"Fluid Strata" // MLA Landscape Architecture // Bartlett Sch. of Architecture

Studio 01: “Deep Ground // Back Ground”:

“FLUID STRATA”

Dafni Filippa MLA Year1

Studio 01: “Deep Ground // Back Ground”

“FLUID STRATA”

TERM 01

Dafni Filippa MLA Y1

Landscape Architecture MLA, 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL London, UK

Directors: Laura Allen Mark Smout

Design Studio 01 Tutors: Ana Abram Maj Plemenitas

“Design Manifesto” Water forms a series of interlaced networks above and below ground.

This hydrological mega-system feeds London’s non-linear -both historical and contemporaneous- landscape through a progression of ever-shifting scales. Accelerating in the horizontal and vertical domains, it grows diverse sites and subsites which absorb a natural kinetic energy under the influence of fluvial processes and tidal choreographies.

Rivers that are either contained or forgotten -suppressed under the city’s mechanical layers- form a hidden fluidity of the Deep- and Background’s Strata.

Their inherent constant state of flux insinuates the potential of their reactivation as operational agents of flooding mitigation systems. Under a mechanical performance, the borders between the fluid and rigid question the built barriers of the river Thames, responding to high-risk flooding and hydrological overflows.

To investigate the prospective influence and reactivation of hidden rivers, the project researches their impact on sites where they perform freely and in those where they are forced to be contained. Although these sites succumb to similar fluvial and geographical influences, their different behaviours are strongly juxtaposed by their fluidiity.

Located in central Westminster, “Victoria Tower Gardens” is located next to the historic Westminster Abbey, with the Lost River “Tyburn” running as a sewer restrained under its surface. On the contrary, the second natural site acts as a local “deltaic lobe”, composed of submerging islands and distributary network channels in the London Estuary.

The project aims to respond to the urgent matter of tidal flooding in Greater London throughout the next century by constructing a flood-responsive synthetic landscape. By studying the natural behaviours and symptoms caused by water flow and flooding in terrains which dispute any human presence, the design translates their importance as models of terrain resilience.

The synthetic landscape is poetically shaped as the Tyburn’s “spill-out” into the Thames, acting as a “Reverse Estuary” absorbing the overflow of the River Thames into the Deep and Back Ground. Through a series of operational valves, porous networks and reservoirs, the landscape organs redirect, contain or absorb the excess water. As a result, a Fluid Strata is formed which embraces the Lost Rivers by gradually pulling them back onto the “surface”.

CONTENTS

/ Project Background

/ Site Research

PART 01: Landscape Systems

/ Analytical Simulations

/ Design Elements

PART 02: Generative Systems

/ Design Scenario

Back-Ground

“London’s Lost Rivers” 10 “Tidal Spiders” 12 “Floodplains” 14

“Site 01: London Westminster” 18 “Site 02: London Estuary” 30 “Relation Dynamics” 50

“Tidal Erosion” 46

“Field Dynamics” 54 “Strata Manipulation” 56 “Vibrations” 62 “Ground Metabolism” 64 “Elementary Atlas” 66 “Assemblage” 68

“Acting Orders” 70 “Flows in the Deep Ground” 74 “Surface Colonisation” 80 “Deep Ground Colonisation” 88

Deep-Ground

// PART 01: Landscape Systems

// PART 01: Landscape Systems / Project Background “London’s Lost Rivers”

“Tyburn, Westminster””

London’s complex urban fabric is built over an interlaced network of 21 tributaries which flow to the Thames within the spread of Greater London. While many of these rivers gave way to railways and roads, the majority were culverted and turned into sewers. Still, some streets and boroughs are aligned to the course of those rivers in order to increase the speed of transport between different regions of the city. Since the hydrosphere orders a nonlinear dynamic system, the speed of urban growth in those areas is much vaster throughout history.

The lost river “Tyburn” which branches underneath Westminster used to form the historical “Thorney Island” in the 13th century. The deltaic marshland eventually dried out after its waters were syphoned off to the city. Since then, the contained river runs undergorund surving as potential stormwater overflow relief system.

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“London’s Hidden Hydrology around 30BC”

“Tyburn, London before the Houses” (Jon William Loftie, 1884)

Studio 01-MLA Landscape Architecture 2020/ /Term 01/ 13

// PART 01: Landscape Systems / Project Background “Tidal Spiders”

“Tidal Spiders, (Whewell, 1936)” 14 / Deep-Ground // Back-Ground: “Fluid Strata”

“London as a center of tidal attraction”

“Tidal Megasystem”

Observed as a wider “Mega-System” London’s hydrosphere is influenced from constant tidal forces which form a complex network of amphidromic points. These networks order the motion of the water around the coastline marking various tidal stations along the Estuary and the river “Thames”. While the “Thames Barrier” operates, the tidal overflow of the water is contained preventing the city from flooding.

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// PART 01: Landscape Systems / Project Background “Floodplains”

Higher Fluvial Flooding Higher Coastal Flooding High Ground Permeability Lower Fluvial Flooding Thames Floodrisk zones

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London is vulnerable to flooding and high tides from surges travelling down from the North Sea towards the English Channel and Thames Estuary. Specific Regions of the city face higher risk of flooding due to the high permeability of their superficial deposits.

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Studio 01-MLA Landscape Architecture 2020/ /Term 01/ 17

// PART 01: Landscape Systems / Project Background “Floodplains”

“2021, Storm Flooding ”

Simulation representing the gradual flooding of Greater London in a potential hurricane storm in 2021 during High Tide, leaving the Thames Barrier temporarily out of operation.

30m

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20m

“Flooding States”

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1m T+6 “High Tide Values”

Studio 01-MLA Landscape Architecture 2020/ /Term 01/ 19

// PART 01: Landscape Systems / Site Research “Site 01: London Westminster”

“Victoria Tower Gardens” is located in the former rivermouth of London’s lost river Tyburn to the Thames. The course of the river used to form a “delta” when branching to meet the Thames while flowing through some of the city’s most famous streets.

Regent’s Canal Regent’s Park Boating Lane

Marylebone Lane

Oxfrod Street

Buckingham Palace

Westminster Abbey

River Tyburn //Subterranean Course

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London, Westminster

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“Tyburn course”

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200m

// PART 01: Landscape Systems / Site Research “Site 01: London Westminster”

“Vetrical and Horizontal Strata Activation”

The chosen site performs under a mechanical and contained influence of a series of natural elements. The Thames is fully separated from the ground’s operational scales through rigid walls and barriers. The landscape forms a dense border to the Thames through a tree alley, highlighting the clear line between “the rigid” and “the fluid”. The strata is composed by traces of hidden hydrological elements, which remain abandoned and constraint within man-made borders. These lost waterways have the potential to be reactivated and used both in their horizontal and vertical direction in order to buffer urgent flooding and hydrological overflows.

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“Site photographs showing the existing situation” Studio 01-MLA Landscape Architecture 2020/ /Term 01/ 25

// PART 01: Landscape Systems / Site Research “Site 01: London Westminster”

“Site position in the flood risk zone”

Conceptual study which shows how the landscape could reappropriate the riverbank of the Thames using the hidden waterways of the Tyburn to channelise excess of water flow.

The activated modules of the ensemble act as “organs” gradually absorbing water over the layers of the Deep- and Back-Ground.

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“Hidden hydrology on-site”

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// PART 01: Landscape Systems / Site Research “Site 01: London Westminster”

Vertical and horizontal “Strata”

Phase 01 (5m)

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Phase 02 (10m)

Phase 03 (15

15m)

Conceptual simulation of growing organisms which colonise the landscape into the Deep- and BackGround. The layering of the modules is observed through an “X-Ray� of the Strata which reveals their hidden network. These serve as reservoirs containing the excess of water which arrives on site due to the malfunction of the Thames Barrier.

Phase 04 (20m)

Synthetic X-Ray (25m)

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// PART 01: Landscape Systems / Site Research “Site 01: London Westminster”

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The simulation of the water runoff of the current situtaion on-site suggests a monotonous and bordered terrain fluidity. There is no blended biodiversity between natural and man-made elements.

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// PART 01: Landscape Systems / Site Research “Site 02: London Estuary”

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Located in the Thames estuary, beyond the Thames Barrier, the second site operates unconstrained under the influence of the tides and fluvial processes. Even though connected through the same hydrosphere the two sites are juxtaposing themselves in terms of porosity, fluidity and strata consistency.

“Site 02 // Thames Estuary”

“ Contextual Hydrosphere”

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The site has a strong dynamic formed by tidal currents which shape its constant state of flux.

The river reappropriates the borders of the landscape disputing any human presence.

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The morphology of the landscape informs how the rivers operate both in the horizontal and vertical scale. The seen and the unseen order a choreography of dense and porous materials which construct the final strata consistency.

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800m

// PART 01: Landscape Systems / Site Research “Site 02: London Estuary”

A speculative X-Ray of the Deep Ground shows the dense diodiversity of the landscape formations which operate freely under the direct impact of hydrology. The fluidity of the strata is manifested and choreographed by the hydrosphere, where land and water meet.

Through a series of vertical networks the site acts also in reverse informing the Deep and the BackGround of the constant shifting in its state.

“ Where Water & Land meet”

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“ State of Flux”

“ Xray”

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The water runoff simulation suggest how diverse the site manipulates the excess of water into its systems. In comparison to the same simulation of the site in Westminster, here there is as clear versatility that shapes the layers of the strata.

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// PART 01: Landscape Systems / Site Research “Site 02: London Estuary” 4000

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The fluidity of the landscape constructs a complex network of streams which either transport or absorb water in their context.

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// PART 01: Landscape Systems / Site Research “Site 02: London Estuary”

“Deta 520

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// PART 01: Landscape Systems / Site Research

“Deta

“Site 02: London Estuary” 520

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(x,y +) ,(m) 46 //Deep-Ground Deep-Ground// //Back-Ground: Back-Ground:“Fluid “FluidStrata” Strata”

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// PART 01: Landscape Systems / Analytical Simulations “Tidal Erosion”

The symptoms of the tidal networks that operate in the estuary are eroding and gradually shifting the site’s morphology. The inner nodes and rills formed through this process insinuate it’s fluid state. The simulation of those processes informs the project’s deeper understanding on how the fluid strata responds to stronger tidal currents. The formations of the eroded landscape reveal the deeper levels of the site’s dynamic which is captured by the “prima materia” which in this case is nothing else but shifting alluvium.

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“ Erosion Xray of the London estuary.”

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// PART 01: Landscape Systems / Analytical Simulations “Tidal Erosion”

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Tidal Erosion T+0 Hhrs

Tidal Erosion T+2 Hhrs

Tidal Erosion T+0 Hhrs

Tidal Erosion T+2 Hhrs

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Tidal Erosion T+4Hhrs

Tidal Erosion T+6 Hhrs

Tidal Erosion T+4 Hhrs

Tidal Erosion T+6 Hhrs

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// PART 01: Landscape Systems / Site Research “Relation Dynamics”

The site in the estuary is finally merged into the hydrological mega-system, meeting the site in Westminster. All the different experimentations and research of how unhidden rivers perform and order dynamic landscapes are used as a model to start building a synthetic landscape in London.

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“Psychogeography”

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// PART 02: Generative Systems

Studio 01-MLA Landscape Architecture 2020/ /Term 01/ 55

// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Elements “Field Dynamics”

Site 1

HY

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Site 2 “The interlaced dynamic network of the two acting sites”

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// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Elements “Field Dynamics”

“Tight curve network”

In order to define the modules of the synthetic landscape, different explorations study how the impact of tidal attractors operates in smaller scaled terrain networks. The simulations concentrate on the acceleration levels of the manipulated grid structure in order to identify the zones where the highest dynamic occurs and therefore the higher the performing stress demand of the landscape should be.

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“Acceleration in the Deep-Ground””

ACCELERATION

“Loose curve network”

“Tidal current network”

Studio 01-MLA Landscape Architecture 2020/ /Term 01/ 59

// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Elements

Force attraction radius (m)

“Strata Manipulation”

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The application of the previous simulations of “field dynamics� in the horizontal and vertical strata suggests a shift between porous and dense terrain fabrics. The zones which perform on the smaller attractor ranges become denser, while the higher the attractor force the more porous the layering of the strata.

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// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Elements “Strata Manipulation”

The shifting between porosity and density of the stream network allows for the gradual built of water reservoirs between the layers of the Strata. Examined in the vertical direction, the simulation investigates the way water circulates in the Deep-Ground and how it can be captured by growing agents. These act as a flood mitigation control systems sensoring the water overflow which arrives through the distributary network of the hydrosphere.

“Growth simulation“

“Water-absorbing agents“

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“Vertical Strata colonisation”

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// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Elements “Strata Manipulation”

Colonising the horizontal strata fluvial processes similar to the ones from the “Lost Rivers” order a new strata organisation. Their absorbance of the water overflow either orders their evolution towards the Deep-Ground or in cases where the soil’s permeability is extremely low, their gradual resurfacing. The final layering of these movements over time composes a new synthetic landscape which operates in both the vertical and horizontal scales in a constant state of flux.

“River resurfacing simulation“

“Water-absorbing agents“

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“Horizontal Strata colonisation”

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// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Elements “Vibrations”

The horizontal and the vertical layers merge together in a complex three dimensional network. Their alteration in scale constructs the Back- and Deep Ground’s synthetic metabolism. The way water flows through, gets contained, stored or absorbed, changes the landscape’s natural morphology. The ever shifting state of the fluidity is progressing non-lineary throughout time carving and revealing new parts of the strata.

“Carved containers”

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“Density network”

“Top layering of the system”

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// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Elements “Ground Metabolism”

“Carving porosity”

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“Metabolic shift of the landscape”

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// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Elements “Elementary Atlas”

“Network”

“Flow”

“Deep-Gro

“Network Type 02”

“Flow Type 02”

“Deep-Groun

“Network Type 03”

“Flow Type 03”

“Surfa

“Amplitude”

“Flow Type 04”

“Deep-Ground

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ound Circulation”

“Porosity”

“Growth Phase 01”

nd Circulation Type 02”

“Streams”

“Growth Phase 02”

“Streams Type 02”

“Growth Phase 03”

ace Density”

Circulation Type 03”

“Circulation”

“Growth Phase 04” Studio 01-MLA Landscape Architecture 2020/ /Term 01/ 71

// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Elements “Assemblage”

“Front View”

“Isometric”

“Top View”

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“Assemblage”

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// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Scenario “Acting Orders”

“Rotation towards the Thames”

“Frontier”

“Buffer Zone”

The site is in a constant shifting state. Its deltaic shape embraces the course of the river Thames and the rivermouth of the Tyburn. In order to maximize the efficiency of the used space the site rotates to open up towards the Thames extending the strata of the riverbank.

By doing so, the efficiency of the buffer zone is maximized and the landscape is able to fully ingest the strong tidal currents which travel from the estuary.

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“Site position, Westminster” Studio 01-MLA Landscape Architecture 2020/ /Term 01/ 75

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200m

// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Scenario “Flows in the Deep Ground”

“Landscape processes under motion” 78 / Deep-Ground // Back-Ground: “Fluid Strata”

The design proposal mechanizes the site’s position between the Thames and the lost river Tyburn, to construct a synthetic landscape that flows into the Deep- and the Back Ground. The cells of the organism are responsively diverting and storing water volumes.

Through sensors and valves, the water is channeled into different levels of the strata flowing along its fibers. In the horizontal layer the Tyburn is reactivated to absorb the first excess of water which arrives from the tidal currents on site. Gradually over time, the river changes its course under the city until it starts to resurface. The overflow of the Tybrun is caught and transferred into the deeper ground when the landscape is incapable of retaining the balance.

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// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Scenario

HOLOCENE

“Flows in the Deep Ground”

MADE GROUND // 0-15 (M) THAMES ALLUVIUM // 0-1O (M)

EOCENE

PLEISTOCENE

FINE SANDS // 10-25 (M)

LONDON CLAY // 0-70 (M)

HARWICH FM // 0-10 (M)

PALAEOCENE

READING & WOOLWICH FMS // 10-20 (M)

UPPER CRETACEOUS

THANET SAND FM // 0-20 (M)

CHALK // 200 (M)

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n”

july

june

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ur n LO LO

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ST

ON ’S RIV ER S

august

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“Reversed E

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“The landscape acting as a revers

Estuary

rsed estuary to absorb water�

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// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Scenario “Surface Colonisation”

“The site”

“Main highways”

“Main footpaths”

“Main roads”

“Hydrosphere”

“Landscape processes under motion”

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The layers on site are constantly constructing a complex network of programme. Located next to Westminster Abbey, the historical position is enhancing the density of the acting city orders marking a poetic evolution of urban growth. In order to reappropriate the riverbank, first it is needed to explode the layers of the strata to shift modules of its morphology. These key parameters are reactivated as members of a synthetic land to exhaust and redirect water overflow.

“Xray of the Hydrosphere on-site�

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// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Scenario “Surface Colonisation”

MODULE 001

“Phase 01”

“Tyburn changing underground course”

“Phase 02” MODULE 001 X 002

“Phase 03” MODULE 001 X 002 X 003

“Phase 04” 001 X 002 X 003 X 004 MODULE

MODULE 001 X 002 X 003 X 004

“Prima Materia Colonisation”

86 //Deep-Ground Deep-Ground// //Back-Ground: Back-Ground:“Fluid “FluidStrata” Strata”

The final assemblage of the design elements colonises the horizontal and vertical layers of the site. The morphology of the formed “spill-out” resembles the burst of the river Tyburn into the Thames. Through this poetic act of freeing the so far constraint river, the landscape is able to shift nature and operate as a complex flooding mitigation system. The horizontal and vertical Strata absorb the incoming overflow of water guiding it to the appropriate reservoirs for its use in the city, or releasing it into the Deep Ground to then be absorbed.

“Spill-out morphology”

“Use in reverse as a flood mitigation system”

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// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Scenario “Surface Colonisation”

“Tyburn course layering”

“River resurfacing”

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“Main directionality”

“Overflow Agents” “Tidal Agents”

“Buffer zones”

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200m

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400m

// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Scenario “Surface Colonisation”

“Low tidal current”

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“Medium tid

dal current”

“Heavy storm currents”

“Gradual flooding of the landscape”

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// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Scenario “Deep Ground Colonisation”

“Synthetic Land

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dscape�

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// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Scenario “Deep Ground Colonisation”

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“Deep-Ground system un

nder low water overflow�

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// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Scenario “Deep Ground Colonisation”

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“Deep-Ground system un

nder high water overflow�

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// PART 02: Generative Systems / Design Scenario “Deep Ground Colonisation”

“Thames under high tide in a potential storm”

“Synthetic Module”

The final synthetic landscape responds actively as a flooding mitigation system. In cases of severe rainfall or the malfunction of the Thames Barrier, the terrain absorbs the incoming water overflow of the Thames and channels it through to its core. The water is contained in various reservoirs as it travels downstream to meet the river Tyburn which channels it through the city. In cases where the excess of water is very high and the Tyburn is unable to manage it, it travels downstream into the Deeper Ground. The constant water pressure under heavy storms gradually pulls the river back into the surface.

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Tyburn resurfacing

+ 0,00m

Valve to the surface containers

Grey water use Valve to the Tyburn

Primary flood reservoir system

Secondary flood reservoir system

Release in the deeper Ground

Natural ground water absorption

“Living scale”

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