Bioclimatic Start-up Office in Viña del Mar

START-UP OFFICE IN VIÑA DEL MAR FLORENCIA SALGADO Architect Chile

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DESIGN PHILOSOPHY My name is Florencia from Chile and I’m presenting on my proposed start-up space in Viña del Mar, Chile.

Viña del Mar is a coastal city located 120 kms. from Chile’s capital (Santiago).

Is known as the “Garden City” due to its gardens between streets and public spaces.

Even Viña del Mar features soft summers and temperate winters, in this city there are a lot of older buldings which are not well insulated and in winter the people uses a lot of energy to heat. The most used methods are gas and electricity.

Energy Use Intensity (EUI) for undefined

EUI (kBtu/Sq.Ft.) EUI (kWh/m2)

200

100

243.2 169

Site EUI

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Source EUI

The EUI Target is 169 kWh/m2, that is below the median office given from EnergyStar site: 243.2 kWh/m2. *This target was found using the EPA Target Finder site.

Building, design and aim

The aim is generate a building well insulated and energy efficient as much as possible to reduce the annual energy use and the carbon emissions.

A goal is to install PV system.

SUMMER SUN

PRECEDENTS Edificio Transoceánica | Santiago, Chile Architects: +Arquitectos Firm Area: 17000 m² Year: 2010 *LEED Gold NC The principal purpose of the project was to create an energy efficient building.

The most important for the architects was the use of passive systems, such as the building’s location, orientation, solar control regulation systems, use of natural daylight, renewable materials, plant species typical of the area, isolation, façades, thermal bridge analysis, all in order to reduce the amoun of energy that construction uses.

As a precedent, this building is a good reference to create buildings with passive systems that really understand it’s context and is completely according with it. The building respects and includes the site where is located.

WINTER SUN PASSIVE SOLAR CONTROL - Wooden Lattices Allowing daylight Controlling direct radiation

THERMAL CONTROL - Double Glass Low-E U = 1,3 W/m2K Vis. Transmitt. = 70%

ACTIVE SOLAR CONTROL - Automated Exterior Awnings Georreferenced.

Descend when crystals receive direct solar radiation.

CLIMATE ANALYSIS Site Location | Viña del Mar, Chile The site is located in the middle of a mixed-use zone: there are residential zones, shopping centers, services, health centers and sport centers.

In addition, due to its location close to the beach, the tourist context generates constant mobility of cars, public transport and pedestrians.

The neighboring buildings constitute an area or predominantly vertical volumes that shade each other and seek north orientation.

Despite this, there is low bulk density and the site chosed is actually empty.

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CLIMATE ANALYSIS

Annual Solar Radiation Map

Viña del Mar features soft summers and temperate winters.

The monthly temperature chart shows that the mean temperature in Viña del Mar is 15ºC, but in colder months is necessary to heat due to the minimun temperatures which are close to 0ºC .

According to the maximum annual radiation in Viña del Mar (1785 kWh/m2), could be a good option to install a PV System to generate energy and to reduce the levels of energy use. The Annual Solar Radiation Map of climaplus.net show us the incidence and the amount of radiation that can be used for this purpose.

As we can see in the Psychrometric Chart, Viña del Mar is constantly humid even in colder temperatures.

Outdoor Temperature

Psychrometric Chart

SITE ANALYSIS Shading study | Winter Solstice The shading study was made with 3DSunpath website. The dates used were summer solstice at 12:00 and winter solstice at 12:00.

During the winter solstice, there are 9.58 hrs of daylight, and the sun is at 33.51º so it means that the shadows are longer.

It’s very important to understand that the neighboring buildings may cause undesirable shadows in this moment of the year, and with this study we can see where it happen and how it can determines our building.

Winter Solstice | 20 June

SITE ANALYSIS Shading study | Summer Solstice The shading study was made with 3DSunpath website. The dates used were summer solstice at 12:00 and winter solstice at 12:00.

During the summer solstice, there are 14.20 hrs. of daylight, and the sun is at 79.78º so the shadows are shorter.

In this case, the importance of this is to realize that with 14.20 hrs. of daylight the building is exposed to the heat of the sun and it may increase the indoor temperature.

Summer Solstice | 21 December

BUILDING MASSING Here is shown three initial massing models and it’s own shadows calculated at June 20, 12:00 PM. This three models are located in the site with the neighboring buildings. Making this excercise has been posible to know how the shapes and the shadows will be. It also has helped to create a shape according to the context.

As an initial study, it has helped to conclude which option is better.

Option 1

“Asimetric” Type - 2 Storey (2335 m2)

Option 3

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“Box” Type - 2 Storey (2560 m2)

Option 2

“L” Type - 2 Storey (2390 m2)

DAYLIGHT AVAILAVILITY For this analysis the section used is presented on the right.

The Window Head Height used for all the options is 2.8 mts.

0.70

The three massing options have 2 floors, the windows wraps around the entire buildng for calculation purposes and it is not consider any dynamic shading system.

1.80

Conclusion After analyzing the three models, the chosed option is the number 3 because it’s behaviour is better in terms of daylight.

Option 1

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“Box” Type - 2 Storey (2560 m2)

Option 2

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“Asimetric” Type - 2 Storey (2335 m2)

2.5 x 2.8mts = 7mts of width 2.5 x 2.8mts = 7mts of width The daylit area is 850 m2 per storey The daylit area is 1622 m2 in first floor + 420 m2 Total = 1700 m2 or 66,4% of the building is daylit. in second floor.

Total = 2042 m2 or 87,5% of the building is daylit.

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Section | Daylight Availability

Option 3

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“L” Type - 2 Storey (2390 m2) 2.5 x 2.8mts = 7mts of width The daylit area is 1315 m2 in first floor + 795 m2 in second floor.

Total = 2110m2 or 88,3% of the building is daylit.

VISUAL COMFORT Glare Analysis To start the Glare Analysis is necessary to look at the sunpath and determine which are the angles of incidence that may reach a person seated 2 mts. away from the window. I worked with the north-facing façade.

The section of the building determines the angle according to the window head height.

Sunpath Chart

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Floor plan | Glare Analysis

39º

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Glare Analysis In June (Winter Solstice) direct sunlight may cause glare all day. This may be controlled with some shading system.

In March (Equinox) direct sunlight may cause glare before 10.00 hrs. and after 15:35 hrs.

In December (Summer Solstice) direct sunlight may cause glare before 8:50 hrs. and after 16:30 hrs.

2.0 1.8 39º 8º

1.0

Section | Glare Analysis

ELECTRIC LIGHTING Option 1 DIALux Mobile app setup: Target illuminance in lx = 300 Working plane height in m = 0.8 Reflection

Ceiling = 70%

Walls = 50%

Floor = 20% Maintenance factor = 0.8

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Climabox Settings

Width: 15.1 m Large: 30 mt Height: 3.5 mt

Floor plan | Electric Lighting

Philips

Floor plan

Size ( L x W x H) Mounting mode Equipment CCT CRI Ra

662 x 640 x 65 mm Ceiling mounted 4 x General service incandescent lamp 0W 6500 K 80

Total flux Total power Luminous efficacy

13623 lm 59 W 231 lm/W

Analysis

Used luminaires Number of lum. in X Number of lum. in Y

15 5 3

Illuminance Reached Required

364 lx 300lx

Power consumption Total power Floor area Specific connected load

885 W 453 m2 1.95W/m2

This model of luminaire installed in our model give us a specific lighting power density of 1.95W/m2.

The portion modeled is 453m2, but the total square meters of the whole building is 2390m2, so the total power density is 4660W.

ELECTRIC LIGHTING Option 2 DIALux Mobile app setup: Target illuminance in lx = 300 Working plane height in m = 0.8 Reflection

Ceiling = 70%

Walls = 50%

Floor = 20% Maintenance factor = 0.8

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Climabox Settings

Width: 15.1 m Large: 30 mt Height: 3.5 mt

Floor plan | Electric Lighting

Philips

Analysis This model of luminaire installed in our model give us a specific lighting power density of 3.59W/m2.

Floor plan

Size ( L x W x H) Mounting mode Equipment CCT CRI Ra

1247 x 309 x 50 mm Ceiling recessed 1 x General service incandescent lamp 0W 3000 K 99

Total flux Total power Luminous efficacy

3598 lm 32.5 W 111 lm/W

Used luminaires Number of lum. in X Number of lum. in Y Recessed depth Illuminance Reached Required Power consumption Total power Floor area Specific connected load

50 10 5 50 mm 305 lx 300lx 1625 W 453 m2 3.59W/m2

The portion modeled is 453m2, but the total square meters of the whole building is 2390m2, so the total power density is 8580W. Conclusion Comparing the two chosed luminaires, the best option to install is the Option 1, because the specific lighting density is 1.95/W/m2 and is more efficient.

This value is used to calculate the EUI in next slides.

ENERGY USE INTENSITY STUDY EUI Study - Base Condition The EUI analysis is done in the box (selected area in graph): 15.1 m (L) x 30 m (L) x 3.5 m (H).

To continue with the analysis in climaplus.net was necessary to input the data of the operational cost and the emissions of CO2. The data used to analyze the building in Viña del Mar, Chile were obtained from https://huellachile.mma.gob.cl/

Operational cost in $/m2.yr Gas = 0.097 USD$/m2.yr Electricity = 0.13 USD$/m2.yr

Emissions in kgCO2e/m2.yr Gas = 0.202 kgCO2e/m2.yr Electricity = 0.32 kgCO2e/m2.yr

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Window Wall Ratio: 30% North, South, West and East Construction:

Roof: Regular U 2.37

Wall: Regular U 1.66

Glazing: Single U 7.1 Thermal Mass: Low Infiltration: Regular: 0.6 ach Peak Internal Gain: Lighting (LPD): Custom 1.95/W/m2

Equipment (EPD): Regular (10W/m2) Natural Ventilation: Fixed windows Conditioning system: Heating: Gas-fired boiler heating

Cooling: Direct expansion cooling

Climabox Settings

Width: 15.1 m Large: 30 mt Height: 3.5 mt

Floor plan | EUI Study

Total Energy Use Intensity = 101 kWh/m2.yr EUI of the climabox (453 m2) = 101 kWh/m2.yr * 453m2 = 45753 kWh

ENERGY USE INTENSITY STUDY EUI Study - Upgrade 1: Windows The EUI analysis is done in the box (selected area in graph): 15.1 m (L) x 30 m (L) x 3.5 m (H). Area: 453 m2 The first upgrade to the building is to consider to change the windows from the current Single Pane window to Double Low-E Low-Solar Gain window.

The results are:

Total Energy Use Intensity = 96 kWh/m2.yr EUI of the climabox (453 m2) = 96 kWh/m2.yr * 453m2 = 43488 kWh

Improved EUI = 101 kWh/m2 to 96 kWh/m2

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Climabox Settings

Width: 15.1 m Large: 30 mt Height: 3.5 mt

Floor plan | EUI Study

Window Wall Ratio: 30% North, South, West and East Construction:

Roof: Regular U 2.37

Wall: Regular U 1.66 Glazing: Single U 7.1 Double Low-E Low-Solar-Gain U 1.493 Thermal Mass: Low Infiltration: Regular: 0.6 ach Peak Internal Gain: Lighting (LPD): Custom 1.95W/m2

Equipment (EPD): Regular (10W/m2) Natural Ventilation: Fixed windows Conditioning system: Heating: Gas-fired boiler heating

Cooling: Direct expansion cooling

ENERGY USE INTENSITY STUDY EUI Study - Upgrade 2: Reduce Peak Internal Gain The EUI analysis is done in the box (selected area in graph): 15.1 m (L) x 30 m (L) x 3.5 m (H). Area: 453 m2 The 2nd upgrade to the building is to reduce the Peak Internal Gain.

In this way, the first analysis done in the previous slides of Electric Lighting, the luminaires I chosed to install in the building are very efficient and the specific lighting power density was 1.95 W/m2. With this value, the peak internal gain is already reduced.

The results are:

Total Energy Use Intensity = 88 kWh/m2.yr EUI of the climabox (453 m2) = 88 kWh/m2.yr * 453 m2 = 39864 kWh

Improved EUI = 96 kWh/m2 to 88 kWh/m2

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Climabox Settings

Width: 15.1 m Large: 30 mt Height: 3.5 mt

Floor plan | EUI Study

Window Wall Ratio: 30% North, South, West and East Construction:

Roof: Regular U 2.37

Wall: Regular U 1.66

Glazing: Double Low-E Low-Solar-Gain U 1.493 Thermal Mass: Low Infiltration: Regular: 0.6 ach Peak Internal Gain: Lighting (LPD): Custom 1.95W/m2

Equipment (EPD): Regular 10W/m2 Best 6W/m2 Natural Ventilation: Fixed windows Conditioning system: Heating: Gas-fired boiler heating

Cooling: Direct expansion cooling

ENERGY USE INTENSITY STUDY EUI Study - Upgrade 3: Wall Construction The EUI analysis is done in the box (selected area in graph): 15.1 m (L) x 30 m (L) x 3.5 m (H). Area: 453 m2 The 3rd upgrade to the building is to consider to improve the wall construction to get less infiltration and in general to have in the whole building the lower U value possible.

The results are:

Total Energy Use Intensity = 33 kWh/m2.yr EUI of the climabox (453 m2) = 33 kWh/m2.yr * 453m2 = 14949 kWh

Improved EUI = 88 kWh/m2 to 33 kWh/m2

By far this upgrade is the one that most improves the energy performance of the building. Significantly reduces the EUI.

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Climabox Settings

Width: 15.1 m Large: 30 mt Height: 3.5 mt

Floor plan | EUI Study

Window Wall Ratio: 30% North, South, West and East Construction: Roof: Regular U 2.37 Best U 0.11 Wall: Regular U 1.66 Best U 0.13

Glazing: Double Low-E Low-Solar-Gain U 1.493 Thermal Mass: Low Infiltration: Regular: 0.6 ach Tight 0.1 ach Peak Internal Gain: Lighting (LPD): Custom 1.95W/m2

Equipment (EPD): Best 6W/m2 Natural Ventilation: Fixed windows Conditioning system: Heating: Gas-fired boiler heating

Cooling: Direct expansion cooling

ENERGY USE INTENSITY STUDY EUI Study - Upgrade 4: Photovoltaic System The EUI analysis is done in the box (selected area in graph): 15.1 m (L) x 30 m (L) x 3.5 m (H).

The 4th upgrade to the building is to consider to install a Photovoltaic System on the roof. This will consistently help with the efficiency of the building.

The PV panels will generate kWh that will reduce the indices of energy that the building uses.

From climaplus.net was obtained the Annual Solar Radiation Map and the maximum annual radiation that would fall on the roof: 1785 kWh/m2. This analysis assume the orientation of the panels corresponds with it.

With all the upgrades of the building, the annual electricity use is 14949 kWh. Annual Solar Radiation Map

PV Panels =

Panel Efficiency = 18% (0.18)

Inverter Efficiency = 96% (0.96)

Panel Area = 1 * 1.5 m2

Roof area = 453 m2 Electricity yield per panel = 1785 kWh/m2 * 1.5 m2 * 0.18 * 0.96 = 462.67 kWh Maximum kWh possibly generated per year (using 100% roof surface) = 1785 kWh/m2 * 453 m2 * 0.18 * 0.96 = 139726 kWh Number of panels = annual electricity use / panel yield

= 14949 kWh / 462.67 kWh

= 32.3 panels ~ 32 or 33 panels will

cover the annual electricity use of the

Startup Office in Viña del Mar (Chile) With 33 1 * 1.5 m2 panels installed on the roof, we are covering around 50 m2, which corresponds to 11% of the roof surface.

Installing this PV System, the building becomes selfsufficient.

THERMAL COMFORT According to the natural ventilation, in this building is preferable to change the fixed windows to operable windows to control the indoor temperature: the energy used to heating increases from 3 kWh/m2.yr to 4 kWh/m2.yr and for cooling, decreases from 3 kWh/m2.yr to 1 kWh/m2.yr.

The last upgrade is to change the Gas-fired boiler heating system to Ground Source Heat Pump heating. And in this way, the whole building works with electricity reaching the goal to reduce the CO2e.

Total EUI = 29 kWh/m2.yr = Final improved Site EUI EUI of the climabox = 29 kWh/m2 * 453 m2 = 13137 kWh

Fixed Windows

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Climabox Settings Width: 15.1 m Large: 30 mt Height: 3.5 mt Floor plan | EUI Study

Operable Windows

Heat Pump Heating

CONCLUDINGTHOUGHTS

Indoor Temperature

With all the changes that were done, it is possible to conclude that first of all, the indoor temperature was keep in the comfort range. There are not hours of discomfort because we still manage the indoor temperature with cooling and heating system.

One of the most important goals is to really reduce the CO2 emissions. With all the updates made to the building, it was possible to lower CO2 emissions, reaching more than 63% of reduction.

The Base Condition was 25.7 kgCO2e/m2 and the Final Condition is 9.3 kgCO2e/m2.

On the other hand, the performance is better when the building works only with electricity.

And if we generate kWh with PV panels, the building becomes self-sufficient.

Base Condition

Upgrades done

Final Condition

Final Analysis

Initial EUI = 101 kWh/m2 Final EUI = 29 kWh/m2 The final condition corresponds to 28.7% of the initial base condition of the building.

It is possible to say that the decrease of the EUI is more than 70% and the building is self-sufficient and very efficient.

Total Energy Use Intensity = 101 kWh/m2.yr EUI of the climabox (453 m2) = 45753 kWh

Total Energy Use Intensity = 29 kWh/m2.yr EUI of the climabox (453 m2) = 13137 kWh

START-UP OFFICE IN VIÑA DEL MAR