example: Andhra Pradesh In Andhra Pradesh we have a total waste land of 23,981.5 sq.km. out of which 2368.95 sq.km. is the mining waste land.

Mining areas are those lands where waste debris is accumulated after extraction of minerals. Included in this category is the mine quarry areas subject to removal of different earth’s surface material by manual and mechanized operations. It includes surface rocks and stone quarries, sand and gravel pits, soil excavation for brick kilns, etc.

Mining or industrial waste land includes mining waste land, industrial waste land, barren rocky areas, snow covers or glacial areas formed after mining. Waste land at some places

Figure13 map showing distribution of waste lands in Andhra Pradesh 2015-2016.

is being converted to usable waste land which is categorized into non wasteland by benefiting the land by creating fallow lands, built-up, forest dense, water bodies, industrial areas, plantations, grass lands. There are 297 abandoned quarries in India out of which 82 quarries are identified to be reclaimed.

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5.3 Reuse of wastelands Misuse of land is also a type of using the land, but not using the land from a particular period of time will periodically decrease many objectives related to that particular plot like value degradation, developing waste residue, unhealthy environment along with low mineral availability. These happens in mining areas and industrial areas.

Mining waste generated during process is very low but ones the mining is abandoned may be due to lack of minerals or stones, that place remains like that without life till that place is reclaimed. The land itself is losing its importance, so to re-acquire the importance that piece of land it is to be reclaimed. This development in reclamation that is to be happened should be given a primary value to the location where the site is located.

Figure 14 mining waste lands

Industrial waste lands produce more waste and that waste is dumped in the surroundings there by spoiling the environment and creating unfavorable conditions. This has an impact on ground where they are dumped and make the soil lose its strength. To reclaim the industrial waste land, it should be ready to the development regarding any type i.e. it should be having its own strength.

Figure 15 industrial waste lands

6.

RESULTS With reference to the desktop studies of mining wastelands and industrial wastelands, The reclamation of any place includes the collected reliable data to understand the 18

problem and take an initiative regarding the problem. Development depends mainly on location, area, type of availability of material that was previously. Different types of development that can happen 9n mining waste lands include: 6.1 Land recycling: Creating purpose to the unused land by adding built spaces like residential complexes, public spaces, housing for economically weaker sections, industrial hubs etc.

6.2 Farming: Best way to make the soil regain its strength is by watering and adding fertilizers that strengthen the fertility of soil. Improving the fertility of soil gives rise the agricultural land which is a boon to any soil and cultivating according to its surroundings and weather conditions.

6.3 Agro-forestry: Developing a system interlinked with certain types of plants in certain land area that is ready to adapt. It is generally seen in places that are more habituated to some class of people where there is no maintenance and even ready to use that place for daily purposes.

6.4 water amusements: Water getting stagnated in voids created by mining and industrial works. These holes filling with water on a large scale are being reused as water amusements and adventurous parks in its localities also as a public- recreational-spaces that are more useful now-a-days.

6.5 large scale projects: a cleanly shaped out waste lands can be used for large scale projects to some extent, where they can be converted into hotels including accommodations and creating a type of micro climate inside the quarries.

6.6 sustainable approach: At initial stages of identification of waste lands we can have a look at developing it sustainably including materials, techniques in construction etc.

Therefore, many developments happening throughout the wastelands has its own approach to the interventions happening with respect to the place and area etc. Most developments happening in India-as per case studies, can be summarised that a balance in maintaining existing environment is hardly trying to satisfy its surroundings to have control over it.

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7. CONCLUSION Possibilities in reclamation of wasteland depends on the location, type of soil, land availability, scale of the land etc.

7.1 Possibilities in reclamation of mining waste land Table 1 showing the possible reclamations in mining waste land

Type of mines/quarries Iron ore

Location

Scale of the project Large scale

Status of land

possibilities

Plenty of land slope land

Terrace farming and many other framings can be developed because iron improves fertility of the soil, economy generating developments like cash crops.

If located faraway from city/town.

Large scale / small scale

Any type of land

Coal mine

Located majorly in outskirts or at distance

Large scale mines exist

Have unlevelled land and underground tunnels

Stone quarries

If located either outskirts or in the city

Largescale/ small scale

Any type of land

Tourism type or recreational type of development add place of interest to it.

Coal parks, built-up spaces, resource storage, baths, ocean pools, coal museum ex: submarineVishakhapatnam.

Water amusements, stone sculpturing, leisure spaces, public walking tracks, micro climatic conditions.

If located in outskirts

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7.2 Possibilities in reclamation of industrial waste land Table 2 showing the possibilities for industrial waste lands

Type of industries Chemical releasing industries

Location

Status of land

possibilities

Harmful chemicals

Scale of the project Large scale / small scale

Filled with chemicals/ left with waste

Neutralise surrounding environment Using nutrients available and develop a vegetation, agroforestry, land scaping.

Harmless chemicals

Large scale / small scale

Steel plant

Slag and other solid waste

Large scale/small scale

Empty land with chemicals /waste Slag Dumping and losing strength.

Thermal plant

Heat and useful waste

Large scale/small scale

Recycling waste and using it for developing surroundings.

Afforestation of leguminous that take nutrients from slag and grow faster by hindering the surroundings.

Growing moisture plants in peripheries, creating water bodies in surroundings. More vegetation in surroundings

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Less fertile land,

8.BIBILIOGRAPHY http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/water/paper/ETR80/ETR80.pdf https://www.mines.ap.gov.in/miningportal/downloads/applications/guntur.pdf http://www.mit.edu/people/spirn/Public/Ulises-11-308/Quarrying.pdf https://dolr.gov.in/documents/wasteland-atlas-of-india https://www.slideshare.net/sankalpkishnani/restoring-wastelands-case-studies https://www.slideshare.net/bhupeshvaidya1india/wasteland-reclamation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_recycling https://ibm.gov.in/index.php?c=pages&m=index&id=90&mid=23897 https://dolr.gov.in/sites/default/files/India.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Brownstone_Quarries https://saiindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Andhra_Pradesh_civil_land_2012.pdf

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