Sustainable Buildings- course portfolio

ARK465 Sustainable Buildings spring term 2013 Solar Decathlon Europe 2014 Versailles Chalmers Architecture MPDSD

COURSE PORTFOLIO

francesca tassi carboni

A.01 _ SDE 2014 _ material database and architectural precedent analysis Team Anna Arvidsson Arman Ghahraman Jens Olsson Francesca Tassi Carboni Project Melnikov House (Exemplary Modernist Project) Melnikov House was designed by the architect Konstantin Melnikov in 1927. It’s located in Moscow, in an open lot, and its aesthetic differs dramatically from traditional soviet residential architecture.

The shape is given from the intersection of two cylindrical volumes standing three storeys high, where both the house and the painting studio of the architect are hosted.

The interior layout is efficient, with the majority of living spaces, such as the kitchen and the bathroom located on the ground floor. An upward spiral movement exposes the diversity of the spaces from the groundfloor to the terrace. The space is delineated through partial walls that maintain a quasi open plan, allowing sunlight to flood the interiors. Light and shadows are used to define and differenciate the space.

At the time of the construction the choice of the materials has been influenced by the government rationing, just brick and wood were available.

The external walls are constructed in a honeycomb lattice work using local bricks, and then plastered. This method ensures a rigid structure employing the minimum amount of material. Using the massive external walls as the load bearing elements it allows both to get clean and open interiors and it helps to mitigate the extreme temperature differential of summer and winter.

The particular esagonal shape of the window is a direct result of the honeycomb structure.

OUTCOME • Solar Decathlon competition: previous project, headings • Composite drawing rapresentation (exploded views, cutaway sections, holistic communication of the building performance) • Software: Rhino, Grasshopper • Oral presentation • Broader understanding of new materialities, fabrication and construction processes

23 JAN

A.01 _ SDE 2014 _ material database and architectural precedent analysis

05-14 FEB

Once I chose the project to focus on for the assignment, I started drawing the floor plans in AutoCAD. Since I had never used Rhinoceros before, my first intention was to learn the program by exporting the DWG files and extruding the surfaces. The most challenging part to design have been the windows, because of their irregular disposition. I tried to simplify the process by using Grasshopper to create a grid, but after different trials I decided to come back to Rhino.

After the model was finished I made an exploded view of the different floors, and represented the building within its surroundings, to highlight the strong formal difference between the traditional soviet architecture and Melnikov’s one.

                                        ç                                                                                          

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A.01 _ SDE 2014 _ material database and architectural precedent analysis STRAW In this building method bales of straw are used as structural elements, building insulation, or both. Advantages of straw-bale construction over conventional building systems include the renewable nature of straw, reduced cost, easy availability, naturally fire-retardant and high insulation value. Disadvantages include susceptibility to rot and high space requirements for the straw itself. The thick walls provide excellent insulation and are about 75 percent more energy efficient than conventional homes. Rather, they provide roughly three times the fire resistance of conventional homes: because the bales are so tightly packed, there's no oxygen and no chance of combustion.

CLAY BRICKS Structural bricks are almost always made using clay, but other ingredients can include sand, lime, concrete, stone and other binders. The formed or compressed block is then air dried, fired, or kiln dried. Kiln fired clay bricks are considered a ceramic material. Clay bricks can be solid or have hollow cavities to aid in drying and make them lighter and easier to transport. The individual bricks are placed upon each other in rows using mortar, grout, and clay slips. Successive rows being used to build up walls, arches, and other structures. Brick walls can be built substantially thinner than cob/adobe while keeping the same vertical strength. They require more energy to create but are easier to transport and store, and are lighter than stone blocks.

BAMBOO LUMBER Bamboo is a rapidly and renewable resource whose production has less environmental impact than the production of other wood products. The lumbers are made by pressing bamboo with high force; this creates a dense, heavy material that looks like dimensional lumber at a distance. It is naturally termite resistant due to the high silica content of the bamboo. However, due to its consistency, it can be difficult to work with. It cannot be readily nailed (pre-drilling and screwing are recommended for assembly) and very sharp saws are recommended for any cutting. Importing bamboo from long distances may not be as desirable as using more locally supplied wood, but the tradeoffs between harvesting impact and transport impact may tip the scales toward using bamboo materials in some cases.

TIRES Scrap tires have been a disposal menace for decades. The cost of this particular form of waste is high: they take up lots of landfill space, serve as breeding grounds for mosquitoes, and create fire hazards. Now, recycled tires are likely to be used in everything from playground and road surfaces, to erosion control installations, to mulch for your garden. All of these uses take advantage of strong, durable, and readily-available material. Michael Reynold's Earthship concept, for instance, uses old tires as "bricks": they're filled with earth that's pounded in to create strength and stability. It's a labor-intensive process, and no doubt the resulting bricks are pretty heavy; the result, though, is much more thermal mass than found in ordinary construction.

02-14 FEB

TRADITIONAL MATERIAL

TRADITIONAL MATERIAL

UNCONVENTIONAL MATERIAL

UNCONVENTIONAL MATERIAL

CARDBOARD In many ways, cardboard is the perfect building material. It's environmentally low-impact; it's virtually a waste product; it's easy to manufacture; it has good insulating properties, an attractive texture, and it's cheap. Numerous designers are coming up with flat-pack cardboard houses, cardboard interiors, shelving, furniture. Perhaps the most offputting aspect of cardboard architecture is its temporary aspect. Ban's Christchurch cathedral is designed to last 20 to 30 years, but this is still too little lifespan for an house. Then restoration plays an important role for the constructions where cardboard is used. Also, buildings made of concrete are easily destroyed by earthquakes, but paper-tube buildings can survive without damage.

CANS Aluminum cans are often used as"bricks" in earthship building, stacked and mortared with lime or earth.

These 'little bricks' are a simple way to build interior, non-structural walls. The filled cans create a cement-matrix that is very strong and very easy to build. It is also possible to use flattened cans as a material for the exteriors, to cover and waterproof the facades.

PAPER BRICKS Scientists at Spain's University of Jaen have found an affordable and eco-friendly way to make bricks from paper waste. The process diverts the byproducts of paper mills from going to a landfill, and the bricks can be created in less time than other building materials, saving energy and money. The bricks, along with left over sludge from waste water purification processes, are mixed with clay, pressurized and extruded in one long piece of material.

The piece is then cut into bricks which are then fired in a kiln. The process requires less time for the material to bake than the conventional bricks. The bricks have low thermal conductivity, which gives them great insulating properties. However, bricks made from cellulose have considerably lower mechanical strength compared to traditional ones. The team continues to work to find balance between sustainability and strength of the material, in addition to investigating the advantages of incorporating other products, such as sewage sludge or waste generated by brewing, olive or producing biodiesel.

BIOFOAM Biofoam is fully bio-based and utilize waste products of the forest product industry (sawmills, pulp and paper mills, etc.), which are currently being burnt. In particular, it's used the vegetable tannins from the bark of pine trees, which are available in Europe in very large volumes but haven’t been valorized into polymers up to date due to their high reactivity. The tannins are polymerized with another bio-sourced compound derived from agricultural waste (furfuryl alcohol) and the exothermic self-condensation reaction allowing the foaming/hardening of the polymer. The resulting foams have such outstanding mechanical and insulating properties that they compete favorably with their synthetic counterparts (polyurethane insulating foams in particular). Besides, biofoam doesn't burn, so that it’s ideally suited as fire retardant and insulating materials for building applications.

UNEXPECTED MATERIAL

UNEXPECTED MATERIAL

NEW PRODUCTION PROCESS

NEW PRODUCTION PROCESS

18 FEB

A.02 _ SDE 2014 _ concept development FORMING A NEW TEAM In order to form the groups according to the personal interest, after the first assignment we had a group discussion to share initial ideas. The main focus of the discussion has been the fabrication technique of the building and the material we were interested in.

This approach was new to me, since I have always been used to brainstorm about more general and conceptual topics at the initial stage of a project, also referring to rough sketches. Personally, I found this method a bit limitating and constrainting for a broader development of our ideas. I had the impression that the most of the people were trying to define their affinity with a group basing on very specific and technical solutions that to me should come much later in the project evolution. Probably this division brought many groups to the need to be coherent with the former decision, getting stuck on it without considering other options. This is one of the main problem we had later in the following group.

I was interested in researching a lightweight, cheap, easily transportable, assembled and recycled material. To the class I proposed to research on paper based materials and foldable structures. I was inspired by origami, which are one of my passions. Paper is an incredible material, as Shigeru Ban’s architecture demostrates, and could offer a broad range of solutions

making use of very low-tech techniques and components The idea seemed interesting for some of us, and we kept on developing it.

Finally after a couple of days of meetings we managed to form the new group.

20 FEB CARDBOARD

Team Mariya Hasamova Philip Hettinger Panos Koukaroudis Francesca Tassi Carboni CONCEPT Limited life span Cheap Fast assembly Easily transportable Natural and biodegradable material Lightweight material Earthquake resistant material investigation Structure:

Cardboard tubes

Wooden joints and steel Plywood Insulation:

Paper pulp Isofloc Biofoam Walls: Plywood Cardboard

Liquid wood Waterproofing: Wax

Impermeable polymer Membrane

1

Cardboard tubes Wooden joints

2

Foldable self-supporting structure Paper foam panels

OPTIONS

A.02 _ SDE 2014 _ concept development defining the structure CARDBOARD TUBES Once we decided to use paper as the main construction material, we had to figure out how the structure could work.

One solution was to opt for a cardboard tubes structure, studying a series of joints to keep all the parts together. By using this connection method would also make the whole building much more solid and resistent both to horizontal and vertical pressure.

SELF-SUPPORTING FOLDABLE structure We kept evolving both the solutions together. For this one we started folding sheets of paper to investigate about the shape.

22 FEB

GOALS To research, design and develop early the best structural material composition in tubular form inclusive the connections.

25 FEB tutoring Main comments -Waterproofing for the cardboard structure -It is not necessary to maintain the coherence between the interiors and the exteriors aesthetic, the sharp edges outside could be smoothed inside to create a more welcoming space.

-Consider the inclination of the roof to make use of as much usable surface for the pvs as possible. Also, how to combine the pvs shape with the triangles in the roof?

-Consider the relation between the single building and the urban context. How is it supposed to be placed? Do you have terraces or gardens to separate it from the next one?

-Necessity of a “hard core�, built with a solid material to contain the technical hub and the bathroom -How to hold insulation?

OPTIONS

RESULTS A patentable principle structural space frame system using cardboard tubes and cast composite nodes.

1

Structure with cardboard tubes waterproofing membrane insulation inside membrane carboard tubes joints hooks Too many components!

Researcher

2

Sandwich panels waterproofing membrane insulation (paper foam) interior panel (paper pulp)

206

vacancy

Supervisor

Mick Eekhout / a.c.j.m.eekhout@tudelft.nl

Program/Subprogrm

Zappi / Cardboard / Industrial Building

Host University

Delft University of Technology / Faculty of Architecture

A.02 _ SDE 2014 _ concept development studying the shape

26 FEB

27 FEB-2 APR

A.02 _ SDE 2014 _ concept development THE MODEL In order to study the external shape of the building and understand the problems related with the folding concept, we used physical model.

The first one was based on a simmetric grid, defining a rectangular plan. The problem concerning this roof solution was mainly the disposition of the pvs, since the slope of the roof was equal on both the north and the south side. The positive aspect of this option is that all the triangles are the same, and considering casting as the production process, it would require less molds.

For the second model we tried to differenciate more the facades, making the roof leaning southwards. Even though the structure appeared to be much more instable, we decided to maintain in the following stages of the project the same grid, turned and shifted differently.

1

2

01 MAR FOLDING ISSUEs! How to design a folding structure without compromising the connections between the plates?

The hinges should be designed to allow the unfolding movement and to hold the shape of the building shell, maintaining the structural capacity of the entire system. The nodes that appeared to be more problematic are the interior ones: here the pressure will be stronger and it would be maybe necessary to integrate this structure with other load bearing element to make it more stable.

One solution could be to use metal ropes or a thin metal bar structure.

FROM INSIDE TO OUTSIDE One aspect I was interested to work on for the interiors was the minimum amount of space needed in our daily activities. Being inspired by a project from the Flores&Prats office designed in Barcelona (“casa en una maleta”), I wanted to study pieces of furniture that could be opened according to each moment of the day, revealing everything it’s needed. By using this strategy is both useful to save space and create changing interiors, from the big unique space to define smaller human scale environments.

1

A.02 _ SDE 2014 _ concept development

2

04 MAR 3

STUDYING THE MODULAR FURNITURE

10 MAR

A.01 _ SDE 2014 _ material database and architectural precedent analysis paper materials

Thermal conductivity of various materials Wh/m3K

0

5

10

15

20

Mineral fiber Rock wool Hard foam Sheep wool Isofloc

Energy needed to produce various insulating materials Product

Mass (kWh/kg)

Volume (kWh/m2)

Gross density (kg/m3)

Isofloc

1.2

50

50

Rock wool

4.7

128

27

Glass wool

8.9

178

20

Wood fiber board

4.2

709

170

Exp.polystyrene

26.4

396

15

Polyurethane hard foam

26.4

834

30

25

30

35

DURA PULP The production of the new composite material DuraPulp begun at Södra Cell in Värö in april 2012.

This fibre-based material has huge potential as an alternative to plastic: it is renewable, biodegradable, highly water resistant but also very strong. It is manufactured from a composite material consisting of a specially selected pulp and a renewable biopolymer.

On further processing, these two components take on special properties such as moisture resistance, strength and hardness.

DuraPulp was exhibited for the first time at the Milan Furniture Fair in 2009 as part of the Parupu children’s chair developed by design company Claesson Koivisto Rune.

PROCESS -Mix starch and water, heat to a gentle simmer.

-Beat the starch mixture with wood pulp.

-Add functional ingredients.

-”Bake” the batter in a hot mold.

-The features of the foam depend on the amount of water and the proportion of starch and cellulose. The samples were developed at SIK, Gothenburg.

REFERENCES -http://sodrapulplabs.com/

01-18 MAR

A.01 _ SDE 2014 _ material database and architectural precedent analysis

ROOF

OO

M

1

The roof is a self sustaining shell, based on the folding concept.

It’s entirely made out of paper, so that the structure can be light, cheap and easy to assemble. When the panels forming the roof are folded they generate a surface pleated in different triangles, creating both an interesting and dynamic shape and room to place the solar panels with the optimal orientation.

DR

SPA CE

BE

FO

RA

DD

PIP

KIT CH

EN LIV

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LD AB

LE

RO

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TE EQ CHNIC UIP ME AL NT

BA TH

RO

LIV

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The project investigates minimum space in our daily activities: the five modular pieces of furniture could be opened according to each moment of the day, revealing everything it’s needed.

When the modules are closed, light can flood the interiors enhancing the space and the roof’s origami shape. These packages are the ones that put the inhabitants in relationship with the space of the rooms. When they open them, they guess why they have such size: in their different parts, hidden uses appear and fragment the big unique space into smaller spaces of human scale.

PLAN

BE

DR

OO

M

2

E

ING

FURNITURE

LG

N

1

W

DR

NA

FO

7m

BE

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2

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10

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The interior layout is generated by the arrangement of the modules, and for this reason can vary following the necessities of the inhabitants. The living room is located southwards and occupies the biggest space, and is englightened with natural sunlight all day long thanks to the two glass façades on the sides. The bedrooms are smaller and placed on the opposite sides of the house, to provide more privacy and natural illumination during the morning and the evenings, the moment of the days where probably is more needed. The bathroom is an indipendent element in the plan: it is surrounded by walls and hosts the technical equipment needed in the house

23-26 MAR Area of Göteborg’s city center

N E

W

LEGEND Buildings with flat rooftops Buildings with pitched roofs Göta Älv Parking Structure Boat stop Bus stop

2

1

S

Tram stop

Järntorget

Tram lines

3

The building is closed on the three sides, maintaining the only opening on the west.

HAGA 1 URBAN VOIDS

2 ROOFTOPS Additional Staircase For buildings that don’t have a direct access to the rooftop. The external volume could host communal spaces for the neighbours.

The relatively small dimensions of the building allow to place it in the empty lots inside the urban grid, promoting a fast densification of the city.

TARGET MARKET OF THE PROJECT older households (empty nesters and retirees) families Attraction capacity for potential users: Many of the households that have children who moved away or are retirees, are currently living in older single-family detached houses in traditional neighborhoods; typically, their neighborhoods offer few housing options tailored for empty-nest lifestyles.

They have different expectations, and paramount among them is the perceived ease and convenience of single-level living, meaning a master suite on the same floor as the main living areas, and a direct accessibility from the street level. They want their dwelling units to accommodate their ability to age in place. The high maintenance and capital costs associated with old and obsolete housing stock is a contributing factor in household outmigration; when the only new housing is located outside a city, that is where households seeking new construction will move.

In the quite dense urban environment of the city center, it would be possible to use the foldable structure for additional intervention on the existing buildings. The building in fact is light weight, easily transportable and energy self-sufficient: these features make it suitable for flat rooftops.

TARGET MARKET OF THE PROJECT students teachers young professionals retail and office workers younger singles and couples Attraction capacity for potential users: Many of these younger households prefer to live in a downtown location for the availability of a variety of activities, cultural opportunities, restaurants and clubs and, for many, the potential to walk to work. The interior space could be increased or decreased by adding or removing arch portions, so that it would be possible for everyone to own an apartment that fits the personal necessities, in terms of cost and space. By providing an affordable and convenient housing solution for these categories it will mean to meet the market potential from this segment, that is likely to increase significantly over the next decade.

Existing staircase For buildings that already provide a easy access to the rooftop

A.02 _ SDE 2014 _ concept development design evolution One of the main problem we had during the development of the project has been the evolution of the plan design.

After the first rough proposal I made, big changes in the plans haven’t occured. This is mainly due to our focus on more technical and specific issues, such as the roof system with the triangular panels and the material research.

CONCEPT • Temporary nomadic design to provide an answer for a modern way of living • Urban parassite • Empty lots in the urban environment • Limited life span • Cheap • Flexible • Adaptable to different arrangement of the interiors • Small pieces to fit into a container • Light weight structure • To be assembled easily and fastly in site DESIGN ISSUES • Avoid the tunnel effect • Providing the living room with sunlight • Separating the two bedrooms • Bringing the entrance directly in the living room • Splitting the two bedrooms •Maintaining the pleated roof •Maintaining the inclination southwards

01 APR

MODIFYING THE SHAPE

A.01 _ SDE 2014 _ material database and architectural precedent analysis plan proposals

02-03 APR

final version

03-06 APR

A.01 _ SDE 2014 _ material database and architectural precedent analysis GLAZINGS ROOF

The roof is a self sustaining shell, based on the folding concept. It’s entirely made out of paper, so that the structure can be light, cheap and easy to assemble. When the panels forming the roof are folded they generate an interesting and dynamic surface pleated in different triangles, that could be cut and assembled in different ways to place glazings and solar panels with the optimal orientation.

SOLAR PANELS

FURNITURE The project investigates minimum space in our daily activities: the four modular pieces of furniture could be opened according to each moment of the day, revealing everything it’s needed. When the modules are closed, light can flood the interiors enhancing the space and the roof’s origami shape. These packages are the ones that put the inhabitants in relationship with the space of the rooms. When they open them, they guess why they have such size: in their different parts, hidden uses appear and fragment the big unique space into smaller spaces of human scale.

FURNITURE

OM

N

5.7

PLAN

7.9

LIV

S 1

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PA TIO

RO OM

TEC EQ HNIC UIP ME AL P NT IP

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9.5

The interior layout is generated by the arrangement of the modules, and for this reason can vary following the necessities of the inhabitants. These are placed in the center of the apartment, disconnected by the walls.

In the optimal disposition f the interiors the living room is located eastwards and occupies the biggest space, and is englightened with natural sunlight all day long thanks to the glass façade. The bedroom is smaller and placed on the south. The bathroom is an indipendent element in the plan made by prefabricated walls. The technical equipment needed in the house fits in one modular element.

Chalmers arkitektur – Masterprogram Design for Sustainable Development 2011/2012 Chalmers arkitektur – Masterprogram Design forpart Sustainable development ARK465 Sustainable Building | Solar Decathlon Europe 2014 Versailles France Design studio A / Planning Strategies Projekt 2009/2010: – Panagiotis Planering och gestaltning Francesca för hållbarTassi utveckling Mariya Hasamova, PhilipUddevalla Hettinger, Koukaroudis, Carboni

outcome • Deeper knowledge of sustainable buildings and passive strategies • New building production types • Building fabrication techniques (folding, interlocking, milling...)

• Production chain of the chosen paper materials • Research on lightweight materials • More detailed knowledge of the Solar Decathlon competition • Digital techniques (Rhino, Grasshopper)

REFERENCES • Riichi Miyake, Ian Luna, Shigeru Ban, Paper in Architecture, Rizzoli 2009 • Emilio Ambasz, Shigeru Ban, Princeton Architectural Press 2007 • Philip Jodidio, Shigeru Ban: Complete Works 1985-2010, Taschen 2010 • Advanced Packaging, Pepin Press 2010 • Toshiko Mori, Immaterial/Ultramaterial: Architecture, Design, and Materials, George Braziller 2012 • Paul Jackson, Folding Techniques for Designers: from sheet to form, Laurence King Publishers 2011 • Paul Jackson, Structural Packaging: Design Your Own Boxes and 3D Forms, Laurence King Publishers 2012 • Jan Knippers, Jan Cremers, Markus Gabler, Julian Lienhard, Construction Manual for Polymers + Membranes: Materials and Semi-finished Products, Form Finding and Construction, Birkhauser Architecture 2012

14 APR

B.01 & 02 _ SDE 2014 _ Detail Design | Design Development, Realization & Prototyping

TM T T WC ENTRANCE

TECH INSTALL.

LIVINGROOM

DESIGN ISSUES • Maintain the triangular section • Fold the shape once • Make use of the space at the bottom of the structure where is not possible to stand • Two beds • Loft • Greenhouse

GREENHOUSE

K

TASK The Seed 2.0 was at a very advanced stage when we merged the groups. A critical aspect that the former members didn’t have the time to investigate properly was the floor plan. Considering the urgency of a solution for the architecture part, I worked on it since the beginning and I developed some different proposals.

The house arrangement seemed to me to be not really coherent and welcoming: even though the concept was to avoid interior walls I thought the areas could have been better separated. In particular the bed should have more privacy, instead of being in a crossing point along the corridor.

Also, there were three entrances which to me didn’t seem really necessary considering the small dimension of the house.

KITCHEN

Project The Seed 2.0

F

Team Panos Giannakopoulos Mariya Hasamova Philip Hettinger Gustav Johansson Filip Karlén Viktor Isaksson Mariana Paolucci Marcus Stark Francesca Tassi Carboni Tomas Tkacenka

GREENHOUSE

living room

bathroom

bedroom

loft entrance

kitchen

B.01 & 02 _ SDE 2014 _ Detail Design | Design Development, Realization & Prototyping skylight

16 APR

16 APR

B.01 & 02 _ SDE 2014 _ Detail Design | Design Development, Realization & Prototyping

17 APR

cardboard furniture : LAYERS / CORRUGATED CARBOARD

http://piippa.com/unique-furniture-made-%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bfrom-cardboard/honeycomb-cardboard/

http://mocoloco.com/archives/010034.php

http://www.reinharddienes.com/index.php?article_id=89

http://wonderwalls.ru/en/portfolio/molo-design/

http://www.dezeen.com/2011/08/23/softshelter-by-molo/

e inch

Unity

B.01 & 02 _ SDE 2014mm_ Detail7,0Design | Design Development, Realization & Prototyping

g/m2 870 IbsxMLAYER/FOLDING ft2 178 cardboard furniture : ONE kPa Ibf/in2

17 APR

1086 157

kN/m 8,93 kN/m 10,2 Ibs x inch 58,3 g/m2 g/m2

<155 99

http://www.elmanco.com/2012/01/18/i-mobili-di-cartone-di-kube-design/

has been produced with post-consumer recycled fibers. d it’s completely “No Impact”.

http://dornob.com/sleep-sit-store-live-100-cardboard-furniture-series/#axzz2Qbs28UGf

http://www.psfk.com/2012/08/cardboard-furniture.html

http://www.creativereview.co.uk/cr-blog/2009/march/step-into-my-cardboard-office

http://www.capcon.it/en/portfolio/cardboard-kitchen/

B.01 & 02 _ SDE 2014 _ Detail Design | Design Development, Realization & Prototyping

http://www.inhabitots.com/philippe-nigros-build-up-childs-chair-and-table-is-made-from-cardboard/

http://www.dezeen.com/2010/07/22/flatform-322-by-toby-horrocks-and-kristian-aus/

17 APR

http://www.igreenspot.com/gruff-an-eco-friendly-furniture/

http://www.inspirationgreen.com/index.php?q=cardboard-inspiration.html

16-17 APR urban IMPLICATION

18 APR-15 MAY

B.01 & 02 _ SDE 2014 _ Detail Design | Design Development, Realization & Prototyping

URBAN FARMING THE seed forest 2.0 south facing garden The overall architectural strategy is to growing the urban the walls. The addition of green areas in a ARCHITECTURE create a house that remediates the urban city also reduce the heat island effects and environment and acts as a green vein in the provides natural shading and evaporative city where awareness about sustainable livcooling. ing can grow. Using the envelope for small scale farming is also an important feature that promotes ecological awareness, independence and increased social equality.

While the exterior has a sharp and straight feeling, the design of the interior is more soft and inviting. The load carrying structure morphs in certain places to create furniture and spatial qualities and integrates technical equipment. Through the upper parts of this structure indirect sunlight is shining through and makes the interior bright without getting too warm.

greenhouse Integrated within the building envelope, directed to the south, is a greenhouse. This implementation gives the inhabitants a nice green oasis all year around with flowers and vegetables. Furthermore it helps with evening out the temperature fluctuations during the day by heating up a wall with high thermal capacity.

GREEN WALL The building envelop takes care of rain water, collects and purifies it and absorbs air pollution. It creates a new natural habitat for insects and birds and provides the residents with a garden and food straight from entrance

The visual connection to the outside mainly comes from the glazed facades on the shorter sides or through the

south facing garden

The overall architectural strategy is to create a house that remediates the urban environment and acts as a green

greenhouse

Integrated within the building envelope, directed to the south, is a greenhouse. This implementation gives the

interior

While the exterior has a sharp and straight feeling, the design of the interior is more soft and inviting. The load

green wall

The building envelop takes care of rain water, collects and purifies it and absorbs air pollution. It creates a

Transpa

Additional nat whole southern

18 APR-15 MAY urban farming When sown into the forest ground, the seed slowly deepens its roots in the soil.

Carving out its own space among the old natural inhabitants it grows with, generating a new life.

Thus, in the modern forest, the city, it is more and more important to plant new seeds, “seeds 2.0”, to drive the change towards a more sustainable way of living, promoting ecological awareness, independence and increased social equality.

The design of the building follows a biophilic approach, aimed to restore harmonious inter-relationship between built and natural context at both neighborhood and city scale.

The house is a construction able to adapt to its surroundings, just like a tree would, and it promotes a symbiotic existence between the human factor and the ecosystem through the combination of more conventional living spaces and green spaces, where it would be possible to grow plants, vegetables and herbs.

A green wall system is integrated within the building envelope, both on the north and the south facades, while, directed to the west, there is a greenhouse. This implementation gives the inhabitants a nice green oasis all year

around. Furthermore it helps with evening out the temperature fluctuations during the day by heating up a wall with high thermal capacity.

Through the green walls it is also possible to take care of rain water, collecting and purifying it, and absorb air pollution.

GREEN WALLS BENEFITS Even though the cost of green walls is initially higher than the one for conventional walls, they provide benefits and cost savings in the long term.

Approximately, the total cost of the green walls (84 m2) is between 9000$ and 17000$.

A green footprint The vertical farming system helps overcoming the issues of growing food in a dense urban environment, containing the size of the lot.

Connecting the inhabitants to the natural cycles of weather, growth and renewal Living in a closer connection with nature will increase the environmental awareness of the inhabitants.

Green walls can double or even triple the usable lifetime of roofs. The system in fact protects the roof from mechanical damage, it shields it from UV radiation and it buffers temperature extremes.

Containing the expenses for food Growing your own food at home will lower the amount of food to buy in the stores.

Energy savings Green roofs reduce the energy required for heating and cooling.

Greenery on the walls insulates the building, while in the summer it cools it through shading and its plants’ evapotranspiration.

Managing stormwater runoff Green walls reduce the amount and the velocity of storm water run-off, increasing the permeable surface area. They also filter out 95 % of the cadmium, copper, and lead and 30 % of the nitrogen and phosphorous in storm water.

Reduction of the urban heat island effect The addition of green areas in the city helps reducing the heat island effect, cooling the surrounding air and Enhanced visual aesthetic providing natural shading. This has Green roofs can add beauty to residential and commercial buildings. the potential to significantly reduce At the same time, views from indoors heat-related stress and illness in the onto nature will be restorative experi- cities. ences that interrupt the stress arousal For example, on a 32 C day, a and lead towards a more healthy life conventional black roof‘s surface temperature is over 65 C, while a green style. roof‘s temperature is around 32-35 C. Introducing green space in the neighborhood Extending the service life of roofs

Air quality improvement Plants help improving the air quality, absorbing and filtering airborne pollutants, including those that cause respiratory diseases such as sulfur dioxide. Plants convert also carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into organic compounds, mainly sugars, by using energy from sunlight.

Reducing sound transmission and reflection Green roofs reduce the transmission of noise by 5 to 45 decibels and the reflected sound by up to 30 decibels.

Creating wildlife habitats Green roofs create biodiversity by attracting other types of vegetation, animals and insects including butterflies, bees and birds.

18 APR-15 MAY

B.01 & 02 _ SDE 2014 _ Detail Design | Design Development, Realization & Prototyping initial research on dietary needs and vegetables output

H-912 (Revised)

Vegetable Maturity Dates, Yields and Storage

Direct Seeded Vegetable Crops Vegetable

Average Seeds Needed Per: 100’ Row Acre Weight: Seeds: (M=1,000) 800 85 lbs.

125M 400 49 lbs.

43.5M 400 145 lbs.

58M

Beans, bush Beans, pole Beans, lima Beans, shell American & Italian 700 French 700 800 Beans, soy 1,500 Beets 170 Broccoli 200 Brussels sprouts 1/2 oz. or 800 seeds Burdock 300 Cabbage 300 Cabbage, Chinese 3,000 Carrot 200 Cauliflower 200 Corn, sweet 6 oz. or 400 seeds Corn, ornamental 600 Cucumber 600 Endive 1,500 Greens, Mustard 450 Kale/Collards 1,500 Kohlrabi 600 Leeks Lettuce (full size heads, 400 seeds precision seeded) 200 Melons 2,000 Onions, bulbing 5,000 Onions, bunching 1/2 oz. or 1,400 seeds Parsnips 1.3 lbs. or 2,600 seeds Peas, fresh 135 Pumpkin 3,580 Radish, small 600 Radish, Daikon 600 seeds Rutabaga 2,000 seeds Salsify 1/2 oz. or 1,000 seeds Spinach, full size Squash, Summer Zucchini 300 Yellow Summer 300 Patty Pan/Scallop 300 200 Squash, Winter

150 lbs.

65 lbs.

80 lbs.

9 lbs.

1/2-3/4 lbs.

5 oz.

6 lbs.

51/4 oz.

7 oz.

21/2 lbs.

4 oz.

111/2 lbs.

25-35 lbs.

21/2 lbs.

10 oz.

11/3 lbs.

1 lb.

41/4 lbs.

11 oz.

51/2 oz.

Average Yield Per: 100’

80 lbs.

150 lbs.

lbs.

Each summer12brings many questions 120-128M 8 lbs.about 117M 8 lbs. vegetable20yields, weights 144M lbs. fresh, 12 lbs. dry and storage conditions.

315M 40 lbs. greens, 100 lbs. roots

Acres

4,000 lbs.

4,000 lbs.

2,500 lbs.

1,800 lbs.

3,480 lbs.

3,480 lbs.

14,000 lbs.

50M 75 lbs.

10,500 lbs.

35M 60 lbs.

16,000 lbs.

This list is compiled to help vegetable 183M 60 lbs.

13,000 lbs. growers determine approximate 37M 150 lbs.; 60 heads yields 31,500 lbs.

66M 60 heads 35,000 lbs. to expect, what their usual packing 720M 100 lbs.

30,000 lbs. weights are, and if necessary, 32M 90 lbs.; 60 heads 12,000 lbs. conditions required for storage.

29M 8 dozen ears 1,200 dozen 20 lbs. fresh, 12 lbs. dry Included are the approximate number 2,900 lbs.

42.5M 120 lbs.

17,500 lbs. of days from field planting to market 190M 80 heads 13,500 lbs. under optimum growing conditions.

250M 100 lbs.

29,000 lbs.

112M 75 lbs.

16,275 436M 50 lbs.

14,500 lbs.

105M 150 stalks 32,550 stalks

71/4 oz. or 174M

50 lbs.; 100 heads

27,000 lbs.

13 oz.

51/2 lbs.

71/2 lbs.

51/2 lbs.

270 lbs.

31/2 lbs.

25 lbs.

7 lbs.

151/2 oz.

13 lbs.

81/4 lbs.

15M 100 Fruits 577.5M 100 lbs.

1,500M 100 lbs.

539M 75 lbs.

540M 20 lbs.

Ronald C. Smith,300 Ph.D. 10M lbs.

1,000M 100 bunches Extension Horticulturist 175M 200 roots 150M 150 lbs.

437M 60 lbs.

290M 40 lbs.

15,000 lbs.

38,500 lbs.

29,000 lbs.

12,600 lbs.

4,000 lbs.

40,000 lbs.

7,500 lbs.

39,000 lbs.

40,000 lbs.

17,400 lbs.

12,500 lbs.

71/4 lbs.

5 lbs.

41/2 lbs.

2-81/2 lbs.

22M 200 lbs.

22.5M 200 lbs.

21.5M 200 lbs.

North Dakota State University 15M 200 lbs.

30,000 lbs.

30,000 lbs.

30,000 lbs.

40,000 lbs.

Approximate number of days from planting to market maturity under optimum growing conditions.

Crop

Beans, bush Beans, pole Beans, lima, bush Beets Broccoli, sprouting1 Brussels sprouts2 Cabbage2 Carrots Cauliflower, snowball type2 Chinese cabbage Chives Corn Cucumbers Eggplant Kohlrabi Lettuce, head Lettuce, leaf Melon, Honey Ball Melon, Honey Dew Muskmelon Mustard Okra Onions Parsley Parsnips Peas Pepper, sweet2 Potatoes Pumpkin Radishes Radishes, winter type Rutabagas Spinach Squash, winter Squash, summer Tomatoes2 Turnips Watermelon

Early Variety

Common Type

Late Variety

46 56 65 50 70 90 62 60 55 70 — 70 60 70 55 60 40 — — 75 40 50 85 70 100 58 60 90 110 22 50 — 40 50 80 65 40 65

— — — — — — — — — — 90 — — — — — — 105 115 83 — — — — — — — — — — — 90 — — — — — 75

65 72 78 80 150 100 110 85 65 80 — 100 70 85 65 85 50 — — 90 60 60 120 85 130 77 80 120 120 40 60 — 50 68 120 100 75 95

When these crops are planted under low-temperature conditions, reaching the harvest stage will take longer than indicated above.

1

For a direct-seeded crop. Transplanting may delay maturity by a few weeks,

18 APR-15 MAY GREEN WALLS The green walls system provides both an ecological and economic benefit.

The plants are carefully selected to tolerate different amount of sunlight and shade, depending on the orientation on the north or the south façade. In general, leaf and root vegetables donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t require as much sun in order to produce a good harvest, as fruit and seed crops do.

The vegetables are disposed in lines, and grouped according to the compatibility patterns. In fact certain types of vegetables, herbs and fruit grow faster if planted together.

much sun in order to produce a good harvest, as fruit and seed crops do.

The vegetables are disposed in lines, and grouped according to the compatibility patterns. In fact certain types of vegetables, herbs and fruit grow faster if planted together. beneficials

NORTH

2-3 hours sun/day

SOUTH

6-8 hours sun/day

INDOOR

Cauliflower

Onion

Pepper

Spinach

Raspberry

Cucumber

Beet

Lemon

Tomato

Radish

Nectarine

Carrots

Potato

Peach

Broccoli

Cabbage

Salad greens

Squash

Brussels sprout

Rocket

Aubergine

Celery

Garlic

Pea

Oregano

Thyme

Bean

Chard

Rosemary

Lentil

Endive

Parsley

Corn

Mushroom

Basil

Strawberry The Seed

B.01 & 02 _ SDE 2014 _ Detail Design | Design Development, Realization & Prototyping plant compatibility

03 MAY

06 MAY-17 MAY modeling the exteriors and the green walls

Elevator / stairs

common greenhouse

B.01 & 02 _ SDE 2014 _ Detail Design | Design Development, Realization & Prototyping GREEN WALLS: CHOSING THE FOCUS OF THE POSTER

18 APR-15 MAY

18 APR-15 MAY

THE seed 2.0 growing the urban forest

XXXM218 APR-15 90%MAY

B.01 & 02 _ &SDE 2014farming _ Detail Design | Design Development, Realization & Prototyping sustainability urban

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310

s per kg pep kcal/

SURFACE NORTH: 60 M2 s ber g um al/k cuc 150 kc

Output (kg)/Approximate number of days from planting to maturity under optimum growing conditions

SURFACE NORTH: 24 M2 Output (kg)/Approximate number of days from planting to maturity under optimum growing conditions

18

es ato /kg tom 0 kcal

l kca

s pea /kg

810

410

s rot kg car kcal/

SPINACH (10 sqm): 12,5 kg/ 40 day POTATOES (10 sqm): 17,5 kg/ 90 days CABBAGE (10 sqm): 16 kg / 62 days BEETS (10 sqm): 12 kg / 50 days CAULIFLOWER (10 sqm): 13,5 kg/ 55 days RADISH (10 sqm): 15 kg/ 22 days

c 0k

ns beaal/kg

330

340

li cco kg bro kcal/

0k

s til g len cal/k

160

k

ash g squ cal/k

450

kca

n corl/kg

970

s ine g erg al/k aub240 kc

3

s rie g ber l/k aw 20 kca

str

63

ts ran /kg cur 0 kcal

570

es rri kg ebe kcal/

blu

DYE A Ç A DA H F S SUN/

t OUR SOU6-10 H

BEANS (5 sqm): 2,5 kg/ 46 day SQUASH (5 sqm): 12 kg/ X days TOMATOES (5 sqm): 7 kg / 65 days PEPPER (5 sqm): 4 kg / 60 days CARROT (4 sqm): 9 kg/ 60 days

06-17 MAY

THE seed 2.0 growing the urban forest

84 M2

sustainability & urban farming

GREEN SURFACE,

The house mimics a tree and the positive effects a forest can have in a city. A green wall system is integrated within the building envelope, both on the north and the south facades. Even though the cost of green walls is initially higher than the one for conventional walls, they provide benefits and cost savings in the long term. Besides collecting and purifying rain water, absorbing air pollution, reducing heating and electricity costs, creating wildlife habits in the city, the green walls provide useful sourfaces to grow vegetables and plants in a dense urban environment. The plants are carefully selected to tolerate different amount of sunlight and shade, depending on the orientation. Although almost all will do well in full sun, some crops (as it is for leaf and root vegetables) can produce a good harvest in partial shade. The vegetables are disposed in lines, and grouped according to the compatibility patterns. In fact certain types of vegetables, herbs and fruit grow faster if planted together.

Approximately, the entire cost of the green walls (84 m2) is between 9000$ and 17000$.

70%

SELF SUFFICIENT in food production

NORTH FAÇADE

cauliflower 255 kcal/kg

Leaf vegetables

ENDIVE 110 kcal/kg

chard

water

200 kcal/kg

spinach 250 kcal/kg

rain water: 160 l/day (göteborg average)

roots

irrigation (average L/day per 84 m2 surface)

_ 60 m2 _ 2-3 HOURS SUN/DAY

beets 360 kcal/kg

potatoes 860 kcal/kg

radishes

grey water: 260 l/day - traditional irrigation method

mushrooms

45 % savings

120 kcal/kg

mushrooms 270 kcal/kg

drip irrigation method: 143 l/day

construction detail

INDOOr basil 270 kcal/kg

1. planting

parsley

herbs

2. growing media

360 kcal/kg

rosemary

Mineral aggregates and compost (250 mm)

1300 kcal/kg

3

3. DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM

2

Polyuretan piping (17 mm)

onions

1

4. FILTER FLEECE

ONIONS 420 kcal/kg

garlic

Polypropylene (1,1 mm)

5

5. DRAINAGE LAYER Polystyrene (60 mm)

6

7

6. moisture mat+root barrier

1500 kcal/kg

4

fruit

lemons 200 kcal/kg

nectarines

EPDM membrane (1,5 mm)

440 kcal/kg

peaches

7. wooden structure and board

390 kcal/kg

Pine wood (100-300 mm)

1

animals

vegetables output

SOUtH FAÇADE

for 10 M2

Recommended average nutrition goat

MILK

Approximately 960 litres of milk

kg person/year

37 KG FAT EGGS

36 KG SUGAR

8 KG FIBRE FERTILIZER

40 kg 37,2 % Carbohydrates 5 kg 13,6% FAT

Approximately 365 eggs/year (1,36 kg proteins)

15 KG PROTEINS

rabbit

aubergines 240 kcal/kg

kg/approximate total growing period

Rabbit Manure (each rabbit 1.52 M3/year)

16 kg 44,5% SUGARS 15 kg 100 % PROTEINS 11 kg 138% Fibers

carrots

miscellaneous

person/year, for vegetables-milk-eggs

Spinaches 12,5 kg/60 day Potatoes 17,5 kg/105 days Cabbages 16 kg/120 days Beets 12 kg/50 days Cauliflowers 13,5 kg/75 days Radishes 17 kg/35 days

180 kcal/kg

broccoli 340 kcal/kg

legumes cereals

peas 810 kcal/kg

corn

SURFACE SOUTH 24 M2 Beans 4,5 kg/75 days Squash 22,4 kg/95 days Tomatoes 13,45 kg/135 days Peppers 8 kg/120 days Carrots 22,4 kg/100 days Cucumber 11,2 kg/ 105 days

410 kcal/kg

tomatoes

SURFACE NORTH 60 M2 93 KG CARBOHYDRATE

chicken

TOTAL OUTPUT OF NUTRIeNTS

_ 24 m2 _6-10 HOURS SUN/DAY

970 kcal/kg

beans 3300 kcal/kg

berries

strawberries 320 kcal/kg

blueberries 570 kcal/kg

currants 630 kcal/kg

13-15 MAY

B.01 & 02 _ SDE 2014 _ Detail Design | Design Development, Realization & Prototyping green wall system-technical detail The green wall is formed by different layers, from the bottom up it includes: 1. Wooden board and structural support The green wall is supported by a wooden structure, formed by a structural grid, a board panel and horizontal shelves, used to separate the different lines of plants to avoid the water runoff that might occur in a steep slope case.

TECHNICAL DATAS Name: pine wood Thickness: 1-4 cm Weight: 500 kg/m3 2. Moisture mat and root barrier This layer is needed to waterproof the entire green wall system. To ensure a long a maintenance-free life of the building, green walls waterproofing must be elastic enough to withstand building movement.

Some materials work also as root barrier, preventing the plantings’ roots from growing through the walls.

EPDM is a synthetic rubber membrane, made from EPDM polymer. It is a durable material, resistant to water, root and fire, and it doesn’t release toxins as PVC. Covering the walls with rubber will prolong their life, shielding them from the sun and reducing heat transmission into the building.2 TECHNICAL DATAS Name: EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Mono-

mer) Thickness: 1,5 mm Weight: 0,86 g/cm2 3. Drainage layer It is a plastic material that provides a balance between water retention and root aeration. This layer helps storing water, to be slowly released to the plants.

TECHNICAL DATAS Name: Polystyrene Thickness: 60 mm Weight: 30 g/m2 4. Filter fleece It is a layer that prevents fine soil particles from passing into the drainage layer and rainwater outlets.3 TECHNICAL DATAS Name: Polypropylene Thickness: 1,1 mm Weight: 105 g/m2 5. Drip irrigation system The irrigation pipes should not be placed directly on the waterproof membrane, but above the growing medium to avoid damage to the system from pressure and pipe movement.

6. Growing medium The growing medium works as the stormwater storage element and it provides a buffer zone for root development.

By using a growing medium instead of soil helps containing the overall weight of the green wall and standing up to freeze/thaw cycles.

The most used material for green roofs is Rooflite®, formulated for the optimal result in urban farming applications. It’s a blend of light weight mineral aggregates (pumice) and organic components (compost).4 TECHNICAL DATAS Name: Rooflite® Thickness: 250 mm Weight dry 0,65-0,85 g/cm3 Weight maximum saturation 1,10-1,35 g/cm3 7. Planting

7. Planting

13-15 MAY

DETAIL CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION DETAIL

WOODENAND STRUCTURE AND BOARD 1. WOODEN1.STRUCTURE BOARD Pine wood Pine wood (100-300 mm) (100-300 mm) 2. MOISTURE MAT+ROOT BARRIER 2. MOISTURE MAT+ROOT BARRIER EPDM membrane (1,5 mm) EPDM membrane (1,5 mm) 3. DRAINAGE LAYER 3. DRAINAGE LAYER Polystyrene (60 mm) Polystyrene (60 mm) 4. FILTER FLEECE 4. FILTER FLEECE Polypropylene (1,1 mm) Polypropylene (1,1 mm) 5. DRIP SYSTEM IRRIGATION SYSTEM 5. DRIP IRRIGATION Polyuretan Polyuretan piping (17 mm) piping (17 mm) 6. MEDIUM GROWING MEDIUM 6. GROWING Mineral and compost (250 mm) Mineral aggregates andaggregates compost (250 mm) 7. PLANTING 7. PLANTING

5

6

3 1

7 4 2

B.01 & 02 _ SDE 2014 _ Detail Design | Design Development, Realization & Prototyping IRRIGATION An adequate water supply is important for plant growth. Even though the building is designed to set in cities with a high average of rainfall (Göteborg 1,91 mm/day; Paris 1,69 mm/day), a mechanical irrigation method is still needed.

Depending on the crop variety, it should be necessary to consider different daily water needs values and duration of the total growing season. There are short duration crops (radish 35 days, beets 50 days, spinach 60 days…) and long duration crops (squash 95 days. Carrot 100 days, tomatoes 135 days…).5 To estimate the precise water requirement of each crop a complex mathematical function is needed6, thus our calculation is approximate. We haven’t considered for example the evapotranspiration factor, the difference between the seasons, the different crop growth stages etc.

Average period of maturation for the different crops suitable in the project: 88 days Average water need for the total growing period: 440 mm Amount of water needed by the crop per day: 440 mm : 88 days= 5 mm/day Average rainfall Göteborg: 700 mm/year 700 mm : 365 days = 1,91 mm/day Daily amount of water (from grey water): 5 mm/ day - 1,91 mm/day = 3,09 mm/day

3,09 mm/day x 84’000’000 mm2 (total surface) = 259’560’000 mm3/day

= 260 l/day

Drip irrigation method = 45% 260 l/ day = 143 l/day A valuable method is the drip irrigation7: a pressurized system that forces water at very low rates (2-20 litres/hour) through perforated pipes running above the ground. The technology is relatively simple, but the results show that farmers who switched from sprinkler irrigation to drip systems have cut their water use by 30-60%. The water savings that can be made using drip irrigation are the reductions in deep percolation, in surface runoff and in evaporation from the soil.

With drip irrigation water, applications are more frequent (usually every 1-3 days) than with other methods and this provides a very favourable high moisture level in the soil, plants in fact get fed by the optimal amount of water directly on the immediate root zone, increasing the yields of the crop at the same time.

Drip irrigation is most suitable for row crops (vegetables, soft fruit), where one or more emitters can be provided for each plant.

This system is adaptable to any kind of slope, but preferable for steep or irregular slopes. In this case the only caution is to set the system to emit water slowler, in order to avoid surface water runoff.

Importance keeping the pipes clean filter.

13-15 MAY

13-15 MAY COMPOST The growing media used to plants the vegetables should be enriched with organic matter. A good source is compost, which adds nutrient-rich humus and restores vitality to depleted soil. The compost bin is an essential part of any vegetable garden. In close residential neighborhoods, sealed compost units are best because they don›t smell or attract pests or flying insects.

Another source of organic matter is rabbit manure.

Because it›s considered a «cold» manure, it›s not necessary to let it age or compost before using it.

Other manures that come from chickens, sheeps, horses, cows, and pigs or «hot» manures, need to be composted for months before it is safe to use it without damaging the crops. Rabbit pellets work perfectly as natural fertilizer: as they break down, they build the soil›s structure, improve the porosity, add stability and hold nutrients for plants as well as other organisms in the soil. Some gardeners are cautious about potential pathogens and prefer to toss the rabbit manure onto the compost pile as a precaution, while others apply the rabbit pellets directly to the garden.

16 MAY

B.01 & 02 _ SDE 2014 _ Detail Design | Design Development, Realization & Prototyping

TREE|ANGLE the urban forest

C

ASSEMBLY

D

The strategy for the construction is to make a building with a simple assembly system. It should be possible to erect the house as fast as possible with small labouring requirements.

This makes the building suitable in a wide range of scenarios, ranging from post catastrophic urban areas to a modern city. To make this possible the load carrying structure consist mainly of a flexible interlocking system, that minimizes the amount of bolts and physical labouring.

C B

B A

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17 MAY

TREE|ANGLE the urban forest

building production

Average panel dimension: 4,8 m2

THIN FILM PV MODULES

The building is composed of small and light weight pieces, to make possible its production even in infill sites where the access with big machines is often problematic. Moreover, the pieces are designed to be lifted by maximum two people together.

Urban infill is one of the most successful solutions to promote density in the city and prevent urban sprawl. The building in fact can be added on the top of an existing structure, becoming a new layer over the old, it can fit the voids of an irregular site or it can simply fill an abandoned lot.

Although urban infill is more financially feasible for big development companies when it occurs on a large plot of land, it could still be appealing in the small scale for private owners. However, large scale infill development is often difficult in a blighted neighborhood for several reasons. These include the difficulties in acquiring land and in gaining community support, ammassing land, connecting with the existing sewer, gas and water lines.

PVs weight: 11 kg/m2

52,8 kg

PVS Biggest frame dimension: 0,28 m3

BEAMS

Cardboard density: 130 kg/m3

36,4 kg

b1

OUTER SKIN

b2 b3 b4

CORRUGATED PLASTIC

TRANSLUCENT FAĂ&#x2021;ADE

b5

Average panel dimension: 3,6 m2

b6

Corrugated plastic density: 4,8 kg/m2

17 kg

b7

STRUCTURE GREEN walls Average box dimension: 1,1 m3 Pine wood density: 450 kg/m3

INSULATION c5 c4 c3

GREEN BOXES

c2 a1

BASE

a3 a2

c1

a5 a4

70 kg

13-16 MAY

B.01 & 02 _ SDE 2014 _ Detail Design | Design Development, Realization & Prototyping EVOLUTION OF THE DESIGN: PLAN AND EXTERIORS

Highest point

Maximum height 7 Meters

in the middle of the building, creating a stack effect and the possibility for natural cross ventilation

ROAD

r neighbo

ROAD

REFERENCES 1 BEATLEY TIMOTHY, Biophilic Cities, Integrating Nature into Urban Design and Planning, Island Press, Washington DC 2011 2 http://www.rubber4roofs.co.uk/EPDM-RubberFlat-Roofs/One-Piece-EPDM 3 http://www.optigreen.co.uk/Datasheets/022_Filtermatte-Typ_105_EN.pdf 4 http://www.rooflitesoil.com/uploads/documentation/Technical%20Documents/SPECIFICATIONS/ PDF%20Versions/rooflite%20intensive%20ag%20 2013.pdf 5 http://www.fao.org/docrep/S2022E/s2022e02. htm#TopOfPage 6 http://www.sciencej.com/adenira_1_4_2010_119_125.pdf 7 http://www.fao.org/AG/magazine/0303sp3.htm http://www.fao.org/docrep/S8684E/s8684e07. htm#TopOfPage BARTHOLOMEW MEL, Square foot gardening, Rodale Inc., USA 2005 http://www.nycgovparks.org/pagefiles/53/Citywide-Services-Green-Roof_2.pdf http://www.uwrwa.org/bmpTool/factSheets/4_1_ Green_Roofs.pdf http://www.conservationtechnology.com/greenroof.html http://eartheasy.com/grow_backyard_vegetable_garden_02.html