Angličtina pro strojírenské obory

ANGLIČTINA PRO STROJÍRENSKÉ OBORY English for Mechanical Engineering

KOLEKTIV AUTORŮ

Angličtina pro strojírenské obory

English for Mechanical Engineering

PRAHA 2008

4

Tato odborná příručka je určena především studentům středních a vyšších odborných škol se zaměřením na strojírenské obory. Může však posloužit i zájemcům z řad pracovníků ve strojním průmyslu. Obsahuje odborné texty a terminologii z oblasti strojírenství uspořádané do deseti kapitol. Je doplněna řadou procvičovacích cvičení, klíčem ke cvičením a dvěma slovníky – anglicko-českým a česko-anglickým.

Kolektiv autorů: Mgr. Dita Gálová Ing. Radim Přímal Mgr. Tereza Suchá Mgr. Olga Taušová

Lektorovaly: Mgr. Irena Nevařilová PaedDr. Miroslava Weberová

© Kolektiv autorů, 2008 ISBN 978-80-7333-060-6

5

Contents

CONTENTS

PŘEDMLUVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7

Fonetické značky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Seznam zkratek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 8

UNIT 1 ENGINEERING, MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS USED IN ENGINEERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9

UNIT 2 BASIC SHAPES, COUNTING AND MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 UNIT 3 TOOLS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

UNIT 4 CARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 UNIT 5 ROBOTS AND INVENTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 UNIT 6 USER’S MANUAL, INSTRUCTIONS, SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 UNIT 7 ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 UNIT 8 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 UNIT 9 ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 UNIT 10 IN A COMPANY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 KEY TO EXERCISES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 VOCABULARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Předmluva

7

PŘEDMLUVA

Tato odborná příručka je určena především studentům středních průmyslových škol a vyšších odborných škol technického zaměření. Stejně dobře může však posloužit i studentům technických oborů bakalářského studia, či technickým pracovníkům. Seznamuje studenty s profesně orientovanou anglickou terminologií v oblasti strojního inženýrství, informačních technologií, ekologie atd.

Celková koncepce Učebnice má sloužit jako doplňkový materiál ke standardním učebnicím obecné angličtiny. Jejím cílem je doplnit slovní zásobu a možnosti jejího procvičení. Gramatická cvičení v ní proto nejsou zahrnuta. Výjimku tvoří lekce, ve kterých bylo v souvislosti s výchozím textem vhodné gramatiku zopakovat. Nepředpokládá se však, že by zde byla předkládána jako nová látka. Učitel může dle potřeby rovněž výchozí texty využít pro zopakování mluvnických jevů.

Publikace by měla sloužit jako doplňkový a rozšiřující zdroj, vhodná je také pro samostudium. Čistě konverzační cvičení a cvičení rozvíjející spontánní projev studentů jsou tedy zastoupena v omezené míře. Předkládaný materiál však může vyučujícím vhodně posloužit jako základ pro tyto aktivity v závislosti na účelu využití publikace.

Učebnice je koncipována tak, že jednotlivé lekce na sebe nenavazují, proto není nutné je probírat v daném pořadí, ani je probrat všechny. To umožňuje variabilitu, která je nutná pro splnění daného cíle, tedy doplnit výuku a rozšířit slovní zásobu z vybrané oblasti.

Odborné zaměření Odborné zaměření vychází z předpokladu, že kurzy, v nichž může být materiál použit, se mohou lišit svou úrovní (např. rozdíly mezi jednotlivými typy škol i mezi jednotlivými školami samotnými). Tomu také odpovídá zvolená slovní zásoba.

Doufáme, že tímto dílem přispějeme k úspěšnému a širokému uplatnění pracovníků v technických oborech v EU, kde se naskýtá široké pole působnosti pro jejich profesní růst.

Autoři

8

Předmluva

Fonetické značky Výslovnost samohlásek

Výslovnost souhlásek



pit



pit



pet



bit



bad



time



pot



door



luck



cat



good



get



ago



fan



meat



van



car



think



door



that



girl



send



too



zip



day



man



sky



nice



boy



ring



beer



leg



bear



rat



tour



wet



go



hat



cow



yet



shop



leisure



Czech



jump

Seznam zkratek a.m. e.g. etc. i.e. pl.

ante meridiem (z lat.) exempli gratia (z lat.) et cetera (z lat.) id est (z lat.) plural

před polednem, dopoledne například a tak dále to jest množné číslo

p.m. sth tech. vs.

post meridiem (z lat.) something technical versus (z lat.)

po poledni, odpoledne něco technický proti

9

1/ Engineering, Materials and Chemicals Used in Engineering

UNIT 1 ENGINEERING, MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS USED IN ENGINEERING

☛ Get ready B C

Look the word engineering up in your dictionary.

D

Would you like to become an engineer in the future?

How many branches of engineering can you name in English?

Scientists study the world as it is; engineers create the world that has never been.

Theodore von Karman Do you agree with this statement? Can we say that scientists discover things whereas engineers invent them? Note the difference between discover and invent.

• Discover – to find or learn about a place, fact, thing etc. for the first time. It has existed already.

• Invent – to make or design something that did not exist before.

A

What Is Engineering All about?

What is engineering and who is an engineer?

Engineering is based on physics, chemistry and mathematics. Engineers have to solve specific problems by applying science, technology, mathematics, and practical experience. So there is a remarkable overlap between the sciences and engineering practice. Students of engineering have to gain a good command of fundamental principles of mathematics.

Engineering deals with the design of a solution to a problem. It means that engineers use knowledge to construct solutions to problems. Engineering is the design, analysis, and construction of work for practical purposes. One who practices engineering is called an engineer.

There are lots of different types of engineering. The main branches of engineering are civil, mechanical, electrical, and electronic. Civil engineering covers the design and contruction of buildings, roads, bridges, railway lines, dams etc. Mechanical engineering deals with the design and manufacture of tools and machines for transport, heating and ventilating. Electrical engineering covers electricity generating, electrical installation, and lighting. Electronic

engineering covers developing devices and components for communication, computing, control systems etc.

The history of "engineering" goes back to the earliest times when man began to make smart inventions, such as the pulley, lever etc. The word engineering itself comes from the word engine, derived from the Latin word ingenium which means innate quality, especially mental power. That is why an engineer is someone who makes useful and practical inventions. apply // branch // civil engineering // cover // deal with // device // good command of // heating // overlap // solution // solve // tool //

zažádat obor, odvětví stavební inženýrství zahrnovat, zabývat se zabývat se, pojednávat o zařízení dobrá znalost zahřátí překrývání, přesah řešení řešit nářadí, nástroj

1. Answer the following questions:

B

Can you become a good engineer without a good command of maths, chemistry and physics?

C D

Where does the word engineering come from?

Who deals with control systems?

■ Wise up Engineers have to have (a):

good command of good knowledge of good ability to use

mathematics

All of the statements above have the same meaning.

Engineers have to be good at mathematics.

• cover, include Civil engineering covers/includes buildings.

• deal/deals with, is/are concerned with Civil engineers deal with buildings.

Civil engineering deals with buildings.

Civil engineers are concerned with buildings.

Civil engineering is concerned with buildings.

10

1/ Engineering, Materials and Chemicals Used in Engineering

2. Read the following advertisements. Do you think that you can be a suitable candidate for any of these positions?

Job title: Professional Civil Engineer Team Leader Bridge Inspector Location: New York City Job Description: An engineering company providing maintenance inspection, Bridge design, Highway design etc.

Requirements: Five years bridge related experience required, computer knowledge required, should be physically fit to climb ladder, bridges.

Contact Info: Ell Savioli, e-mail spsassoc@jobs.net

Job title: Electrical Engineer Location: Houston Company: AFP Partner Job Description: Our client is an environmentally responsible engineering consultancy well known for facilitating world-class architecture.

Responsibilities: Our client is looking for an Associate Principal with an Electrical Engineering bias* to assume a leadership role in the office in Houston. This is an opportunity for a talented and creative Electrical Engineering leader to collaborate and grow the practice in the areas of IT, Security, Communications and other related developing technologies.

Skills and Requirements: Bachelor and/or Masters Degree in Electrical Engineering, Minimum 10 years progressive Electrical Engineering leadership experience Contact Info: Send your CV and covering letter to career@afppartner.com

* zaujatost Job title: Mechanical Designer, Product Design Location: San Diego Company: AT Fit Group Job Description: IMMEDIATE NEED! An international leader in commercial quality user focused fitness equipment is seeking a Mechanical Designer for a permanent position. This person will be responsible for creating new product designs from conceptualization, prototyping, designing, testing, to production and commercialization.

Requirements: This person must have an Associates Degree with a minimum of 3 years experience as a mechanical designer. The candidate must be proficient in the selection of metals and plastic materials. This person must be proficient with Solid Works and know ANSY drafting standards /auto-cad/.

Contact Info: Eve Durston, e-mail durston@hrdep.atgroup.net Keep smiling: Read these jokes. Do you know another one?

Tell others!

An engineer, a mathematician, and a computer programmer are driving down the road when the car they are in gets a flat tyre. The engineer says that they should buy a new car.

The mathematician says they should sell the old tyre and

buy a new one. The computer programmer says they should drive the car around the block and see if the tyre fixes itself.

Three engineering students were discussing the possible designers of the human body.

One said, "It was a mechanical engineer. Just look at all the joints."

Another said, "No, it was an electrical engineer. The nervous system has many thousands of electrical connections."

The last said, "Actually it was a civil engineer. Who else would run a toxic waste pipeline through a recreational area?"

By the way do you still want to become an engineer?

B

Materials Used in Engineering

Man has always tried to make different tools to improve and simplify his living standard. The first materials he was able to use were those he could see around him, so the most important material was stone and wood. A lot of different materials useful for man have been found since the Stone Age. One of the most important materials that most helped man to develop were metals. Copper and gold were the first metals discovered by man. Another breakthrough in developing materials was the discovery of iron ore and creating iron. Iron is extremely strong compared to wood and copper and it is still the most widely used metal today.

Why does man still use metals so much today? The main advantage of metals and especially their alloys is their toughness and strength. The properties of metals can be further improved by the use of heat. By heating and cooling the metal the material becomes tougher and less brittle.

For instance iron is quite easy to bend and shape by using simple tools when it is heated. alloy // bend // bloomery fire // breakthrough // brittle // carbon dioxide // charcoal // cooling // facility // impurity // iron // ore // oxygen // phosphorus // property // pure // simplify //

slitina ohnout zkujňovací výheň průlom křehký, lámavý oxid uhličitý dřevěné uhlí chladící zařízení nečistota železo ruda kyslík fosfor vlastnost čistý, ryzí zjednodušit

11

1/ Engineering, Materials and Chemicals Used in Engineering síra tuhost, pevnost dřevo

sulphur // toughness // wood //

Material

3. Are these statements correct or not? Write T for true or F for false.

1 The first material used by man was wood.

2 Iron is not used so much today.

3 By heating metal the material becomes brittle.

4 You cannot bend iron when it is heated.

Do you know how people refine iron?

You probably have heard of iron ore, but how is it that it becomes a metal from a rock?

4. Use the words from the box to complete the text below. Check the meaning above in the wordlist. concentration pure combine ore with stronger from refine To make iron, we have to start with iron (1) ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ . Iron ore is simply a rock containing a high (2) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ of iron combined with oxygen. To make iron from iron ore, we need to eliminate the oxygen to create (3) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ iron.

The most primitive facility used to (4) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ iron from iron ore is called a bloomery fire. The iron ore together (5) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ charcoal is burnt there.

Charcoal is essentially pure carbon. So the carbon combines with oxygen to create carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.

Carbon and carbon monoxide (6) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ with the oxygen in the iron ore and carry the oxygen away. So the iron metal is left there.

And what is the difference between iron and steel?

Steel is iron where most of the impurities such as silica, phosphorus and sulphur are removed because they weaken the material very much. That is why steel is (7) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ than iron. Steel also has a consistent concentration of carbon. It is usually (8) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0.5 percent to 1.5 percent.

5. Think of different materials used in engineering. Can you name them in English?

Study the table below.

Material

Property

Object

glass

window

wood

furniture

plastic

bottle

rubber

tyre

steel

nail

Property

Object

concrete

beam

stone

house

paper

text book

iron

pipe

gold

ring

copper

wire

aluminium

aircraft

cotton

clothes

It is really important to know the properties of engineering materials. A property is a quality or characteristic that each material has.

E.g.: Wires are normally made of copper and plastic because copper is durable (long lasting – it does not corrode easily) and plastic is flexible (you can bend it easily).

It means that the properties of a material determine its use.

6. Find the following words in a dictionary, put down the Czech equivalents and decide which material is: durable

____________________________

malleable

____________________________

ductile

____________________________

elastic

____________________________

brittle

____________________________

soft

____________________________

conductive

____________________________

corrosion-resistant

____________________________

rigid

____________________________

heat-resistant

____________________________

hard

____________________________

scratch-resistant

____________________________

stiff

____________________________

tough

____________________________

combustible

____________________________

non-combustible

____________________________

flexible

____________________________

12

1/ Engineering, Materials and Chemicals Used in Engineering

■ Wise up Some materials burn easily, for example paper, wood.

We call them combustible materials. Non-combustible materials do not burn. For example stone.

Some materials dissolve in water easily, for example sugar, salt. We call them soluble materials. Insoluble materials do not dissolve. For example glass.

You can see through water, glass etc. Those materials are transparent. If the water is dirty, you cannot see through it but light passes through it, we say the material is translucent. Can you see through metal? Can light pass through it? Definitely not because the material is opaque.

7. Go back to the table above (in exercise 5) and fill in the missing properties of these materials.

8. Fill in the exercise with suitable words: gold stretches shape plastics ductile tin steel roll A malleable material is easy to (1) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ into a new shape. Moreover, it does not fracture easily under pressure. For example (2) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ is extremely malleable.

A (3) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ material is easy to draw. It does not fracture and it retains its new shape. Copper, aluminium and (4) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ are very ductile.

An elastic material (5) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ easily under stress. When you remove the stress, the material gains its original (6) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ . For instance rubber is extremely elastic.

A durable material does not corrode easily. It is a long lasting material. Glass and (7) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ are very durable but neither iron nor (8) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ are.

9. What is it made of and why? Look around and find several objects. Answer the question and give reasons.

E.g.: Windows are made of glass and plastics. Both are durable.

3 This object is made of glass or plastic and usually there is some liquid in it.

4 This tool is usually made of a wood and steel. It has a head and a handle.

5 This object is usually made of a glass lens and a metal frame with a handle.

6 This object consists of pages that are made of paper and the cover is made of cardboard.

What is concrete made of?

One of the most common materials used for building is concrete. Concrete is a mixture of cement, aggregate and water.

Cement is a mixture of three main compounds (lime CaO, silica SiO2 and alumina AlO3. The mixture contains three times as much lime as silica. So it means that the ratio of lime to silica is 3:1. And it contains half as much alumina as silica (1:2).

Aggregate is composed of rock particles. For the best result it is good to mix so called coarse aggregate (gravel) together with fine aggregate (sand) in the ratio 2:1.

The strength of concrete is affected by the ratio of water and cement. The usual ratio is 2:3. It also depends on weather conditions. When the temperature is high, you need to use more water for a good quality concrete.

oxid hlinitý beton štěrk vápno, oxid vápenatý směs poměr, podíl křemen, oxid křemičitý

alumina // concrete // gravel // lime // mixture // ratio // silica //

12. Look at the circular diagram showing the concrete components and its ratio. Can you convert it into a rectangular diagram? water 10 % cement 15 % gravel 43 %

sand 32 %

10. Find opposites.

1 hard

____________________________________

2 brittle

____________________________________

3 malleable ____________________________________ 4 elastic

____________________________________

5 rigid

____________________________________

13. Can you think of other materials used for building? List them below: _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________

11. Guess these objects.

_______________________________________________

1 This object is made of glass. Normally the frame is made of wood or plastics.

2 This object is made of rubber and steel and it is always circular.

_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________

13

1/ Engineering, Materials and Chemicals Used in Engineering

14. Find the correct category for the following adjectives. hard bitter dark enormous minute pale cool spicy freezing bright rectangular tiny huge sweet smooth icy circular rough boiling sour light square soft Texture: ________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Temperature: ___________________________________ _______________________________________________ Taste: _________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Colour: ________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Shape: ________________________________________ _______________________________________________

such as silicon sometimes resemble metals and sometimes resemble non-metals, and are known as metalloids.

A substance consisting of two or more elements is called a chemical compound, which consists of atoms bonded together in molecules. An enormous number of chemical compounds are possible by combining roughly 120 chemical elements. About thirty million chemical elements have been characterized and identified up to now. Compounds based primarily on carbon and hydrogen atoms are called organic compounds, and all others are called inorganic compounds. Compounds containing bonds between carbon and metal are called organic metallic compounds.

All matter consists of various elements and chemical compounds, but these are often mixed together. Mixtures contain more than one chemical substance, and they do not have a fixed composition. In principle, they can be separated into the component substances by purely mechanical processes. Wood and soil are common examples of mixtures.

Size: __________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Which of them are synonyms or opposites?

C

Chemical Elements, Substances, Compounds, Mixtures

A chemical substance is any material with a definite chemical composition. A pure substance cannot be separated into other substances by any mechanical process. Typical chemical substances that you can find at home are water, salt and sugar. Generally, substances exist as solid, liquid or gas.

Naming chemical substances Every chemical substance carries a unique systematic name, usually named according to the IUPAC rules for naming. Chemists frequently refer to chemical compounds using chemical formulae, which have more explicit information about the structure of the compound.

Common name

Systematic name

Chemical formula

alcohol or ethyl alcohol

Ethanol

C2H5OH

salt, table salt, halite

Sodium chloride

NaCl

sand

Silicon dioxide

SiO2

Some elements were not really "discovered". They have been known since ancient times. Some of them have symbols that are derived from the Latin names of the elements. Here are some examples:

A chemical substance that cannot be broken down or transformed by ordinary chemical processes into a different substance is called a chemical element. An element consists of particles called atoms, which consist of negatively charged electrons centred about a nucleus of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons.

All of the atoms in a sample of an element have the same number of protons. There are about 120 known elements, about 80 of which are stable. The majority of elements are classified as metals. Metals typically conduct electricity and heat well. Other elements such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen are classified as non-metals. Certain elements

Element name

Symbol

Latin name

copper

Cu

cuprum

gold

Au

aurum

iron

Fe

ferrum

mercury

Hg

hydrargyrum

Copper Copper was a very important resource for the Romans and Greeks. In Roman times, it became known as aes Cyprium because so much of it was mined in Cyprus. The name was simplified to cuprum and after that it became the English word copper.

14

1/ Engineering, Materials and Chemicals Used in Engineering

Mercury People in China and India believed that mercury could prolong their life and help them to be fit. Hg is the modern chemical symbol for mercury. It comes from hydrargyrum, which is a compound word meaning 'water' and 'silver'. The element was named after the Roman god Mercury, who was famous for his speed and mobility.

Some chemical elements are named after people who discovered the element. For example nobelium (No) was named after Alfred Nobel. Some elements are named after mythical characters such as titanium (Ti) after the Titans from Greek mythology. Some of them are named after places such as germanium (Ge) after Germany or named after astronomical objects such as plutonium (Pu) after Pluto.

Describing chemical reactions

2 H2 + O2  2 H2O

(read two atoms – H – two – O)

Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water.

O2 + C  CO2

bond // brass // carbon dioxide // cast iron / / compound // conduct // copper // element // gas // lead // liquid // mercury // nitrogen // nucleus // oxygen // pewter // prolong // soil // solid // solution // stable // substance //

vazba mosaz oxid uhličitý litina sloučenina vodit měď prvek plyn olovo tekutý, kapalný rtuť dusík jádro kyslík cín prodloužit půda pevný, masivní roztok stálý, stabilní látka, hmota

(read C – O – two)

Oxygen combines with carbon to form carbon dioxide.

15. Try to describe the following reaction.

2 Cu + O2  2 CuO

16. Look at the diagram dividing metals into different categories. Read the text and complete the blanks using information from the diagram.

➤ Get further Try this chemical experiment.

Equipment and materials: 1 a small glass of water, 2 a tea spoon full of blue vitriol (CuSO4, skalice modrá – síran měďnatý), 3 a clean iron nail.

Procedure:

Metals Alloys Pure metals Ferrous alloys

iron copper zinc tin lead nickel aluminium

steel (iron + < 2% carbon) cast iron (iron + > 2% carbon) invar (iron + nickel)

Non-ferrous alloys brass (copper + zinc) bronze (copper + tin + zinc) pewter (75% lead + 25% tin) solder (67% lead + 33% tin)

Pure metals are a sub-category of chemical elements.

They consist of only one type of atom. Tin, zinc, iron, copper, nickel, (1) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ and lead are chemical elements. But most industrial metals are alloys. Alloys are metallic compounds, which can be classified as either (2) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ alloys, or non-ferrous alloys. Ferrous alloys contain iron whereas non-ferrous alloys do not.

(3) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ , invar and cast iron are examples of ferrous alloys whereas brass is non-ferrous. Steel has less than 2% of carbon and cast iron has (4) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ than 2%. Bronze is an example of a copper alloy whereas solder is an example of a (5) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ alloy.

Fill half of the glass with water. Add one spoon of blue vitriol. Stir it. Put the clean iron nail into the solution. Leave it there for 30 seconds and then pull the nail out. Can you see the nice reddish colour? What is it? The longer you leave the nail in the solution the more visible change you see. What has happened? Can you explain it?

You can describe it as follows:

CuSO4 + Fe  Fe SO4 + Cu Ask your chemistry teacher for a detailed explanation.

Is engineering a good choice for you? Try this. Circle your answers:

B C D E F G H I

Do you like finding out how things work?

Yes No

Do you like repairing things?

Yes No

Do you like organizing activities?

Yes No

Do you watch science programmes on TV?

Yes No

Are you interested in new technologies?

Yes No

Have you got a lot of courage and stamina?

Yes No

Are you creative and investigative?

Yes No

Are you good at mathematics?

Yes No

If you have answered yes to more than 75% of these questions, engineering is a good choice for you to deal with.

15

2/ Basic Shapes, Counting and Measurements

UNIT 2 BASIC SHAPES, COUNTING AND MEASUREMENTS

☛ Get ready Look at the picture of this sport field.

B C D

Can you name all the shapes you can see there?

Can you guess the size of the court?

Can you calculate the area (m2) of the court?

Basketball is a very popular sport played with a round ball. The men's ball's circumference is about 30 inches (76 cm) and weighs about 1 lb 5 oz (600 g). The women’s ball’s circumference is about 29 inches (73 cm) and weighs about 1 lb 3 oz (540 g). It is played with two teams, with 5 players from each team on the court at one time.

A regulation sized basketball court in international games is 28 by 15 metres (approx. 92 by 49 ft) and in NBA is 94 by 50 feet (29 by 15 m). Most courts are made of wood. The court, where the game is played, is a rectangle shape, and at both end lines there is a goal called a "hoop" in the shape of a bottomless basket. A cast-iron basket with a net and a backboard hangs over each end of the court. The top of the rim is exactly 10 feet (3.05 m) above the court and 4 ft (1.2 m) inside the end line. Players try to score points by throwing the ball at the hoops at either end of the court. úhel přibližný přibližně

angle // approx., approximate // approximately //

2,75

3.05

1,2

1,8

6,25 1,8

1,8

3,6

6

1,2

bottomless // cast-iron // circumference // corner // court // edge // end line // ft (foot, pl. feet) /, / goal // hoop // in (inch) // lb (pound) // net // oz (ounce) // rectangle // rim // throw // weigh //

15 minim.

1m

beze dna litina obvod roh (hřiště, místnosti) hřiště, kurt hrana zadní čára stopa cíl, branka obroučka koše palec, coul libra síť unce obdélník obroučka házet vážit

1. What do these abbreviations stand for? Match the abbreviations in the box with the full forms equivalents. Find some of them in the above article. ft lb oz cm kg l g m km (y2) (y3) ml

centimetre __________

millilitre

___________

gram

__________

kilometre

___________

cubic

__________

feet

___________

square

__________

kilogram

___________

litre

__________

pound

___________

metre

__________

ounce

___________

16

2/ Basic Shapes, Counting and Measurements

4. Look at the 2D shapes and try to answer the fol-

2. What are the measurements used for? capacity

________________________________

distance

________________________________

weight

________________________________

height

________________________________

area

________________________________

liquid quantity

________________________________

lowing questions:

B C D E F

What is its name?

How many sides does it have?

Are any of the sides parallel or equal lengths?

What size angles does it have?

Are there any lines of symmetry?

5. Look at the 3D shapes and try to answer the fol-

A

Shapes – Properties that We Can See

The descriptions of shapes are based on geometrical figures, such as a square, and solids, such as a cube.

lowing questions:

B C D E

What is its name?

How many faces does it have?

What shape are the faces?

How many corners and edges does it have?

3. Label the shapes with the words below. Can you pronounce them properly? Check the right pronunciation in a dictionary.

6. Which capital letter is described in each sentence?

A

A

B

B

M

Y

D

F

C

1 The letter ___________ has one curved line and no straight line.

D

C

K

2 The letter ___________ has two vertical lines and two diagonal lines.

F

E

3 The letter ___________ has one vertical line and three horizontal lines.

G

4 The letter ___________ has two curved lines and one vertical line.

H

I

5 The letter ___________ has one vertical line and two diagonal lines.

J

7. Puzzle

K

L

circle cube sphere horizontal line cylinder rectangle semi-circle

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯

M

square hemisphere triangle rectangular prism cone vertical line diagonal line

N

⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯

Using dimension as a direction of measurement, such as height, length and width, we can talk about no-dimensional shapes such as a point. It has no dimensions. It is just a position. Then we can talk about one-dimensional shapes such as a line with its one dimension. A square is twodimensional (2D) shape. It is a so called two-dimensional figure. A cube has three dimensions (3D) so we talk about a three-dimensional solid.

It is three dimensional and it has one face, no vertices and no edges. What is it?

Create a similar puzzle.

8. Take a pen and a piece of paper and draw a picture according the following instructions.

Draw a big rectangle to the right half of your sheet of paper. Draw two squares into the upper half of the rectangle.

There is another small rectangle in the centre of the lower half of the rectangle. Draw a small circle next to the small rectangle. Put a triangle on the big rectangle. There is an oval in the middle of the triangle.

Draw six vertical lines on your left hand side of the big rectangle. Each line has got three triangles. Each line forms a symmetry line of these triangles. Draw two parallel curved lines in front of the six vertical lines with triangles. Have you got a nice picture of a house and a small wood? By giving instructions to your neighbour you can finish the drawing as detailed as you want.