Also by Gerard M. Devlin Paratrooper!: The Saga of u.S. Army and Marine Parachute and Glider Combat Troops During World War II Silent Wings: The Saga of the u.S. Army and Marine Combat Glider Pilots During World War II
TO
CORREGIDOR
AMERICA RETAKES THE ROCK
Gerard M. Devlin ST. MARTIN'S PRESS NEW YORK
Copyright Š 1992 by Gerard M. Devlin. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. For information, address St. Martin 's Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010.
BACK TO CORREGIDOR .
Editor: Jared Kieling Copyedited by W. L. Broecker Design by Judith Christensen Maps by Paul Costa Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Devlin, Gerard K. Back to Corregidor : America retakes the rock / Gerard K. Devlin. p. cm. ISBN 0-312-07648-7 1. World War, 1939-1945-Campaigns-Philippines-Corregidor Island. 2. Corregidor Island (Philippines)-History. I. Title. D767.4.D47 1992 92-2995 940. 54'26-dc20 CIP First Edition: June 1992 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Books are available in quantity for promotional or premium use. Write to Director of Special Sales, St. Martin 's Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010, for information on discounts and terms, or call toll-free (8(0) 221-7945. In New York, call (212) 674-5151 (ext. 645).
For the intrepid General George M. Jones and all who served as members of his Rock Force during the battle to liberate Corregidor. and For my son Michael; my daughters Deanna-Lyn and Patricia; Patricia's husband, Captain Robert S. Petree, Jr., U.S. Air Force; and my adorable grandchildren Michelle, Little Robert, Ann, and Joseph.
CORREGIDOR Silver moon softens shattered walls, Only the ghosts remain, And the winds howl down the lonely halls The tales of blood and pain. And chutes sigh, like long lost souls, Stranded in lifeless trees. Death lurks in the cavelike holes That gape at the lonely seas.
o Lord, consecrate and bless The loved ones who must rest, Who bore your cross and gave their all In this their final test. Written on Corregidor by Sergeant Gertus H. Jones of Battery B, 462d Parachute Artillery Battalion during a lull in the battle to liberate the island.
CONTENTS Foreword xi Acknowledgments xv 1. Origins of Fortress Corregidor 1 2. Disaster in the Philippines 11 3. A Promise Kept 24 4. Geronimo! 44 5. The Infantrymen Hit Black Beach 62 73 6. Second Lift Receives a Warm Welcome 7. Big Trouble on Malinta Hill 94 8. Clearing Topside 104 9. Banzai! 129 158 10. The Fighting Continues 11. Disaster at Monkey Point 176 12. "I See the Old Flagpole Still Stands" 202 Epilogue 219 Appendix A: Medal of Honor citation for Watertender 231 First Class Elmer C. Bigelow, U.S. Navy Appendix B: Medal of Honor citation for Private Lloyd G. McCarter, U.S. Army 233 Appendix C: Presidential Unit Citation awarded to Rock Force for its recapture of Corregidor 235 AppendixD: Lineage and battle honors of the 503d Parachute Infantry Regiment 239 Appendix E: Combat equipment carried by paratroopers that jumped on Corregidor 242 245 Bibliography 249 Index 261 About the Author ix
FOREWORD Gerard Devlin's Back to Corregidor is the history of a place known as the Garden Isle of the Philippines prior to World War II. It was lost to the Japanese in May 1942 and recaptured by U.S. military forces in February 1945. Corregidor's spectacular recapture by the Rock Force involved the 503d Parachute Regimental Combat Team as the basic unit of Rock Force. I had the distinction of being commander of the combat team as well as the overall commander of Rock Force. The 503d Parachute Infantry was America's oldest parachute regiment. The 2d Battalion of that three-battalion regiment was actually the first tactical parachute unit formed early in 1941; it was then known as the 501st Parachute Battalion. The troopers of the 503d learned the art of tactical parachuting from scratch. With no prior experience to guide us, we had to learn by doing and trying new things as we went along in those early days. We experimented to find how to best get ourselves in sound physical condition, jump out of an airplane, and get on the ground with our weapons in our hands, ready to fight. This was a natural developmental process for the unusually aggressive and resourceful troopers of the 503d. Another asset the 503d acquired was the knowledge of how to survive in the jungle. The jungle can be a very harsh environment. The regiment's junior officers and senior noncommissioned officers received training at the Australian Army's Jungle Warfare School at Conungra, Australia, while we were training at Gordonvale in 1942 and 1943. Our soldiers learned about edible wild fruits and plants and how to get water from the water vine. We learned how to make the jungle work for us. Our men could survive longer and better than the average soldier in the army. This gave all members of the regiment an unusually high degree of self-confidence. xi
Foreword In Panama where the 501st Battalion trained for a year, and also in Australia, our units learned to jump into small, restricted and challenging areas. This capability served us well when we parachuted into the ultraforbidding areas of sheared-off trees and house-size bomb craters on Corregidor. The 503d parachute team was experienced in making lowaltitude combat jumps: 600 feet at Nadzab in New Guinea, and 400 feet at Noemfoor Island, Dutch New Guinea. At Noemfoor, on July 5, 1944, the first planeload jumped at an altitude of only 175 feet instead of the 400 feet scheduled for that mission. The pilot of the lead plane apparently failed to set his altimeter when we took off from a higher altitude at Lake Sentani in Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea. Nine out ofthe seventeen paratroopers who jumped from that lead plane suffered broken legs, ankles, backs, and other serious injuries. My enlisted aide, who jumped just ahead of me, had both legs broken. I had an extremely severe headache that lasted for at least a week after the jump. Possibly it was a concussion. But since I could still operate and had a great deal to attend to in the objective area, I did not have my condition medically recorded. The 503d, with the rugged training it had received and its previous combat experience, was the proper unit to be assigned the mission of jumping onto Corregidor. The 3d Battalion, 34th Infantry Regiment, 24th Division, arid other small units that were attached to the 503d Parachute Regimental Combat Team for that mission made us a relatively small but formidable fighting force. Every unit in the Rock Force, large or small, did an outstanding job. My philosophy as a parachute commander was simple: Parachuting into combat is basically a poor means of transportation. There is always the very real possibility of jump injuries, loss or damage to weapons and supplies, and scattering of tactical units throughout the objective area and beyond. Parachute entry into combat should only be made when that mode provides a tactical advantage! This concept was the basis for delivery of the 3d Battalion of the 503d to Corregidor amphibiously instead of by parachute. In the previous Noemfoor Island operation the 3d Battalion had also been brought ashore by boat instead of by xii
Foreword parachute. In our final combat open.tion after Corregidor, scheduled parachute jumps on Negros Island were canceled at my recommendation to Eighth Army. Air reconnaissance I made the day prior to the scheduled jumps indicated that all three initial objectives had been compromised: Two major river bridges were blown and a sawmill was on fire. As a result of that cancellation, the 503d was flown to Panay Island in the vicinity of N egros and we were brought to Negros by naval vessels. It is interesting to recall that General Walter Krueger, the outstanding commander of Sixth Army, directed me to report to his headquarters on Goodenough Island to plan the Cape Gloucester Operation with the 1st Marine Division. When I reported to General Krueger, he asked me how I thought the 503d should participate. Having flown over Cape Gloucester only a few weeks before on an air force bombing mission during which we were on the receiving end of hostile antiaircraft fire, I already knew how the Japanese 'were defending that whole area. So I replied, "General, we ought to jump right on top of the Japs. It will be rough going for awhile, but we will win the fight." General Krueger looked at me with considerable consternation and said, "We don't fight wars that way!" I thought he was going to throw me out of his tent. We fortunately did not participate in the Cape Gloucester Operation. General Krueger did not make the subsequent decision to jump on Corregidor. It was General MacArthur who directed that we jump. Jump on top of the enemy was exactly what we did to overcome the force of 350-800 estimated by Sixth Army to be on Corregidor. We eventually took a toll of over 6,000 enemy during the operation; 4,500 Japanese dead were counted. Hundreds more were killed in caves and in Malinta Tunnel. Troopers of the 503d were brave, determined, and always helpful to one another. Teamwork was evident in everyone of our operations. The characteristic of helpfulness extended even to our enemy. We were informed that the Japanese wanted to die for the Emperor. The troopers of the 503d eagerly helped them achieve their goal. Captain Itagaki, the Japanese naval commander ofCorregidor, xiii
Foreword had been ordered by Imperial Headquarters to prepare a defense against an airborne landing attack. Captain Itagaki was killed during the first hour of the operation. We captured his enlisted aide who, under interrogation, reported that the captain had made a reconnaissance of the island with his staff as directed. Following that reconnaissance, and a detailed study of his existing defensive positions, Itagaki concluded that it would be impossible to land paratroopers on Corregidor. He therefore prepared no antiairborne defense plan. So by at least one person's estimate, Rock Force did accomplish the impossible! I trust that you will enjoy reading Back to Corregidor. George M. Jones Brigadier General, U.S. Army, Ret. Tuscon, Arizona June 1991
xiv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Among the host of veterans who contributed to the book I would like to thank in particular the following: Howard Cary, Clifford Warren, and Lieutenant Colonel Jules D. Yates, all of whom defended Corregidor during the 1941-1942 siege and assault by Japanese forces and who subsequently endured three years as prisoners of war, for familiarizing me with the island's topography and its many military and civilian facilities; Brigadier General George M. Jones, who commanded Rock Force throughout the parachute assault and ground fighting that resulted in Corregidor's liberation, for providing me with copies of voluminous afteraction reports prepared by his staff and company commanders who fought the battle; Lieutenant General John J. Tolson III, who as a major commanded a battalion in the 503d Parachute Infantry Regiment before being moved up to General Krueger's Sixth Army staff, for telephone interviews during which he provided detailed information concerning the regiment's early lineage and the planning that took place at Sixth Army for the Corregidor jump mission; Command Sergeant Major Leroy F. Tolson (no relation to General John Tolson), for allowing me to borrow the actual combat map he jumped with and carried during the fighting on Corregidor; Chief Petty Officer Millard Blevins and Keith E. Snyder, both of whom were aboard the destroyer U.S.S. Fletcher when she was struck by Japanese shells fired from Corregidor, for detailing the heroics of Water tender Second Class Elmer C. Bigelow, and for providing documents concerning their gallant ship's battle history; Lewis H. France, Norman H. Smith, James D. White, and O. D. Williford, Jr., all former PT boat sailors who were aboard the boats that rescued misdropped paratroopers, for explaining how those daring pickups were made under enemy fire. lowe Mr. France a special word of thanks for sending me a copy of PT 376' s log for March 2, 1945, the day she xv
Acknowledgments transported General MacArthur from Manila to Corregidor for the historic Hag-raising ceremony with the paratroopers and other members of Rock Force. For sending me information about the many risks involved in making parachute jumps on Corregidor, I am most grateful to Colonel Ramon M. Ong of the Armed Forces of the Philippines who is himself a parachutist of considerable experience. My thanks also go to these other contributors: Donald G. Rhodes, Executive Vice President of PT Boats Inc., and his staff in Memphis, Tennessee, for sending names and addresses of individuals who served aboard the PT boats that rescued paratroopers misdropped at Corregidor; Lou Varrone, who is a noted artist and writer of the airborne world and also a former paratrooper, for permitting me to use his rendering of Private Lloyd G. McCarter that appears in this book; Thomas P. Gaffney, a veteran of World War II service in the V.S. Navy who is a walking reference book relating to warships and naval personalities, for interviews at his home and allowing me to borrow books and photos from his private collection; Dennis Davies, an established authority on weapons and equipment carried by airborne troops of all nations, for answering my many questions about American and Japanese paratroopers of World War II; Lieutenant Thomas H. Costa who, while a cadet at West Point, took time from his busy academic schedule to research i~formation for me that was only available in the academy's library; George "Pete" Buckley, a World War II combat glider pilot, for coming to my aid on several occasions with information I had requested concerning V. S. Air Force matters, and Anne Cloy, wife of my OCS classmate, Colonel Richard C. Cloy, who graciously sent me the names and addresses of several former residents of the Philippines who provided me with considerable information about Corregidor and Manila. A great many other generous contributors took time to answer my requests for photos to accompany the manuscript. Space does not permit me to list all their names, but I am grateful to them all. Those who deserve special mention are Carl Kuttruff, this country's foremost authority on the history of Corregidor and all other islands located in Manila Bay; Command Sergeant Major xvi
Acknowledgments Leroy F. Tolson and Dominico Muzio, both veteran paratroopers of the Corregidor and other combat jump missions, who managed to carry cameras during the fighting on Corregidor; and Bennett M. Guthrie, a noted airborne author who also jumped on Corregidor as a member of Rock Force. For continuous words of encouragement during the time it took me to write this book, my thanks to my son, Michael; my daughters, Deanna-Lyn and Patricia; Patricia's husband, Captain Robert S. Petree, U.S. Air Force; my grandchildren, Michelle, Robert, Ann, and Joseph, and my brother, Arthur, who is himself an author. My thanks also go to my agent, Paul Gitlin; and to Jared Kieling, senior editor at St. Martin's Press, for his patience and understanding of the difficulties that caused me to be tardy in submitting the completed manuscript. I must thank the eagleeyed copyeditor W. L. Broecker for catching my spelling errors and word omissions, and for untangling my many garbled and verbose sentences. Above all others who gave me encouragement and assistance stands Leona, my wife. She organized and collated material, typed much of the manuscript, and was my constant source of strength when the going was toughest. As happened during the writing of my previous works on the airborne troops of World War II, there were a great many times when I was unable to think of the right words to complete an important paragraph. On each of those occasions, I put my pen down on my desk and prayed to the Almighty and the Blessed Mother for assistance. As before, they never let me down. Finally, I also owe another special word of thanks to Saint Anthony, the worker of miracles, for my many requests that were all answered. I'll try not to be such a pest to him in the future.
xvii
INDEX A Abbott, Donald E. , 82, 229-230 Aimers, Richard A., 138, 139 Akune, Harry M. , 47, 48, 51, 60 Akune, Ken, 47, 48 Anderson, Willie J., 121 Appari, 15 Arbuckle, Donald, 158-159 Arrigo, Frank, 60 Ashton, William E., 179 Asman, Harold, 69 Atkins, Robert M., 123, 141, 142, 156 Australia, 13, 17, 19, 27-29, 30
B Bacalod, Negros, 220 Bailey, William T. , 109. 113, 137, 140, 160, 161, 162, 206, 212 Bailey, William T., 86-87, 177-178, 180 Baldwin, Albert J., 87 Ball, Emory N. , 162, 182, 187, 188 Bandt, Perry E. , 83-84, 160, 161 Barbey, Daniel E. , 214 Bartlet, John E., 160, 161
Bataan Death March, 20, 62 Bataan Peninsula, 3, 11, 16, 38, 57, 208, 209 defense of, 16-17, 18-19 surrender of, 19-20 34th Infantry advance in, 65 Bates, Clyde L. , 60 Battery Boston, 86, 87-88 Battery Cheyney, 154, 155 Battery Chicago, 61 Battery Crocket, 82 Battery Geary, 111-112 Battery Hearn, 6, 138, 140, 150, 151, 152, 153, 159, 161, 162 Battery Smith, 6, 137-140 Battery Wheeler, 52, 55, 50, 86, 87, 88, 109, 111-112, 114, 115, 127, 130, 182 Battle of Guadalcanal, 40 Battle of Manila Bay, 14 Battle of San Juan Hill, 4 Battle of the Bulge, 34 Bauer, Donald G., 216 Baumea, Clarence, 98 Beach Defense Reserve Battalion, 21 "Beautiful Streamer," 28-29 Bennett, Alan C. , 154-155 Biak Island, 64, 65 Bigart, Homer, 69 Bigelow, Elmer Charles, 41-42, 226
249
Index Bigelow U.S.S., 226 Black Beach, 38, 50, 83, 101, 123, 147 landing, 62-72 Blake, William E., 56-57, 120-122, 144-146 Blarney, Thomas A., 28 Blevins, Millard ("Pappy"), 43 "Blood on the Risers," 28, 29 Bohol,219 Borneo, 219 Boroke Airfield, 64 Bossert, William T., 152, 192, 193, 198, 199 Bourque, Rivers P., 98 Bracklien, William C., 154-155 Bradley, James, 180 Brady, William G., 154 Bratle, Carl G., 199, 229-230 Breakwater Point, 107, 129-130, 152 British Malaya, 13 Britton, John, 32 Brown, Larry S., 87, 88, 181 Brown, Lewis E., 225-226 Brown, William A., 186-187,188 Brush, Rapp, 220 Buchanan, Henry H. ("Buck"), 155,206 Bugsanga River Valley, 35 Bulkeley, John D. , 19 Burma, 13 Bushido Code, 74-75, 194 Byer, James, 33
c Caballo, 5, 211-212 Cairns, Australia, 27-29
Calhoun, William T., 78-80, 87-89, 113-114, 137-138, 150, 151, 152, 159-160, 161, 162, 178, 179, 207, 212, 217 Campbell, Elden C., 45 Campbell, William G., 112-113 Carabao, 5 Caskey, Lawson B., 38-39, 76-77, 86, 105, 107, 124, 130, 161, 181, 190 Cassise, James L., 98 Castillejos, 57 Castillo, Jesse S. , 143-144, 229-230 Cates, Wert R., 192, 198 Cavanaugh, R. W., 40, 42, 43 Cebu, 1, 2, 219 Centenni, Frank, 67, 70-71, 97-98, 99, 101, 102, 126 Cheney Ravine, 75, 154, 155 Clark, Ernest C., 73, 119, 150, 190-191 Claxton, 123 Collins, John, 210 Combat Photo Team Q, 47 Company A, 63, 64, 71, 83, 100, 124 Company A, 146, 152, 153, 170, 174, 176-177, 189, 192, 198, 208 Company B, 34, 192-193 Company C, 38, 167, 168, 181, 192-193, 194, 198, 199 Company D, 75, 114, 115, 154, 162, 206 Company E, 75, 80, 82, 116-117, 131-137, 181-188, 205-206
250
Index Company F, 75, 77, k78, 80, 86, 91, 96, 108-111, 112, 113, U5, 130, 137-140, 154, 161-162, 166, 177-180, 189, 206-207, 212 Company G, 51, 89, 177, 200, 202, 204 Company H, 51, 89, 105, 166, 177, 188-189, 196, 200, 202-203 Company I, 51, 64, 71, 90, 105, 146, 147, 169, 200, 203, 204 Company K, 63, 64, 67, 70, 97, 99, 100, 102, 125, 126-127, 146, 147, 148, 189 Company L, 63-64, 67-68, 70, 125, 146, 147, 169 Company M, 64, 68, 71, 147 Congressional Medal of Honor, 33, 43, 152 Conway, Joseph M., 52, 105, 144, 166, 177, 188-189, 196, 202 Corder, Roscoe, 182, 183, 184, 185-186, 188 Corregidor, 11 defense of, 17, 18-19, 20-22 elevations on, 1-2 location of, 1 Pacific War Memorial on, 223-224 paratrooper memorial on, 227-228 recapture of aerial reconnaissance in, 39-40 banzai attacks in , 149-157, 162-163, 166, 194-196
Battery Smith mission in , 137-140 casualties in, 61, 85, 191, 197, 214 casualties in, Japanese, 164-165, 213-214 cave-closing operations in, 177-179 clearing operations in, 104-125, 177-179 defensive plan for, 129-130 demolition devices in, 144-146 eastern sector attack, 190-201 fly problem in , 141-142, 212-213 icehouse attack in, 166-167 infantry landing, 62-72 infantry landing, site for, 38 James Ravine mission, 131-137 Japanese defenses and, 36-37, 50,58-59, 74-75, 128, 148-149 Japanese escapees and, 208-210 Japanese infiltrators and, 94-97, 127, 167- 172 Japanese prisoners in , 165-166, 173 Malinta Hill, assault on, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70-71 , 170 Malinta Hill, explosions on, 174-175, 176-177, 191-192 Malinta Hill, Japanese attack and , 97-103, 126
251
Index Corregidor (cant.) Monkey Point explosion in, 198-201 mop-up phase in, 205-208, 217-218 paratrooper landing, first lift, 44-61 paratrooper landing, second lift, 72, 73-93 paratrooper landing, third lift, 117-118 paratrooper role in, 25-35, 37, 38-40 planning, 36, 37-38, 39, 40 pre invasion bombardment, 40-43, 49, 173 return of MacArthur, 214-216 supply problem in, 140-141 tactical unit formed for , 35 Way Hill mission in, 137, 140 western sector attack, 190-201 reunions on, 229-230 Spanish fortification of, 3 surrender of, 22 United States fortification of, 5-7 United States garrison on, 7-10 Crawford, Lewis B. , 135-136, 182, 183, 184, 185-186, 188 Crawford, Stanley C., 204 Crenshaw, Raymond, 99 Crosier, Malcolm E., 53 Cuba, 5 Cyclone Task Force, 30-31, 33 Cyclops Airfield, 64
D Dallas, Matthew J., 193, 195 Davis, John N. , 195, 196, 198, 199, 201, 207-208, 220 Debruyker, Ernest J., 203 DeLane, Thomas T. , 127 Demolitions, 144-146 Dewey, George, 4 Dews, Richad W., 193, 195 Dimascio, Dominic C., 189 Doerr, Jean P., 177, 202 Doherty, Daniel J. , 159 Donovan, Francis X., 48, 51, 150, 165 Douglas C-47 (" Sky train"), 45 Drews, Harry J., 227-228 Dutch East Indies, 13, 219
E Earhart, Amelia, 29 East Point, 204 Edgar, James D., 157 Edwards, William L., 205-206 18th Portable Surgical Hospital, 165 11th Airborne Division, 27, 45, 221, 224 EI Fraile, 5 Elmore Airfield, 44 Endo, Takeji, 148, 149, 150, 153, 156, 157 Engineer Cove, 189 Engineer Point, 168 Erickson, John, 32, 38, 52, 59, 61, 86, 89, 105, 130, 180, 190, 207
252
Index Erickson, John, 196, 200, 202, 203-204 Eubanks, Roy E. , 33
F Fenway, Howard G., 146, 147, 169 Fieden, Peter, 193, 195 Fifth Air Force, 49 59th Coast Artillery, 2 Fire and maneuver technique, 166-167 1st Battalion, 64, 90, 117,. 129, 167-168, 190, 192, 194, 195, 196, 198-201, 207-208, 220 503d Parachute Infantry Regiment, 27-29 reactivation of, 224-225 reunions of, 227-228 See also 503d Parachute Regimental Combat Team (RCT) 503d Parachute Regimental Combat Team (RCT) commander of, 27 on Corregidor, 105-119, 123-124, 127-128, 129-146, 1.49-157, 158-162, 164-168, 173, 177-189, 190-191, 192-197, 198-201, 202-208 first lift, 44-61 Japanese infiltrators and, 94-97, 127, 169 second lift, 73-93 third lift, 118
departure from Corregidor, 217-218 on Mindoro, 34-35 Negros mission, 219-221 in New Guinea, 29-34 prohibition on night movement, 95-96 R-and-R period, 219 See also 503d Parachute Infantry Regiment; specific name and company 592d Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment, 62 Flash, Edward T., 80, 96-97, 108-110, 111 Fletcher U.S.S., 40-42, 43, 226-227 Fly problem, 141-142, 212-213 Formosa, 24 Fort Jackson, South Carolina, 36 Fort Santiago, 3 442d Infantry Regiment, 48 462d Parachute Field Artillery Battalion, 33, 38, 39, 54, 59, 76, 81, 84, 115, 116, 163, 196 4th Marine Regiment, 22 Freihoff, William, 188, 89 French Indochina, 13, 17-18 Fugitti, Robert R., 126, 127, 147, 170
G Geary Point, 83 Geelvink Bay, 30, 64 Gibson, Henry W. ("Hoot"), 116-117, 163, 190,209
253
Index Gifford, James P., Jr. , 114, 115, 206 Goal Post Ridge, 71, 92, 97, 98, 102, 125 Gort, Lord, 19 Gridley, Charles V., 4 Griffen, Ernest, 154 Grubbs Ravine, 137, 149, 159, 179-180 Grubbs Trail, 178-179 Guam, 5,13 Guimaras, 219 Gulsvick, Edward, 81 Guthrie, Bennett M., 140, 189, 201
Homma, Masaharu , 15-16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 222 Hong Kong, 4, 13, 18 Hooker Point, 204-205 Hoover, Vernon D. , 143-144 Hopewell U.S.S ., 42, 43 Horton, Charlie T., 215 Howard, Samuel L., 22 Hoyt, Charles H., 97, 109 Huff, Delby A., 78, 88, 89 Hughart, Paul A., 114 Hutchins, Maurice K., 176
I
H Handlon, Glen E., 88 Hardwick, Cornelius S. , 176-177 Harley, Richard, 60 Harp, Willard, 100 Harris, Richard G., 69 Hartman, William, 119-120 Herb , Robert E., 55-56 Hernandez, Michael, 168 Heyer, Robert W. , 193 Hill Airfield, 44 Hill, Charles W., 145 Hill, Hudson C., 80-81, 82, 116, 131, 133, 134, 137, 181-182, 183-184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 205 Hirohito, Emperor, 221 Hiroshima, bombing of, 221 Holland, 3 Hollandia, New Guinea, 30, 64
Iloilo, Panay, 220 Impson, Amazon B. , Jr., 54 Impson, Jack, 54 Infantry Point, 192, 193 Itagald, Ikira, 35, 58, 74, 75, 173
J James Ravine, 75, 90, 131-137 Janas, Ralph F ., 188 Jandro, Howard S., 187, 188 Japan 1st Infantry Division of, 65 Bushido Code, 74-75, 194 Hiroshima/Nagasaki bombing in, 221 invasion of Philippines, 14-16, 19-22 in Mindoro assault, 34-35 occupation of Philippines, 17, 22-23 Pacific War strategy of, 13
254
Index Pearl Harbor attack by, 13-14 surrender of, 221, 222 See also Corregidor, recapture of Japanese-Americans, in United States armed forces, 47-48 Jetton, Willie G., 208 Johnson, Chris W., 79, 152 Joint Assault Signal Company GASCO),47 Jones, George Madison, 30, 33, 34, 57, 61, 227, 228 attack order by, 38 background of, 27 Corregidor command, 50, 52-53, 59, 73-74, 85~86, 90, 95, 105, 117, 123, 128, 129, 136, 150, 152, 157, 160, 166, 189-90, 193-194, 35, 200, 205, 214, 215, 216 and Noemfoor jump, 31, 32 plan for Corregidor assault, 36, 37, 39 postwar duty, 225 Jones, Gertus, 81-82
K Kambakumis, Angelos ("Greek"), 110-111 Kamiri Airdrome, 31-32, 33 Keller, Frank B., 162 Kelly, Dempsey, 168 Kenney, George, 30 Kernodle, Elmer, 135 Kettle Hill, 4 Kindley Field, 8, 9, 196, 200, 202, 204-204
King, Ernest J., 24 King, Roy J., 145 Kinkaid, Thomas C., 219 Kinsler, Kenneth H., 27, 30 Kirkpatrick, Gerald G., 188 Kish, George, 198, 228-229 Kitnik, Henry G. ("Hank"), 102, 125, 126 Kline, Arlais E., 33 Knapp, Glen R., 193, 195 Knox, Cameron, 32 Knudson, Melvin R., 117 Komer, Peter J., 83, 90-91 Krueger, Walter, 26, 76, 214
L Lackey, John H., 39, 50, 117, 118,220 Lae, New Guinea, 30 Lampman, Richard A., 87, 88, 151, 180 LaVanchure, William E. ("Red Dog"), 228-229 Lee, William W., 130-131 LeVine, Lester H., 157 Leyte, 1, 12, 25, 34, 65 Leyte Gulf, 2 Lindgren, John L., 155, 229-230 Lingayen Gulf, 14, 15, 16 Little Knob, 71, 92, 97, 98, 102,
125 Lopez, Anthony D., 110 Lopez de Villalobos, Ruy, 2 Lovinguth, Albert C., 189 Luzon, 1, 13, 14, 15, 22-23, 25, 27,35,65
255
Index
M MacArthur, Arthur, 4 MacArthur, Douglas, 4, 15, 28, 65, 107-108, 194, 219, 222, 223,227 advocates liberation of Philippines, 24-25 in defense of Bataan and Corregidor, 16-19 departure for Australia, 19 and New Guinea campaign, 29-30,64 pledges return to Philippines, 19,23,24 reaction to Pearl Harbor attack, 14 return to Corregidor, 214-216 return to Philippines, 25 tours in Philippines, 12 McArthur, Preston, 228 McBridge, Private, 188 McCarter, Lloyd G., 87, 88, 89, 138, 151-152, 229 McClain, William C., 200 McCory, Henry, 88 McCullough, Lloyd, 141 McDonald, William, 138-139, 160 Maciborski, Stanley, 178 McMillen, James L., 193, 195 Mactan, 2, 3 Magellan, Ferdinand, 2, 3 Maine U.S.S., 3, 16 Malinta Hill, 2, 6, 7, 9, 17, 20, 21, 38, 50, 52, 124, 147, 171-172, 190,209 Base End Station B-23, 92 explosions on, 174-175, 176-177, 191-192
explosives stored in, 171-172, 174 Japanese attack on, 97-103, 126, 170 recapture of, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70-71, 170 Malinta Point, 92 Malinta Runnel, 64, 71, 97, 98, 100, 169, 173-174, 176,215, 223 Manila, 1, 2, 3, 4-5, 17, 25, 40, 129 Manila Bay, 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 26, 40, 129 Manjome, Takeo, 220 Manning, James, 82 Mapp, John A., 54 Mara, John E., 213 Mariveles, 58, 65 Marquat, William F., 194 Marshall, George c., 18 Marston, Roy E., 193, 195 Martin, Burl W., 159 Martin, Calvin C., 162 Medics, 56, 59, 69, 77-78, 84-85, 91, 100, 120, 142-143, 200 Melberg, Reingold, 221 Merritt, Wesley, 4 Mikel, George J., 160, 161, 178, 179, 180 Mile-long Barracks, 7, 10, 56, 59, 60, 61, 69, 77, 82, 86, 90, 95, 109, 120, 124, 129, 152, 156, 165, 223, 228 Mindanao, 1, 24, 219 Mindoro, 27, 40, 49, 59, 77, 90 assault on, 34-35 Missouri U.S.S., 222
256
Index
o
Monkey Point, 198-201, 208, 215 Moore, George F., 7-8 Moore, James R., 189 Moore, Ned A., 170 Morgan, Fred M., 161 Moron, 17 Morrison Hill, 61, 89-90, 105, 124 Morrison Point, 205 Mullens, James M. ("Moon"), 221-222 Murphy, Lyle M., 105, 106, 173, 203, 204 Muzio, Domenico, 53-54
O'Connell, Robert R., 110-111 Olympia, 4 151st Infantry Division, 197, 207, 217 WIst Airborne Division, 79 161st Engineers, 143 l61st Parachute Engineer Battalion, 33 161st Airborne Engineer Battalion, 38 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team, 226 Orion-Bagac line, 17
p N Nadzab, New Guinea, 29, 130 Nagasaki, bombing of, 221 Nagy, James, 114 Narrow, Paul A. , 179 Natalie, Mike, 180 Navy Destroyer Division, 40-43, 46 Navy Tunnel, 7 NCO Club, 156 Neamend, Adolph, 99 Negros , 1, 219-221 Newburn, William M. , Jr., 168 New Guinea, 29-34, 64-65 New Zealand, 13 Nimitz, Chester W ., 24, 25 Noemfoor Island, New Guinea, 30-33, 64, 79, 80 Nolan, Michael J., 119-120 North Shore Road, 189
Pace, John C. , 196 Pacific Battle Fleet, 14 Pacific Ocean Area Command, 24 Pacific War Memorial, 223-224 Pack, 46, 75 Palauan,34 Panay, 1, 219, 220 Parachute Test Platoon, 76 Parsons, Delbert L., 121 Patrick, Edwin D., 30-31 Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on, 13-14 Peralta, Arcario L., 219 Perry, Vema, 227 Philip II, King, 3 Philippines defense forces in, 12-13 defense of Bataan and Corregidor, 16-22
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Index Philippines (cant.) islands of, 1-2 Japanese occupation of, 17, 22-23 resistance movement in, 22, 23 in Spanish American War, 3-5 under Spain, 2-3 under United States, 5 War Plan Orange, 11-12 See also Corregidor Phillips, Johnnie H . ("Red Horse"), 159 Picking, 66 Plantdon, Eugene M. , 101 Port Moresby, New Guinea 29 30 ' , Portugal, 3 Postlethwait, Edward M. background of, 35-36 Corregidor command, 62, 63, 65, 66,69-70, 102-103, 119, 123, 147, 169, 189, 190, 197, 215 postwar duty, 225 Powers, John J. , 55 Preston, Charles M., 162 Prettyman, John B., 163, 164 IT boats, 54, 83, 208, 210-211, 214, 216 Pucci, Amleto , 114-115 Puerto Rico, 5
Q Q boats, 173 Quartermaster Area, 7 Quezon, Manuel, 12
R Rambo, Charles R., 59 Ramsey Ravine, 66-67, 130 Ranville, Lawrence, 159 Red Beach, 25, 65 Redding, Carroll F ., 132 Redfield, Edward T. , 132 Reynolds, Roland H ., 87 Richmond, John R., 229 Roberts , Joseph A., 214 Romero, John F ., 106 Rommel, Field Marshal, 19 Romulo, Carlos, 214 Roosevelt, Franklin D. , 18, 24, 25 Roosevelt, Theodore, 4 Rostello, Gerald, 68 Rough Riders, 4 Rucker, John P., 183, 192, 194, 195 Ruggio, Pasquale, 159
s Samar, 1, 2 San Jose, 9, 34, 64, 67 San Jose Point, 68, 100, 101 San Marcelino Airfield, 57 San Miguel, 65 Santiago, 16 Sato, Gempachi, 74 Schilli, Benedict J., 139, 151 Searchlight Point, 181, 183, 184 2d Battalion, 38, 75-76, 86, 87, 90, 105, 107, 124, 130, 181, 188, 190, 205, 206 Segobia, James S., 132
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Index Senior Officers' Row, 86-87, 91 Shirley, Leo, 199 Shropshire, Joseph S., ll2-ll3 Siam, 13 Silver Star, 85, ll7, 193, 204, 226 Simpson, Melvin, 146, 170-171, 174, 176 Sinclair, Joseph W., 169-170 Singapore, 13, 18 603d Tank Company, 63 6th Infantry Division, 221 Sixth Army, 26, 47 Skobolewsky, William, 68-69 Smart, Oliver K., 170-171 Smithback, Arthur 0., 52 Smith, Norman H., 210-2ll Smith, Philip R., 87 Smith, Sims H., 215 Snyder, Keith E., 41, 43, 227 Soridao Airfield, 64 Soucy, Earl J., 89 South China Sea, 1, 3, 6, 94, 130, 219 South Shore Road, 201 Southwest Pacific Forces, 24 Spain, 2-3 Spanish American War, 3-5 Special Naval Landing force, 148 Spicer, Emmett R., 84-85 Spirit of '76, 210 Stearns, Lewis F., 70, 146-147, 169 Stevens, Thomas, 165 Stimson, Henry L., 18 Stone, Bonnell H., 189 Stowe, Nelson M., ll4 Struble, Arthur D., 34 Suhic Bay, 43, 65, ll8
Supply problem, 140-141 Sutherland, Richard K., 214 S~ng, Joe, 27, 45, 221
T Tacloban, 12 Taylor, H. Stillman, 216 Taylor, John, 141 Taylor, Neil, 228-229 Taylor, Robert K., 101 Templeman, Howard, 83, 91 3d Battalion, 38, 51, 59, 62, 86, 89,W5,~4,~~lli~100,
196, 200, 202, 207 33d Infantry Division, 48 34th Infantry Regiment, 35, 36 in Bataan, 65-66 on Corregidor, 6-71, 62-64, 66-72,91-92,97-103, ll9-122, 124, 125-127, 146-148, 168-171, 173-175, 176-177, 189, 100, 191-191, 197, 215 on Leyte, 65 in New Guinea, 64-65 in World War I, 64 38th Infantry Division, 65, 197 Thomas, Albert F., 88 Thomas, Herbert A., 167-168 Thomas, James R., 209-2W 317th Troop Carrier Group, 39, 50, ll7, ll8 Todd, Philip, 79, 88, 89, 179, 180 Todd, Robert F., 70 Tolson, John J. III ("Smiling Jack"), 30, 76, 85, 226
259
Index Wheeler Battery, 205, 215 Wheeler Point, 181, 182, 185, 206 Wheeler Tunnel, 185-186 White Field, 28 White, Robert H., 28 Whitney, Allen J., 77-78 Whitson, Joseph M., 131-137 Wickes , 66 Williams, Dick D ., 47 Williams, Owen, 146 Wilson, Donald, 28 Wilson, James, 179 Wood, Donald, 68 Woods, Robert H. ("Pug"), 39, 90, 117-118, 123-124, 129, 167, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195 Wright, John, 87
Turinski, Joseph A., 114, 154, 155 24th Infantry Division, 35, 197
u Unknown Point, 183, 184
v Valtin, Jan, 123 Vigan, 15 Visayas, 1, 219
w Wainwright, Jonathan M. , 16-17, 19,20-22,74, 169, 222 Wainwright, Richard, 16 Wake Island, 13, 18 War Plan Orange (WPO), 11-12, 16 Washington Naval Treaty, 6 Water shortage, 140-141, 148-149 Water Tank Hill, 193, 194, 195, 196,201 Way Hill, 137, 140, 161, 162 Western Visayan Task Force, 34
y Yamashita, Tomoyuki, 222-223 Yitsukuni-jinja, 75 YMS , 42, 48 Yocum , Theodore C., 179-180 Young , 66
z Zig Zag Pass, 65
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR Gerard M. Devlin enlisted in the u.s. Army in 1950 and served as a paratrooper in the Korean War. After attaining the rank of sergeant first class he attended Infantry Officer Candidate School and was commissioned a second lieutenant in 1958. During the Vietnam War he was trained to speak Vietnamese and assigned as chief advisor to Vietnam's famous "Black Tiger" 44th Ranger Battalion. While with the rangers he received wou,nds requiring a year's hospitalization. He later returned to Vietnam, completing a second combat tour with the 25th Infantry Division. In 1970, Devlin retired from the u.S . Army at the rank of major. He is a graduate of the Command and General Staff College, and his decorations include the Distinguished Service Cross, five Bronze Stars, the Purple Heart, two Vietnamese Crosses of Gallantry, and the Combat Infantryman Badge with star. He lives in Hilton Head, South Carolina.
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