Waste State

Prof(Dr) Francis Xavier Head, CBF Research Station

Kerala Agricultural University

Rapid development and urbanization Constant change in consumption pattern Social behaviour and uncivil attitude

Average daily per capita generation comes to 0.178 kg 0.034 kg for Koothuparamba to 0.707 kg for Thalassery (CESS, 2001; Padmalal & Maya, 2002; Varma &Dileepkumar, 2004).

MSW generation varies between 0.21-0.35 kg/capita/day in the urban centres MSW of 0.5 kg/capita/day in large cities (NEERI, 1996).

Climate change, from anthropogenic emissions and wastes Fossil fuel use Agricultural and industrial activities, Deforestation

On farm disposal of Livestock waste in Kerala Burial (labour intensive, carelessness attract carnivores) Incineration (need an incinerator ,costly, labour intensive) Pit disposal (carnivores dig it out, pollute water bodies ) Sanitary land fill

(seepage, attract public protest ,carnivores)

Traditional Composting (Existing methods not user friendly)

Condition of manure (%)

Method of disposal (%)

Odour

Fly problem

evaluation

Seasonally yes

Farm type Dry

Dairy shed

Dry Shed

Heifer shed

Calf shed

Others

Wet

Agri use

Bio gas

Disposed

10

90

65

30

5

Odour

Seasonally yes

20

80

95

00

5

Odour

Seasonally yes

odour

Seasonally yes

odour

Seasonally yes

At times

Yes

20

80

15

85

mixed

95

95

00

00

Thrown outside

5

5

COMPOSTING “Composting is the natural process of 'rotting' or decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms under controlled conditions. �

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Thumburmuzhy Model Aerobic

Composting

for Rural Waste Management

THUMBURMUZHY AEROBIC COMPOST

RURAL TECHNOLOGY Developed by CBF Thumburmuzhy

rm a f ck o t s ive L from d ate r e en g e st Wa rations op e ure aste n a M der w Fod enta Plac r birth s Afte d calve aterials -mortum Dea birth mter post Still ase af Carc

Aerobic Vs. Anaerobic Composting Aerobic Composting

Anaerobic Composting

Oxygen present

Oxygen absent

Low methane emission

High methane emission

No bad smell

Disagreeable odour

High heat generated

Less heat generated

Rapid decomposition

Slow decomposition

Lower salinity

Higher salinity.

Aerobic composting Vs Vermi composting

• Less labour needed • High layer temperature • Less time required

• Labour intensive • No temperature rise • More time for composting • Worms care and sustainability a must

 Aerobic composting takes place in the presence of ample oxygen.  Temperature rises rapidly in the waste. In this process the temperature rises to 70 to 80° C. This peak temperature kills the pathogens and weed seeds.  Every waste in the farm can be utilized as a raw material for the compost making and every material are put in the compost with the layers of dung.  By the time the composting is completed the material become dark brown in color.

70 to 75 degrees Celsius

Thumburmuzhy Composting –Aerobic Layering

Select an ideal space. roof in monsoon

3 models were researched for economic feasibility at CBF

Floor can be Ferro cement slabs

Why Thumburmuzhy Composting?  Environment friendly  No disagreeable odours  Organic waste converted to a value added product  Improves soil stability and fertility  Less area requirement  Less expensive 

Pathogens free

 Aerobic composting takes place in the presence of ample oxygen.

.

Temperature rises rapidly in the waste. This peak temperature kills the pathogens and weed seeds

. 

Every waste in the farm can be utilized as a raw material

 By the time the composting is completed the material become dark brown in colour.

Layers of Dung carbon source and organic waste

Cow dung + Carbon source + Organic waste + moisture C:N ratio = 20:1 Moisture content = 60% Temperature to be checked fortnightly

.90 days for composting in Thumburmuzhy model at Kerala agro climatic conditions

LOCUS bankit1371318 524 bp DNA linear ENV 12-JUL-2010 DEFINITION 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence.

ACCESSION 1371318 VERSION KEYWORDS ENV. SOURCE Uncultured Alistipes sp ORGANISM Uncultured Alistipes sp Unclassified.

REFERENCE 1 (bases 1 to 524) AUTHORS Girija,D., Francis,X., Deepa,K., Sunil,E., Irin,A. and Jisharaj,K. TITLE Molecular diversity of bacteria in cow dung REFERENCE 2 (bases 1 to 524)

AUTHORS Girija,D., Francis,X., Deepa,K., Sunil,E., Irin,A. and Jisharaj,K .

TITLE Direct Submission JOURNAL Submitted (12-JUL-2010) Agricultural Microbiology, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala 680656, India &CBF Thumburmuzhy FEATURES source

Location/Qualifiers 1..524 /organism="Uncultured Alistipes sp" /mol type="genomic DNA" / isolation source="Cow dung" /environmental sample /country="India" /identified by="Dr. D. Girija" /PCR_primers="fwd_seq: caggcctaacacatgcaagtc, rev_seq: gggcggwgtgtacaaggc" /metagenomic BASE COUNT 139 a 119 c 138 g 128 t ORIGIN 1 gtttgatcct ggctcaggat gaacgctagc ggcaggctta acacatgcaa gtcgaggggc

The Thumburmuzhy fodder grown organically

Thumburmuzhy Model aerobic compost      

No fly menace or odour due to high temperature High temperature retained for about one week Decomposed wastes settle down No seepage Manure can be taken within 12-15 weeks Manure can be priced about Rs. 5 / kg

Harvested compost



A new layering system for Kerala Agro zones



New cost effective construction technique



Suitable for composting the animal waste and carcass



Not labour intensive



Minimum care needed



Less methane and carbon dioxide so Ecofriendly

Three cost effective models developed at CBF Thumburmuzhy ,KAU by Dr Francis Xavier & Team Professor and Head Mail : fx@jananeethi.org

post m o c e ing th w e i v S ISITOR V P I V AND S N O I T EXHIBI

DR FRANCIS XAVIER PROFESSOR & HEAD,CBF THUMBURMUZHY,KONNAKUZHY.P.O CHALKUDY,THRISSUR E mail: fx @ jananeethi.org Phone;0480 2746065 Mob;9447131598