Concrete Contractor June/July 2021

Need a New Concrete Saw? The specs you need make an informed decision

46 June/July 2021

SLAB REPAIR

THE LEADING TRADE MAGAZINE IN THE CONCRETE INDUSTRY

Adding 15-20 years to the life of a concrete slab 6

How to pick the right CONCRETE FLOOR COATING

CONCRETE STRENGTH

38

The science behind the mechanical impedance test

22

GOLD MEDAL CONCRETE:

THE TOKYO AQUATICS CENTER WWW.FORCONSTRUCTIONPROS.COM/CONCRETE

Building the pool facility for the 2020 Summer Olympics

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WHAT’S INSIDE

JUNE/JULY 2021 | Issue 4, Volume 21

COVER STORY 26 Gold Medal Concrete Construction details of the Tokyo Aquatics Center, site of the 2020/1 Summer Olympics swimming events.

DEPARTMENTS 4

Editor’s Letter

16 New Products Product Focus

32 Grading, Compaction & Site Preparation Equipment 57 Idea Files 57 Ad Index 58 The Last Placement

Cover Photo Credit:©Tokyo Metropolitan Government

FEATURES Flatwork/Slabs

6

Concrete Life Extended

by Effective Repair Approach Concrete deterioration can be especially challenging when an amusement park needs to remain open during repairs.

Foundations & Walls

10 Contractor Takes on Challenging Soil Nail Wall Eight permanent soil nail walls were constructed, but all all were dwarfed by Wall 4.

14 Current Industry Shotcrete Standards After 12 years since its last revision, ACI’s guide for shotcrete professionals has been updated to reflect current industry standards.

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22 A Study on Estimating Concrete Compressive Strength by Mechanical Impedance The science behind the reactive mechanical impedance measurement test.

Product Focus

36 GPR Helps Map Precise Utility Location How concrete scanning can be vital to jobsite safety and efficiency.

Specification Guide

46 Concrete Saws The technical information you need to pick the right saw for the job.

50 Built Right to Cut Right An innovation in concrete sawing puts the blade on your skid steer, enhancing mobility and worker safety.

Decorative Concrete

WHAT’S ONLINE

38 Know Your Coating Types & Pick the Right One for the Job

5 Key Takeaways for Building Value in Your Construction Company

Scratching the surface on the confusion on concrete coatings.

44 5 Tips for Applying Epoxy Coatings in Cold Weather Here’s what you can do to be successful.

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JUNE/JULY 2021

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EDITOR’S LETTER

I Think Some Recognition is Due

Published by AC Business Media

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PUBLICATION STAFF

e've injected almost $4 trillion in emergency spending back into our economy via rounds of stimulus checks and massive bills funding the country's infrastructure that could include the repair of our roads, highways, airports, and bridges (that’s the plan at least). We've also injected a vaccine in an effort to protect the population from COVID-19.

JONATHAN KOZLOWSKI, EDITOR According to the CDC tracking site, covid.cdc.gov, at JKOZLOWSKI@ the time of this writing, 60.5% of adults have received ACBUSINESSMEDIA.COM at least one round of the vaccine. That's a great statistic, but once you start counting in the population that didn’t include, we have a bit of work to do before we reach "herd immunity" levels.

Complicated, yes. Undeniably big, definitely. But from where I'm sitting, it's not concrete construction's only issues. There's the challenges in finding skilled labor, the global efforts being done to reduce the carbon footprint of the concrete/cement industry, not to mention shortages of materials seemingly almost across the board. Where some entities are asking for steel tariffs to be eased, the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) released a statement urging they remain to keep the supply coming from American soil. As reported in AISC's May 19 release, "Steel production has increased by more than 50% in the last year and steel mill employment has increased by nearly 3,000 since September...since the tariffs took effect, American steel producers have announced plans to invest more than $15.7 billion in new or upgraded facilities."

And there's lumber. I believe I saw a Forbes article reporting that the cost of lumber was up 280%. (So much for redoing my deck this year.)

Yet, despite all of the above—the community has never stopped innovating. The impressive creativity you can find on contractors’ social media feeds defines the resolution of those hands caked with concrete dust.

The innovations of new solutions and technologies reducing the industry's carbon footprint have never ceased (for example, the new products as seen on page 16). The work from your end and on the manufacturers of the tools and equipment for you to do your job as best as possible is truly commendable, especially in this "unprecedented" period in this country's history.

Speaking of repairing our infrastructure, if you are one of the contractors out there hired to repair the concrete for a road or bridge, we'd love to hear about it (if possible). Tell us what you worked on, the problem/s, and all about the repair.

As always, stay safe out there.

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Jim Cuviello Cuviello Concrete Polished|Stained|Crafted Stevensville, Md.

Kim Basham KB Engineering Cheyenne, Wyo. James Baty II Concrete Foundations Association Mt. Vernon, Iowa

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Chris Klemaske T.B. Penick & Sons, Inc. San Diego, Calif.

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Editor Contributing Writers Senior Production Manager Art Director Audience Development Manager ADVERTISING SALES (800) 538-5544

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FLATWORK/SLAB

»

BY CARLA RAMO VELÁZQUEZ

Concrete Life Extended by

EFFECTIVE REPAIR APPROACH

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There was considerable concrete deterioration and spalling of the slab soffit.

Images courtesy of Terracon

C

oncrete deterioration can be a major problem for facilities managers anywhere, but it’s especially challenging to address when a facility needs to remain in operation during repairs. A Terracon client in the amusement park industry approached facilities services staff with a heavily deteriorated, elevated concrete slab project, and specific expectations for the repair program results.

COLLECTING CONCRETE DUST SAMPLES The slab was located within a swimming pool equipment building and had been exposed to moisture and pool sanitizing chemicals for an extended period of time.

To get started, Terracon obtained four concrete dust samples from the slab.

Two samples were taken from the top of the slab and two from the bottom of the slab, both representing the concrete surrounding the reinforcement in their respective areas. The samples were analyzed in Terracon's materials laboratory and tested for chloride content according to the ASTM C1218 “Standard Test Method for Water-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete.” The test results indicated locations where the soluble chloride ion content in the concrete was well over the 0.15% maximum requirement for concrete exposure class C2.

In addition to chloride testing, two types of concrete compressive strength tests were performed; ASTM C42 “Standard Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Terracon’s Facilities division had the expertise to propose an alternate solution, whereby the lost area of steel due to corrosion was replaced with externally bonded carbon fiber polymers which could be applied within the space constraints.

Beams of Concrete” and ASTM C805 “Standard Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete.” The concrete compressive strength test results were found to be acceptable and suitable for a slab rehabilitation.

CREATING A PLAN FOR SLAB REHABILITATION The initial project requirements were to restore the slab while the pool equipment remained in operation and portions of the space remained in use, and the repair design should add 10 years of service life to the slab.

The design process included several iterations. Initially, the client received a budget for a repair program consisting of concrete repair, steel replacement, and waterproofing of the slab. When the client was presented with budget costs for the 10-year life extension repair program, they decided for an investment of that magnitude, the project requirements for added slab life had to be extended to 15 to 20 years.

Terracon’s design team went back to work and proposed adding a cathodic protection system to the repair design.

This system includes a combination of an initial intense burst of current to passivate the rebar and long-term protection with the installation of internal impressed current, commonly known as galvanic anodes.

The state-of-the-art type of anodes used are a combination of impressed current applied by the anode’s selfgenerated electric charge which passivates the ongoing corrosion process and a passive galvanic cathodic

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Due to the handling of highly corrosive materials on top of the slab, a vehicular traffic grade waterproofing membrane was specified.

protection to prevent future corrosion damage. In layman’s terms, it is a combination of a battery with a limited current life that stops ongoing corrosion, and a remaining cathodic sacrificial material, which will divert the corrosion from the reinforcing steel to itself until it is completely consumed, protecting the reinforcing steel from corroding.

The client had preconceived ideas for the repair program, the project outcome, as well as the cost of the implementation of a cathodic protection system. Terracon advised and educated the client regarding the most costefficient methods to achieve the desired outcome. When questions arose about proposed technology and repair method, Terracon’s design team presented the client with research, test results, and

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FLATWORK/SLAB CONTINUED case studies to help them understand the repair technology and its benefits.

This approach enabled the client to approve Terracon’s design solution and hire a qualified contractor to perform the repair work.

IMPLEMENTING A CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM The first step when implementing a cathodic protection system is to determine whether the reinforcing rebar mat in the structure is continuous.

Reinforcing steel mat continuity is necessary to ensure that the applied current will reach each piece of reinforcing steel in the structure to be protected and to make sure there is an uninterrupted path of migration of the ions towards the sacrificial anode.

The final design integrated a combination of repair technologies.

Following establishment of the reinforcing steel mat continuity, the anodes are installed at a spacing established by an engineering design, performed by an expert, based on the density of steel in the concrete.

Finally, the deteriorated concrete and concrete removed for the installation of the anodes and their wiring was restored. In this specific case, due to the handling of highly corrosive materials on top of the slab, a vehicular traffic grade waterproofing membrane was specified. The product selected had the following characteristics: 1. Applied seamlessly to avoid leaks through joints,

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2.

Has high chemical resistance including to chlorine, 3. Has very low odor and is volatile organic compound-compliant for application during active use of the building; and 4. Is slip resistant while surface is wet, making it ideal for this application.

Because of the concrete permeability, the chemicals containing chlorides, with the help of the water seepage, migrated towards the soffit of the slab. There was considerable concrete deterioration and spalling of the slab soffit. During predesign inspections it was also apparent the bottom rebar mat was extremely corroded and had significant section loss. Upon removal of the concrete, Terracon inspected the rebar to determine whether it had to be replaced or had minimal section loss and could remain in use with proper treatment.

This presented a great challenge since certain locations of the slab soffit were inaccessible, due to of the presence of many pipes and pipe hangers.

During the course of the repair work, the contractor requested an alternate method to add supplemental rebar to the areas with heavily corroded steel.

AN ALTERNATE SOLUTION Terracon’s Facilities division had the expertise to propose an alternate solution, whereby the lost area of steel due to corrosion was replaced with externally bonded carbon fiber polymers (CFRP), which could be applied within the space constraints.

The first step in CFRP design consists of determining the slab’s residual capacity given the reduced area of existing steel in the section. The residual capacity is then compared to the design loads to determine the level of deficiency.

If the deficiency falls within the limits of CFRP, then the corresponding number of layers, width, and spacing is calculated and specified in the repair design.

CFRP is applied to a prepared, open pore, concrete surface and is achieved by means of mechanical tools for small applications or media blasting for larger

areas. In this case, after the concrete repair was completed, a small hand-held grinder which fit within the limited space was used to prepare the concrete surface. A small brush or roller was used to apply the bonding epoxy to the concrete surface and the CFRP was threaded between the pipes.

The ease of installation in tight spaces made CFRP a viable solution for supplementing the remaining steel section, where required. Quality assurance testing was performed to verify the bond strength between the CFRP and the concrete surface. Additionally, witness panels were made using the specific batch of CFRP material used during the project to confirm the tensile strength and other properties used in the design assumptions.

The final design integrated a combination of repair technologies which met the client’s requirement to extend the life of the slab for another 15 to 20 years. This was achieved using Terracon’s design professional expertise in concert with quality of installation performance.

The selection of an experienced repair and restoration engineering consultant with knowledge of the latest technologies available in the market is critical to achieve a successful project, completed on time and on budget.

REFERENCES

1. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14),” 2014, 519 pp.

2. vector-corrosion.com/galvashield-fusion-t2 3. master-builders-solutions.basf.us/en-us/ products/deck-coatings/masterseal-traffic-2500

Carla Ramo Velázquez, P.E., is a senior engineer in Terracon’s Facilities practice in Winter Park, Fla. She specializes in business development and project management of concrete restoration projects and constructions services.

Find this article at ForConstructionPros.com/ 21136117.

www.ForConstructionPros.com/Concrete

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FOUNDATIONS & WALLS

»

BY BRIAN FRALEY

Contractor Takes On Challenging Soil Nail Wall UMA Geotechnical Construction constructed eight permanent soil nail walls along a roughly two-mile stretch of North Carolina’s Interstate 73— all dwarfed by Wall 4.

N

orth Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) led a $176 million project to reduce congestion and improve access to the Piedmont Triad International Airport in Greensboro. Part of the project consisted of a taxiway bridge over Interstate 73 leading to the airport.

UMA Geotechnical Construction constructed all of the eight required permanent soil nail walls along a roughly two-mile stretch of the Greensboro Western Loop along I-73 to make way for the project. The total project required 76,000 sq. ft. of wall, 42,000 of which was Wall 4. For comparison, the average size wall was 3,700 sq. ft.

UMA was a subcontractor to Colo.based Flatiron Construction Corp., which had been retained by NCDOT to build a 1.5-mi. divided highway around Greensboro between Battleground Avenue and Lawndale Drive. UMA submitted a proposal in Nov. 2016, work began mid-2017, and engineers submitted drawings for Wall 4 in 2018.

Construction finished in April 2019.

The job was essentially to install soil nails and a temporary shotcrete facing to allow Flatiron to finish it off with a castin-place concrete wall. However, due to adverse geotechnical soil conditions, a simple install became increasingly more challenging.

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Flatiron handled excavation and the cast-in-place concrete wall, which required UMA to work between its crews for most of the project.

Flatiron’s first step was to cut the hill down 30 ft. to reach the road base with an impressive fleet of four Komatsu excavators and 18 articulated loaders. This mass excavation ultimately exposed Wall 4.

UMA’s drilling crew worked the wall from one side to the other. Each lift the excavation crew cut out provided a successively lower working platform for the drilling crew.

THE DRILLING PROCESS It took more than 2,000 soil nails to complete Wall 4. The length ranged from 15-50-ft, although the vast majority were 30 ft. The Casagrande C7’s 30-ft stroke allowed UMA to drill most holes with a single stroke. A chevron bit was used to drill and air was used to extract the cuttings, leaving an open 6-in.-diameter bore hole.

The rig has no carousel to hold additional drill rods so deeper holes required

UMA installed a 4-in.-thick, 4,000 psi temporary shotcrete facing to hold the wall in place in preparation for Flatiron Construcion Corp. to build the final cast-in-place wall.

Photo Credit: UMA Geotechnical Constrcution

the support of an EZ Spot UR grapple mounted on a mini excavator. The C7 would drill the 30-ft. hole and the grapple was used to set another drill rod to accommodate the additional depth.

UMA used nearly 61,000 li. ft. of Grade 75 epoxy-coated threaded bar produced by Skyline Steel. Temporary casing was required in areas with collapsing soil and rock, but that was only about 1,400 li. ft. Of the roughly 61,000 li. ft. of bar installed, about 5,500 li. ft. was in rock and the remainder in soil.

Almost 800 tons of Type I/II cement was supplied by Roanoke Cement and mixed on site with a Colcrete Grout plant. Aiming for a 1.85 specific gravity, a mud balance was used to measure the specific gravity of the grout and ensure the proper mix, which included

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FOUNDATIONS & WALLS CONTINUED Type I/II Portland Cement, water, and admixtures. Once the tooling was extracted, the hole was filled to capacity with grout pumped through a tremie tube, monitoring volume via a magnetic flow meter. Once the grout emerged from the hole, UMA's crew inserted the bar. Most of the soil nails were anchored by pure friction with the soil.

Those in the decomposed Granite areas were bonded to the rock.

UMA’s engineers determined that 5-ft. horizontal by 5-ft. vertical spacing was the most cost-effective means to support the soils and critical structures behind Wall 4. The anchor pattern is based on several factors, according to Brian DeSpain, president of UMA. “It's a combination of the soil properties such as friction angle of the soil and the surcharge loading that's above the wall,” he explains. The surcharge is the outward force exerted against the wall face by the weight of anything that sits above it.

The length of the soil nails is partly determined by the failure plane behind the wall, which is the assumed location at which the global stability of the structure could fail. “The nail should be installed past the failure plane to bring the factor of safety up to the FHWA-required 1.5,” DeSpain says.

The friction angle determines the internal shear-stress relationship between the individual soil particles; a higher friction angle generally requires less nail length to meet the factor of safety.

APPLYING SHOTCRETE UMA’s next step was to install a temporary shotcrete facing. Steel bearing plates were installed over the head of each soil nail while the shotcrete was still wet.

That was secured with a bevel washer and hex nut. The corners of the plates had 5-in. Nelson studs, equally spaced to transfer the cast-in-place load to the soil nails. The 4-in. thick, 4,000-psi

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shotcrete wall was strong enough to hold the wall in place until the final castin-place wall was built in accordance with FHWA guidelines. “The shotcrete behind the cast-in-place facing is ancillary to this type of design,” DeSpain says. “The temporary shotcrete isn’t necessary to the final design of the wall– in this case it was a means to facilitate Flatiron’s cast-in-place pour.”

Flatiron’s cast-in-place crew took over at this point. They tied rebar cages to the Nelson Studs and assembled formwork over the shotcrete face. A 12-in. thick concrete wall was then poured between the two to complete the finished wall.

This wall is what motorists will see when driving along the Western Loop, according to DeSpain. “The cast-inplace wall is like an aesthetic finish,” he explains. “It basically finishes the wall.”

The finish of Wall 4 was specifically selected to complement the proposed

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sound barrier walls to bring an aesthetically pleasing view to an otherwise lackluster means of earth retention.

UNFORGIVING SOIL CONDITIONS Soil conditions were mostly moderate with some areas proving more difficult, which allowed UMA to concentrate its efforts on the sheer size of Wall 4. A large portion of the wall was constructed in a low-quality decomposed granite, typical in this part of North Carolina.

The remainder was a Piedmont soil, a reddish alluvial with silt and clay.

“This soil type has some cohesion so when you drill in it, it generally wants to stay open,” says DeSpain, noting that UMA has drilled in challenging soil conditions ranging from the glacial till of southern Pennsylvania to the compressed seashells of coastal South Carolina. “We faced challenges trying to keep the holes open in the fracture rock,

but it wasn’t overly difficult due to the experience of our team and the specially selected drilling and grouting equipment for the project.”

Production soared because UMA assigned a large crew, “There were only four people assigned to the other walls on the project," says DeSpain. “We added more personnel on Wall 4 to not only deal with the size but also to increase our productivity.”

Teams were dedicated to drilling, preparing the wall for shotcrete, grout mixing, and applying shotcrete. The chain of command included a superintendent with several foreman supported by seven field personnel. A field engineer ensured load testing was completed, and quality control was adhered to as well as assistant project manager for adequate material procurement. A project manager kept the work on schedule and maintained the expected budget.

UMA’s production approach was

to create repetition and eliminate uncertainty to the greatest extent possible. According to DeSpain, they wanted to design the wall to be built as a repetitive—and speedy—process.

They also wanted to keep the bar and hole sizes consistent to avoid having to cut anything on site.

Despite the magnitude of Wall 4, not to mention the other seven walls, the project was delivered ahead of schedule, with a future project to complete this beltway around Greensboro. Most drivers won’t notice the massive wall towering alongside the roadway, but UMA and Flatiron will remember the smooth partnership that turned a large hill into a new stretch of highway.

Brian M. Fraley, is the Manager of Fraley Construction Marketing.

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FOUNDATIONS & WALLS

»

BY RANDLE EMMRICH, JOHN HAUSFELD

Photo Credit: American Concrete Institute

Updated Standards for Shotcrete After 12 years since its last revision, American Concrete Institute’s guide for shotcrete professionals has been updated to reflect current industry standards.

T

hanks in part to advancements in rheology modifying and hydration control admixtures, shotcrete has grown in importance over the past dozen years to become a more widely accepted concrete placement method. For the first time, the use of shotcrete in structural applications has been addressed in the latest versions of ACI 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete,” and ACI 301, “Specifications for Concrete Construction.” These changes came with an update to the American Concrete Institute’s (ACI) “Shotcrete for the Craftsman” educational document—last updated in 2008.

WHAT IS SHOTCRETE? Shotcrete is a method of placing concrete by projecting it through a hose at high velocity. The nozzleman who physically directs the placement of the concrete needs to be skilled and knowledgeable in the equipment, materials, processes, and safety procedures. Sometimes referred to as CCS-4(20), Shotcrete for the Craftsman provides shotcrete nozzlemen with an understanding of basic concrete technology and describes and illustrates how to properly place quality shotcrete. It also serves as the source content for the ACI Shotcrete Nozzleman certification program and the more recently added Nozzleman-inTraining certification program.

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USER-FRIENDLY FORMAT The updated version of Shotcrete for the Craftsman was released in Oct. 2020. Departing from its original black-and-white format, the booklet was redesigned to provide a fresh, modern feel. Wider text columns and larger font size make the content easier to read and simpler to navigate. Updated images and detailed, full-color drawings more clearly illustrate the subject matter at hand.

The opening chapters have been reorganized to better highlight the similarities and differences between shotcrete and form-and-pour concrete processes. Beginning with an explanation of what shotcrete is and a comparison of shotcrete processes (dry-mix and wetmix), the document then discusses what shotcrete professionals need to know about concrete and how it behaves when fresh and after it is hardened.

Because shotcrete is concrete, or rather a placement method for concrete, this booklet takes the reader through the fundamentals of concrete and beyond— from hydration and curing to strength and density to supplementary cementitious materials (pozzolans) to types of cement, aggregates, and admixtures.

Additional chapters cover shotcrete equipment and materials, preparation before shooting, shotcrete placement principles and techniques, environmental conditions and precautions, finishing and tolerances, safety, testing, and quality control. Appendixes include useful definitions and an evaporation rate chart.

Because shotcrete is now recognized in ACI 318 and ACI 301 as a method for placing structural concrete, ACI was able to address both the concrete design process and construction requirements for the use of shotcrete. Language was added to Shotcrete for the Craftsman to clarify the more rigorous requirements outlined in those building codes. Revisions for Shotcrete for the Craftsman came from three ACI committees. First, ACI Committee C660, Shotcrete Nozzleman Certification, reviewed the 2008 version and proposed changes. Next, ACI Committee E703, Concrete Construction Practices, incorporated those changes and proposed additional changes. ACI’s Educational Activities Committee reviewed all content.

ACI encourages shotcrete professionals to use the updated workbook as a guide for good practice. When it is consulted in combination with ACI 506.2, “Specification for Shotcrete,” and ACI 506R, “Guide to Shotcrete,” shotcrete professionals have access to a comprehensive set of resources.

However, as with all publications in the ACI Concrete Craftsman series, Shotcrete for the Craftsman is not intended as a design aid. Shotcrete professionals must follow the plans and specifications for a specific construction project. If provisions in those plans and specifications vary from the guidance given in this manual, we recommend that you discuss the variances with the design professional.

REQUIREMENTS Similar to the different requirements for concrete used in sidewalks vs structural concrete buildings, there are additional requirements to follow when using the shotcrete placement method for structural applications vs nonstructural elements.

Randle Emmrich is Chair, ACI Committee C660, Shotcrete Nozzleman Certification.

John Hausfeld, is Chair, ACI Committee E703, Concrete Construction Practices.

Find this article at ForConstructionPros.com/ 21319474.

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STRENGTH. SUSTAINABILITY. SAVINGS.

Curbing CO2 At The Source

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THE STINGER The Stinger electric flex shaft vibrator is rugged, lightweight, and powerful. The 115v electric motor has been designed to run cool with the power and torque to handle todays concrete loads.

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FOUNDATIONS & WALLS

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BY GENKI KUBO, MAKOTO OKAMOTO, HAJIME KUBO

A Study on Estimating Concrete Compressive Strength by Mechanical Impedance Mechanical impedance can be calculated by dividing the maximum force, when a hammer collides concrete surface, with initial velocity of the hammer rebound.

Photos and figures provided by Nitto Construction Inc.

C

urrently, the rebound hammer is widely used for estimation of compressive strength of concrete as general testing method. Although rebound hammer has made great contribution for compressive strength test of concrete structures through its long history, its measurement accuracy and application is still considered as debatable. On the other hand, the mechanical impedance method is proposed as a new method for estimation of compressive strength in these days.

Although both methods require direct impact on concrete surface in order to estimate compressive strength, basic principle is different. The rebound number, that rebound hammer measures,

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is depending on the degree of absorption of kinetic energy during the plastic deformation process of concrete surface generated by hammering. On the other hand, the mechanical impedance method measures mechanical impedance between a hammer and concrete surface at the contact point. The mechanical impedance is derived from Young’s modulus, and is used for estimation of compressive strength of concrete.

This study shows consideration for basic principle of the mechanical impedance method for compressive strength estimation of concrete, and its application and measurement accuracy are discussed through a field experiment.

BASIC PRINCIPLES Assuming that concrete is perfectly elastic body, we consider a phenomenon of collision between a hammer with mass (M), velocity (V0) and concrete with spring constant (K), figure 1 (page 23). The kinetic energy (EH) of a hammer is, EH=1/2MV02.

On the other hand, putting the maximum displacement as Dmax and the strain energy (EC) of concrete by hammer impact is, EC=1/2KDmax2.

Considering equilibrium of energy,

1/2MV02=1/2KD2max.

From the Hooke’s law, the maximum impact force Fmax is, Fmax=KDmax.

Solve for Dmax, and substitute the formula for the equilibrium of energy, 1/2MV02=1/2K F2max / K 2 ➲ K = 1/M * (Fmax/V0)2.

When the maximum impact force Fmax and the velocity of a hammer V0 is obtained, the spring constant of concrete surface can be measured.

However, in case of collision between an elastic body with flat surface and an elastic body with spherical surface, the maximum impact force becomes proportional to the impact velocity to the power 1.2 based on the contact mechanics. Therefore, velocity correction should be considered as K = 1/M * (Fmax/V01.2)2.

Its possible to measure the deceleration of a hammer by a waveform with an accelerometer. From the waveform, the maximum impact force and the velocity can be calculated as (equation 7): Fmax = MA max V R = ∫∞T A(t)dt

}

Here, A is an acceleration and max is a subscript that shows the maximum value. At the actual calculation, velocity is calculated from the waveform, and the waveform is divided in 2 part at the time T when the impact force is the maximum. Deformation of concrete surface becomes maximum at the time T, and the motion of hammer stops. In other words, the first half of the waveform shows the process of deformation of concrete by hammer impact (Active side), and the second

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.

half of the waveform shows the process of transferring kinetic energy of elastic deformation of concrete to the hammer (reactive side).

In case the condition of concrete surface is degraded, concrete surface deforms elastically after plastic deformation of degraded layer occurs.

During the reactive process, only kinetic energy of elastic deformation affects to the rebound process of the hammer.

In other words, it is considered that active side includes energy loss of kinetic energy caused by the plastic deformation of concrete surface. Therefore, velocity V R is used in equation 7 (page 22).

Figure 1: Collision model of hammer.

ESTIMATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH BY DEGREE OF SPRING CONSTANT As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the measurement principle of mechanical impedance method is to calculate spring constant of concrete surface.

Although the calculated spring constant is equivalent to the modulus of elasticity of concrete, compressive strength of concrete is evaluated at breakdown strength. Thus, compressive strength of concrete should be estimated by spring constant. Figure 2 (at right) shows the relationship between strain amount and apparent Young’s modulus based on the stress-strain curve measured by eight different strength of concrete test pieces. The blue line in the figure shows the results of normal strength concrete (shown in W/C ratio), and the black line shows the results of high-strength concrete (shown in designed strength).

According to Figure 2, the range of ultimate strain of test pieces are within

2,000 to 2,500 micro strain except one case regardless of the compressive strength. In addition, Young’s modulus tends to decrease along with the strain amount increases, and the reduction rate becomes higher in case the compressive strength is lower. Figure 3 (page 24) shows the relationship between compressive strength of each test pieces and the reduction rate of Young’s modulus. This figure shows the reduction rate becomes smaller along with the compressive strength becomes higher. Although the logical background of the relationship is not confirmed, but the reduction rate of Young’s modulus tends to be in inverse proportion to the compressive strength to the power of 4/3.

RELATIONS OF YOUNG’S MODULUS AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH As mentioned above, apparent Young’s modulus decreases when the amount of strain increases, and the reduction rate of Young’s modulus is influenced by the compressive strength. This fact indicates that estimated compressive strength may include some error depending on the degree of stress that generated by hammer impact in case of estimation by spring constant. The relationship between apparent Young’s modulus and compressive strength at each strain amount can be shown as liner regression. As the result, R 2 values at each strain amount are more than 0.9, and R 2 value becomes higher when the strain amount becomes larger.

Confirming the relationship between correlation coefficient and strain amount, the correlation coefficient tends to increase along with strain amount increases, and the correlation coefficient becomes the maximum at strain amount is 1,250 micro strain. This fact shows that the Young’s modulus at higher strain amount will make estimation accuracy higher when estimating the compressive strength based on Young’s modulus.

MECHANICAL IMPEDANCE AND YOUNG’S MODULUS As confirmed in the previous paragraph, Young’s modulus and compressive

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strength have significant relationship, and the Young’s modulus at higher strain amount is more adequate for compressive strength estimation. In other words, if the Young’s modulus can be estimated accurately, it is possible to estimate the compressive strength. Strain amount can be estimated by the ratio of velocity of P-wave and velocity of hammer impact. Assuming P-wave of concrete is 4,000 m/s, 1250 micro strain can be generated by hammer impact with 0.5 m/s.

However, hammer impact can generates partial strain at the contact area between a hammer and concrete.

Figure 2: Relationship between strain amount and apparent Young’s modulus.

Data shows a relationship between apparent Young’s modulus at 100 and 1,250 micro strain and mechanical impedance, and there is a significant relationship. Likewise, there’s relationship between strain amount and correlation coefficient of apparent Young’s modulus and mechanical impedance at each strain amount. From the result, measured mechanical impedance has significant correlation with Young’s modulus at small strain amount. The strain amount generated by hammer impact is 100 to 200 micro strain, and it

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FOUNDATIONS & WALLS CONTINUED Figure 3: Relationship between compressive strength and reduction rate of Young’s modulus.

is almost 1/10 of static compression test.

Data reveals a power trendline between apparent Young’s modulus and compressive strength at 100 micro strain.

In other words, compressive strength can be estimated by Young’s modulus. The mechanical impedance method measures mechanical impedance of concrete surface, and estimate the compressive strength by using correlation with Young’s modulus.

Major estimation error will not occur during the process of estimating Young’s modulus from measured mechanical impedance, but the process of estimating compressive strength from Young’s modulus may cause estimation error.

MECHANICAL IMPEDANCE AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH Data shows a relationship between mechanical impedance and compressive strength—the exponent of the regression curve is 5.8 because Young’s modulus is 2.16 power of mechanical impedance, and compressive strength is 2.69 power of Young’s modulus.

Here, the exponent becomes larger since the strain-rate dependence of Young’s modulus becomes higher when the compressive strength is lower.

It is possible to estimate the compressive strength of concrete from the relationship. However, we have proposed to apply spring constant of concrete surface which is equivalent to the mechanical impedance value to the third power because the fluctuation of mechanical impedance is smaller comparing to compressive strength, and the relationship between compressive strength and

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mechanical impedance value to the third power can be seen as liner regression with no intercept. In fact, the range of compressive strength is 20 to 80 N mm2, with a coefficient of variation of 40.2%.

On the other hand, the range of mechanical impedance value is about 17 to 21, with a coefficient of variation of 8.1%. Therefore, small measurement error of mechanical impedance may cause large estimation error.

Based on this consideration, Young’s modulus has strain-rate dependence, and its reduction rate can be calculated by the number of compressive strength to the -1.32 power. Considering this reduction rate for the mechanical impedance value to the third power, 4.3 square is appropriate as an exponent. Correlation coefficient is calculated by liner regression, and the figure shows the difference of correlation coefficient in case of with intercept and no intercept. In case of regression equation with intercept, correlation coefficient becomes higher when the exponent is 1. On the other hand, in case of regression equation with no intercept, correlation coefficient becomes highest when the exponent is 4.4, and the coefficient tends to be lower when the exponent is small. The relationship between Young’s modulus and compressive strength can be formulated as a regression equation with intercept almost 0. Mechanical impedance can be considered as an index value of Young’s modulus, intercept of regression equation should be 0 when the compressive strength is estimated by mechanical impedance value. Therefore,

appropriate exponent will be 4.4, and this value is about equal to the exponent with consideration of reduction rate of Young’s modulus as mentioned in above.

The relationship between compressive strength and spring constant can be calculated by mechanical impedance to the 4.3 power. The relationship between both can be shown in liner, and good correlation coefficient is confirmed. In addition, the range of estimation error is about ±15%.

CONCLUSION Compressive strength of concrete is a destructive strength, and there is no direct relationship between measured values based on Young’s modulus. However, from the viewpoint of non-destructive test, it is ideal to develop an index value which has strong correlation with compressive strength. This study reviewed applicability of mechanical impedance method for the estimation of compressive strength by using concrete test pieces, and followings are confirmed.

References

1. Kubo, H, Kaneda, S, Kubo. G. Gokudan, K, Estimation of Compressive Strength of Concrete by Hammer Blow, Concrete Journal, Japan Concrete Institute, (2006-5), Vol.44, No.5, pp.41-44 2. Kaneda, S, Kubo, H, Kubo, G, Sakai, T, Principle and Error of Mechanical Impedance Method for Estimation of Compressive Strength of Concrete, Japan Society of Civil Engineers 2010 Annual Meeting, V-248, pp.496-497 3. Kaneda, S, Kubo, H, Nakano, Y, Kubo, G, Sakai, T, Estimation of Compressive Strength of High Strength Concrete by Means of Mechanical Impedance Measurement, Japanese Society for Non-destructive Inspection, Proceedings of The 3rd Symposium on Nondestructive Testing Method for Concrete Structure, (2009-8), pp.127-130 4. JIS A 1149, Method of test for static modulus of elasticity of concrete, Japanese Standards Association

Hajime Kubo is the CEO of Nitto Construction. Genki Kubo is the project manager of Nitto Construction. Makoto Okamoto is the coordinator of Nitto Construction.

Adapted from ForConstructionPros.com/ 21232440

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6/10/21 9:14 AM

COVER STORY

»

BY JONATHAN KOZLOWSKI

Gold Medal Concrete: Construction Details of the

TOKYO AQUAT CENTER

Despite COVID postponing the 2020 Summer Olympics to this year, construction of the Tokyo Aquatics Center pushed forward and completed on schedule.

It opened officially this past October.

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ne could consider the swimming events as one of the most popular events of any Summer Olympics—likely ranking high in most "top 5" lists around the internet. It is in these waters, athletes dive in and use every muscle they can to breach the surface to find if they've earned the nickname "GOAT."

After being postponed for a year due to the global pandemic, the worldwide event is scheduled to return for Tokyo, Japan. Where national sports here in the U.S. have already begun, the Olympics will likely be a historic event as the globe slowly returns to a normalcy; stadiums filled with fans able to sit next to each other, sports bars packed with chatter and debate on who which

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ATICS

country will win which events.

COVID vaccines have been rolling out to more of the population.

Additional safety procedures have almost become second nature by now, likely many become habit.

The 2021 Summer Olympics will be a monument to the normalcy we only once dreamt of as January 2020 feels like it was eons ago.

It's common for hosting nations to construct new facilities to house the major sports. In fact, the 2012 London Summer Olympics had 75,000 firms involved in the construction of its various facilities having used almost 230,000 cubic ft. of recycled concrete from other Olympic venues.

Measuring over 323 ft. (200 m) long with a 236,806 sq. ft. (22,000 sq. m.)

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footprint, according to Aug. 2011 news London’s Aquatics Center was the second-largest main venue after the Olympic Stadium. The building formed the 'gateway' to the Games.

Completed in Feb. 2020, the Tokyo Aquatics Center was constructed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG). The building will be a total of five floors, four above ground with

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COVER STORY CONTINUED ©Tokyo Metropolitan Government

©Tokyo Metropolitan Government

one below. It rises to a height of 122 ft.

(37 m) with a total floor area of a staggering 705,000 sq. ft. (or 65,500 sq. m.).

As reported in their Oct. 2020 inauguration announcement, all eight Tokyo 2020 new permanent venues were completed on schedule. Careful consideration went into every detail from the bathrooms to the heating of the pool’s water. Based on the Tokyo 2020 Accessibility Guidelines, the facility’s layout was designed to be accessible to all, including the elderly, people with impairments, parents with

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young children, and those with guide dogs. TMG provided special attention to even the seating, providing everyone a chance to see the action clearly, even if spectators sitting in front of the wheelchair seats stand up. The venue’s solar panels and ground heat exchanger systems to heat the water for the 10-lane pool, significantly reducing the facility’s carbon footprint.

The Center includes the main pool, a sub-pool, and a diving pool and should be able to seat a capacity of 15,000 at Games-time. Until the Games

conclude, TMG has limited access only for sports federations for competition and practice use. Afterward, plans are to open the facility to the public for all to “engage in sports and improve their health and wellbeing.”

CONSTRUCTION The venue features impressive architecture and innovative engineering. Oddly enough, construction began with the 7,000-ton, 33 ft. thick (10 m) roof.

While unconventional, this method ended up shortening the construction period saving the labor of elevating both workers and equipment. Crews hoisted it up to the 121 ft. (37 m) height in three steps supported by four core pillars. Once in position and the lift-up equipment removed, the roof provided the needed safety and improved efficiency for the remaining construction.

Construction was a joint venture comprising of a team of corporations and contractors, including the Obayashi Corporation, Toko Electrical Construction Co. Ltd. , Ergotech Co. Ltd and Tonets Corporation. The building construction was headed by Obayashi Corporation, TEKKEN Corporation. SEIBU Construction Co. Ltd. , and TSUCHIYA Corporation.

Contractors were selected through a hearing of academic experts by seeking proposals related to performance, functions, technology, and comprehensively evaluating the construction cost along with the technical proposals adopted through the Technical Review Committee.

The subcontractors that handled the specialized work included Toko Electrical Construction Co. Ltd., KURIHARA KOGYO Co., Ltd., SHINSEI TECHNOS Co., Ltd. (electric work); Ergotech Co. Ltd., Sakurai Kogyo Co. Ltd., IKEDA Air Conditioning Co. Ltd. (for pumping/sanitary); and the Tonets Corporation, TAISEI ONCHO CO., Ltd. (ventilation).

Selected via proposals, the basic design was done by Yamashita Sekkei Inc. “Yamashita Sekkei Inc. was considered technically appropriate for

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COVER STORY CONTINUED ©Tokyo Metropolaitan Government

EQUIPMENT & JOB SPECS • 122 ft. high • 705,000 sq. ft. floor area • 1,765,700 cubic ft. of concrete placed • 5 to 7 hour average pours • Kyokuto Kaihatsu Kogyo Co.,Ltd., PY120-33 • IHI Corporation, IPG70B5N17W • Putzmeister, BSF28.16H

the operation which requires technicians engaged in the design process to possess applicable knowledge, conceptional ideas, and applied skills,” says TMG. Proposals need to consider four “tasks” required by TMG that included the ability to respond to a potential shortage of materials and/or workforce numbers; have experience and technical capability in the construction of the swimming pool; detailed plans

on safety while being as efficient as possible; and design initiatives towards employing young workers and female technicians.

International swimming pool standards are certified by the rules of Federation Internationale De Nation (FINA), so construction accuracy needed to be a high priority—in fact, acceptable tolerances were to be between 0 to 10 mm. FINA rules regulate the depth and width of all Olympic and world championship swimming pools.

A full list of rules and limitations can be found at fina.org/rules/facility-rules.

To accommodate these strict guidelines, TMG adopted a promising design-build system for reliable construction process management and quality control to rationalize safety design and to improve the efficiency of design through achieving technology from knowledgeable engineers with technological skills in design to construction. TMG had a team mock-up the design during the verification process in advance to secure construction accuracy for swimming pool concrete placing. This consisted of a team no larger than 15 people including designers, constructors, and subcontractors.

According to TMG, approximately 1,765,700 cubic ft. (50,000 m3) of concrete was placed with an average time of five to seven hours per

placement. Construction utilized plywood forming and the Lath form construction method was used in the backfilling and deck construction on the overgrounds.

According to the 2001 patent, the Lath form construction method is defined as: “A sheathing board formed by integrally incorporating a protruded support protruded outside and having a substantially U-shaped cross-section and lath net is used and is incorporated by fixing a lateral batter on an outer face of the protruding end face of the protruded support which is protruded to the outside. A flat deck is disposed on the sheathing board. Concrete is laid with its weight being supported by the protruded support, so that the bracing and the wall as well as the slab are laid simultaneously.”

The Tokyo Aquatics Center was inaugurated in Oct. 2020. As aquatics is one of the most popular sports of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, and the Tokyo Aquatics Center will see performances from some of the most popular athletes of the Games as it hosts Olympic and Paralympic Swimming, Diving, and Artistic Swimming competitions.

Find this article at ForConstructionPros.com/ 21391918.

©Tokyo Metropolitan Government

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PRODUCT FOCUS

A

GRADING, COMPACTION & SITE PREPARATION EQUIPMENT

Kubota’s CC30 Concrete Claw

Kubota's CC30 Concrete Claw is used for digging and removing large sections of concrete floors, driveways, sidewalks and other large slabs.

• Universal quick-attach hitch fits a variety of loaders • High strength T1 steel side panels resist bending forces • Reinforced side panels • Performance matched with Kubota SSV and SVL Series ForConstructionPros.com/21113973

Antraquip’s Rock & Concrete Cutters

These rock and concrete grinders are suitable for trenching, controlled demolition, scaling, soil remediation, tunneling, underwater cutting and general rock excavation.

• Numerous models available for excavators ranging from 2 to 110 tons • Choice of cutter heads styles to suit the application • AQ line equipped with a high-torque, lowspeed hydraulic motor with rugged gearing and symmetrically aligned cutter bit patterns for maximum productivity

Mecalac Updated Its MCR Series Excavators

The updated 6MCR, 8MCR and 10MCR crawler skid excavators provide the swiftness of a skid steer with the rotation of an excavator for versatility and enhanced travel speeds.

• Combine a three-part arm and rotating ability to deliver 360° capability • Arm can be tucked in even with a full bucket for a true zero turn radius • Feature a hydrostatic transmission and drive motors with a dedicated pump to drive the motor • Capable of travel speeds up to 6.2 mph • CONNECT quick-coupler system allows operators to quickly transition between attachments without leaving the cab ForConstructionPros.com/21136452

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Updates to MBW’s AP/GP18 Single Direction Vibratory Plates

MBW's series of vibratory plates, the GP12, GP15 and GP18 are available with or without a water tank. A patented suspension system reduces hand arm vibration and also better isolates all upper mass components, including the engine, from vibrations produced by the machine’s exciter. These plates are perfect for confined areas of granular soils including sands and gravels as well as placing interlocking pavers, bricks and blocks with the optional UHMW paving pad.

The 18 had some recent modifications to the spray bar and added clearance which now allows for a paving pad to be used on the asphalt version. Additional updates also include standard Honda GX160 engine and new side plate handles makes lifting easier.

Weighing 130 lbs. (59 kg) to 184 lbs. (83 kg), these plates are easy to lift and maneuver around the jobsite.

Accompanied by intense vibration, MBW’s 1000 Series vibratory plates are ideally suited for a number of your compaction application needs.

ForConstructionPros.com/21354560

Brokk’s BCP Planer Attachment

The BCP Planer Attachment comes in three models for Brokk remote-controlled demolition machines and is designed for controlled material removal on walls, floors and ceilings for cleaning, renovation and restoration applications.

• 10- and 13-in. drum sizes with maximum cutting depths of 1/4 in. per pass (1/2 in. combined) and automatic leveling in all directions • 360° rotation allows use at any angle including overhead • Selection of cutting drums for different operations with drum replacement taking less than 5 minutes • Fully remote controlled from the Brokk control box ForConstructionPros.com/21173986

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PRODUCT FOCUS Marshalltown’s Vibratory Plate Compactor

This vibratory plate compactor produces over 3,800 lbs. of centrifugal force with a frequency of 5,000 vpm.

• Travels at a speed up to 110 fpm • Single-piece plate and exciter • 23.7 in x 18.9 in plate size • Honda GX160 engine and available 2-gal. water tank • Throttle lever located on the handle • Comes with a folding handle that locks in place and two lower handles for multiple lifting points ForConstructionPros.com/21366843

The ALLU Screener & Crusher Buckets for 10 to 38 Ton Machines

Paving the way for the future of demolition, ALLU's Screener and Crusher Buckets for 10 to 38 Ton machines are designed to be adjustable for 13 different discharge sizes. Place two solutions side by side provides demolition sites with increased capacity, saving the customer five times over, which saves time and money giving you a solution for your business.

The advantage of using both solutions side by side is increased capacity and resumed wear and tear for sites with five times the production rate. First launched in Finland and tried and tested with Nordic countries which are known for harsh environments, when a customer in Finland tested the crusher and screener side by side, it became a game-changer for demolition. A sieve and crusher bucket chain for handling powdered concrete. At this site, 85% percent was screened and also partially crushed through a screener crusher bucket (Allu Transformer DH 3-17 XHD) and only the excess very hard material was crushed with a crusher bucket (Allu Crusher AC 25-37). The company expects this percentage to be higher in less harsh environments.

The demolition phase of the demolition yard site took a total of three weeks. At the time of the visit, approximately 600-700 tons of concrete waste were still untreated. In the next or fourth week, there was still a run-off of crushed concrete for use at the bottom of the forest road. The purpose of the entire process is to recycle concrete waste at ALLU into stone aggregate for reuse, which replaces the need to use virgin aggregate providing environmentally sustainable solutions.

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Multiquip’s Mikasa MVH508GH Reversible Plate Compactor

The MQ Mikasa MVH508GH reversible plate produces 13,489 lbs. of centrifugal force and has a working width of 26 in. using standard extension plates. It is powered by an easy starting Honda GX390 gasoline engine fitted with cyclonic air filtration to withstand harsh work environments. A proven hydraulic drive system ensures smooth directional control and consistent, reliable performance. The wrap-around shroud protects the engine both in the trench and during transport. A swing-open design provides access to key service points for simplified maintenance. The unit can be fitted with the COMPAS system to manage compaction progress.

ForConstructionPros.com/21378223

Mecalac Updated Its 6MCR Skid Excavator & 7MWR Wheeled Excavator

Mecalac designed a new configuration of its innovative two-piece boom with offset for 6MCR skid excavator and 7MWR wheeled excavator models. The boom option allows customers to better tailor equipment for their specific needs.

• An extended boom range, which is now standard configuration for the 6MCR and 7MWR excavators • Boom can be tucked close to the machine with a full bucket • Boom is offset to the side of the cab • An additional offset in the second segment of the boom • Five axles for range of motion, a compact footprint and minimal repositioning • Places the stick cylinder above the boom, rather than underneath, to provide a wider working angle, faster movement and higher penetration force • Attachments, including the loader bucket and pallet fork are still compatible ForConstructionPros.com/21244858

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PRODUT FOCUS

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BY JAMI HARMON

GPR Helps Map Precise Utility Location

Concrete scanning can be vital to jobsite safety and efficiency.

M

any early adopters of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) technology found concrete scanning to be an effective application. Those anchoring, saw cutting or core drilling concrete would hire a contractor to scan the area before cutting to avoid accidentally hitting an object. For this reason, contractors have come around to the notion that concrete scanning is vital to jobsite safety and efficiency. Service companies have also found synergy between concrete scanning and the need to provide utility locating services. Many contractors find GPR to be an important tool that allows them to scale and expand their business while maintaining a high level of service.

NON-DESTRUCTIVE CONCRETE SCANNING Toledo, Ohio-based Ground Penetrating Radar Systems (GPRS) was one of the first companies in the country to focus on concrete scanning using GPR technology. It determined that GPR was preferable to other non-destructive subsurface survey technologies, including x-raying.

While concrete x-raying remains a valid technique to locate reinforcing steel in certain applications, GPRS found it lacked the flexibility to meet the demands of many projects. The method must be done in conditions in which radioactivity can be safely introduced; it also requires access to the underside of the concrete to be scanned and the jobsite to be closed. GPR is used without any radioactive element,

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instead emitting a pulse of energy into the concrete that bounces off any objects in the slab. When some of that energy returns to the antenna, it creates a signature that clearly shows where and at what depth items within the slab are located. GPRS opted for this more versatile technology, which can be used for both elevated concrete slabs and slab-on-grade applications.

GPRS found that GPR equipment helps contractors safely avoid obstacles in concrete, reducing costly delays and potential injuries. For example, during a project to revitalize the upper deck at New York’s Yankee Stadium, the general contractor had to penetrate the concrete floor to work on the ballpark’s protective railings and expected the presence of post-tension cables. If accidentally severed, these high-tension steel strands can snap with enough force to break through the concrete and possibly cause injury.

Due to potential risk and the stadium’s popularity, x-ray was not possible.

The contractor turned to GPRS, which scanned the area with the GSSI StructureScan Mini XT. This compact tool combined with a Palm XT antenna—a handheld miniaturized GPR antenna that provides enhanced access to tightly spaced areas—provided the ability to cross-polarize for an enhanced level of horizontal and vertical positioning accuracy. Since GPR is entirely safe to use around people, no section of the stadium had to be closed off for other workers, avoiding any major work disruption.

“We would never do a concrete job without GPR,” says Jason Schaff, vice president of sales and marketing at GPRS. “You never really know what’s beneath the surface. GPR lets us provide quantitative data and relevant information to our customers so that they’re able to do their jobs more safely.”

DIVERSIFYING THE BUSINESS In recent years, GPRS has moved into using GPR for utility location. Utility projects range from mapping out an entire facility’s utility plan and providing a detailed AutoCAD file, to examining a small area before installing even a single light pole.

GPR has become an integral part of the utility locator’s toolbox. Rodders are used to send traceable lines through pipes to then put a tone on the tracer to assist location. A radio detection tool actively locates pipes under the surface, putting a tone on a tracer and tracing metallic pipes. Magnetometers measure magnetic fields and provide a useful backup to confirm the location of a cleanout. Other electromagnetic induction equipment serves a similar purpose. GPRS also uses closed-circuit video (CCTV) robots that navigate pipes internally to produce an inside-out visual pipe inspection.

GPR can determine the location of a PVC pipe that does not have a tracer wire, which would have evaded radiodetection or discovery by an electromagnetic tool. According to Schaff, “GPR technology really allows us to hone in, be more precise and sets us apart from other service companies that don’t have it.”

GPR’s visualization allows GPRS to create drawings with locations and depths of obstacles. Overlaid on Google Earth maps, these detailed references can provide the capability to quickly and safely expedite excavation and construction.

Jami Harmon is the marketing operations manager for Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc (GSSI).

Excerpt from ForConstructionPros.com/ 21196864.

www.ForConstructionPros.com/Concrete

6/10/21 10:20 AM

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DECORATIVE CONCRETE

»

BY JEFF HERSHBERGER

Know Your Concrete Coating Types & Pick the Right Coating for the Job With new concrete coatings constantly being developed, keeping track of coatings like epoxy, polyaspartic, polyurethane or polyurea can be confusing. Let’s scratch the surface and clear up that confusion.

W

hy so by continuously many developing new options? technologies to meet Why can’t we have Deco-Crete Supply the requests of installone coating to serve all our needs? Things are not ers. With all the options quite that easy. available, things can get a bit conOne of the challenges for a concrete fusing, and keeping track of coatings coating contractor is the wide variety of like epoxy, polyaspartic, polyurethane situations that you might find yourself or polyurea can be hard enough on its in from day to day. Metallic epoxy, own. Then, you have all the different broadcast floors, high-build flooring, variants of each specific coating—most one-day garage floors, or a grind-dyemanufactures will offer three or four coat system could all require different formulations of just polyaspartic alone. coatings to get the job done. Some jobs might even require multiple types of HIGH-BUILD FLOORING coatings on the same floor. This may SYSTEMS seem overwhelming at first, but as you Thickness is the star of the show for start to understand the characteristics high-build flooring systems. Whether of each coating things will make more the floor needs some additional sense. This article will scratch the leveling, or if the situation calls for an surface on a few of the scenarios you extreme wear layer to handle heavy might encounter and what type of industrial use. First off, it’s important to coating could help solve the problem. understand the scope of the term “highThe popularity of concrete coatings build” in the world of concrete coatings. has been on the rise for the last decade My first five years of involvement in or so, and the industry has responded the decorative concrete industry were

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Spreading out a fast setting coating.

Garage floors in the 500- to 1,000-sq ft. are perfect for this type of concrete coatings.

Deco-Crete Supply

pretty exclusive to stamped concrete.

We measured things with a tape measure and "1/4 in." was a really small measurement.

After getting into concrete coatings, however, I started to realize that things are measured in Mils not inches and that 1/4 in. would equal 250 mils (an incredibly thick coating). Most of the coatings systems that I have dealt with are applied anywhere between 6-30 mils. We would consider anything over 15 mils a high-build coating. Not all concrete coatings will be suitable to build up that thick in one coat.

Polyaspartic, for example, should never exceed 8 mils per coat.

The coating of choice in most highbuild situations will be 100% solids epoxy. This stuff has been around for a long time and is still one of the most

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6/10/21 10:33 AM

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DECORATIVE CONCRETE CONTINUED Deco-Crete Supply

used concrete coatings on the market.

You will definitely find a wide range of formulations that will affect flowability, pot life, UV stability, and cure time.

100% solid epoxies are the go-to for The other thing that polyaspartic coatings, as well as some urethanes, will do is resist hot tire lift. This can be a big selling point for garage floors.

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FAST SETTING SYSTEMS Speed is everything with fast setting types of coatings. This will allow the installer to complete jobs in a single day, saving on labor and transportation costs. A go-to coating for one-day jobs is polyaspartic. This type of coating should be tack-free and ready to recoat in 1-4 hours depending on the formulation and temperature.

The biggest challenge with a fastmoving coating like this will be usability.

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least for the first few jobs. Garage floors in the 500- to 1,000-sq. ft. are perfect for fast setting coatings. Smaller jobs can be completed all in one day. Bigger jobs may require a day of prep work, and one day to apply the coating. In our experience, broadcasting some sort of media into the coating will yield the best results.

Vinyl paint chips are most common, but there are a wide variety of other options available. This would consist of a two to three coat system depending on the solids content of the polyaspartic.

of the topcoat is important for the obvious reason of this being the final wear layer. 100% solid epoxies give you a ton of freedom when it comes to things like high-builds, flowability, and extended working time on the floor. What they are not that great at, however, is abrasion and chemical resistance. Generally, polyurethanes

and polyaspartics are the better choices for this coat as most of them are incredibly resistant to chemicals, abrasion, and UV rays. Make sure to check the specs on whatever urethane you might be considering, but there are some great options out there that will be comparable to or possibly even more durable than polyaspartic.

Topcoats This coat will be the final product— some might refer to this as the "money coat." It’s the coat that makes the job look like a million bucks, but this also means the job is done and it’s time to get paid. There are two main things to consider here, aesthetics and durability. No matter what coating you may have used to create a high-build, broadcast into, or even that one of kind metallic epoxy floor will all need some sort of topcoat. The durability Broadcasting some sort of media into the coating should yield great results. Vinyl paint chips are most common, but there are a wide variety of other options available.

Deco-Crete Supply

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DECORATIVE CONCRETE CONTINUED

Metallic epoxy on the floor Cavs team shop. For this type of coating, the smoother the surface is, the harder it will be to hide flaws in the topcoat.

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Deco-Crete Supply

The other thing that polyaspartics as well as some urethanes will do is resist hot tire lift. This can be a big selling point for garage floors.

Which one you should use will depend on a few things. First: speed. If you need this topcoat to be ready for use the next day, look into polyaspartic as an option; most urethanes will require at least 48 hours of cure time before full use. The next thing would be ease of application. If you are top coating that one-day broadcast floor, things should be pretty easy to manage due to all the texture that will deflect light and help hide roller marks or other imperfections.

Metallic floors or any other glassy surface will be a different story. The smoother the surface is, the harder it will be to hide flaws in the topcoat. Urethanes by nature will have more flow and working time than polyaspartics. This gives the installer more time to back roll as well as providing some self-leveling properties

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on its own. Moisture cure urethanes can also be a great option for topcoats. These urethanes are single-component and do not require mixing.

LOW ODOR SYSTEMS In the past, low odor meant water-based (WB). While there are some great uses for WB coatings, you will lose a lot of freedom if you have to use WB products exclusively. Fortunately, things have come a long way in the past few years.

There are now a variety of solventbased options that will still give the look and performance you are used to, without all the harsh odors. This can be crucial for jobs that have low odor requirements.

Beyond that, low odor products are a great way to make your job sites more friendly to employees and the end-user. I am truly amazed by the performance of some of the low odor polyaspartics and urethanes that have been developed in the last three or four years.

Hopefully, this was helpful in your quest to create the highest-end decorative concrete possible. There is certainly a lot more to this and to say that we are just scratching the surface here would be an understatement. The best advice we can give is to never stop learning. As technology continues to progress in the concrete coatings industry, it’s important that installers keep up with the changes—just because something wasn’t possible five years ago, doesn’t mean it can’t be done today.

Jeff Hershberger is a training and store expansion lead for Deco-Crete Supply.

Please don’t hesitate to reach out if you have any questions on concrete coatings or anything else that might pertain to decorative concrete.

Find this article at ForConstructionPros.com/ 21415687.

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DECORATIVE CONCRETE

5

»

E

BY JENNIFER CRISMAN

G

Tips for Applying Epoxy Coatings in Cooler Temperatures

W

hen epoxy resin and hardener are mixed together, a chemical reaction begins.

The temperature of the surroundings, concrete, and epoxy mixture will affect the rate or speed of reaction, as well as the degree of cure. Warmer temperatures will accelerate this reaction, while colder temperatures slow it down.

1. WARM THE RESIN & HARDENER BEFORE USE To ensure a proper chemical reaction and promote optimal curing, warm the resin and hardener with heat lamps or keep them in a heated environment before use. If the epoxy is being used outdoors, a small, portable epoxy storage box can be built out of rigid sheets of foil-backed insulation, with a light bulb or an electric heating pad inside to maintain a temperature of 70-90° F. This will keep the warm resin and hardener near the work area and prevent the material from cooling off before it can be mixed and applied.

Keep the area heated during the epoxy’s full cure time. If the manufacturer’s literature says that the epoxy cure time is eight hours, assume that means eight hours at 70° F. If the substrate and environment temperature are lower, the cure time will be longer. As a general rule of thumb, for every 18° F drop in temperature below 70° F, the cure time doubles. Note: Unless specially formulated, most epoxies will never fully cure at below 50° F. Refer to the epoxy coating’s literature or contact the manufacturer for minimum recommendations. Then, ensure the coating environment stays at or above that temperature during application and for the entire curing period.

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2. ENSURE PROPER MIX RATIO It’s important to ensure that the resin and hardener are used in the proper mix ratio. Mixing off ratio can seriously compromise the epoxy’s ability to cure properly and achieve ultimate strength.

The best practice is to mix the full kit of epoxy and to not attempt to break it down and mix smaller volumes.

The proper mix ratio depends on the product—another reason to carefully read the instructions. Many have a mix ratio of 1:1. However, mix ratios of 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1 are also common.

In some cases, the defects caused by off-ratio mixing are visually evident during application. The most apparent evidence is it not curing or reacting too quickly, causing cracks in the coating.

Other times, off-ratio mixes may have non-visual defects pertaining to the coating’s flexibility, chemical resistance, water-resistance, and hardness.

For example, the coating could appear to be fine at first but could be easily scratched, discolor upon exposure to water or chemicals, or delaminate.

3. MIX RESIN & HARDENER THOROUGHLY The resin and hardener should be mixed together thoroughly and pre-mix parts A and B before combining. Then, mix them for approximately two minutes, minimum, with a slow speed drill and paddle mixer. Never mix by hand!

Scrape the sides and bottom during mixing. A smaller volume mixing vessel will improve the chemical activity because the limited surface area should hold heat better. For example, mix a two-gallon unit of epoxy in a threegallon container.

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4. KEEP THE SURFACE & ENVIRONMENT WARM When applied to a warmer surface, the epoxy will thin out and flow much smoother and penetrate better, which will result in a stronger bond. If outside, construct curing tents around the area and use portable heaters or heat lamps.

Note: Never use unvented open-flame heat sources, such as salamanders or catalytic heaters. The exhaust gases for these types of heaters can contaminate the surface, elevate moisture, and CO2 levels caused by the exhaust will affect the cure and ultimately lead to coating failure. Catalytic heaters do not appear to pose a problem unless used in a confined space, such as a curing tent or box.

5. CAREFULLY PREPARE SURFACE BEFORE RE-APPLICATION A slower cure can allow an amine blush to form on the epoxy surface. The blush feels like a waxy film on the surface of the cured epoxy. If a second coat is necessary, before doing so, immediately wash the surface with warm water using a 3-M Scotchbrite pad. Before the water evaporates, dry the surface with clean, lint-free towels and sand any remaining glossy areas with medium-grit sandpaper. Remove all sanding residue before reapplication.

It's indu

Many p

RE

Jennifer Crisman is director of marketing services at Euclid Chemical.

Adapted from ForConstructionPros.com/21307492.

www.ForConstructionPros.com/Concrete

6/10/21 10:47 AM

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SPECIFICATION GUIDE: CONCRETE SAWS

CONCRETE SAWS The technical information you need to pick the right saw for the job at hand DOWNLOAD THIS GUIDE: ForConstructionPros.com/21485483

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Engine Make & Model

Generated Power

M18 FUEL™ 9” Cut-Off Saw w/ ONE-KEY™ (Model #2786-22HD)

3/4 in.

9 in.

n/a

Wet

None

n/a

n/a

2. THE MX FUEL 14-IN. CUT-OFF SAW Milwaukee Tool’s MX FUEL™ 14” Cut-Off Saw features a full 14” blade capacity, the fastest cuts from start to finish and no gas headaches, allowing users to work safer and be more productive. With a push button activation this saw starts in seconds, getting up and running faster than ever before by eliminating the strain and repetitive motions of pull starts. With up to 50% less noise and reduced vibration, this saw works with MX FUEL™ Battery Packs eliminating emission concerns and is safe to use both indoors and outdoors.

ForConstructionPros.com/21131552 Model

Max Depth of Cut

Max Blade Size

Blade Lowering Device

Wet or Dry Cut

Onboard Dust Collector

Engine Make & Model

Generated Power

MX FUEL 14” Cut-Off Saw (Model MXF314-2XC)

5 in.

14 in.

n/a

Both

None

n/a

n/a

9 3, 4, & 5. THE SKID STEER SAW BY CUTS INC. The skid steer saw has answered the contractors long held need for an affordable alternative to the walk behind saw. One of the many advantages is unmatched mobility! Now you can go anywhere. It’s lighter, leaner, and requires very little maintenance as compared to conventional equipment requiring a smooth surface to operate. Avoid back strain, operator fatigue, and silica exposure while working from a climate-controlled cab with the new SS series of concrete saws by Cuts Inc. ForConstructionPros.com/21106431 Model

Max Depth of Cut

Max Blade Size

Blade Lowering Device

Wet or Dry Cut

Onboard Dust Collector

Engine Make & Model

Generated Power

SS2600, SS3600, and SS4200

10 in. (SS2600), 15 in.

(SS3600), 18 in. (SS4200)

42 in.

Hydraulic, powered by hi-flow skid skteer aux

Wet

None

Hydraulic, powered by skid steer

n/a

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6. THE NORTON CLIPPER C914P COMPACT PUSH SAW With extreme reliability, portability, and strong performance, the full featured Norton Clipper C914P walk-behind saw is redefining the compact concrete saw class. The powerful Honda 9 HP engine, 14-in. maximum blade capacity, and the strongest chassis in class make for the fastest and straightest cuts every time. Designed for easy transportation, simple operation, and low maintenance, the C914P is the right choice for contractors and rental. The C914P is equally at home cutting concrete, sidewalks, asphalt, or decorative concrete making it the perfect saw for any job.

ForConstructionPros.com/21403883 Model

Max Depth of Cut

Max Blade Size

Blade Lowering Device

Wet or Dry Cut

Onboard Dust Collector

Engine Make & Model

Generated Power

Norton Clipper C914P Compact Push Saw

4.3 in.

14 in.

Mechanical

Both

None

Honda

9 HP (270 cc)

7. THE NORTON CLIPPER C1318P SMALL PUSH SAW The next generation of 13 HP saws. The C1318P features shock-absorbing handle bars. The sleek design of the water tank, with increased capacity and improved securing, adds an additional 6.5 gallons of water over the cut. Its belt tensioning system helps keep the saw cutting tried and true.

All these features, coupled with the Honda 13 HP engine, makes the C1318P the premiere choice for rental and service work.

ForConstructionPros.com/10169032 Model

Max Depth of Cut

Max Blade Size

Blade Lowering Device

Wet or Dry Cut

Onboard Dust Collector

Engine Make & Model

Generated Power

Norton Clipper C1318P Small Push Saw

6 5/8 in.

18 in.

Mechanical

Both

None

Honda GX390

13 HP (390 cc)

8. THE NORTON CLIPPER CP500 CUT-OFF SAW The CP500 high-speed cut-off saw is destined to be an asset on any jobsite.

It’s fully designed with the user in mind to not only cut a smooth, fast track, but it’s also fully equipped to handle the everyday performance of any jobsite with unrelenting durability and reliability.

g

ForConstructionPros.com/10941715 Model

Max Depth of Cut

Max Blade Size

Blade Lowering Device

Wet or Dry Cut

Onboard Dust Collector

Engine Make & Model

Generated Power

Norton Clipper CP514-350 High-Speed Cut-off Saw

5 in.

14 in.

Mechanical

Both

None

Norton Clipper

5.4 HP (80 cc)

9. SKIL’S 7 IN. WORM DRIVE SKILSAW FOR CONCRETE When there’s concrete to conquer, the Concrete Worm Drive makes the job a whole lot easier. It’s the world’s first fully integrated saw designed specifically for scoring and cutting concrete accurately. This features SKIL’s worm drive power, plus a unique Cut-ReadyTM adjustable plunge lock and pivoting pointer for unmatched precision and convenience. Armed with Worm Drive gearing, you’ll power through the toughest concrete jobs.

ForConstructionPros.com/12293671

Model

Max Depth of Cut

Max Blade Size

Blade Lowering Device

Wet or Dry Cut

Onboard Dust Collector

Engine Make & Model

Generated Power

SPT790-00 7-in. Worm Drive SKILSAW for Concrete

2 in.

7 in.

Mechanical

Both

Yes

Dual-Field ™ Electric Motor

15 Amps

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SPECIFICATION GUIDE: CONCRETE SAWS 10. SKIL’S 7 IN. WALK BEHIND WORM DRIVE SKILSAW FOR CONCRETE Stand up to big jobs with the only worm drive walk behind concrete saw. Cutting long control joints is simple with the new integrated handle that adjusts to your height and folds easily for transport and storage. SKIL’s worm drive power and a pivoting pointer deliver unmatched precision and convenience. Armed with the Worm Drive gearing, you’ll power through the toughest concrete jobs standing up.

ForConstructionPros.com/20986024 Model

Max Depth of Cut

Max Blade Size

Blade Lowering Device

Wet or Dry Cut

Onboard Dust Collector

Engine Make & Model

Generated Power

SPT79A-10 7 in. Walk Behind Worm Drive SKILSAW

2 in.

7 in.

Mechanical

Both

Yes

Dual-Field™ Electric Motor

15 Amps

11. THE TS 440 STIHL CUTQUIK® CUT-OFF MACHINE Versatile enough for general construction applications, and a powerful choice for limited access cuts, the TS 440 STIHL Cutquik® cut-off machine represents the latest in professional cutting solutions from STIHL. The TS 440 gives professionals a product suited for challenging cuts such as bottom portions of walls, cutting in corners, and cutting the underside of in-ground pipes made of concrete, ductile iron, vitrified clay and steel, and similar situations where traditional cut-off machine guard positions limit cutting access. The expanded guard adjustability is made possible by the world-first sensor-activated STIHL QuickstopTM wheel brake technology capable of stopping the rotation of the cutting wheel in fractions of a second if kickback occurs.

ForConstructionPros.com/20989295 Model

Max Depth of Cut

Max Blade Size

Blade Lowering Device

Wet or Dry Cut

Onboard Dust Collector

Engine Make & Model

Generated Power

STIHL TS 440

4.9 in.

14 in.

n/a

Wet

None

3.2 kW 4.07 cu. in.

66.7 cc

12. THE TS 500I CUTQUIK® CUT-OFF MACHINE Lightweight, powerful and fuel-injected, the STIHL TS 500i cut-off machine is designed for superior balance and handling during your toughest jobs. And just like a powerful sports car, you will be impressed with the amazing acceleration of this machine, getting you back to speed faster than you thought possible. The STIHL TS 500i also features a high-efficiency engine with low exhaust emissions and optimal torque throughout its RPM range. Its Electronic Water Control allows for easy water flow adjustment while cutting and its X2 air filtration system maintains an incredible 99.96% cleaning efficiency.

ForConstructionPros.com/10634352 Model

Max Depth of Cut

Max Blade Size

Blade Lowering Device

Wet or Dry Cut

Onboard Dust Collector

Engine Make & Model

Generated Power

STIHL TS 500i

4.9 in.

14 in.

n/a

Wet

None

3.9 kW 4.41 cu. in.

72.2 cc

13. THE TSA 230 STIHL CUTQUIK® CUT-OFF MACHINE STIHL’s battery-powered TSA 230 STIHL Cutquik® cut-off machine starts with ease and changes the game for the jobsite, delivering maneuverability and solid cutting performance in a lightweight, compact package. With zero-exhaust emissions, the TSA 230 enables indoor cutting in enclosed spaces and other jobsites where users are not permitted to use traditional gasoline-powered cut-off machines. Wet cutting is made easier with onboard water connection and control which suppresses dust.

ForConstructionPros.com/12023325 Model

Max Depth of Cut

Max Blade Size

Blade Lowering Device

Wet or Dry Cut

Onboard Dust Collector

Engine Make & Model

Generated Power

STIHL TSA 230

2.75 in.

9 in.

n/a

Wet

None

36-volt Lithium-ion Battery

n/a

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14. THE EDCO DS-20 DOWNCUT WALK-BEHIND SAW Everything you love about the DS-18 with MORE blade capacity and MORE versatility. Featureing a 20-in. blade capacity, new and improved throttle cable, dual arbor cutting abilities, 7-gauge steel frame and under-carriage and a heavy-duty, anti-vibration engine mount. Available in electric and gasoline models.

ForConstructionPros.com/21111934 Model

Max Depth of Cut

Max Blade Size

Blade Lowering Device

Wet or Dry Cut

Onboard Dust Collector

Engine Make & Model

Generated Power

DS-20

7 3/4 in.

20 in.

Mechanical (via turn crank)

Wet

None

Honda GX390

13 HP (gas), 7.5 HP, 230 V (electric)

15. EDCO’S 14 IN. COMPACT SAW EDCOs 14 in. Compact Downcut Saw, specifically designed collapible handlebar for easy storage under shelving. With its heavy-duty box frame construction, thick steel blade guard for added safety, this saw is built to last! EDCO’s existing and proven saw features condensed into a 3-ft. by 1.5-ft. footprint.

ForConstructionPros.com/12130245 Model

Max Depth of Cut

Max Blade Size

Lowering Device

Wet or Dry Cut

Onboard Dust Collector

Engine Make & Model

Generated Power

KL-14

4 3/4 in.

14 in.

Mechanical (via hand wheel)

Wet

None

Honda GX200

7 HP

16. THE JS-160 PROPANE-POWERED JOINT CLEAN-OUT SAW The U.S. SAWS JS-160 is designed to clean out pre-cut control joints before filling or remove old deteriorated joint fill material that needs to be replaced. The machine uses a 10-in. blade and rotates in an “upcut” direction to allow dust collection when used with a vacuum and will reach a 3-in. max depth. This saw is ideal for large warehouse/big box projects where gasoline power is not permitted.

ForConstructionPros.com/21403944 Model

Max Depth of Cut

Max Blade Size

Blade Lowering Device

Wet or Dry Cut

Onboard Dust Collector

Engine Make & Model

Generated Power

JS-160 Propane-Powered Joint Clean-out Saw

3 in.

10 in.

Mechanical

Dry

External

Briggs & Stratton Vanguard V-Twin

16 HP (479 cc)

17. THE FSB-150H HYDRAULIC WALK BEHIND SAW The U.S. SAWS FSB 150H Hydraulic Walk Behind Saw is perfect for concrete and asphalt cutting applications such as street repair and utility work. The heavy-duty frame design reduces vibration for a fast, accurate cutting. The compact size makes transportation easy because the tool has no exhaust fumes. It is ideal for use with interior applications, trench cutting, and restoration.

ForConstructionPros.com/21403900 Model

Max Depth of Cut

Max Blade Size

Blade Lowering Device

Wet or Dry Cut

Onboard Dust Collector

Engine Make & Model

Generated Power

FSB-150H Hydraulic Walk Behind Saw

7.5 in.

20 in.

Mechanical

Wet

None

Hydraulic

12 GPM / 2,500 PSI

18. THE MARK-III JOINT CLEAN-OUT SAW The U.S. SAWS Mark-III is a high-performance, highprecision saw designed to clean out control joints, remove the old joint filler, and make straight, accurate cuts in concrete. A specially designed blade guard allows the operator to see the blade yet still covers most of it for excellent dust control and high accuracy.

The handle and frame are designed for more stability and adjustable height that rotates to get closer to walls or racks. Blade depth is fully adjustable and has a depth lock to prevent over-cutting.

ForConstructionPros.com/21403951 Model

Max Depth of Cut

Max Blade Size

Blade Lowering Device

Wet or Dry Cut

Onboard Dust Collector

Engine Make & Model

Generated Power

Mark-III Joint Clean-out Saw

2 in.

8 in.

Mechanical

Dry

Yes

Metabo 24-230 120V Electric

15 Amps

www.ForConstructionPros.com/Concrete

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SPECIFICATION GUIDE: CONCRETE SAWS 22

19 & 20

21

23

ForConstructionPros.com/ 10629774

ForConstructionPros.com/ 10081345

ForConstructionPros.com/ 10080564

ForConstructionPros.com/ 21403935

Model

Max Depth of Cut

Max Blade Size

Blade Lowering Device

Wet or Dry Cut

Onboard Dust Collector

Engine Make & Model

Generated Power

19 Atlas Copco’s LS 14

5.2 in.

14 in.

Hydraulic

Both

None

Hydraulic

9 HP, (2,500-4,000 RPM)

20 Atlas Copco’s LS 16

6.3 in.

16 in.

Hydraulic

Both

None

Hydraulic

12 HP, (2,000-4,000 RPM)

21 General Equipment Company’s CS8GH CrakChaser™ Random Crack Saw

1 1/2 in.

8 in. nominal diameter segmented blades in 1/4, 3/4 and 1/2 in. widths

Mechanical

Both

None

Honda GXV390

13 HP

22 Chicago Pneumatic’s CP Hydraulic Saw 14

5 in. (handheld), 4 in. (mounted)

14 in.

Mechanical

Both (Wet requires optional water kit)

None

Hydraulic

5-8 GPM, 9 HP

23 Chicago Pneumatic’s CP Hydraulic Saw 16

6 in. (handheld), 5 in. (mounted)

16 in.

Mechanical

Both (Wet requires optional water kit)

None

Hydraulic

5-8 GPM, 12 HP

Introducing

Concrete Hose and Accessories

Find out more at

conqueror.kuriyama.com

SafeBasementInc.com

847-755-0360 • sales@kuriyama.com • kuriyama.com

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BY JONATHAN KOZLOWSKI

«

SPECIFICATION GUIDES

Built Right to Cut Right An innovation in concrete sawing puts the blade on your skid steer, enhancing mobility and worker safety.

S

itting feet away from the Tennessee River, the Kuwahee Wastewater Treatment Plant in Knoxville, Tenn., needed renovation. About 146 four foot squares and 45 36-in. dia holes for 191 micro piles were required—each needing cutting and drilling into a 15-in. thick slab reinforced with 1.25-in rebar.

A seemingly straightforward job until you consider the persistent water that seeped back into the area through every cut, every hole. Working approximately 30 ft. below water level, cutting the concrete meant working in standing muddy

water. Not only did the job require a large enough blade but it also required a solution to keep workers up and out of the water. Cuts Inc. was hired to utilize its Skid Steer Saw. Matt Hephner, president and senior estimator of Cuts Inc., runs the company with his son Matthew, the vice president.

Along with providing demolition and cutting services, they also sell the Skid Steer Saw, a skid steer-mounted hydraulically-powered diamond saw. Each attachment is assembled by hand; by the Hephners at first, but today it’s done by a single individual from Lake Air Products in Appleton, Wisc. Each Skid Steer Saw is made of 0.25-in. 836 steel with a hidden tubular subframe. Two lockable maintenance covers protect standard hydraulic SAE connections and the

www.ForConstructionPros.com/Concrete

CONC0621_46-51_SpecGuidesREV.indd 51

hydraulic manifold. Custom-length 0.5in. 5,000- and 6,000-psi hydraulic hoses are cut special to attach to your skid steer to be as plug-and-play as possible. (A wiring adapter may be required.)

The skid steer’s mobility and safety were key factors in the Kuwahee job.

“They had three big trailer-sized pumps trying to pump the water out at the same time,” explains Matthew Hephner. “If any one of those went down, we had to pretty much evacuate the area."

Despite any setbacks, the Hephner's crew averaged to about 12 squares a day (ranging from six to 20).

Excerpt from ForConstructionPros.com/ 21378347.

JUNE/JULY 2021

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Idea File

Let Tekla Structures Help You Avoid Hidden Dangers Sometimes the scariest hazards for a concrete contractor are the unseen dangers to your bottom line like inaccurate estimates. A lack of confidence in your estimates can lead to non-competitive bids or worst, a winning bid that doesn’t result in achieving your target margin.

Visit www.tek.la/ hiddendangers to learn how Tekla Structures can help.

EXPERTS LIKE TOMMY RUTTURA TRUST MAGNI ROTATING TELEHANDLERS Tommy Ruttura didn’t build a $200 million/year concrete operation by staying with the status quo.

Tommy trusts innovation - and for good reason.

It grows his profits.

That’s why Tommy has 15 Magni Rotating Telehandlers in his fleet. Why? It makes him more money. How? The Magni: • Gets projects done up to 50% faster than the competition • Does the work of three machines (telehandler, aerial work platform, crane) • Makes his jobs much safer • Can lift higher (up to 167 ft.) and heavier (Up to 28,600 lbs.)

Discover how Magni makes Tommy more money by visiting magnith.com or by calling 866-373-9673

52 CONCRETE CONTRACTOR

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Idea File

The Hum-B Edge Grinder can cover more square footage in less time, with less effort while focusing on comfort.

The ergonomic design allows the user to work standing upright. Getting them up off their knees reducing fatigue, backaches, and job site injuries.

The Hum-B Edge Grinder is ideal for concrete, terrazzo, stone, and removing paint, thin-set, adhesives, VCT, mastic and epoxy.

Pulse-Bac Hum-B is the only edge grinder with the patented Dust Grabber™ shroud. This shroud allows the grinder to float across the surface like a puck on ice, eliminating suction lock and capturing 99% of airborne dust.

DUST GRABBER SHROUD™ Patented Anti-Suction Lock Technology

www.pulsebac.com/edge-grinders • 844-223-0584

CURBING CO2 AT THE SOURCE GCP Applied Technologies brings together technical expertise, advanced chemistry, and technology to help concrete producers achieve greater strength, sustainability, and savings. Our goal is to help concrete customers achieve net zero emissions. This starts with materials management and extends through the entire concrete life cycle - through concrete production, delivery, placement, and finishing. GCP solutions reduce CO2 at the source, as cement and concrete is being produced, with a comprehensive suite of sustainability innovations.

GCPAT.COM www.ForConstructionPros.com/Concrete

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Idea File

Verify ACI Certification The American Concrete Institute’s Certification Verify app allows users to quickly and easily verify the status of ACI-certified individuals through three search options: (1) verify an individual’s certification ID number, (2) search by an individual’s name, and (3) find the total number of ACI-certified individuals in an area.

Accessible through a phone or tablet, the app is the perfect tool to use on the jobsite to verify the status of people working on a project. Using the same functionality of the popular concrete.org/verify webbased verification tool, the ACI Certification Verify app helps the entire verification process become more seamless so jobs can keep moving forward.

Download now in the App Store and Google Play.

Learn more about ACI Certification at whyACIcertification.org.

EXTENDED WORK TIME. SUPERIOR SET TIME. PRO-GRADE PERFORMANCE. ACCELERATED CONCRETE MIX MEZCLA DE CONCRETO ACELERADA

ALL-PURPOSE CONCRETE MIX MEZCLA DE CEMENTO MULTIUSO

ACCELERATED CONCRETE MIX MEZCLA DE CONCRETO ACELERADA

Repairs and construction over 2” thick.

Repairs from 4” thick down to feather edge.

For structural repairs up to 6” thick.

• • •

• •

•

Deep repairs Form work Footings

•

Uneven slabs Vertical or horizontal spalling High-load floors

• •

Horizontal, vertical, or overhead Can be shaped or sculpted Full or partial depth repairs

INDUSTRIAL-STRENGTH REPAIR PRODUCTS WITH WALK-ON TIMES UNDER 60 MINUTES.

TACKLE YOUR MOST DEMANDING REPAIRS WITH CONFIDENCE. PRO-MIX IS THE PRO-SPEED, PRO-STRENGTH SOLUTION YOU’VE BEEN LOOKING FOR, ENGINEERED WITH SUPERIOR WORKABILITY TO GIVE YOU PRO-GRADE RESULTS ON EVERY JOB.

LEARN MORE AT SAKRETEPROMIX.COM

54 CONCRETE CONTRACTOR

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Idea File

OUR KIND OF PLAYGROUND

the most effective

floor maintenance system TWINTIER® technology offers ironworkers a battery-powered solution to easily form snap ties and reduce cases of musculoskeletal injuries from the repetitive motion of hand-tying rebar. Form up to 4,000 ties on a battery charge. Use the exact amount of wire need for each tie.

Save time. Save money.

WWW.MAXUSACORP.COM

for all your floor care needs

Intelligent Demolition Power Brokk Inc. | 1-360-794-1277 info@brokkinc.com | www.brokk.com

MINNICH’S VERSATILE INNOVATIONS HELP MEET TODAY’S CONCRETE PLACEMENT CHALLENGES Minnich Manufacturing, the leading manufacturer of concrete dowel pin drills, concrete vibrators and vibrator monitoring systems, is dedicated to helping concrete contractors maximize ef cienc .

Minnich’s Stinger and Controlled Speed Vibrator (CSV) are just two examples of how the company’s concrete innovations serve c stomers. he ight et r gge tinger e ectric e shaft concrete vi rator is a . - o n o e-ins ate niversa motor that can drive the full line of Minnich vibrator shafts and heads from inch to inches.

The CSV enables contractors to communicate using their cell phone’s Bluetooth to select set speeds of vibrations per minute in coor ination with the concrete s m eing o re .

Minnich will continue to bring products to the industry that s ort the n ings of concrete research faci ities across the co ntr .

For more information, visit www.minnich-mfg.com

www.ForConstructionPros.com/Concrete

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Idea File Damage Control: Surface Protection Shouldn't Be An Afterthought

MUD DOG CB-1600

CONCRETE BUGGY

NEED TO GET A CONCRETE REPAIR PROJECT DONE FAST? BUILT FOR CONCRETE CONTRACTORS RELIABLE•SAFE•EASY TO OPERATE

sales@tamarack-ind.com

800-661-0304

A Hydrodemolition robot can complete the job 25x faster than jackhammers.

Machinery, foot traffic, materials, equipment, scaffolding, mold, welding sparks, and fluid leaks/spills can cause significant - and extremely costly - damage to concrete and other finished surfaces.

Traditional protection products such as paper, cardboard, and plastic can also create hazards for workers since they slide underfoot and have gaps and ridges.

Skudo provides several impact-resistant adhering mats (including the Commmercial System) and films that can be peeled off, as well as heavy duty synthetic boards (SkudoBoard) as an alternative to the flimsy, less effective options that are typically used on commercial construction sites.

Plan ahead to protect it right the first time.

Visit Skudo Online www.skudousa.com for more details

Distributed by:

Brokk Inc. | 1-360-794-1277 info@brokkinc.com | www.brokk.com

TITEN TURBO™ CONCRETE AND MASONRY SCREW ANCHOR The new time-saving Titen Turbo from Simpson Strong-Tie features a pointed tip and serrated leading threads that provide easier, faster installation when anchoring through wood into concrete.

Its innovative torque-reduction channel drastically reduces installation issues like binding or snapping — without compromising strength.

WWW.STRONGTIE.COM

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ge

e

al as

n

e.

Idea File

INDEX American Concrete Institute ................................. 54, 60 Blastcrete Equipment Co ............................................ 29 Brokk Inc. .................................................... 13, 21, 55, 56 Curb Roller Mfg. LLC ............................................. 35, 57 eBay ........................................................................ 11, 39 EDCO Equipment Development Co. ........................ 34 Freud America Diablo ............................................. 9, 51

TRAFFIC COATING MEMBRANE

PECORA-DECK HB1000 FAST CURING, LOW-ODOR, INDUSTRIAL GRADE POLYURETHANE COATING

PROTECT YOUR INVESTMENT

GCP Applied Technologies .................................. 15, 53 Josam............................................................................ 20

SUN

WATER

SNOW/ICE

CHEMICALS

Kuriyama of America, Inc. ........................................... 50 Magni America LLC ............................................... 25, 52 Max USA Corp ....................................................... 18, 55 Milwaukee Electric Tool Company ............................. 59 Minnich Manufacturing ......................................... 17, 55 Northeast CAT Dealers*.............................................. 33 Pecora Corporation ............................................... 40, 57 Pulse-Bac Vacuum Systems LLC ........................... 45, 53 Quikrete Companies ............................................. 31, 57 SafeBasements Inc. ..................................................... 50 Sakrete of North America ....................................... 2, 54 Simpson Strong-Tie Co., Inc. ................................ 37, 56 Skudo USA Inc. ...................................................... 41, 56 Superabrasive Inc .................................................. 43, 55

FAST CURE ALLOWING FOR FASTER RETURN TO SERVICE HIGH IMPACT AND ABRASION RESISTANCE FOR USE IN HEAVY DUTY VEHICULAR AND PEDESTRIAN AREAS HIGH-MIL APPLICATION WITHOUT OFF-GASSING, BUBBLING OR SWELLING OF THE COATING UPON CURE LOW-ODOR MEANS IT IS SAFE FOR INTERIOR APPLICATIONS WITH ADJACENT OCCUPIED SPACE FIELD TINTABLE AND INTEGRAL AGGREGATE OPTIONS ARE AVAILABLE COMPLIMENTS THE EXISTING PECORA-DECK LINE OF PRODUCTS

Tamarack Industries .............................................. 42, 56 Tekla Structures ........................................................ 5, 52 Vanguard ADA Systems .............................................. 12 Wirtgen America Inc.................................................... 19 * Denotes regional ad

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT YOUR PECORA SALES REPRESENTATIVE

PECORA.COM

QUIKRETE® 3D PRINTABLE CONCRETE COMING SOON The material properties needed for 3D concrete printing are closely aligned with QUIKRETE®’s core technologies The advancement of game-changing 3-D printing technology is a welcome opportunity for QUIKRETE®, whose focus as a company includes rheological tuning, managing dimensional stability, hydration and set time control. To that end, innovation at QUIKRETE® is shaped by the expertise of approximately 100 scientists and engineers operating from a network of worldclass technology centers including the headquarters in Atlanta.

In two strategic partnerships, QUIKRETE® is bringing 3D printable concrete for large scale residential commercial and industrial construction closer to reality. In collaboration with the U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), QUIKRETE® is designing a mortar-like concrete for 3D printing. Simultaneously, QUIKRETE® is working with a private partner, Contour Crafting Corporation (CC Corp), to develop an alternative version of 3D printable concrete formulated with coarse aggregate.

These projects are running in parallel with the goal of producing the first true 3D printing concrete mixes with the strength, curing time, and durability to build high-quality customized structures quickly, efficiently and affordably.

QUIKRETE

800.282.5828 - www.quikrete.com www.ForConstructionPros.com/Concrete

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tes

THE LAST PLACEMENT

»

BY BRAD HUMPHREY

Why Construction is a Noble Profession Construction contractors contribute in small and large ways to make people’s lives more comfortable, safe and productive.

L

eading a “partnering” session for my contractor client, their customer and other contractors who would contribute to the final project completion, one of the members stated that all of the trades were in a noble profession. From the looks on the other faces in our meeting, I wasn’t the only one that appeared to be caught off guard with such a viewpoint of our construction industry.

I must admit personally that through the years I have encouraged many contractors and leaders to love what they do. Yet, when I heard that description, “noble profession,” I was speechless when I considered that I had never once considered the construction industry a noble profession. It’s not that I think of the industry as a bunch of thieves and losers; but I’m not sure that I have ever considered our industry to be a noble profession.

The more I thought about this comment from the contractor who spoke it, the more I realized that he was right.

We are in a noble profession and that got me to considering some of the types of projects that contractors contribute.

• Hospitals — Places where people are cared for, healed, receive hope for a better life.

• Schools — What is more important than the education of our kids?

• Offices — Where some people make a living to support their families.

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• Parking garages — So people can park their cars in a safe manner.

• Sidewalks — Walkers, joggers, children walking to school, etc., all benefit from a safe distance from cars.

• Houses/Apartments — Most people prefer these to tents or worse.

OK, maybe I’m a little silly here but the fact is, what more “noble profession” can anyone embrace than contributing in some small or large way to what makes our lives more comfortable, safe, and productive? While doctors, teachers, and preachers are certainly important to our society, they alone do not have the market cornered when it comes to serving in a noble profession.

The partnering session I was leading involved the building of a water treatment facility. The contractor who coined our new learned term, “noble profession,” backed up his position.

He shared with us a study that showed that clean water, coming right from our faucets, have more to do with sustaining healthy people, and in many cases, save more lives, than is often attributed to hospitals with doctors and nurses. Thus, those contractors about the table that day were engaged in a noble profession to have such a safe and positive impact on the hundreds of thousands of water paying customers.

Take a look at what your organization performs each week. Pick out the noble aspects of your specialty.

Try sharing a few of the following ideas with your employees.

• Communicate with your workers the importance of what your company performs: Whom does it help? What long-term benefit does it provide?

• Be proud of your workers when they perform a project in an excellent manner.

• When a job is poorly executed, make part of your debrief with your workers about “Who are we doing this work for?”

• Begin to lead your workers to taking pride in the little things of preparation, cleanup, attention to details, returning tools and equipment to their rightful place, etc.

• Let our employees know that you inform your customers about how much your crews care about the customer’s needs.

Several years ago I worked with a general contractor who was expanding a cancer hospital that specialized in working with children.

The superintendent for this project purposely ate his lunch two to three days a week while sitting in the waiting area of the hospital. When I asked him why he did this, he couldn’t hold back the tears.

“Brad, I eat lunch there because I get to see moms and dads bringing their sick kids to get chemo or radiation. I see the joy and fear on their faces, mostly on the parent’s faces. I just don’t want to forget why I’m leading this project.

I'm not just seeing that the mortar, steel, wires, etc., are going in as per the drawings, I’m building a place where lives are saved and cared for in the most comfortable and loving environment possible.”

I have to admit, I started to tear up when he shared this experience. Man, how could any of us not feel more noble in our profession than this. Here’s to being a noble contractor!

For more from Brad Humphrey, visit ForConstructionPros.com/ contractors-best-friend.

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