Issuu

OS 665 .K15

2000

AYALA FOUNDATION. INC .

FILIPINAS HERITAGE LIBRARY

KATUTUBO A process document

Glimpses of Indigenous Philippine Culture

Katutubo: Glimpses of Philippine Indigenous Culture ISBN number: 917-8557-28x Manila. Philippines

Made possible through a grant from Ford Foundation Al1 r i~hts reserved. No portion of this process document and the CD-ROM may be reproduced-mechanical1y. e1ectronical1y or by any means. including photocopying-without the written permission of the publisher.

CD-ROM cover design by Innov8 Cover and book design by Dennis Noel A. Balangue Text by Isabelita O. Reyes

For inquiries about the CD-ROM. please write to Filipinas Heritage Library Nielson Tower. Makati Avenue Ayala Triangle. Makati City 1224 Philippines Email: services@.fil1ib.org.ph

Published in the Philippines

A process document

WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED THE PROPOSAL PRE-PRODUCTION PRODUCTION POST-PRODUCTION

3 4 13

"KA TUTUBO" IN RETROSPECT WHA T WORKED AND WHY WHICH MADE THE WORK DIFFICULT

SOME RECOMMEND AnONS PLANING AND EVERYTHING ELSE

CONCLUSION

here does nationalism begin?

Perhaps in our knowledge and understanding of history, our roots and origins, the various groups that make up Philippine society.

In a quest to cultivate this profound sense of community among young Filipinos, Filipinas Heritage Library (FHL) through a grant from the Ford Foundation, produced "Katutubo: Glimpses of Philippine Indigenous Culture," a CD-ROM featuring four indigenous peoples (IPs) as identified by geographic location: Banaw linguian (Malibcong, Abra), Agta (Palanan, lsabela), Hanunuo-Mangyan (Oriental Mindoro), and TBoli (Lake Sebu, South Cotabato).

The idea was to stimulate Filipino high school students' awareness of the rich culture of Philippine indigenous peoples (IPs) - their contributions to our national heritage - by presenting information on the IPs' homeland, history, social organization, political system, economy, technology, customs and beliefs, literature and entertainment, and arts and crafts. The CD-ROM covers as well, issues affecting the IPs' survival as a people. And because the

research that went into the CD-ROM is the result of consultations and validation sessons with the IP communities, "Katutubo's" representation of the four IPs is really how they prefer to define themselves and their culture.

All this "Katutubo" offers as a supplement for teaching social studies in Philippine secondary schools. By using the power of narrative, multi-media, and interactivity the CD-ROM hopes to make learning about IPs an enjoyable experience for students.

Many finished products, however, do not reveal the tremendous work that went into them. "Katutubo" is no different; users and researchers would be hard put to imagine what the project team experienced, much less the insights they gained, while producing the CD-ROM.

This document attempts to record and discuss, for the benefit of future teams and researchers, The "KatutuDo" team's key strategies and activities, problems encountered and solved, and lessons learned over the course of the project.

CTUALLY ED

THE PROPOSAL The CD-ROM was first conceptualized as covering five IPs from different parts of the country. Scheduled to run for seventeen months from August 1998 to December 1999, the project was divided into three phases: 1.

the pre-production phase for multi-sectoral consultation, CD-ROM content and structure design, IP planning workshops, and research;

the production phase for creative design and storyboard; development and conversion of text, video, and audio elements; authoring; pretest and field-test sessions; and

the post-production phase for reviews and revisions, replication, production of the CD-ROM manual, launch and distribution of one thousand copies of the CDROM and manual to libraries and high schools throughout the archipelago.

For the purposes of securing funding, FHL had come up with a rough timetable for the work at hand. (See Appendix A) As with many substantial endeavors, problems cropped up that saw the team moving deadlines to accommodate solutions. Dividing the work into phases looked neat on paper but proved impossible upon implementation; work for different areas ended up overlapping.

What follows is not a chronology of events but an overview of what happened within particular areas of the project's work.

PRE-PRODUCTION Brainstorming. consulting. planning The overall point of enhancing high school students' understanding of IPs 'Nas clear; the question was how to get there. The team needed a map of sorts, a topography of the research and technical terrain they were about to traverse. To draw this map, the first major activity held in August 1998 was a multi-sectoral consultation workshop.

Invited to brainstorm on the CD-ROM were members of the academe; the Department of Education, Culture, and Sports (DECS); the National Museum; the National Commission on 4

(Jl

INVENTIONS

uising g.itberiog cooking preseoution

CULINARY

dwellings

ARCHITECTURE

courtsbip ritu.i15

nature of jolenetioD when

rule:s .iod S.ioctioos customuy bws

ENTERTAINMENT 6 GAMES

OCc.ilSIOD

forms

dothing

instruments

MUSIC/DANCE SONG

uS<:

mllterials

forms

ARTS AND CRAFTS

cooce:pt of .ietbe:tics body orn.ime:nt.ition

verbd ooo-ve:rb.il

TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE method person matcriOlJ

other groups

simiJuilics with

how dcvc:lopcd

SYSTEM OF WRITING

written InditioD tnnsmissioo stories 6 myths

LITERATURE Qu llnditioG

LITERATURE AND LEARNING

MARRIAGE

(to be discussed in genenl terms)

HERBAL MEDICINE

bC.llers

HEALING rituOlls

ILLNESSES

HEALTH BELIEFS 6 PRACTICES

JUSTICE SYSTEM

whom

when for

what

CELEBRATIONS6 FESTIVALS

RITUALS

gods.spirits

afterlife

spirit world

BELIEF SYSTEM

WELL-BEING

DRESS 6 ADORNMENTS

rcbtionsbips

intcr-gcDcratioDOIJ

KINSHIP SYSTEM

YOUNGER GENERATION ISSUES

children

women

PERCEPTIONS ON, me.

GENDER 6 GENERATIONAL ROLES

BELIEFSYSTEM

witb ecology n.ituul resources in the ue.i geoe:ul histoJ of IP group: sub-groups: t, Mdind~og societies ubtion

,"vi.oome •• "b'io",hip

goe:gupbic loc.ition .incestnl dom.iin

HOMELAND

Intro 10 Sub.inuns

MODES OF COMMUNICATION

subsistence for leisure cdebutioDS

fOf

TECHNOLOGY

BARTER SYSTEM

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES m.J.ldfcmOilc

bow prepued

SUBSISTENCE bow obfOlined

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

GENDER. KINSHIP

goe:gnphic loution .ince:stul dom.iio enviroome:ot rebtioosbip witb ecology n.itunl resources in tbe ue.i geneul history of lP group: sub-groups: dl 9 popubtioo

goegupbic loution .incestul dOffi.iin e:nviroome:nt rebtiooship witb ecology n.ituul resources io the ue~ geoeul history of IP group: sub-gtoups: .ill 9 popubtioo

lotTO to T'bolis

HOMELAND

Intro to Tingui.ins

"'''' ><~ ..., <5 Z

""0

>""1

d o

roles of children mOllri.uch;l1/ p.itriucb.iJ

other groups

INTERACTION, miliostrciml

govcrnmcot laws in the household in the community

POLITICAL STRUCTURE

form.J.l government choice of JCOldcr

ICOIdersbip structure

govcrolloce

power ;and lIuthority

CONCEPT OF LEADERSHIP

ILIVELIHOOD I

goegnpbic Joution .incestul dom.iin eovironment rebtionship with ecology n.ituul re:sources io the ue.i gtoeul hisfC;Z of IP group: sub'group: ANUNOO popubtioo

goe:gupbic 10C.ilion .ince:stuJ dom.iin environment rebtionsbip witb ecology n.ituuJ resource:s in tbe ue.i geneul bistory of IP grot: sub-group: DUMAGA popubtion

POWER RELATIONS

lotro to Agt.is

HOMELAND

lotro to Agtu

HOMELAND

GENERAL INFO ON PHILIPPINE IPs

Culture and the Arts (NCCA); some non-government organizations (NGOs) working with IP communities; and other people who were experts on either the project's content or technical aspects.

The workshop was a day well-spent, the "map," a combination of an information matrix that would serve as content outline for the CD-ROM, contacts who might be tapped as consultants, and two decidedly practical criteria for selecting the five IP partners -- the relative amount of secondary research available and the participation during the workshop of an expert on a specific IP. (See Appendix B)

Experts from the academe as well as those who have previously worked with the target IP communities volunteered their services to the project. Referrals were also made by members of the project team for other possible field experts and they were then invited to be part of the Advisory Committee.

The Advisory Committee, comprised of one expert per IP partner, held debriefing sessions to prepare the team for the IP Planning Workshops. The idea was for one team member 6

and IP consultant to visit the IPs, introduce the project, get support from their leaders, and plan the next phases of work with the communities.

From five

IP partners to four

While most of the trips were successful, the team encountered resistance from an NGO based in Palawan. The Palawan NGO network, local government units, and the Pala'wan community were in favor of the project. But members of one NGO felt that the Pala'wan had been exploited enough in the past by researchers who, having taken everything they needed for their work, never returned the results of their research to the Pala'wan. Adding insult to injury, some researchers had even attempted to sell their output to the Pala'wan themselves. They said that some institutions which should be responsible for safeguarding the community's interests, had been careless in granting research permits to unscrupulous researchers.

Understanding the position of the NGO, the project team decided that it would be better not to push through with the Pala'wan coverage. Luckily, a member of the Advisory Committee recommended a potential consultant and a new IP group. 7

TIONAL

Project Director I

Project Advisory Committee (indigenous Peoples Consultants for Dumagat Agta. Banaw Tinguian. Hanunuo-Mangyan. T'boli)

I Project Coordinator

Technical Production Team

- - -

Project Assistant

Research Pool (Field. Audio-visual Content) Writers Editors

Problems, however, did not end there. Research revealed that very little secondary material on the Subanun was available. In addition, specific requests were made that would have entailed re-configuring finances, project plan, and timetable.

The team enlisted, instead, the services of another expert as consultant for the T'boli of Lake Sebu, South Cotabato upon the recommendation of members of the Advisory Committee.

Finding yet another IP partner was ruled out as that would have necessitated a month-long round of negotiations and planning workshops, with no guarantee that either the IP community or NGOs operating within the community would agree to the project. Given the project deadlines, the team decided on limiting the CD-ROM to four IP partners.

On December 16, 1998, all the team members participated in a workshop during which results of the initial field visits were presented. The different groups gained a common understanding of the project and each other's roles, and capped the day's activities with a revised timetable for the remaining activities. (See Appendix C) 9

Research. and more research

After the first IP planning workshops, a pool of researchers had been hired. Initially, the team believed that available library materials would provide the bulk of the CD-ROM's information, and that field research would primarily be used to validate secondary research. This validation would be consultative in nature, and managed through focused group discussions, workshops, and field-tests with IP representatives, teachers, students,

researchers,

and experts.

Field researchers would test the reliability and relevance of secondary data, and determine what information they as yet needed to fill out. TliJe point of the consultations and validations was to capture as completely as possible the IPs' perspective of their communities. Script and storyboards would be based on these reports from both desk and field. Although some of the desk research was finished by the middle of December 1998, researchers for the HanunuoMangyan and T'boli were still scouring Manila's libraries to compile their bibliography up until the first quarter of 1999. Books and other works on the Hanunuo-Mangyan were

abundant; the researchers came up with a long list that they had to cut to a manageable selection.

All desk researchers reviewed their sources for pertinent information and converted what they discovered into data cards that they subsequently classified according to different domains or cultural areas. It was in the course of this process of classification that the researchers discovered exactly which domains in the information matrix could not be filled out using secondary research, and why.

Much existing research focuses on specialized and narrow aspects of a specific IP's life. Work done on the T'boli, for example, generally covered their arts, clothing, houses -cultural materials - and had little to say about their justice system. On the other hand, books on the Tinguian tended to highlight their political system.

Another problem with some of the library research was that writers had made generalizations about certain IPs. For example, some writers had claimed that particular concepts applied to all Tinguian, when in fact there are several groups of Tinguian with different practices and beliefs.

The researchers wrote summative research reports, and presented these to the consultants and IP communities for initial validation. These reports were used to identify areas that would profit from further exploration.

It became imperative for the team to use the scheduled validation sessions for gathering a significant portion of the CD-ROM's data. In the process of conducting field research, validation, and consultations, the researchers, through the help of the IPs, discovered that some information was actually inaccurate, misleading, and/or outdated. They found out, too, that some IPs did not want to talk about some topics in the matrix; sexuality J as a taboo topic for some, though not for ottiers. Rather than force the issue on filling in the matrix, the team focused on whatever the IPs were willing to share.

Preparations for multi-media interactivity

While the library research was being conducted, a list of presentation materials needed had been drawn up and acquired. Using the information matrix, the review panel selected what it perceived was potentially useful. The team negotiated with the production companies concerned 12

and secured approval from most of the media firms to reproduce the clips in the CD-ROM.

FHL hired INNOV8, a local company distributing Asymetrix, for the CO-ROM's technical production. The team also tasked INNOV8 with project website development to help reach a wider audience and provide a communication link between participating groups.

PRODUCTION Writing. re-validating. editing

By April 1999, the researchers had consolidated their findings from the desk and field into a single report. The scriptwriter then faced the formidable task of transforming the report into material that high school students would not only find readable and thought-provoking, but fun to pore through.

At the outset, the plan had been for the writer to pen one whole CD-ROM script. But the volume of information meant that writing one script would work against the timetable -before any of the IPs could review the text, it would have to be completed. The situation demanded an altemative strategy: the scriptwriter broke the script into four parts, one for each 13

IP. Whenever he finished a draft, the team brought it to the respective consultant and IP community for re-validation.

Translation from field to script was difficult and certain segments required revisions. To better appreciate field realities, the scriptwriter joined validation sessions. The editors took over after revisions and edited the text for conciseness and accuracy. All in all, writing, re-validation, and editing lasted until December 1999.

The script the team finally sent to the technical group included the main CD text, suggestions for special effects, instructions fo~

the game page, the list of audio-visual materials to appear

on each screen, and links for guiding users to related topics within each IP group.

Technical production

Technical production included programming, graphic designing, testing, and debugging. The text, IP terms, photographs, video clips, and audio clips were first converted into electronic format, and then the storyboard was prepared. Brainstorming sessions were held to work out the general interface design, including the division of major segments, 14

navigational buttons, screen layouts, and colors. INNOV8 submitted numerous studies for the team's review. They also prepared animations, additional graphics, special effects, and game pages. (See Appendix D)

Since IP music is relatively specialized, the project team commissioned musical scores for the opening billboard, background, and closing billboard. The developed pieces are adaptations from the few available IP rhythms the experts provided.

The team invited a group of Mangyan students, three government, and four private high schools to test a prototype of the CD-ROM. Of the seven schools, four were in Metro Manila; two were situated in an urban area outside Metro Manila; and one, with a predominantly IP student population, was located in an IP community.

Though the prototype featured only three IP cultures, and had no opening and closing billboards, nearly all navigational buttons were functioning. The team requested testers to assess the CD-ROM as educational material, identify parts that needed reworking, and suggest possible options for enhancing the presentation. 15

The teachers and students expressed excitement over how helpful the CD-ROM would be in social science subjects, and enjoyed the CD-ROM itself for its employment of narration, video clips, games, illustrations, photographs, and music, all of which made the subject doubly interesting. The testers offered ideas on improving the presentation but the biggest problem they foresaw was the schools' lack of computers.

A copyeditor went over the master copy for text errors and technical glitches. The copyeditor had suggestions for revision that, due to technical limitations, could not be incorporated into the final CD-ROM.

POST-PRODUCTION FHL launched the CD-ROM at the end of March 2000, and had production for one thousand copies of a Filipino language version started. After the launching, FHL presented copies of the CD-ROM to the Tinguian and the T'boli. Meanwhile, the Hanunuo-Mangyan and Agta requested the Filipino language version of "Katutubo."

In summary, there were four key differences between the planned and actual products. 1.

The CD-ROM features four, rather than the planned five, IP communities. Of the original five -- Agta, Batak, Hanunuo-Mangyan, Pala'wan, and Subanun -- only the Agta and Hanunuo-Mangyan were included in the CD-ROM. The Tinguian and Tboli were added when the other three were not able to participate for various reasons.

The proposed strategy of relying mostly on secondary resources for "Katutubo's" content was re-thought in light of the inaccurate and outdated quality of existing research. The content of the CD-ROM is, hence, largely a product of field research in the form of consultations with the IP communities.

Instructions for installation are available on the back outside cover of the CO-ROM's in-lay sleeve. The sleeve does not include either a user's or teacher's guide. In lieu of the guide, the team opted for having their project process documented. The documentation's intent was to share the project staffs experiences in implementation, with attention specifically focused on their interaction with the IP communities.

The CD-ROM was ready for initial distribution in March 2000, three months after the planned deadline. 17

BOIN ECT

"Katutubo" is an innovation in two significant ways: as a multimedia, interactive CD-ROM featuring Philippine IPs and as research done in a consistently consultative manner.

Different factors shaped "Katutubo's" overall success as well as forced deviations from original plans. It would probably be safe to say that these factors themselves were lessons learned.

WHA T WORKED AND WHY Clarity

Everyone knew from the onset of their involvement in the project that "Katutubo" was a strictly non-commercial, educational, and cultural endeavor that should ideally profit both Filipino high school students and the IP partners. Clarity of vision and objectives kept the team positive, confident about what they were doing, and focused. 18

The people factor Team work

Working relations among team members were a healthy mix of both the professional and personal. When asked about why the group had worked so effectively as a team, members invariably point to the leadership exercised by the project coordinator and project assistant, both of whom made themselves available for consultation and kept all communication lines open. That they also constantly asked the team for their opinions on various matters was indicative of how they valued their teammates' ideas and the consultative process.

The researchers also point to how helpful, patient and professional the two had been. Without being pushy, the two were able to keep everyone working and meeting deadlines.

Of course the members were also exemplary. They had faith in the project, worked hard, and helped each other get their jobs done. Researchers cite fieldwork as an example and say that they often switched roles while working. Sometimes one researcher would handle the questions, while another would take notes; whoever needed assistance received it. 19

This easy affinity was, to a certain degree, due to the fact that most of the researchers knew each other from UP Diliman's College of Social Sciences and Philosophy (CSSP). Some were close friends, some were members of the same student organization -- Inisyatibo sa Pag-aaral ng mga Etnolinguistikong Grupo sa Pilipinas (IPEGP), and some were both.

But the positive working relationship also had to do with how the team exchanged work experiences. The December 1998 workshop for all team members served that purpose and set tbe tone for storytelling. Later on in the field, at the end of a long hard day's work, trading stories was not only a way of entertaining each other and relaxing, but also a way of reviewing the information they gathered.

Respect for each others' expertise, likewise, built unity among members . The consultants, for example, felt that the researchers needed no additional training on research methods, and that they were excellent at establishing rapport with and gaining the trust of IP communities.

The researchers used experience and sensitivity to the IPs to make the connection. One of the researchers, an Ifugao, introduced herself to the Tinguian as such and told them she

knew a bit of 1I0cano. This made for relaxed interaction; in addition, the Tinguian would talk about their culture in reference to hers.

Those who visited the Hanunuo-Mangyan had certain distinct advantages. The IP members were accustomed to visitors and researchers so they were not too self-conscious. And the consultant, Antoon Postma, was well-respected in the community so that his association with the team validated their presence and intentions.

The team members nevertheless did not take their advantages for granted and they treated the HanunuoMangyan with the utmost courtesy. Upon arrival at the settlement, they immediately visited the barangay captain and officials. On a day to day basis, the team greeted everyone they met; always said "thank you"; did not invade the people's privacy; and always asked permission to take photographs or tape conversations.

"Ewan ko kung huo ang l\."J~lJ' Ang alam ko. sa kanilang or as - Melina Magsumhol.

None of this would have been possible of course without the consultants who had long-standing links with the community. The consultants were invaluable in facilitating contact with the IPs and helping the team prepare for the field , especially in so far as what was customary for and acceptable to the community were concerned.

And team members were grateful to the local researchers who provided information and contacts within some IP communities. In the case of the Agta and T'boli, the local government units had assisted through logistics, lodging, referrals, and security.

As for the project plan , the team adopted an attitude of flexibility. Problems cropped up and necessitated changes in strategy. For example, when pressed for time, focus group discussions, where different IP members were gathered to discuss various domains of the research, were employed instead of individual interviews. Moreover, using the validation session to double as data gathering expedited the work.

Philosophy. work ethic. attitude

The CD-ROM, from start to finish, was accomplished through consultation with the IPs, and with the objective of representing the IPs the way they preferred to be represented. Special attention was given to using, as much as possible, their view of their culture, rather than the team's. Apart from data gathering, validation, and re-validation, the team kept their IP partners updated about the project and maintained good relations with them.

More than being merely a matter of politeness and consideration, consultation and updating were manifestations of both the team members' nonjudgmental openness to IP culture, and acknowledgement that the real experts on IP culture were the members of the communities themselves. In short, the team viewed the IPs not as objects to be examined, but as partners; not as books to be studied, but as people.

The researchers' whole approach to the IPs was one of respect; they treated the community members as 23

equals and fellow Filipinos, as people more knowledgeable than themselves. This made it easier for the IPs to trust the researchers.

The researchers reoriented their mindsets, tore the fabric of their own reality, as it were, and as much as humanly possible, attempted to enter the world of the IP community with whom they were working.

That was not all, however. What the team did not do was make generalizations about the four IPs. Each IP was unique so that strategies for working with one IP were different from those for another. This was why, too, the team used the information matrix as a guide, rather than the end point of the project: the team did not insist on covering all points for all four IPs. The researchers believed that more important than filling out the matrix was making sure that the data was accurate, that the IPs' real situation was depicted.

These attitudes shaped and informed the participatory method of research the team employed. One of the researchers, on a lighter note, called it "judicious 24

loafing around." But of course the research work was hardly leisurely; it was simply an informal style of gathering information. Instead of whipping out pen, paper, and tape recorder when meeting the IP communities, researchers often joined community members in whatever they were doing for the day.

"Once [the '-"UUJ it didn't take long before So they toured me around... . might have thought unimportant. not only the school but where most of the And they where tlley - Efanie1 Asumen. photo documentation. Hanunuo-Mangyan

The heart of the matter: the IP communities

The IP community members were straightforward when expressing their apprehensions about the project. First, many of the IPs have indeed suffered from the intrusions of past researchers. Second, the IPs no longer see researchers as god-like and infallible, and will no longer allow outsiders to come into the community and reconstruct reality for them.

This was why the team was careful not to repeat the mistakes that past researchers committed. The team's attentiveness to the IPs' situations paid off: the IPs saw the difference between the "Katutubo" approach and others who had treated them as inferiors, and their culture as something to exploit commercially.

The communities also appreciated and enjoyed the consultation and feedback sessions, and reciprocated the team's relating to them as partners. For once it was clear to them that "Katutubo" was a noncommercial endeavor, their pride in their culture took over and

t~ey were more than willing to share

information. Data obtained from the field was thus both abundant and substantial.

The team felt that one unexpected benefit of the project for the IPs was that, in articulating their lives and culture, the IPs came to a consensual definition and description of their reality. The CD-ROM itself will be a record of their consensus, rather than just a collection of research findings.

WHICH MADE THE WORK DIFFICULT Time

The single most common complaint made by all team members regardless of what aspect of the project they were directly responsible for, was time -specifically the lack of it. The proposal written to secure funding had cramr:ned fieldwork, for one, into impossible time frames. Plus, complicating factors beyond the team's control had not been taken into consideration.

)

Negotiations

As mentioned earlier? the IPs, having been exploited in the past by researchers and others, were justifiably wary of the proposed project. They depended on the NGOs working with them for guidance; the NGOs were understandably likewise cautious. This translated itself into the team having to discuss the project with practically all NGOs operating within a particular area. And neither the team's efforts nor sincerity guaranteed that an NGO would support the project. Simply put, negotiations were time-consuming.

Secondary research

The researchers, particularly for the HanunuoMangyan and T'boli for whom there were plenty of secondary materials, did not have enough time to do the kind of review -- thoroughly u.nderstand all the different aspects of IP culture, take notes on peculiar traits and features, and record inconsistencies between documents - that they would have wanted to do.

The problem, too, was that the quality ofthe secondary materials was questionable. First of all, some materials 1 were fifteen years old, and because of changes in IP I

life and culture, had become outdated. Some information was inaccurate, or out and out wrong. For example, the Tinguian lalakay or elders refuted the existence of supposedly Tinguian concepts discussed in books. Although the elders also identified which concepts did obtain for the community, the terms for these were different from those found in the secondary research materials.

Second, the materials tended to focus on only a few cultural domains, or else did not fit within the domain

classification system that the team had designed. In the case of the Hanunuo-Mangyan, most of the materials could not be cross checked against each other for consistency as there was usually only one text dealing with a given subject.

Third, the existing ethnographies tended to make generalizations about IP communities among which there were many differences. The Hanunuo-Mangyan, for example, were discussed as if there were only one homogeneous called "Mangyan," when the truth is there are several.

Primary research

The researchers had to produce an ethnography that would capture the sensibility of a given IP and do justice to the handling of its culture. To accomplish this rather arduous task for anthropologists meant the utilization of participant observation. They needed to build rapport with the IPs, observe the communities, and accurately document their findings. Furthermore, the consultative nature of the project required validation sessions.

The method obviously takes time. Originally only a few days had been alloted for fieldwork and validation. This did not take into consideration factors such as unpredictable weather, travel safety, transport availability, poor long distance communication facilities, slow postal systems, insurgency, and preparations.

Researchers were forced to make the most of the situation. In effect, both the amount and quality of data were not what the researchers would have produced under ideal conditions . Pressure from deadlines took its toll, too, on judgment calls made as to what was and was not relevant information.

Writing and revising

When all the research was done, the writer had to take the reports and translate them into a script that would balance the needs to write for a secondary high school audience, meet the demands of academic writing, and take into consideration the project's technical aspects. What complicated matters even more for the writer was the lack of time for discussing 30

details with the researchers. Gaps in the data began to surface and the writer was forced to extrapolate.

After finishing the drafts, having them reviewed through validation sessions, and revising them, the revisions called for another round of reviews. The editors then probed for information to be presented as truthfully and concisely as possible.

Again due to the lack of time, validation sessions had to be held with a smaller, pre-selected group of IP community members, and discussions had to be restricted to the research points needing verification, elucidation, and/or elaboration.

CD- RO M design

The technical group's time limit did not allow them to engineer a CD-ROM design flexible enough to incorporate all the revisions proposed by the writer, editors, and copyeditor.

The Flip Side of the People Factor Communication gaps

While communication within the team was generally not a problem, there were two hitches:

Some researchers felt that communication lines with the consultants were not as open as possible, particularly because there were no definite meetings set for consultations. Others spoke of the need for more help from the consultants as far as pruning down the lis1t of secondary research material for review \

was concerned.

Given their relative lack of computer programming knowledge, the scriptwriter and editors found it difficult to communicate revisions to the technical people. The writer sometimes found himself making suggestions that were impossible to do given the parameters set by the CD-RaM's programming.

Language barriers

Many team members were only fluent in English and Tagalog; this made them dependent on the IP consultants and community guides for translations. Even the consultants had difficulty speaking and understanding the languages of Cebuano and lIokano that certain IPs spoke.

Everyone recognized the fact that using translations was disadvantageous because the essence of the original terms was easily lost when not handled properly, especially if the translator was not very knowledgeable about a specific aspect of the IP's culture, or had a different take on that aspect. And quite often, the researchers felt that the translator's version was too short and cursory given the length of the informant's answer.

Interpretations

How objective and accurate was the research report? Probably as much as possible under the circumstances. But there were differences between 33

what the researchers observed as the IPs' material culture and what the informants and/or translators told them. And there were instances when the team wondered whether IP members were just communicating what they thought the researchers wanted to hear. Equally possible as well was that observations made the IPs self-conscious, and hence their behavior might not have been as "natural" as it would have been had they no visitors. So the research report could not and did not capture

, J

all the asJects of the IPs' culture. This may be attributed to both the lack of time and human subjectivity. The team members tried their best to remain objective; nonetheless, completely avoiding interpretations was impossible.

The IPs' reality The recurring past and military presence

Gaining the IPs' trust was made extremely difficult because of the reality they found themselves in. For a clearer picture of the IPs' situation, one might 34

consider combining the many visits by exploitative researchers in the past with the very real presence of the military within their area.

On the one hand were the researchers who intruded upon the various IPs, did research, and then never returned the output to the IPs, or returned the output only for the IPs to discover that the documentation was inaccurate.

On the other hand, the military were patrolling various areas near the IPs. The Tinguian for example were worried that the team members were outsiders who might be conducting intelligence operations. The Tinguian men, mostly in their 20s, had expressed fears that their culture could be used against them, and that the military might be interested in their land and gold, and were thus a constant threat to their very existence.

The NPA The NPAs in Mindoro were suspicious of the team, partly because of past researchers and partly because "Katutubo" was funded by the Ford Foundation. At some point during the fieldwork, the young NPA officers claimed to have been ordered to confiscate the team's research materials and equipment such as a laptop, tape recorder, video cam, and cameras .

The researchers and Project Coordinator spent three to four hours explaining the project to the NPAs. Meanwhile the Hanunuo-Mangyan - men, women, and children -- literally and figuratively stood their ground as they guarded the team members while the argument was going on.

Eventually, the officers relented, insisting though that the gadgets be handed over to the barangay captain for safekeeping. But both the team members and the Hanunuo-Mangyan knew that this last was done to save face and had never actually been done before.

" . . . I was grateful to the whole especially the where we had our arguments with the (which is typical of the peace but they made their presence and SU~lpO : I believe until now. eeople still it isn't only I. Yak LAsumen] or Even the community .. . gained a rl"rlt,tn

- Karlota Contreras. field researcher. Hanunuo-Mangyan

IENDATIONS

PLANNING The fact that effective planning is necessary, particularly in terms of scheduling specific activities, cannot be underscored enough. The team believes that having one experienced person per aspect of the project work, involved in the planning stage would go a long way towards avoiding the problems with time that team members encountered.

The planners should set realistic time frames for negotiations, desk and field research, and technical design. They should also factor in extra time for complications due to weather conditions, lack of transportation and communication facilities, and insurgency within specific areas.

Work should be organized to make sure that filling in data gaps happens during the validation process, rather than while writing. This might entail involving the writer earlier on in the process, perhaps during field research. Similarly, editors and copyeditor should be involved some time within the period for scriptwriting rather than after a script is finished.

AND EVERYTHING ELSE Apart from realistic planning, the team came up with six recommendations:

The consultants should playa more active

role in guiding the researchers and team members with respect to screening and reviewing secondary research . Corollary to this, regular consultation meetings should be included in the project plans . 38

The team should be given a general orientation

on how similar, past research work had been conducted; training on photo documentation is also necessary to avoid objectifying the IPs. 3.

Rather than lose data in translations, it would

be better if future researchers were to have a working familiarity with the local language. Neither this linguistic familiarity nor data accuracy can be had by a researcher's further immersion into the community. 4.

Field research might follow the process used

for the Tingguian: key informant interview for baseline data; group interview for additiOnal information and validation of initial data; and a community meeting for further validation. The process places importance on consensus and consultation. 5.

Field research should be scheduled to coincide

with IP festivals and rituals so that the presentation of these can be realistically documented. 6.

For the purposes of further evaluating the

project, the team should have requested comments on the CD-ROM from those who received the final copies.

Monetary considerations The issue of payment

Serving as an informant for the project took members of IP communities away from their livelihood. The team's agreement that informants should be compensated for their time notwithstanding, a possibility exists that the compensation would be perceived as a commercial exchange where what was for sale was IP culture. One team member cites, as an example, what happened to some Igorots who sell their culture by posing for pictures.

There is no simple way around the situation. Establishing partnerships with LGUs might work, but again, such partnerships might bring with them another set of problems.

One of the researchers pointed out that in the T'boli community, the intellectuals who talk about the commodification of IP culture are often also the very same people who want to control the IPs and who feel that all negotiations should pass through them.

Rather than talk about the transaction as compensation, the team might instead try presenting it as a gift. For the Hanunuo-Mangyan and T'boli, this would not pose any problems.

Ultimately, what is important is that the team establishes a good working and personal relationship with the IP partner, and effectively communicates that the payment is for the IP informants' income lost from spending time working with the team on the CD-ROM.

Intellectual property rights

Some members of the IP communities felt that if FHL should decide on selling the CD-ROM, the IPs are entitled to a share in the profit since they had shared their knowledge of their culture and worked closely with the project team in the production of "Katutubo's" content. FHL, however, explained that after distribution to high schools throughout the country, if the COROM were to be sold, it would only be to recover the expenses the foundation incurred - those not covered by the Ford grant -- over the course of the project. Further, FHL being a non-profit organization, would not use the CD-ROM for commercial purposes. 41

Miscellaneous

Project people should be insured before going into the field.

More computers and audio-visual equipment as well as a bigger office space would facilitate the work.

Assessment and recording via process documentation is an innovation that should continue for the purposes of sharing lessons leamed. The process documentation workshop with team members provided substantial information, but interviews were needed to clarify details and give flesh to the report. And to avoid relying on the ever elusive quality of memory for the documentation's content, from the beginning to the end of the project, team members should keep a kind of journal of sorts on their work for the project. The journal could follow a standard hour by hour format for daily activities, and include paragraph type entries for insights gleaned from different experiences. The collected joumals could then be referred to during the workshops, interviews, and writing of the process documentation.

SION

Despite setbacks and problems, working and personal relationships between team members and the IP communities were gratifying. The team was generally satisfied with the consultative approaches to research, the newness of much of the data, and the quality of the CD-ROM which is the product of a genuine partnership. Team members in fact recount their work with much pride. But not without reason.

The CD-ROM is research that does not objectify the IPs nor represent their culture as inferior, uncivilized, strange, or exotic; and that does not ignore the IPs' definitions and descriptions of themselves. Moreover, "Katutubo" presents as closely as possible, the four IP communities from their point of view, and their culture for what it is to them - their reality and everyday life. 43

"I just enjoy dwelling in their humanness. at nadidiscover mong iba sila sa iyo. At wala iba ang approach nila sa buhay. Iba-ibang hirit pag-unawa ko sa Anthropology - knowing the - Melina Magsumbol. researcher. T'boli

DICES

( Appendix A) Production Time Table ,

....

A\.IIVIIT

1,::iDI

iDESK

lof i

, visuals and videos i

'c r desk

' lists

output

.,,',

IFIELD I

of info matrix (data Qapsl:

, '~c',:, ,'c' '

Aale

-c, "

T'bol I

of draft (;U路KVIVI IIVN OF :>\.-I<It"' I IUt<Ar

I '-VI"

t:l" j

~Qta

T'boli liP \lal

,IIVN OF UKAt' I

\'-VI~I

~ ITION OF ::; I UK inputs from IP

\ ,acn

- draft , draft Tinn"i~n

ata 'boli

IEDillN ~Qta

T'boli IAu

,OF ~ 'KVIUI T~ rinauian ~ata

r'boli ~ I:> IAUUIIIUNAI ~ I ,( , BETA IAu

' Ofbet~~

, BGM,l

::>1 ;WITH ; AND STUUt:N I '" ; ON BETA I IFINAL. I =::; liNG AND n~RII~~IM~

, '1diA

Appendix A continued

I .....

Au..

ocr

IIiiY.

----om:

nl"

II'S

I and source lists lfinal list of I I info matrix I data ~aps;

Idraft

â€˘ (raw datal

r'n.CrlM

lfinal

(raw data)

I I I

I 1-,

I I

Idraft Idraft draft draft

of Tinn,,;on script of Aata seriDt of boli scriDt of I script

lfinal final final final

draft of . i I script Iraft o~scriDt Iraft of . script Iraft of I script

I I

1sl draft .

lstdr~~ 1st draft

11 st draft [2nd 12nd 12nd 12nd

I I

draft I ingUian draft~ draft T' draft

ITin~uian

IAata IT'boil I ! for all 4 Ips Iinitial Iinputs from

IKATUTUBO I

r'n.cmA

(Appendix B)

III. LATE MORNING PLENARY: Characteristics/ elements of CD-ROM output

IP CD-ROM PROJECT MULTI-SECTORAL CONSULTATION WORKSHOP

SOME CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE DESIGN. APPROACH. FRAMEWORK 6 CONTENT DISCUSSION

L EXPECT A TIONS FROM THE WORKSHOP -Contribute to the technical content of curriculum -See how professionals would do CD-ROM project -Members of the group to define content -Come up with a concise idea on wht to include -Share data -Contribute expertise in visualizing content and form -Clarity on working arrangements -To define what audiences need and to get them produced -Contribute what teachers and students need -Access to CD-ROM -Contribute in how CD-ROM can be used -More dialogue; tetative schedules -Contribute ideas on what to include -Expectations to be fulfilled -Help conceptualize -Learn from the specialists (creating different forms) -Share how IPs want to be represented -Generate ideas to complement for better CD-ROM II. INTIAL Q UESTIONS/ COMMENlIS RAISED ABOUT THE PROJECT -Availability of computers among end-users -Consistency with DLC and ELC for error and content versatility of CD-ROM format IPs in Philippine history -Guidelines to CD-ROM can be differentiated by audience-user -Language bilingual -Methodology GIS clipping video animations -Viewpoint: first-person? second? -Choice of IP groups

-Combinations (singly or in groups of ethnolinguistic groups) -Not limiting: can be used by everyone (for highschool. but also for general public) -Maximize capability of medium -Prehistory of Filipinos? General introduction to IPs? -Geographic interfaces (maps )-similarities/ differences -Ecological! technologi~al relationships -Dynamism of groups (age.gender). realism within groups -Produce CD-ROM that would help IPs represent themselves to other Filipinos -Help us understand the richness of IPs tradiitons: history current practices METHODOLOGY - Maps. TOC (textual). chronological. archaeological - Secondary sources LANGUAGE/NARRA TIVE VIEWPOINT - Choice of language prior to "entry"but with material in IP group language - Storytellers upfront - Two viewpoints: "outsider nsecondar~". "etic" lf

•

"insider". "primary". lemie" (member of community talking about themselves. Through an "us". common ground. may be arrived at (e.g .. issue such as environment) · person "I" - FIrst SUGGESTIONS ON APPROACH AND FRAMEWORK/MODULAR DESIGN - self/ self concert as starting point. ascending to community then to nationa level - timeline - map-based starting point (interactive maps) - hypertext research papers - definition of terms: "indigenous Filipinos" as differentiated from "ethnic groups" and "cultural minorities" - Prehistory Ethnohistory History

BELIEF SYSTEM

Literature - oral tradition - written - transmission - stories. myths

- person - material

knowledge - method

Transfer of

- non-verbal

- verbal

communication

literature - oral tradition - written - transmission - stories. myths

- person - material

knowledge - method

Transfer of

Celebrations 6 Festivals - wbat -wben - for wbom

Rituals

Slstcm of writing Bc:licf system . ow developed - spirit world - similaritcs w/ - afterlife otber groups - gods and spirits Modes of

LITERATURE 6 LEARNING

ecology

Environment - relation with

Ancestral domain

courtship and marriage

birth. death/ burial

Customs and traditions

Daily life

- role of women

Hilot

- practices - rituals

Health - beliefs

Herbal Medicinc

Geographic

Healing location

HOMELAND

WELL路BEING

at,....

-----

Inventions

- Governance

highschool students can learn)

- ra1s1D8 - gathering - cooking - presentation

Culinary

- dwellings

Architecture

ornamentation

- body Ideas re; women Sexuality

Adornments - concept of aethetics

Dress 6

Entertainment/ Games

- forms - ocaSSJon

- clothing

- instruments

Song

Music/Dance/

Interaction - inter-ethnic

- in the community

household

Political structure - government laws - in the

govcrnmeot - power and authority - choice of leader

- Formal

structure

- Lcadcrsb~:'

- materials - usc

- forms

Concept of Ic.dership

POWER RELATIONS

Arts and cnfts

ARTS 6 CRAFTS

Younger generation issues

Marriage - courtship - sex - rituals

- roles of cbi dren - matriarchal/ patriarchal

rcb.tionsbir

gcnctltionaJ

- ioter-

Kinship system

generational roles

Gender 6

SEX. GENDER. KINSHIP

Concept of values (from whicb

Subsistence - how obtained - bow prepared

. for tleasure - cele ration

- for subsistence

Tccf("ology

Barter exchange

Resource management

LIVELIHOOD

Cross-cutting areas:

Concept of cbange

interaction - wben

- nature

other groups

mainstream.

Relationship w/

Filipino

Definition: Indigenous

EXTERNAL RELATIONS

Focus question: What clcmcbts in the way of life of indigenous Filipino groups should high school students lenD about?

IV. WORKSHOP ON CONTENT AREAS

V. CLOSING PLENARY: SELECTION OF IP GROUPS/NEXT STEPS SUGGESTIONS - 3 CD-ROMs: Luzon Visayas Mindanao 1< Conceptualized as one - CD-ROM to focus on one geographical region for modeling purpose "better job on one" . - One-in context of diversity (with commonalities and diversities) applicable to Cordillera groups only because of abundance of conducted studies unlike lumad groups (unevenness of available studies) - All-in-one might have "unrealistic generalized concept" re: cultural groups limitations of space and budget

-Why not muslims? to state its non-inclusion in the project - Palaw;,n (8 groups) to focus on Palawan - Agta to focus on Isabela group - Excluding important groups in a particular area

- Starter: scope and limitations to emphasize justification for choice of groups - Map-to define where they are - A void potential conflicts - Re topics: perspective of different groups might miss out on project goal

(Appendix C)

KA TUTUBO PROJECT TEAM WORKSHOP

KA TUTUBO CD-ROM PROJECT SCOPE A. Nature of project output: I. stand-alone CD-ROM with an in-lay sleeve containing general users' guide and installation/operation process 2. a supplementary instructional material for social science courses in secondary schools 3. informative. encyclopedia-like content with a minimun level of interactivity 4. to come out in two versions: one in English and another in Filipino.

B. Target users I.

non-IPs highschool students

C. Katutubo CD-ROM manual The project will also be releasing a teacher-oriented manual. This will be a document on how to use the Katutubo CD-ROM as a supplementary instructional tool for a major social science courses. D. Content The CD-ROM will feature five (5) Philippine indigenous groups from various geographical locations: a. Mindoro Mangyans (Hanunoo and Iraya sub-groups) b. Palanan. Isabela Agtas c. Misamis. Occidental Subanun d. Malibcon~. Abra Tinguian l Banaw subgroup) e. T'boli (tentative)

II. CREATIVE DESIGN The creative design will direct the structure of the CD-ROM's content. The diagram below shows the general flow of the content:

I Background on Philippine indigenous people (IPs) I I

IFive maior IPs I I

1 Mangyan

HaLnoo

I Agta IrJya

I Subanun

I Tinguian

Tboli

Balaw

9 categories (aspects of culture) from information matrix

I. There will be cross-referencing between concepts and points of emphasis and de-emphasis based on the IP-approv,ed information matrix. 2. There will be links across categories and subtopics. 3. The first screen can feature a map highlighting the location of each IP group. Icons

and other

graphics may be used for the categories instead of text.

The following are suggested formats for the content presentation:

I. in the form of oral literature 2. narrated from a young person's perspective 3. straightforward 4. life-cycle narration

JJI. INFORM A TION MATRIX The information matrix contains the targeted content of the CD-ROM. It is a table of categorized information from various aspects of culture. The content of the matrix has been presented to the IP partners during the IP Planning Workshops helped from October to December 1998 for validation. The information matrix was duly modified according to the recommendations of the IPs and served as the content outline of the Katutubo CD-ROM.

(Appendix D) SAMPLES OF STORYBOARD V ALIDA TION (EXCERPTS) AGTA STORYBOARD V ALIDA TION May 23. 1999 Brgy. Dimasalansan. Divilacan Local Consultant: Nonie dela Pena (1964) 22 Agta families

LINGUA FRANCE (for a lack of a better term) - between Palanan and Divilacan Agtas: Paranan - between Palanan and Casiguran Agtas: Tagalog - between Palanan and Macunacon Agtas: Ilocano NGAYAW According to Nonie. ngayaw was last done between 1991-1992 in Macunacon. They used pana (bow) as weapons. The arrow blade was covered with poison made from the boiled sap of t~e palagad tree. Nonie relates that the ngayaw he witnessed as a child was led by his father. His fater would shout and dare the other tribe to come out and fight if they were really brave. Nonie says that Agtas who aFe into ngayaw are bangaw (insane). Any Agta who wished to avenge a family member killed or iniured during a ngayaw can simply proceed to the seashore and stage another ngayaw. Today. ngayaw is no longer practiced. as there are now intermarriages among Agta tribes. FISHING The Agtas of Divilacan do not use concoctions that make fishes "dizzy" (this is practiced in San Mariano). Instead. they use bain. This is made by pounding ... ADULTERY Hitting the offensive party on the head. as noted in the desk research. is never practiced by Agtas (at least by Divilacan Agtas .. .1 think). DIDDEKEL correction: dadakal BISIG Hitting a person by means of busog (bow): dati lang ginagawa

The Project Team

The Ford Found.tion Suz.nne Siskel Riz.lcc Ibarr. Emelina S. Almario Proiect Director ~ Ariel

G. Canaveral roiect Coordinator

Karen Mac F. Valencia Proiect Assistant M.bi P. David Proiect Assistant for Filipino version and P:ocess Document Lem de la Cruz Scriptwriter

M.ritoni Ortig.s Alvin Jub.n Narrators

Technic.l Production Alvin Juban Direc.tor

Lloyd C. Mac Ycc Lead Programmer Joel Goll.yan Graphic Artist Melany Guatno Programmer

Bernadette Oloroso Melissa Salva ~T'holi) d,tors

Grace Cuarc:sma

Odette de Guzm.n Copy Editor 6

Dennive Maliksi 3D Animator

Instructional

Guide Writer Roland Roldan Media Specialist Beniamin Catindig Musical Score

Programmer

Juan Magdaraog Coordinator Melody Arcilla Production Assistant

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS BANA W TlNGUIAN COMMUNITY OF MALlBCONG. ABRA' Ortega Family of Bariker. Bangued' Abraenianalnstitute Of Ethnic Studies. Divine Word College. Bangued. Abra' Fr .. Venerando Yator. SVD' Prt. Joio Parcia. SVD' Bro. Alois Goldber§er. SVD' Novice Juan "Ayok' Libangan' The SVD Congregation. Province of Abra' Maguelang Family. Buy·Licu... Abu' Pura Sumangiland Concerned Citizens of Abra for Good Government' Florencio T adeo and Mercy Dawan' Jennifer and Adora Video dips courtesy of Ayala Foundation. Ioc. Photos, unless otherwise indicated. arc:

by Gayia Beyer. Gina Guilatco. Lem de la Cruz. Ariel Canaveral and Fr. Cirilo Ortega.

AGTA COMMUNITIES OF D1BUNGCO. D1MASALANSAN AND D1VILACAN. ISABELA' Northern Sierra Madre natural Park: Romeo Fragata. Protected Area Superintendent' Mayor Natividad Fernando. Palanan Isabel" Abelard Cruz of NSMWFI' Greg Tabl" Emerson' Noni dela Pen" Nanie Almoned" Christian Mission for the Unreached: Arnold and Julie AlVarez' Chester Cabalza and Family Octopuz Hunt video dip courtesy of Probe Productions. Photos. unless otherwise indicated. arc by Lem de la Cruz. Ariel Canaveral and Chester Cabalza. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES' Leo Batoon. Museum Researcher. Anthropology Division HANUNUO·MANGY AN COMMUNITY OF P ANA YTA YAN. MANSALA Y. ORIENTAL MINDORO' Dr. Danilo Labitan and Family* Fr. Ewald Dinter. SVD. St. Raphael Mission Housc' M.ngyan Mission Staff Videos and Photos. unless otherwise indicated. arc by Karlota Contreras. Lem de la Cruz. Ariel Canaveral and Efaniel Asumcn.

TBOLI COMMUNITY OF LAKE SEBU. SOUTH COT ABA TO' Mayor Samuel Loco' Vice·Mayor Bao Baay* Peter Carado* Mamerta Garcia. Jun Parino and the Staff of Municipal Lodge' Jun Togon' Dr. Edmundo Prantilla. University of Southeastern Philippines' Video dips courtesy of NCCA and Travel Time. Photos. unless otherwise indicated. arc by Melina Magsumbol. Lem de la Cruz. Ariel Canaveral and Karlota Contreras TAO FOUND ATlON FOR CULTURE AND ARTS for the use of Marino: A Hanunuo·Mangyan Music and Chanted Poetry: Grace Nono and Bob Aves. Producers' Phinma Foundation. Executive Producers'" Artists and

Informants: Ulyaw Bat·ang. Baryus. Gawid. Agte Gawid' Hanunuo·Mangyan community of Oriental Mindoro

RESEARCH PRODUCTION Proiect Consultants: Prof. Nestor T. Castro. Agt" Fr. Cirilo O. Ortega. Ban.w Tinguian Antoon Postma. Hanunuo·Mangyan Agnes Sit jar Togon. PhD. Tboli Research Staff: Gayi. Beyer. Ban.w Tinguian' Karlota Contreras. Hanunuo-Mangyan' Melina Magsumbo!. Tboli' Francis Nunez. Agta*

Efaniel Asumen. Audio·Visual Materials' Myrna Pula. Tboli field researcher NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR CULTURE AND THE ARTS: Virgilio Almario. Executive: Director *

Cecil Pic ache' PROBE TEAM: Nessa Valdellon. Executive Producer. Cathy Javier. Librarian and Nancy Pizano. Administrative Asst.* TRA VEL TIME: Susan Calo·Medin. President· Produce? University of the Philippines. Department of Art Studies MUL TI·SECTORIAL CONSUL TA TlON WORKSHOP PARTICIP ANTS Comon Derige. Miriam College· HS' Joseph Lalo. Ugnayang Agham Tao' Priscelin. Legasto. UP Open University' Victor Andres C. Manhit and Eva Serrano. Dppt. Of Education Culture and Sports' Sabino Padilla. University of the Philippines. Manila' Alice Panares. National Commission for Culture and the Arts' June Prill· Brett. University of the Philippines. Baguio' Corazon Sigua. Philippine Normal University -Laboratory School' Fernando Zialcita. Ateneo de Manila University Gina Guilatco' Amy Faustino. Office of the Provincial Superior. SVD Central Province:* Tina Bcnitez· Chaco

MoJina * Damianl Eugenio

Officials and Social Science teachers of the following high schools: Makati Science High School' Ateneo de Manila High School' Divine Word College of Calapan. Oriental Mindoro' Holy Spirit Academy. Oriental Mindoro Benigno Aquino High School' Sta. Cruz Mission High School' Mandaluyong High School' Students of Mt. Tabor Dormitory

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