Issuu

AYA L A FOUNDA TI ON. I NC .

FILIPINAS HERITAGE LIBRARY

JAPAN (S (. MAD (

(A路路Sl.

A SIMPLlrttD GRAMMAR WITH PRACTICAL EXERCISES FOR

BEGINNERS

PUBLICATION

THE

JAPANESE

APPROVED

MILITARY

ADMINISTRATION

(PERMIT NO. 23- ISSUED OCTOBER 17, 1942)

PUBLISHER LEO FERNANDEZ

Secohd Book

Manila

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• C~PYRIG H T, DECEMBER, 1942 MANILA

. •

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LE

Ai1ve rbs

LESSON II

Probable Present and Fu ture . .. .. .

LESSON III

The Conditional (Subjunctive Mood)

LESSON IV

D esidera tive

LESSOI

Th e Simple Past -Rel ative Phrases and Clauses . .... . . . . . ..... .

. . .. . . . .... . .. . . . . 14 18

LESSON V I

Nega ti ve Subordinati ve ...... . ..

LES O N VII

Conjugation of Adj ec ti ves .......

LbSON VII I

Compariso n of Adj ectives . . . . . . . .

LESSON IX

Compariso n (Continued )

LESSON X

Passi ve Voice . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . .

LESSON XI

Indefinite Prono'uns an d Adverbs

LESSON X II

Cau sa tive Ve rL~The Frequentative .

LESSON X II I

Refle xive and Reciprocal Pronouns.

LESSON X IV

D irect Quota1 ions

LESSON XV

Uses of " De" and " Ni"

LESSON XVI

Uses of Koto .and Mono

LESSON XV II

Yoo Desu- Yoo Na- Yoo Ni

LESSON XV III

Conj unctions and Prep osi ti ons

LE SSON X IX

A Few More Prepositions . . . . . . . .

LESSON XX

Prefi xes and Suffi xes

..... ;

(APPEND IX)

!\ Review of the Uses of

Important Postp osition

• .Transitive and Intr.a nsitive Ve rbs ... . .

Wh en to Use th e Va ri ous T erminati ons

'100

'KE,Y TO PRONUNCIATION chi

sya- sha c tya- chll.

syo - ho

tyo- c1

shi

sYu- shu

tyu- chu

zya -

t-u

zyo -

hu -

zyu -

00 -

LESSON I

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ADVERBS

Vocabulary toki doki recently, a short time ago tootoo mata hayaku - fast, early zyoozu ni - skilfully, well itu de mo by leaps and motto ZUD ZUD to tyoodo bounds - immediately, y>oku sugu nedan af once naru hakkiri to - distinctly - the beginning, seikoo suru hazime nobi"ru .(at) first dan dan - gradually tabi tabi - often kono aida

- sometimes - finally, at last - again - always - more - exactly, just -well - price - to become - to succeed - to grow (of plants, hair, • etc.)

Japal)ese ad'lerbs may be clas~1fied into different groups, depending ' on their use, their derivation, or their form. . According to their use, adverbs may be classified as : 1. Adverbs of time: kono aida (often contracted to konaida) 2. Adverbs of place: Iroko -

here 3. Adverbs of quantity or degree: zuibun -

very

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According to their derivation, adverbs are: 1. Derived from true adjectives by changing the final • i into ku: hayai - hayaku 2. Derived from quasi.adjectives by changing the DB or DO to ni: ~ zyoozu na - zyoozu ni ~ Verbs in their subordinative form: isogu - isoide

•

According to their form, adverbs may be: 1. Onomatopeic these are usually formed by reduplication of what is supposed to be a particular sound . or movement, and since there is an enormous number of sounds and movements, the number of these adverbs is legion. More often than not, they are untranslatable: zun zun tn. 2. Words followed by ni (the ni is sometimes omitted) :

sugu ni or sugu

3. Words ending in ri and followed by to (to may also be onlitted) : hakkiri to or bakkiri Here is translated: koko

There is translated: solro. (for what is near the person spoken to) a d \ÂĽOko (for what is far from both tfie speaker and the persoll addiessed). Like the interrogative adverb doko, these adverbs of place may be followed by' ni, e, kan, etc., except before deau, when the postposition is omitted: Ringo wa * doko ni arimasu ka. }

Where are the apples?

Ringo wa doko desu ka. 'Koko ni arimasu. ~oko

Here.

desu.

When followed by wa, koko, soko and asoko mean: thi5 place, tha~ place. Asoko wa zuibun tooi desu. That plaCl!! is very far. Hai, and iie (the approximate equivalents of ye~ and no) are frequently misinterpreted due to the custom of answering <

â€˘

Remember that when the predicate is the oD.e emphasized, the foUowed by wa.

suhj~.t

not the actual question, but what is (or ~ supposed to be) in the mind of the speaker. Thus, what in Engiish would elicit a negative reply is often answered by yes in Japanese, and vice· versa. Kimasen ka. Are you not coming? Hai, kimasen. No, I am not.

Enpitsu wo motte imasen ka. Don't you have a pencil? lie, motte imasu. Yes, I have.

For this reason, it is safer, when answering a negative question, to repeat the verb either in the affirma~ive or in the negative as the case may be, instead of merely saying bai or iie. Yes is also transla'ted soo desu or, more formally, by saroo de gOzafmasU. Anata wa Santos san de gozaim<fsu ka (desu ka). Are you Mr. S~ntos? Sayoo de gozaimasu (soo desu). Yes (I am) or That is so. So is translated

$0.0

or sonna ni.

Soo site wa ikemasen. Don't do so. Sonna ni hayaku aruite ·\va Ikemasen. You must not walk so f.ast.

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How, what is translated doo.

000 simasu ka. How will you do it? .Wbe~ meaning at the time, is translated toki ni after the familiar form 'of the verb.

~!tasi ga kita toki ni anata wa dekakete imasita. Yb~ were out when I came.

Every before words indicating periods of time is translated maio Mai asa o-tya wo nomimasu. I drink tea eve ry morning. .

EXERCISES (1) Please wake up early tomorrow morning. (2) I -can understand Mr. Ramos well because he speaks distinctly. (3) At first, the sick child co uld not walk. (4) The price of rice has gradually become dearer. (5) I often come, si nce my elder sister lives in th is place. (6) Will you painf the box white? No, let us p.aint it red. (7) Sometimes I meet Carmen in the market. (8) At last he has succeeded. (9 ) Please come again. (10) That child is always crying. (1 I) You ough t to study more. (1 2) I-shall come at 'once. ( 13 ) It is exactly ten o'clock. (14) Don't you read the papers? (1...5) No, I don't. (1 6 ) Yes, I read them every eveJ,1i ng_ ( 17 ) )-lave you met Doctor Cruz lately? (18) That man ean spt!ak Japanese very well. (19) That tree grows by leaps and bounds. (2 0) When the doctor came, the woman was already&dead.

(1) Asita no asa hayaku okite kudasai. (2) Ramos san wa ha,kkiri to hanasu no de yoku. wakaremasu. (3) Hazime wa byooki no kodomo wa arukemasen desita. (4) Kome no nedan wa dan dan takaku nari masita. (5) Ane wa â€˘ koko ni wa sunde iru no de" \Vatakusi wa tabi tabi mairimasu. (6) Hako wo siroku nurimasu ka. lie, akaku nurimasyoo. (7) Toki-doki itiba de Carmen san ni aimasu. (8) Kare wa ' ootoo seikoo simasita. (9) Mata' irassyai. (10) Ano kodomo \Va itu de mo naite imasu. ('1 '1 ) Anata wa motto benkyoo si nakereba ikemasen. (12) Sugu mairimasu. (13) Tyoodo ZYUll zi desu. (14) Sinbun wo yomimasen ka. (15) Hai yomimasen. (16) lie mai-ban yomimasu. (17) Kono-aida Gruz sensei ni aimasita ka. (18) Ano kala wa Nippon-go wo taihen zyoozu ni hanasemasu. (19) Ano ki wa zun zun to nobimasu. ( 20 ) O-isya s,an ga ( ita t(lki ni onna wa moo sinde imasita. â€˘

Remember that subordinate clauses precede pri,llcipal ones.

tÂˇ

LESSON II

•

PROBABLE PRESENT AND FUTURE

Vocabulary sima kazan koozan ltiru:an

kiku

island volcano mine gold mine day after tomorrow

(san) otooari

wa1)i

nekutai sango yubiwa

visitor, guest kaimono oi neighbor iku crocodile kenbutu oi neck-tie coral, iku -soretomo ring -

asatte

mannlmhitu hukai ki-iroi kari' ru sanpo ni iku -

(0) ky,aku

chrysant hemum fountain-pen deep yell ow to borrow to go for a walk to go shopping to go sigh tseei ng or

How to for m the probab le p rese nt a nd future. 1, By

addi~g

masyoo to the set;ond termination: yomi-masyoo

2. By addi ng desyoo to the first termination : " yomu desyoo _T his mood

denot~s un certa il~ty

and is, therefore, ·used:

1. When speaking of events of whose occurrence there

is no reasonable certainty.

•

Kyoo wa ame ga huru desyoo, It will prolJably ra in today, 2. When expressi ng an opill'ion or aSking· for one, Koko ni aru desyoo. It is probably here,

• 3, I;i) interrogations rega'rding the future of th e first person. Kaimasyoo ka. Shall I buy it ?

The form masy~ is not employed for the second person. With the first person plural, as we have already seen, it means let 11$. lkimasyoo. Let us go. The probable future may also be fo rmed by: 1. Changing the final u of verbs of Class I to 00:

yomu - yo moo 2. Adding yoo to the second termination of verbs belongi ng to Class II: tabe· ru - tabeyoo mi· ru - miyoo Ordinarily, this form is avoided in polite conversation, and is employed only in certain specified· cases. For instance, followed by to sur" it indicates the immediate future, a,nd is eq ui va lent to be,ing about to, being on the point of, etc. Dekakey~

to'simasita ga; arne g.a. hutte kimasita. I was about fo leave but it started to rain .

The negativ e is form ed by ad ding masen desyoo to the second termination or ~ desyoo to the fourth: yomimasen desyoo yoma nai desyoo Another way to form the negative is with masumm after the second termin ation of the verb . . lkimas~

<t shall probably not go.

However, since this third form is neither the most polite nor the most extensively used, the beginner would· do well to adhere to the. first and second. lkimasen (ika nail desyoo. J shall p10bably not go. Probability is also indicated by the word present or the past tense of verbs. ' Hon wo yomu kaaira. J wonder if he reads the book.

kaa~

after, the t·

Hon wo yonda kasira. â€˘ I wonder if he read the book. Desyoo has often the force of an interrogative: O-uti no mae ni niwa ga aru desyoo. There is a garden in front of your house, is there not?

Tabun (perhaps) at the beginning Of the sentence emphasizes the uncertainty of the statement. Tabun Paco san wa kuru desyoo. Perh.aps Paco will come . Strong probability is indicated by the expression ni tigai Brimasen (or nail after the verb in its familiar form.

Asoko ni aru ni tigai nai . . It must be there. Asoko ni atta ni tigai nai. It mus have been there. EXERCISES (1) Do yol!j think there are vo(canoes in that far away island? (2)" 1 don't believe there are volcanoes, but there are probably mines. (3) What kind of mines, do you think? (4) Probably gold mines. (5) Will it rain the Âˇday a'fter (6) Probably not. (7) 1 intend to borrow tomorrow? your brother's dictionary. (8) 1 am afraid he has IQ.st it. (9) Let us take a walk. (10) 1 wonder if any visitor wilT come today. (11) Shall 1 go shopping? Or shall 1 go sightseeing? (12) Perhaps the neighbors are not in. (13) 1 wonder if there are crocodiles in this deep river. 1 aon'~ think there are. (14) What shall 1 do? (15) Shall I buy those yellow neckties? (16) 1 don't think those are beau( 1 8) tiful. (17) Do you think this coral ring is pretty? The chrysanthemum will probably bloom next month. (19) Probably. my grandfather will arrive tomorrow;' (20) He must have taken my fountain-pen .

(1) Sono tooi sima ni kazan ga aru desyoo ka. (2) Kazan ~a nai desyoo ga, koozan ga .aru desyoo. (3) Donna koozar.. desyoo ka. (4) Kinzan desyoo. (5) Asatte \Va

â€˘

ame Ka huru .de yoo fa. .(6) Hura-nai desyoo. (7) Niisan (8) Sore wo nakusita desyoQ. no zihiki IVO karima yoo. ,( 0 ) anpo ni ikimasyoo. (10) Kyoo o-kyaku-san ga kuru desyoo ka. ( I I) Kaimono ni ikimasyoo ka. Soretomo kenbutu ni ikim asyoo ka. (12) Tabun o-tonari IVa inai tksyoo. ( 13) Kono hukai kawa ni wani ga iru ilesyoo ka. ( 14) 000 SjJllaSyOO ka. (15) Sono kiâ€˘ Irlasen desyoo. imi nekutai IVO kaimasyoo ka. (16) Sore IVa utukusiku nai desyoo. ( I 7) Kono sango no yubi-IVa wa kirei desyoo ka. (I S) Kiku IVa raigetu saku kasir.a. (1 9) Asita oziisan IVa kuru k asira. (20) Ano hito \\' a watasi no manne'nhilu wo to.tta ni ti gai nai.

â€˘

LESSON III •

THE CONDITIONAL

(SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD)

Vocabulary doobutu·en kuma tora konDan denpoo nilGai yuugoban mugi

ninniku booseki

zoological garden bear tiger tonight telegram upstairs supper wheat garlic jewel, gem

~oozyoo

wan

summit bay

tenugui, taoru - towel sigotoo - work keiko - lesso n sono - i ts aoi - unripe, blue kewasii - steep iru - to need oe'ru, simau - to finish

There are various ways of expressing t}1e conditional or subjunctive mood in Japanese. The m06t uSlLal are: PRESENT TBNSE

1. By the word nara or lUIIljba after the present tense of the verb, either in its familiar or in its polite forM: Yomu nara (naraba) ..... . If I (you, etc.) read ..... . Yomimasu nara (namba) ...... If I (you, etc.) read ...... 2. By the word to after the familiar present: Yomu to...... If I (you, etc.) read ......

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3. By the termination reba after the second termination of verbs of Class II. In· the case of verbs of Class I, 'the final u is changed to eba: • • >

. ••

Tab"reba ...... If I (you, etc.) eat.. .... Yomeba ... ... If I (you, etc.) read ......

The negative f~rm is expressed: t. By nai riarIa (naraba) after the fourth form of the

verb or

masen nara

(naraba) after the second form :

Yomanai nara (naraba) ..... . If I (you, etc. ) do not read ... ... Y omimasen nara (naJlaba) ..... . I f I (yo u, etc.) do not read ..... . 2. By nai to after the fourth termination: Yoma nai to ..... . I f I (yo u, etc. ) do not read ..... . ~.

By nakereba after th e fourth termination: Yomanakereba ..... . If I (you, etc. ) do not read ..... .

Exa mples: AFFIRMATIVE Aoi mango vo taberu nara (naraba) byooki ni narimasu. Aoi mango wo taberu to byooki ni narim asu. Aoi mango 11'0 tabereba byooki ni narimasu. I f yo u eat green ma·ngoes you will become ill. NEGATIVE Sono hon ga* wak ara nai nara (naJIaba) kaimasen. Sono hon ga wa kara nai to kaimasen. Sono hon ga wakara-nakereba kaimasen.

•

If I don' t understand that book I won ' t buy it

Th e past tense is fo rmed: 1. By adding nara (narabai) to the p.ast tense. The ncgajtive j,s formed by adding nakatta nara (naraba) to the fourth termination or masen desita nara (naraba) < to the second, thus: •

The postposition

is us ed when the direr! o,bjeet is followed ( by the

verb wakaru.

•

AFFIRMATIVE Yonda nalla (naraba) ... ... If I had read ... ...

â€˘

Yomimasita narla (naraba) ..... . I f I had read .... .. NEGATIVE Yomanakatta nara (naraba) ..... . I f I had not read ..... . Yom imasen desita nara (nat1aba) ..... . If I had not read .. ... . 2. By changing the final e of the subordinative to. ara. The neg,ative, by adding nakattara to 'the fourth termination, Y ondalla -

Y omanakattara

If two subj nctive clauses are used oIJe llfter the other, only the second ane need be in the subjunctive. ' , Keiko \VO site tegami \VO kaite simatLa nara ,asonde rno ii. If you ha.ve done the lessons and (if you haVe) written (finished writing) the letters, yo u may play. The condi.tio nal present is very often used for the past, but sometimes the past is used for the present. Mosi at the beginning of the sentence serves to emphasize the condition. Mosi kono hon

11'0

ageru to yomernasu ka.

â€˘

, Will you be abl e to read this book if I give it to yo u l ' The subjunctive mood sometimes re fers to time and may be translated by when, as soon a!\, after, etc. Karninari ga naru I!o kodomo wa nakimasu. ,The ~ild cri!,!s when it thunders.

Tuyara tegami ~~

\VO kaite kudasai. soon as you arrive, please write ajetter.

The past conditional (followed by ii desyoo) is also used when asking for advice, e.g.: Dono Hon wo yondara ii desyoo ka . .Which book shall I read? (H ad I better read?) For giving advice the present conditio nal (followed by ii) is generally employed: Kore wo yomu to ii (desyoo-). Kore wo yomeba ii (desyoo). You ha d better read this. The past conditional followed by ikaga desu ka or doo desu IAa may a lso be used. Kore wo yondara ikaga desu ka (doo. desu ka). How about reading this ? The negativ e present conditional followed by ii ga ..... , (an elliptical construction) is also used to signify fea), or anxiety that, soinething disagreeable has happened or mi gh t happen. Ano hito wa uma kar.a oti路nakereba ii ga ...... I fear th at man will fall from th&! ho rse. (Literally : If that man does not fall from the horse, it would be good, but. ..... ). EXERCISES (1) If I had plenty of money I would buy a large motor car. ( 2 ) Should you go to the zoo, you will see the bears and 1he tigers. (3) Should it rain tonight, I shall not go to the movies. (4 ) If a telegram from my sister should come, please bring it upstairs. (5) If you don 't buy a dietio-nary, I will lend Yllu mine. (6 ) If it does not rain, I snail go to a show. (7) As soon as I arrived, I had my supper. (8) If you go to tohe market, will you buy me some rice and garlic ? I will. (9 ) Should you sell the jew,els, I will buy them. (10) If you climb that steep mountain, ypu will(l)e ahle to see Manila Bay from its summit. (11) If you have a towel which is not new, give it to that beggar. (12) If" I don'~ go to your house, I shall write you a letter. (13) , As'soon 12

as I finish the work, I will depart. (' 4) If you are selling flowers which are not pretty, I will not buy any. (15) Should you need a pencil, I will lend you mine. (16) As soon as I departed, the teacher arrived. (17) Should you buy a book which is not difficiJlt, lend it to me. (18) If you don't study lVell, you will not remember your lesson .. • (19) You had better sell your old car. (20) HolV about going to a show? (1) O-kane g:t takusan areba, ookii zidoosya wo kaimasyoo. (2) Doobutu-en e iku to kuma y3, tora wo Illimasu. (3) Konban arne ga hureba katudoo e mairilllasen. (4) Ane kara denpoo ga kitara nikai e motte kite kudasai . (5) Zibiki IVO kawa-nakereba wata'si no wo ka-site agemasu. (6) Arne ga hura-nakereb:t katudoo e ikimasu. (7) Tuitara yuugohan, wo tabemasita. ~8) Itiba e oide ni nattara (oide ni naru to) okome to ninniku wo katie kudasaimaSen ka. Katie agemasyoo. (9) Anita ga hooseki IVO ureba kailllasyoo. (10) Sono kelVasii yama wo nobottarll so no tyoozyoo kara Manila-w.an ga miemasu. (-11) At.uasiku 'nai tenugui wo motte ireba so no koziki ni o-yari nasai. ( 12) O-uti e ika-nakereba teg mi wo k.akimasu. .( I 3) Sigoto IVO oeru to dekakemasu. - (14) Kirei de nai hana wo ureba lVata'si wa kaimasen desyoo. (15) _Enpitu ga iru nara lVatasi no wo kasite agemasu. (16) Watasi ga dekaketa'ra sensei wa tukimasila:. (17) Muzukasiku nai hon wo k.atlara kasite kudasai. (18) Yoku benkyoo sinakereba anata no keiko IVO oboemasen. (19) Anala no hurui zidoosya IVO ureba ii. (20) Kaludoo e ittara doo desu k.a.

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• • 13

LESSON IV DESIDERATIVE Vocabular-y hakurankai -

expositi on, ex hibiti on corn, maize sweet potato ani m al spider fl y worm, insect wine apricot

toomorokosi satUma imo doobutu kumo hai musi budoosyU, anzu yudetamag>o . - bdi led eggs

omuretu ong~kukai IOng路aku mendori gatyoo hituzi ko-usi nodo no<!o g>a kawaku sikasi

omelet concert music. hen goose sheep calf throat

to be thirsty but, however

The desidera ti ve, ;is its name implies, expresses desire, wish, eagerness. It is more .adjective than verb, and although it begins as a verb, its endin g a'nd position in the sentence are those of a tru e adjec tive. I ~ is formed by adding tai (in it~ different inflections ) to the second termina tion of the verb. Si nbun ga yo mi-tai desu or Sinbun ga yo mi-tai. I wa nt to read the newspapers. -The object may be followed by eithe r wo or gao The tai of the des iderative is infl ect~d as follow s : AFF~RMATIVE

?resent :

-;omi-tai desu

Past :

-yomi-tal deslta

NEGATIVE

yomi-taku arimasen (or yomi-taku nal) yomi-taku arlmasen des ita (or yomi-td.. naka'tta) yom i-taku nal na~a. yo mi-taku naku narlrq,slta

Conditional : -yomi-tal nara Adverbial form :-yomi-taku narimasita Subordinative: -yomi-takute

yomi-taku nakute\

Ir;;:

The subordinative form is usually ~ollowed by such ex• pression as tarrJnimasen, tamaranai, a nd sikata ga arimaselil (meaning it cannot be endured, or it cannot be he.lped) which serve to emphasize the intensity of the wish. Sanpo ni ikitakute tamarimasen. I greatly desire to take . a ~va lk . Often the desiderative is followed hy (he I, (you, etc.) think.

expre~sion

ODlll>lJ -

K.asa ga kaitai to ornoimasu. I should lik e to buy a n umbrella. Ordinari ly, the desideratiye is not used for the third perso n. For th is, there is anoQher form which, in turn, is not applicable to the first person: the suffix tagaru after the 'liecond termjnation of the verb: \

•

Hon wo y mitagl3rimasu. He \\fishes (0 read the Qook. The wish for something is also expressetl by hosii (fol-' lowed or not by desu) after the noun which is (h e-object of the desire and IV ich employs the po~tposition gao Zibiki ga hosii desu. I want· a dictionary. Liking or fondness for so methin g is expressed by suki des:.; the reverse, hy kirai desu. Kodomo g,a suki dew ka . Do you like chi ldren? Arne ga mai desu. I detest the rain.

Dai before suki or kirai adds force to the expression. Budoo ga dai suki desu. I am inordinately fond of grapes. A desire on the part of the first person that something be d9ne ie1 his o r, her favor is expressed by the subord inative followed by moraitai or morai~ai desu . ,

.Iti zi ni yonde moraitai.

• J wan t to be called at one o'clock.

A desire that a Y.ling be is expressed by: 1. A noun followed by ni sitai or ni sitai ' mono desu.

Sono kudamono wa banana ni sitai (mono desu). I wish those fruits were bananas. 2.

The adverbial form of the adjective followed by sitai (mono desu).

Watasi no uti wa lookiku sitai (mono_ desu.). I wish that my house were big. EXERCISES (I) Would you li ke to go to the exhibition? ( 2) No, don't wan t to go fo the ex ibition; however. [ wo uld like to go out for a walk. (3) What would you like to eat ? (4) I wal\t to eat either corn or 'Sweet potatloes. (5) Are you fond of animals? (6) I disli ke cats, however, I am extremely fond or dogs. (7) I loathe spiders, flies and worms. (8) 1 am thirsty; I would like to drink so me tea. (9) If you want to read the t;lewspapers, I will lend them to you. (1 0) He w,ants to dnink \v.ine always. (11) I no longe r ( 12) Now I feel inclined to wo·rk. care to go shopping. (13) Are you 'hungry? Yes, I am, P should like to eat either fruits or vegetables. ( 14) 1 have neither aprico ts nor grapes, .but I have one nice app le. (15) Do you want so me boiled No, I want an omelet. ,( 16 ) I shoultl like very eggs? much to go to the concert. (17) Do you like music? (18) I would like to buy hens, geese, ~wo or three sheep and a (20 ) I calf.( (19) I wish you wo uld make me a cake. wish yo u were a boy. •

(1) Hakurankai e ikitai desu ka. (2) fie, hakurankai e w.a* ikitaku arimasen sik asi sartpo ni ikitai desu. ( 3) Nani ( 4 ) Toomorokosi ka satuma imo ga ga t abe tai dt!su ka. tabetai desu. (5) Doobutu ga suki desu ka. ( 6) Neko w·a kirai desu sikasi inu wa dai suki desu . (7) b Kuma ya hai ya l11usi ga dai kirai desu. (8) Nodo ga kaw.a,ite, otya •

The wn. ill this Mld in similar

~xpressions

is used for emllha

i s~

ga sukosi nomitai. (9) Sinbun ga yorftitai nara kasite agemasyoo. (10) Kare \Va itu de mo budoosyu wo nomitaga'ri-' masu. (11) Moo kaimono ni ikitaku naku narimasita. (12) Ima hatarakitaku narimasita. (13) Onaka ga sukimasita ka. Hai onaka ga suite, kudamono ka: aomono ka tabetai. (14) Anzu mo budoo mo arimasen sikasi umai ringo wo hi- â€˘ totu motte imasu. (15) Yude-ta'mago ga hosii desu ka. lie, omuretu ga hosii desu. (16) Ongakukai e ikitakute tamari-, masen. (17) Ongaku ga: suki desu ka. (18) Mendori to gatyoo to ni-san-biki no hituzi to ippiki no ko-usi ga kaitaJ desu. (19) Okasi \VO kosiraete moraitai. (20) Anala \Va otoko no ko ni sitai.

) .

â€˘ ' ..

â€˘ 17

LESSON V

mE SIMPLE PAST -RELATIVE PHRASES AND CLAUSES Vocabu lary

mono

koto

kusi hasira sinzyu ga&okuzin birno kusuri

tamanegi torokko

onion truck thing (concrete) thing (abstract) comb pillar. pos~ pearl foreigner string. cord' medicine

osiroi hOlobeni kutibt'lni syoosetu sikaru nage'ru kiku husigi na itazulia na mizik.ai

- face po\vder - rouge -Iipstir.k - novel - to sco ld - to throw - to hear, to ask - wo nderful, marvelous - naugbty, mischievous - short

. The past 'ten6e, like the present, has a simple, shorter form ,,;ithout the pOlite masita ending. At the end of the sentence, this form is used< only by men in familiar speech, but as part of a relative cl.ause or before certain expressions to be given later, both men and WClmen can use it even in formal co nversa tion. The simple past is obtained by changing the final e of the subordinative to a: yonde--yonda. The negative is obtained with the fourth termination plus nakaltla: yoma nakatta. Kinoo kiba kodomo wa itazura desu. The child who came yesterday is mischievous. Relative phrases are particularly common in Japanese, since they must take the place of the rela'tive pronouns, which are n o n - exist~nt in this language. Following the rule that modifiers corne before the word modified, relative phrases al w.ays precede the noun to which they refer. The postposition which follows changes with the different cases. ' I â€˘

IOta kodomo wo sikarimasita. I scolded the child who came yesterday.

Kinoo

Kinoo kita kodomo ni aimasita .â€˘ I met the child who came yesterday. ' Kinoo kita kodomo to ikimasu. I shall go with the child who came yesterday. Kinoo kita kodomo kara tamanegi wo kaimasita. I bought onions from the child who came yesterday. ' The same construction is used to translate English participles which take the place of rela'tive clauses. Mon no Âˇsoto ni tatte iru otoko wa Santos sa.n desu. The man standing ( who stands) outside the gate is Mr. Santos. Mon DO soto ni tatte iru otoko wo yobimasita. I called the man standing outside the gate. If the noun to which th e relative clause refers is used as direct object, the subject of the sentence is followed by either ~ or no. Watasi goa yonda kodomo wa ' itazura', desu. Watasi no yonda kodomo wa itaiura desu. The child whom I called is mischievous. , The relative llronoun what is translated by koto (,,' hich also means thing or tJlings) . Watasi no osieta Iaolo ga wakarimasila ka. Did you understand what I taught ? Where used as a relative pronoun is comrilOnly translated by tokoro ( whic;h also means place). Kono uti wa IV.atasi no sund a tokoro desu. This house is where I Ii ved.

â€˘

In relative phrases, only verbs in the present altct past tenses are employed. EXERCISES (1) Did you ride on the train? (2) No, I rode on a trucJ<. ~) At ~vhat time did you sleep last night ? (4) I did not sleep last night. (5) What is th at thing which you threw'" (6 ) It is an old comb. (7) Do you know the man stanlling by the pillar? ( 8 ) He is the foreigner who sold me

the pearls. (9) Whl:re is the black string which I bought yesterday? (10) It is inside the box which Maria gave you. ( 1 1) What I heard this moming was wonderful. (12) The ( 13) This shop man who brings the medicines is ill today. is where I buy the face powder, rouge and lipstick. (14) Did ( you read t'le novel which I bought? (15) I could not, because your naughty brother lost it. (16) Did you understand what I asked? (17) I did not underst{lnd it at aIL. (18) Which is the pencil that you brought? (19) It is the short pencil which is on top of the desk . . (20) The call that is under the chair is mine.

(1) Kisya ni notta ka. (2) lie, torokko ni notta. (3) Yuube nan zi ni neta ka. (4) Yuube watasi wa ne-nakatta. (5) Anata no nageta mono wa nani desu ka. (6) Hurui kusi desu. (7) Hasira no soba ni tatu otok'o wo sitte imasu ka. (8) Ka,re wa watasi ni sinzyu wo utt.a gaikokuzin desu. (9) Kinoo katta kuroi himo wa doko ni arimasu ka. (10) M.aria san ga anllta ni ageta hako no naka ni arimasu. (11 ) Kesa kiita kQto wa husigi desita. (12) Kusuri wo motte kuru otoko wa kyoo byooki desu. (13) Kono mise wa! watasi no os\roi t() hoobcni to kutibeni wo kau tokoro aesu" (14) Boku no katta syoosetu wo yonda ka:. (15)' It.azura na otooto san ga sore wo nakusite, ' yomemasen desita. ( 16) Watasi no kiita koto ga wakarimasita ka. (17) Totemo wakarimasen ctesita. (18) Anata no motte kita enpitu wa dore desu ka. (19) Tukue no ue ni aru mizikai enpitu desu. (20) Isu no sita: ni iru neko w,a watasi no desu.

LESSON VI

•

NEGATIVE SUBORDINATIVE

Vocabul ary kuri tyawoan

roosoku mati o-miyage huutoo dalyloo kirin sika sagi daidokoro, ok.atte sita

mimi

chestnut rice-bowl candle town, street souvenir envelope ostrich giraffe deer heron

kitchen .tongue ear

asi sekitan sement<:» yakamasii burei na

k.amau

tati

feel coal cement noisy rude, imp0 lite to matter, to care (usually employed in the negative) used to form plural of some noun .

The negative subordinative is formed by adding to the fourth termin'ation of the verb one of the. 'following three suffi xes: I. nakute 2. nlli de 3. zu ni -

yoma-nakute yoma-nai de yoma zu ni

The negative subordi native corresponds to the ne,gative present and perfect participle of English verbs or to the expressio n without ; thus, the above phrases may be translated: not reading, not having read or without

read"",

Kare wa tabe-nai de gakk oo e ikimasita. Kare wa tabe-zu ni gakkoo e ikimasit:r. He wen t to school without eati ng or wilhout having • eaten . • 1ihe negative subordina ti ve in nakute followed by wa ike$')Sen (ikenai) or W\a narimasen (naranai) is transY\lted

muaa and is equivalent to the fourth termination plus nakereba ikemasen (or narimasen). T abe-nakute wa ikemasen. Tabe-nakereb:a ikemasen. You must eat. If, at first gLance, it should appear odd that a negallive be used for making a. positive command, it must be borne in

mind tha't the literal translation of the above and of similar statements is: if you do not eat, it won't do- (ikenuuen,> nari-' masen) . The negative subordinaiive in lli"lkute (as well as the one in nai de) also means need not when followed by mo ii or mo ii desu.

Hataraka-nakute mo ii. Ha araka nai de--mo ii. You nee~ not work. (The liter.al -t'ranshttion of the above 1V0uid be: even if you, do not work, it wiH be all right. Remember that mo after the subordinative means 'even if, although) . An eq uivalent expression is that formed by the first form of the verb followed by hituyoo wa arimasen (there is nOl need) . Hataraku hituyoo wIa. arimasen. You need not work. [he negative subordi native in zu ni is particularly used for wtthout. Sinbun IVO yoma zu ni nete simalmasita. He woo t t~ sleep without reading the papers.

Suru before zu ni becomes se. Benkyoo se zu ni g.akkoo e itte wa ikemasen. You must not go to school without ~tudyin&: However, with nouns, without is translated nasi de. O-kane nasi de zidoosya wa kaemasen. Without money I cannot buy the car. 22

EXERCISES • (1) Come without bringing those noisy chil{!ren with you. (2) You need not eat these chestnuts if you don't like them. . (3) I returned without having bought either the rice. bowls or the candles. (4) Even if it does not rain, I will not go. (5) When you go to town, you must buy a souvenir for your mother. (6) You need not buy envelopes such as those. (7) Whether the neighbor comes or not, it does not matter. (8) · The dog comes running even if I don' t call him. (9) Tha,t rude mail entered without taking off his hat. (10) Without putting on his hat, he departed in a hurry. (11) I returned from the zoo, without having seen the giraffe, fhe ostrich, the deer or the heron. There is no help for it. (12) Do you mind if I don't sweep the kitchen? ('13) Without a tongue one cannot speak. (14) Without ears one cannot hear. (15) And without feet one cannot \\.alk. (16) You need not read such foolish stories. (17)' Don't return wflh(18) I don't care out having sold the coal and the ceqlent. whether you stu y or not· (19) Will you go to the park (20) I certain ly will. even if he does not go? ( I) Sana yakamasii kodomo-tati wo lurenai de aide nasai. (2) Kana kuri ga kirai na·ra tabe-nakute mo ii. (3) Tyawan mo roosoku mo kawanai de kaerimasita. (4) Arne ga hura nakute mo mairimasen. (5) Mati e itta:ra okaasan (6) . Anna ni o-miyage wo ka\va-nakute wa ikemasen. huutoo wo kawa-nakute rna ii desu. (7) O-tonari wa kite rna ko-nakute mo kama:imasen. (8) Yoba-nakute mo inu wa hasitte kimasu. (9) Ana burei na atoka. \Va boosi wo (10) Boosi wo k.abura-nai de isoide tora-zu ni ha~rimasita. (11) Kirin ya datyoo ya siR.'a ya sagi wo dekakemasita· mi-nai de doobutu-en kara kaerimasita. Sikata ga arimasen. (12j D2!dokoro' wo soozi sinakute mo kamaimasen ka. (13) ~ita nasi de wa'" hanasemasen. (14) Mimi nasi de \Va

•

• The'''ij\ is (or omphasis.

kikoemasen. ( IS) Sosite asi nasi de IVa arukemasen. (16) Anna baka-na hanasi ~a yoma-nakute mo ii. (17) Sekitan to semento IVO ura-nai de kaette IVa ikemasen. (18) Anata wa benkyoo site rno benkyoo sinakute rno kamairnasen. (19) Kare IVa ika-nakute rno kooen e irassyairnasu ka.

.to mo.

} â€˘

(20) Iku

LESSON VII

•

CONJUGATION OF ADJECTIVES

Vocabulary

abunai hazukasii

erai

atui wakai kasikoi

onazi

sora miti karada itai yas3sii mezurasii

sky road body painful, sore easy rare, unusual dangerous ashamed, abashed great, extraordinary warm, hot young intelligen t, wise ,game

ooi

sukunai

numerous, plentiful, much few, scarce, little

Y'Owa~

karada no yowai kinben na -

daizi na

weak di ligent, industrious important, cherished

hontoo ni, makoto ni - truly, really kumoru ~ to become

' cloudy

Since true adjectives, as has been said before, pair take of the nature of verbs, they are conjug.ated accordingly, and have their tenses a,nd their moods as well. With yasui as a model, the conjugation Qf a true adjective is as fo llQ\vs: AFFIRM AT IVE YASUI DESU It is cheap YASUI DESITA or YASUKATTA It was cheoap YA~JI D~YOO

(or ,less politely: DAROO) It will ' probably) be

•

che"".

NEGATIVE

}

} }

PRESENT

PAST

{YASU KU ARIMASEN (NAI ) • It is not cheap

{""" """" {""" '" """

DESITA or YASU KU NA KATTA

It was' not oheap

PROBABLE FUTURE

(DAROO)

It will (probably) not be cheap

•

YASUKATTA DESYDO (DAROO)

PROBABLE PAST

YASUI NARA . or YASUKEREBA If il is ch.cap

}

SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT

YASUKATTA NARA or YASUKATTARA

}

It was (probably) cheap

If it has (or- had) been

ch eap YASUKUTE

Being cheap

SUBJUNCTIVE PAST

}

SUBORDINATIVE

{""" ....'"

DESYOO (DAROO)

It was (probably) not cheap

{Y ASUKU NAI NARA or YASUKU NAKEREBA

Lr it is not cheap

{""" ..,,'" "" ot· YASUKU NAKATTARA If it ha.

(or had) nol been cheap

{ YASUKU NAKUTE

Not being cheap

QuaSi-adjectives are not conjugated; in their case it is the ve rb alone thal changes; kirei desu, kirei desita, kirei desyoo, kirei nara, kirei de wa oarimasen desita, etc., etc. The hOllOrific 'of desu is de gozaimasu. Halla w'll kirei de. gozaimasu. The flower is beautiful. After a true ad jec tive. the de is omitted and th e adjective un dergoes th e fo ll ow ing changes: 1. Adjectives ending in IlIi and in Di, change this termination to DO: akai -.:.. akoo sirDi - siroo

~. Adjectives ending in ii change this tern1ination to iuu: ookii -

oo kiuu

3. Adjedives ending in ui change this termination to uu: • yasui -

yasuu

Hon \Va yasuu gozaimasu. The book is cheap. used:

The s ubordinative of adjectives, like th at of verQ~, is '

1. When th ere is more .than one a<1j ective in a sentence.

Kawa wa mizikakute hukai. The river is short and deep or The river is short but deep. 2. To signify cause or reason. Takakute kaimasen. I wi ll not buy it because it is dear.

3. To signify even if, although, when it is fo l·lowed by mo. T.akakute rno kaimasu. 1 wi ll buy it even if it is dear.

4. To signify so, very, when it is followed by such ex· pressions as sikata ga arimasen, hmarimasen, etc. Atukute tnnarimasen. II is v ry ( or unbearably) warm.

Many English adjectives are transl ated by an adjecti vephrase conSisting of a noun, the postposition no, and the ' adjective; in this form they are used attri butively: rune no ooi - rainy. Roku gatu * ·wa arne no ooi tuki desu. June is a rainy month. If used predicatively, the no is changed to ga :

Ni·gatu ni wa ame ga sukunai desu. In February rain is scarce. (It rains liftle). (Ooi and sukunai are always used predicatively. They can only be used attributively as p.art of an adjective phrase like the !irst ClII1e abo ~e) . • Thr,m:n!hs of the yoar are called merety by.n Dumber: Di-gatu (~ebruary) san·gatu (March) , etc., oto.

iti-gatu (January)

EXERCISES (I) Was the road long? ( 2) No, the road was not long, but my feet were ex tremely sore.. (3) Don' t buy th at car tf it is too dear. (4) Do you think the lesson win be , easy? (5) No, th e lesson will probably not be easy, but perhaps it will be interesting. (6) Diligent children are h uly rare indeed. (7) Is this the same composition book? (8) If it is dangerous, yo ur yo unger bro ther need not go., (9) The Httle girl was ashamed because her shoes were 路dirty. (10) Dr. Ruiz is truly a greaJI: physician. (11) It is unbearably warm in this place. ( (2) Although th at man is young, he is very wise. (13) That was a matter of no importance. (14) I must read the same book even if it is difficult. (15) This morning the sky was blue and beautiful. (16)" Tonight it is dark and cloudy. (17) Does it r,ain little in this village? (18) I hate villages where it rains much. (19) Although a weak-oodied 'man, Pedro i s very diligent. (20) Is your. little daughter weak? (I) Mit" wa nagakatta ka. (2) lie, miti wa nagaku nakatta kered mo asi ga itakute tamarimasen. (3) So no zidoosya wa amari takakereb3J k atte wa ikemasen. (4) Keiko wa yasasii desyoo ka. (5) lie keiko wa yasasiku nai' ( 6) Kinben na kodomo wa desyoo ga, omosiroi desyoo. mako to ni mezurasiuu gozaimasu. (7) Kore wa, onazi tyoomen desyoo ka. (8) Abunai nara otooto san wa ikanakute mo ii. (9) Tiisai onna-no-ko wa kutu ga kitanakute hazukasikatta. (10) Ruiz sensei wa hontoo ni erai 0 isya san de gozaimasu. (1 'I ) Koko wa atukute tamarimasen. (12) Ano kata wa wakakute mo zuibun kasikoi desu. (13) Sore wa daizi de nai koto desita. (14) Onazi hon wa muzuka(15) Kesa sora wa ,sikute mo yomanakute wa narimasen. aokute utuk~l sii desita. (1 6) Konban wa Kurakute kumotte imasu. (17) Kono mura wa arne ga sukunai desu ka. (1 8) Arne EtO ooi mur,a ga ki rai desu. (19) Pedro san wa karada no yowai otoko de mo taihen kinben desu. (20) 1 'Tiisai ozyoosan wa karadal ga yowai desu ,ka.

LESSON VIII

• COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES Vocabul ary

suigyuu dobin

isi koori kuzira yuki hane seito nigai hayai osoi

carabao tea-pot (earthen) stone ice whale· snow feather student bitter swift, rapid slow

tuyoi ippai tumetlai

strong full col d (to the touch) samui - cold (of th e weather) subayai - nimble karui - l ight warui - bad hutotte j·ru - to be stout, fat y.asete i' ru - to he Ihin

The Japanl!s adjective has Ih same form for th e po Kono sitive, the comparative and the sup~rl at ive degrees.. uti wa tiisai may mean not 011'::)' this house is small, but this house is smaller, or this house is the smallest, according to ' circumstances. However, alt hough the simple adj ective is sufficient, there are certain ways th at serve to make Ihe comparison more empha ti c, and they are the following: I.

\Vhen on ly one of th e objects is mentioned. ( a) By th e use of motto : Kono kudamono \Va IIVGtto nigai. This fruit is more bilter. (b) By th e use of no hoo ga : Kono kud amono no ho\() ga Qigai. This fruit is more bitter. (c) ,By th e use of both no hoo g,a and motto: Kon o kudamono no hoo ga motto nigai. This fruit is more biller.

29 /

(d) â€˘ By th e use of zutto: Kono kudamono (no hoo) ga zutto nigai. This fruit is much more bitter. (e ) By the use of nao or isso : Kono kudamono wa nao. (isso) nigai. This fruit is still more bitter. 2 . When bo th objects are mentioned yon or y<ori mo is used after th e word expressing the standard of comparison whi'!e th e other mayo r may not be followed by no hoo ga:

Zidoosya (no hoo.) ga zitensya yon hayai desu. Cars are faster Ihan bicycles. Zilensya (no hoo) ga zidoosya yon osoi desu. Bicycles are slower than cars. or negati ely: Zilensya ' (op hoo) ga zidoosya yon hayaku ari masen. Bicycles are nol f aster Ih ~n cars. Zidoosy,.a (no hop ) ga zitensya yon osoku arimasen. Cars are not slower th an bicycles. The superlative degree is formed: 1. By th e use of mottomo:

Kore wa mottomo yasui. This is th e ch eapest. '2.

By th e use of itiban: Kore w.a itiban yasui. is th e cheapest.

TI~i s

3. By th e use of iti no or -zyuu de itihan no afler the name' of a place: Mandu sensei wa M.anil.a iti no i~ya san ,desu. or Mandu sensei \Va Manila -zyuu de itiban no isya san desu. Dr. Mandu is the best doctor in Manila.

â€˘

To prevent ambiguity, the adjective may be expressed. Mandu sensei wa Manila iti 11!0 yoi isya desu. Dr. Mandu is the best doctor in Manila. . The comparison of equality is formed with to onazi gurai or with hOOo. Anata no ozyoosan \Va wa tasi no l11usume to onazi gurai tiisai desu. or Ozyoosan wa musume hodo tiisai. Your daughter is as small as my daughter. Ahsolute equali ty between the things compared is expressed by to tyoodo onazi dake. Ozyoo-san \Va musum to tyoodo onazi dake tiisai . . YOUr daughter is just .as small , as- J11~ daughter.

Soo followed by a negative adjective is also used in a -uperl ative negative sense. Soo ookiku arimasen. It is not so big. EXERCISES (I) Which is swi fter a carabao or a horse? (2) The horse is fa ter than the ca rabao. (3) Th e carabao is PlOt as swift as the horse. (4) Who is stronger, Juan or Pedro? (5) Pedro is thinner than Juan. ( 6) Which teapot is fuller ? (7) This stone is colder. (S) That water iii. much colder. (9) l ee is still colder. (10) Tod ay is colder than yesterday. ( 12) ( I I) Th e Amazon ri ve r is the largest in the .world. Mount Everest is the highest in the wo rld . ( 13) The rivers are /lot s~ deep 'Is the sea. (14) Monkeys are the nimblesC animals. (15) Whales are the biggest. (1 6) Snow is as light aJ feathers. (17) This picture is the worst. (IS) It was h!t so cold yesterday. (1 9) This student is just as stout as his "Teacher. (2 0 ) This dictionary is the best. /

·( I) uig-yuu to uma to dotira ga hayai desu ka. (2) Uma no hoo ga suigruu yo ri hayai desu. (3) Suigyuu \Va uma yori hayaku arimasen. (4 ) Juan san to Pedro san to dotira ga tuyoi desu ka. (5) Pedro san wa Juan san yori yasete imasu. ( 6) D otira no dobin ga motto ippai desu ka. ( 8) Sono mizu no hoo ga ( 7) Kono i i no hoo ga tumetai. ( 9) Koori wa nao tumetai. (10) Kyoo motto tume lai. wa kin oo yo ri samui desu. (I I) Amazon·gawa * wa sekal iti no kawa desu. (1 2 ) Eberesuto-zan wa sekai-zyuu de itiban tak ai y.allla de gozailllasu. (13) Kawa wa umi yori hukak u arimasen. ( 14) Saru wa itiban subayai doobutu desu. (15 ) Klizira wa mottolllo ookii. ( 16) Yuki \Va hane to onazi gurai k arui desu. ( 17) Kono e wa mottomo (1 8) Kin oo wa so o samllku arimasen desita. warui desu. (1 9) Kono se ilo wa so no sensei to tyoodo onazi dale hutotte ima u. PO ) Ko no zibi ki ga itiban ii.

• For th e snke of euphony the k of k:Ll1'a is chnnged to g when i\5mediately loUowing the nnme of a ri"er: Pusig-gawn.

LESSON lX

â€˘

COMPARISON (Continued)

Vocabulary imo kingyo tosi m;ogo

todana koppu booku o-bOD zoori, surippa

tebukuro

potato goldfish year grandchild cupboard glasses fork tr,ay

slippers gloves

bondana kariudo bokori tenzyoo yuka daasu sei sei DO talsai yasumu koroau

bookshelf hunter dust ceiling floor dozen stature, height - tall .:::.. to rest - to ki1l

Quantities are compared in the following way: Yori mo YOkei}

â€˘

more than

Yori mo takuaan

Anata wa watasi yori mo takw;an (yokei) ring.o W(J motte imasu. You have more apples than I. Yon mo aukunaku - less than, fewer than Anata wa watasi yon mo sukunaku ringo wo motte imasu. You have less apples than I. To onazi gurai - as much as, as malny as Anata w.a watasi to onazi gurai ringo we motte imasu. You have as many apples as I have. To tyooodo onazi dake - jus~ ali much as; just as mal!Y as, exactly as much as, exactly ~ as many as .Anata wa watasi to tyoodd onazi dake ringo wo motte imasu. 'M You have just as many app1es as I have. J

Wh en only one <object is mentioned, the following expressions are emp loyed. Motto - more (in a general way) . Motto imo 11'0 kaimasita. I bought some more potatQes. Moo -

more (in a definite w,ay)

Irn o 11'0 moC) muttu kaimasita. I bought six more potatoes.

Mada (with affirmative verb) more .left)

more (mea ning some

Im o 11'0 mada motte imasu. I have some more pq!atoes (left) . Moo ( with neg.alive verb) more left)

Irno

11'0

no more (meaning no

moo motte imasen.

1 haye rio ; nore potatoes (left).

Moo suLIos' -

1'i~ t1 e

(some) more

Moo sukosi kome 11'0 o-kai nasaL Buy some more rLce. 'The most is mottomo ooku or itiban ooku. Kono kodomo no nak a de (Jua n san gar mottomo ooku enpitu 11'0 motte imasu. Among these children Juan has the most pencils. <WIlen by most we mean the greater number of the expressio n 'is taiglai or taitei no.

Taigai no kodomo \Va inu ga suki desu. M.ost chi ldren like dogs. Less ma,}' be translated by: 1.

Tara-zu: Hako ni k!!:!Ji ga hati-mai tara-zu arin~asu . There are less than eight sheets of P!ÂŁ~r 'n the box.

2. A negative verb: Hako ni kami w,a hati-mai 010 arimasen. There are less than eight sheets of paper in the box. (Li terally: There are not eve~ eight sheets of paper in the box ).

â€˘

The least is mottomo sukulllai or itiban sulcunai.

Watasi tati wa ib"~ sukunai oko me We have th e least ri ce.

IVO

motte imasu.

When speaking of years of age, the greater number is ue, or simply, ue, while th e lesser number is tosi ga sita, or just sita. ~osi ga

Ani wa olooto Wi jtutu tosi ga ue desu. My elder brllther is f~~ le a ~ older than my younger one. O tooto wa ani Y.9ri ilutu sit a desu. My younger brolher is ~e~ar~ elder one.

Jo u~ger

Ul an my

In the co mpa ison of verbs, ydri is also used. K3J> u no h60 ga yo mu yori muzukasii. To wri te is more diffit ult th an to read. Hataraku no hoo ga hataraka nai yori wa ii desu. To work is be tter than not to work. To signify not so.. .. . as, wi th verbs, hodo plus the verb in lhe negative form is used: Anata wa walasi 'hodo, tabemasen. Yo u don'l eat as much as I do.

So much, so many, are 'tranSi'ated: 1. Sonna ni takusan (for perso ns and Âˇobjects )

Sonaa ni takusan kome wo ka tt~ wa ikemasen. You must not buy so much rice. ~.

Sonna ni oozei (fo r persons only ) Sonna ni oozei no kodomo tati wa osietak u arimasen. I do n' t want to teach so many childre n.

" EXERCISES (I) Your daughter has more dolls than mine. (2) Have you fe wer goldfish th an I ? (3) Did you drink some more tea? (4) I drank two more cupfuls. (5) That tall child <is t wo years younger than you. (6) You are nine years older than my grandchild. ( 7) Are there some more glasses in that cupboard? ( 8) There a're no more glasses, but there are still spoons, forks and frays. (9 ) I bought as many slippers and gl-oves as yo u did. (10) It is better to rest than not to rest. (1 'I ) It is much easier to forget than to remember. ( 1:!) I need a little more sugar. (13) There are less than three books in the book-shelf. (14) There are less than fifteen needles here. (15) You have killed more bears than that hunter. ('16) He bought just as many potatoes as you did. (17) T here is always less dust in the ceiling than on the floor. (18) Give the cat a ' Iittle more milk. (1 9 ) I \V,ant to buy one more dozen eggs. (20) I cannot eat so many fruits. ( I) ARata no ozyoosan wa watakusi no musume yori mo takusan ningyoo wo motte ima~;u . (2) Anata wa watasi yori 010 sukun ak;u kingyo \VO motte imasu ka. (3) Motto o-ty.a wo nomimasi ta k a. (4) Moo nihai nomimasita. (5) Sono ~ei no takai kodomo wa Mata yori hutatu tgsi -z,a sila desu. (6) Anata wa mago yori kokonotu tosi ga ue desu. ( 7) Sono todana ni mada koppu ga arimasu ka. (8) Koppu wa' moo arimasen g.a, mada sazi ya hooku ya o-bon \Va arimasu. (9) Anata wa w.atasi to onazi gurai zoori fo 'tebukuro wo kaimasita. (10) Yasumu no hoo ga yasuma-nai yori i~ desu. (1 '1) Wasureru no hoo ga oboe'ru yori motto yasasii desu. (12) Moo sukosi satoo ga irimasu. (13) Hondana ni hon wa sansatu mo arimasen. (14) Koko ni hari ga zyuu-go-h on tarazu arimasu. ( 15) Anata wa sono kariudo yeri kuma \VO motto korosite simaimasita. (16) Kare wa anata to tyoodo onazi dake imo \VO kaimasita. (17) Itu de 010 tenzyoo ni wa yuka ni yori 010 sukunaku hokori g,a gozaim asu. (18) Neko ni titi \VO 010 sukosi o-yari nasai. (19) Tamago wo moo iti daasu ' kaitai desu. ( 20 ) Sonna ni takusan kudamono wa, taberaremasen.

LESSON X

PASSIVE VOICE Vocabulary roodoosY'a sihainin kikai

eda kesiki tabi-bito ryoosi 3IIIi

zyunsa

syoonin kiru*

laborer manager machine, engine branch view, scenery t~aveler

fisherman net policeman merchant to cut

kosirae'ru home'ru

to make to praise k.amituku to bite oku to put nuswnu to rob hipparu to pull, drag, take into custody korasu - to punish hatumei suru- to invent seppun suru - to kiss

How to form the passive voice; In the case of verbs belongirrg to Class I, add re'ru fo the fO\lrth termination; sikaru sikar.are' ru -

to scold to be scofdea

Kodomo wa okaasan ni sikararemasu, The child is scolded by the mother. In the case of verbs belonging to Class 11, add rare'ru to the fourth termination; home'ru homerare'ru -

to praise to be praised

Seito wa sensei ni homeraremasu, The student is praised by U1e teaclier, The followi ng verbs form their passive irregularly; ~

suru kuru osie'ru -

S81"e' ru korare' ru osowaru

â€˘

Kir\, belongs nol to the second but to the first class of verbs,

The 'lone affecled by the act of the verb becomes the subject of th e Japanes.:: sentence and is, therefore, followed by the postposition wa or gao The doer of the action is followed by the postposi tion ni or kara. The direct object, shoufd there be any, may be foll owed , by wo or wa. Uma wa kusa wo otoko ni (kara) yararemasita. The horse was given grass by th e man. The passive voice is, however, seldom employed in Japanese; th e active voice is preferred, especially when the one affected by the verb is an inanimate object.

Oboko wa ki wo kirimasita. Th e man cut the tree. instead of: Ki wa otoko ni kiraremasita. Th e tree was cut by the man. Instead of by a passive construction, th e Engli h is often tran$l ated in Japanese by :

p assiv~

1. The subordina.tive of a transitive verb foll owed by aru:

Kaite arimasu. It is written. (See First Book - Lesson XIV). 2. The subordi native of an intr,ansitive verb (see ap pendix for intransitive verbs) followed by i'ru:

Simatte imasu. I t is closed. 0n th e other hand, intransitive verbs which can not be used in th e passive form in English, are sometimes employed in this manner in Japanese. kuru sinu -

korare'ru sinare'ru

Watasi wa okyaku san ni korarete sinhun masen desita.

\\-0

yome-

A visitor came (I got the coming of a visitc-l. and I could not re ad the newspapers.

vVatasi wa inu ni sinarernasita. My clog died (I suffered the l os~ of my dog). It should be remembered that th e passive termination is aLa employed for the potential. . _

Kudamono wo kodomo ni taberaremasu. The fruit is ea ten by the child. Kodomo wa kudamono g.a taberaremasu. The ch ild can eat the fruit. EXERCISES (1) The laborer was praised by the good manager. By whom was this machine invented? (3) Last night the chilli's foot was bitten by a dog. (4) Where wi ll yo u (5) put the bram:;hes which were cut down from the tree? I sha'H put them in the box Which my elder brother made. (6) As that man is very foolish he w,as l aughed at by the (7) My bicycle was stolen la~t n-J onth by a robneighbors, her. (8) The bei1;u tifu l view WaJS not seen by 'th e traveler. (9) Wh)' was the student scolded 11)' the teacher? (10) Because he had been naughty. ( 11) I am callght by the rain whenever I go to the market. ( t 2) Can yo u come lomorrow? I cannot. .- (13) The thieves who took my money have already been punished. (t 4) By who m was that coffee drunk? (t 5) Those pears are stil'!, unri pe, they cannol he eaten. (t 6) Fish are caught by fishermen in big nets, ( t 7) Will the robber be taken to the police station by the policeman? (18) A rich merchant was killed by a (19) The handkerchi efs were washfod by rohber yesterday. the maid. (20) The child was kissed by the mother . (1)

â€˘ ( I) Roodoosya wa yoi sihainin ni ho.meraremasita . .(2) Kono kikai IV,a dare ni ha,tumei saremasita ka. (3) Yuube kodomo no asi wo inu ni kamitukarem~ita. ( 4) Ki (5) Ani no kara kirarela eda wo doko ni okimasu ka. - kosiraela hako ni okimasyoo. ( 6) Ano otoko wa taihen (7) Watasi no zitensya baka'de c1!onari nl warawaremasita. wa sen tu doroboo ni nusumaremasita. (8) Utukusii kesiki wa ~l~'i-hito ni miraremasen desita. (9) Sei ta wa naze

sensei ni sikararel11a':.i!a ka. ( 10) Itazura sil11asi!a kar.L (11) I Uba e iku to itu de mo al11e ni hurarel11asu. ( 12) Asita koraremasu ka. Koraremasen. (13) Watasi no kane IVO totta doroboo wa moo korasarete sil11aimasita. (14) Sono koohii IVO dare ni nomaremasita ka. (15) Sono ( 16) Sakana \Va â€˘ nasi \Va mada aokute, taberaremasen. ryoosi ni ookii ami de toraremasu. (17) Ooro15oo \Va zyunsa ni keisatu ni hippate ikaremasu ka. ( 18) Kinoo kane moti-no syooni n ga doroboo ni korosarete simaimasita. (19) Hanketi \VO zyo tyuu ni sentaku saremasita. (20) Kodomo IVa okaasan ni seppun saremasita.

LESSON XI INDEFINITE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS

Vocabul ary kooba nili (suffix) zimusyo -

haru natu

aki huyu harna

tubame netlai nen (suffix) -

factory day office spring summer autumn wi nter seashore, beach swallow tropics year

zyuu

th e whole, th ro ughout wa terfall v,alley round kind other during to go so mewhere for pleasure or visi ting to !loast

(suf-

fi x)

taki tani marui sinsetu-na h.o ka no no aida. asobi ni iku -

ziman suru -

The principal indefi nit pronouns and adverbs are : 1. Dare ka" (i n de clarative a d in te rrogative sentences ) soinebody Dare ka kim asi ta. Somebody ca me. Dare ka ld masita ka.

Did ;.omebody co me? 2. Dare de mo (wi th affirmati ve verb) lnybody

evel"y body,

Dare de mo itte

j"j desu. Everybody (anybody ) may go.'

3. Dare mo (\\ri th nega tive verb ) -

tlobod

Dare mo kora relllasen.

Nob ody ca n come .

• ?II, I'"lite torm donat.

•

m..y o}",oys b. used instead of dare.

(~~2 FILIPINAS HERIT4Gi: LIBRARY·.

路J. Nani ka - "Something or other

Nani ka kudasai. Give me somethi ng.

. 5. Nan de mo' (with affirmative verb) anything

everything,

Nan de mo katie kud asai.

Buy everything. or Buy a nythin g. 6. Nani mo (with negati ve ve rb) - nothing Nani mo kaimase n.

I shall buy nothing. 7. Doko (ni) de mo (with affirm a;tive verb)-eve rywhere, anywhere Doko de mo inu ga imasu. There are dogs anyw here (everywhere) . 8. D?"o 'ni, mo (with negative ve rb) -

nowhere

lion ga doko ni mo arim asen. Th book \5 now here. 9. Doko ka -

somew here or other

Hon ga doko ka ni aru no desu. The book must be somewhere. 10. Itu ka -

some time or other

ltu ka Bulaca n e ikimasu. I shall go to Bulacan some time or oth er.

As 'seen fro m the abo ve, there are no negative pronouns in J apanese. The same pronouns must serve for affirm ative and negati ve 8:atements, with only the verb changing its termination. Also, in negati ve sentences, the emphatic de between the prof,oun and mo is usu.ally omitted. All, everythirlg are also translated: mina, zenbu or subete, which are generally used withoub a postposition.

Enpitu wo rnina (zenbu, subete) kaimasita. I boug;ht all the pencils. 42

However, before nouns, (zenbu aM subete are follo wed by no. Zenbu no (subete 1110) enpitu 11"0 kaimasita. I bough t all the pencils. In th is case,

Mina may a1so mean everybody. often appended. Minasan, yonde kudasai. Everybody, please read.

!laD

is â€˘

Mina no before a noun is not an ad jective or quantity, like zenbu no and subele no, but a possessive pronoun.

Mina no enpitu wo kaimasila. I bought everybody's pencils. People, man, one as pronouns are translated hito. Hilo \Va sinu no desu.

People die, (man dies, one dies). We as an indefinite pronoun is wareware. Wareware \va itu mo hataraka nakereba ikemasen.

We must al\vays work. Every, before a noun is dono ..... rno Dono sei'to rno tyoomen y,a enpitu wo motte kimasu.

Every student brings a composition book and a pencil.

EXERCISES (I) Is there anybody in that factory? (2 ) Tl}ere is nobody, ,all are resting. (3) Everybody goes to his office everyday. (4) All the birds in the forest are singing. (5) I am hungry, I would like to eat something. (6) There is nothing inside that round basket. (7) In ~pring flowers bloom everywhere. (8) During summer everybody goes to the mountains or to the seashore for pleasure. (9) When autumn comes all the leaves fall from the trees. (10) And before \finter* a.1I the swallows and other birds flyaway to SOI11, place or other. (1 I) However, in the tropics it is

â€˘

â€˘ Tran!IJnte: "Before it beeomes winter ...." I

warm everywhere the whole year round. ( 12) Sometime or other I shaH go to ~ the be.autiful w3Iterfalls of Paigsanja'l1 and the broad valley of Cagayan. ( 13) Even if we are great we must not boast. (14) Man must work in order to eat. (15) I can find the needle nowhere. ( 16) May I give you something? ( I 7) Thanks, I am sick and can e.,'I't nothing. (1 8) Not all people are Kind. (19) Everybody, please â€˘ sLand. (20) Every gi rl has a doll. ( I) Sono kooba ni dare ka im a u ka. (2) Dare mo ( 3) Dare de mo mai-niti imasen, min a yasunde im asu. ( 4) Mori no tori ga min<ll naite imasu. zimusyo e ikimasu. (5) Onak.a ga suite, nani ka tabe tai. ( 6 ) Sono marui kago no naka ni IVa nani mo arimasen. (7) Haru ni wa doko de . mo !lana ga sakimasu. (8) Na,tu no aida ni dare de mo yama ka hama e asobi ni lkimasu. (9) Aki ga kuru to zenbu no ha wa ki kara oti te kimasu. (10) Sosite huyu ni naru ma ni tubame to hoka no itori, wa mina doko ka e tonde ikimasu. (1 I) Keredorno nettai de wa iti-nen-zyuu doko de mo alui desu. ( 12) Itu k a Pagsanjan no utukusii ta!Ki to Cagayan no h'irQi tani wo mi If ikimasu. (13) Wareware wa erakute 111 ziman site IVa ikema.sen. ( 14) Taberu tame . ni hito wa habl'raka-nakt;reba ikern asen. (15) Hari ga doko ni rn o mitukeru ko to ga dekimasen. (1 6 ) Nani ka agernasyoo ka. ( 17) Arig.atoo gozai masu. W a~as i wa byooki de nani mo taberaremasen. ( 18) Zenhu no hito \\;a sinsetu de wa arilllasen . (1 9 ) Minasan, tatte kudasai. (20) Dono onna no ko mo ningyoo wo motte im asu.

LESSON XII .

CAUSATIVE VERBS -

THE FREQUENTATIVE

Vocabulary hoki sekken, syabon hig>a&a, parasoru toori koe tuti ba-isya bengosi nimotu

ryooboo kawari ni sono ue

hroom

kessite

soap

parasol stree t voice earth, soil dentist l awyer luggage, ba gage bot inst ad moreover, besides that

nuu migaku yaku

taku

syaberu (Class I) tetudau konaru

â€˘ ...!....

never ( wi th neg, 'verb) to sew to polish to bake, to roast to kindle, to lit to chatler to help to be inconveliienced, bothered,. at a l oss

A characteristic of the J,apanese l anguage is lhe causative inflexion of the verb, which is formed in th e following manner. I,

Add se' ru to the fourth termina1ion of verbs belonging to the first class:

f .

yo mu -

yomase'rol

2, Add sase'ru to the fourth termin a-tiol'l of verbs be-

l onging to the second cl ass: tabe'ru -

tabes3se'ru

'fcregula( causa ti ve verbs are: kuru suru -

kosase' ru SlI5e'rol

Afler th e addition has heen made, ca usative verbs a;re co nj ugated like ord inary verbs ending in e' ru : Affirmali ve

Negati ve

yomasemasu

yom'a semasen

yomasemasita

yomasemasen desita, etc.

Th e sullordinali ve of ca usa li ves ca n be formed in two ways: I. Reg ul arly

yomasete

2. Irregularly

Y'Dmasite

Th e ca usa ti ve means : I. T

cau e, to t II or to make omebody do someth ing. Hazura na kodo mo wa inu wo hasirasemasita. The' naughty child re n m ade th e dog run.

2. T o a\l o v or permit somethi ng to he done. V/a tasi wa anata ni kono hon wo yomasemasyoo. I will let yo u read this book. T he ca usa tive is very fr quently employed as a sort of impera li ve. Zyo tyuu ni ca rromata \\ '0 yobasite (yoblasete) kud<lf.ai. T ell (h ave, make) t he servant to call a carro mata. Nole th at ca usa tive verb al ways in vol ve two plfrties: th e one who .causes or permi ts th e action and th e one who actua\ly perform s it. T his second party takes th e postpositi on wo with intra nsitive verbs and ni with t ra nsitive ones. Ak a路tya n wo nakasemasita. I mad e th e chil d cry. Akaty " n ni labesasemasila. I made the child eat.

In !,he case of verb combinations, .Iike. motte kuru, motte iku, dete iku, etc. only the second verb changes its form . This is true not on ly for the causative, but for any other verbal inflexion. Kodomo ni kago 11'0 motte kosasemasita. I made the child bring the basket. "

For the first perso n an expression similar in meanin g to causative constructjon is ob tained through the use of the subordinative followed by mOMU or itadaku. th~

Watasi w,a tegami sita).

11'0

kaite moraimasita (itadakima .

I had the letter written for me. Let me (do something) is transl ated by the subordinativl! of the causative verb plus kudasai. yoosetu 11'0 yomasite kudasai. Let me read the nove l. A: see n from the above examples, the causative elim inates such expressions as let, make, have, or tell a'lld makes a single verh do service for two. Another verhrrl' inflexion proper to the Japanese language is the frequentative or alternative. T his is obtained thus : (a) For verbs of Class I change the final e of the subordinative to ari : yond-ari; ka[t-ari, etc., etc. (b) For verbs of Class II add tari to the second tennination: t:lbe-tari â€˘ Th! negative is fo rmed by addi ng nakattari 19 the fo urth term in ~tion : yoma-nakattari -

tabe-nakattari

The frequentativc occurs in groups of two or more verbs. the last of which is fo llowed by suru. Wakai onna wa yo rok onde warattari naitari site imasita. The yo ung woman was laughing .and crying with joy. As seen from the above. the frequentative serves to · enumerate two or more actions or states which occur by turns or at th e same time. It takes the place of the English conjuncti on and or of such expression as sometimes ....• sometimes, now .•... then, etc.• etc. Occasionally. however. it is used when only one acti on is referred to. and then it signifies disapproval on th e part of th e pe.aker. Naze sonna omosirokt'1 nai hon 11'0 yondari simasu ka. Why should you read such an uninteresting book as that? EXERCISES ( I ) Inste d of a 9room I made th e serv ant buy some soap. ( 2) Then, instead of making her sew, I made her ( 3) Besides that I made her kindle a polish th ese shoes. fire in order to roast th e chestnuts. (4) Now I am going to (5) I WQ n' t let yo u buy both let her rest until six o'clock. parasols. ( 6 ) I shall never more chat nor laugh, sing nor jump in the d ass room. (7) My dentist and my l awyer were hurriedly walk ing up and down the street thi s morning. (8) What do you mean by speaking in such a loud voice? (9) PleaSe have the serv ant post this letter. (10) Please tell (11) I made my elder sister help me. ( 12) lier to hurry. Let me rest a while. ( "13) Wh o made you put the soil into « 4 ) Please make th af man carry this baggage. this box? ( 15) He is too weak, I cannot make him carry anything. ( 16) I n the' morning sometimes I walk, sometimes I swim (17) Now it is cold and sometim es I ride on horse back. then it is warm, what a bother! (18) I won 't let the childre n eat eitiler the eggs or the potatoes. (19) Let me play a while in the garden. (20) If you keep on closin::; and opening the door, the room will become cold.

( I) Zyotyuu ni hooki no kawari ai sekken wo kawasemasita. (2) Sore kara nuwaseru kawari ni' kono kutu wo migakasemasita. (3) So no ue kuri wo yaku tame ni hi wo takasemasita. (4) Ima roku zi made yasumasemasu. (5) Anata ni higasa \vo ryoolloo wa kawasemasen. (6) Kyoositu de \Va moo kessite syabettari warattari utattari tondari simasen .â€˘ (7) Kesa watasi no ha-isya to bengosi \Va toori de isoide ittari kitari site imasita. (8) Naze sonna ookii koe de hanasitari site imasu ka. (9) Zyotyuu ni kono 'tegami wo dasasite kud asai. (10) Isogasite kudasai. (11) Ane ni tetudatte rnorairnasita. (12) Tyotto yasurnasete kudasai. (13) Dare ga anata ni kono hako e tuti wo iresasirnasita ka. (14) Ano (15) Kare otoko ni kono nimotu 11'0 hakobasite kudasai. o/a arnari yow.akute, nani rno hakobasemasen. (16) Asa aruitari oyoidari uma ni nottari site imasu. (17) Samukattart atukattari site komarimasu. (18) Kodomo-tati ni ' tamago rno imo mo tabesasemasen. (19) Niwa de tyotto asobasite kudasai. (20) To wo simetari aketari site iru to heya \Va sarnuku narimasu.

LESSON XIII REFLEXIVE AND RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS

Vocabulary bakubutulmnotBmazyakusi -kagi --takara iwaya -tako -iya na --

museum

huayooziki DB

tadpole keys treasure cave kite disagreeable, disgusting -- strange, odd

hen Doll yoku DO hulaai -- avaricious naka no yoi intimat,e syoozikina -- honest

sizen ni aisuru tatakau yakusoku suru hae'ru

-- dishonest -- spontaneousIy, by itself -- to love -- to fight

--.to promise -- to grow (of plants, hair, etc,) aJaware'ru -- to appear ue'ru -- t{) plant kotae'ru -- to reply ham desu ~ should, ought

The word self is not always translated in Japanese, the Sometimes some noun or pronoun being often sufficient. other expression is equivalent to self. Ki wa sizen ni haemasen. A tree does not grow of itself (i. e. spontaneously, without having been planted). When it is necessary to translate self, it may be clone by; 1,

Zibun

2. Zisin

3. Zibun zisin (for emphasis) 4. Hitori

, 50

These expressions are usually foHowed by de. Watasi wa zibUD de kosiraemasita. I made it myself. If zisin is employed, the pronoun thaI! precedes it is used without a postpos'ition. • Watasi min de mairimasu. I shall go myself. If more emphasis is desired, the personal pronoun ma'y. be repeated. In this case the first personal pronoun is, as usual, followed by a postposition. W~i wta

watasi min de mairimasu.

I shaH go myself. Zisin must always be preceded by a noun or pronoun; zibUD may be used alone.

Watasi zisio de uti wo kaimasita •• I bought the house myself. Zibun de uti wo kaimasita.

I bought the hQuse myself. The honorific form of these pronouns is obtained by the use of go. Santos san wa gO-zibUD de kotaemasita. Miss Santos herself replied. Hitori de is equivalent to by oneaelf or alone.

Carmen san wa biOOri de kimasita. Carmen came by herself. As in other instances, the postposition no serves for the possessive case. • Reyes san wa zibun DO kutu sita wo sentaku 5imasu. ~Miss Reyes wa'shes her own stockings. '. 1

t~ the strict sense there are no reflexive verbs in JapaA verb, however, preceded by zibun w~ min wo, etc.

. nese~.

)

serves the same purpose th.at 'a reflexive verb does in English. Ano hito wa zibun wo aisimasu. He loves himself. Sometimes reflexive verbs a:re formed by the use of hitori ,de. Kod omo wa kooen de hitori de asobimasu. The child is amusing himself (or playing b y himself) in the park. As to the reciprocal pronouns each other or one another, they are tra nslated by the expression tagai ni, often preceded by the honorific o.

tllgai ni y.akusoku simasita .. ... . We promised each other. .. ...

Th e ver au after the principal verb (in its second termination) al~o se rw~s to indicate reciprocity. Kodomo- ati wa tagai ni hon wo nageaimasita. The child en threw books at each other. Either of these two expressions, tagIai ni or au may be used without the other. Taglai ni hon wo nagemasita or Hon wo nageaimasita. They threw books at, each other. Another 'way of t'ranslating reciprocal pronouns is by the use ot otagai dosi, usually followed by de. X san to Y san wa otagai dosi de kenka simasita. X and Y quarreled with each other. EXERCISES (1) I myself went to the museum. (2) I went by (3) When it r~ins kogs myself but I returned with a! friend. and tadpoles appear all by themselves. (4) Tha't tree has not grown by itself. (5) Your father himself mu~t bave planted it. (6) Did ygu reply yourself? (7) I sa,tv that

strange lhing wilh lI1y very ow n eyes., (8) Have you lost (9) You must not praise yoursel f. (1 0) your own keys? That foolish, di agreeable woman loves hersel f too much. (I I) He him elf found the treasure in a cave among the mountains. ( 12) Those aVaricious brothers tin not . love each other. (13) Even intimate friends quarrel among lhemselves. ( 14) Honest people do not deceive one another. â€˘ ( 15) The hoy is amusing himself with a kite. (1 6 ) We should always love one anolher. (17) Chi ldren must not fi ght with each other. (18) Did he sell his own house? (19) No, but he sold that of his own sister. (20) My typewriter was stolen by my own dishone t chauffeur. (1') Watasi wa zibun de hakubutukan e mairilllasita. (2) Hitori de ittte tomodati to issyo ni kaerilll:tsita. (3) Ame ga huru to kaeru to otamazyakusi \Va size n ni araware Illasu. (4) So no ki wa sizen ni haelllasen. (5) Go zibun no otoosan ga ueta ni ti g'ai arimasen. (6) Anata wa zib un de kotaemasitla ka. (7) Ano hen na koto .IVO zibun no me de mimasita. (8) Go zibun no agi \VO nakClsimasita ka. (9) Anata \Va zlbun IVO homete wa ikemasen. (10) So no baka de iya-na onna \Va zibun zisin '1':0 amari aisilllasu. ( I I) Kare zisin de yama no aida' no i\Vaya de takara IVO mi(12) Ano yoku no hukai kyoodai wa tagai ni tukemasita. (13) Naka no yoi tOlllodati de 1110 fagai ni alslalmasen. ( 14) Syooziki na hito \Va otagai doosi kenka \VO simasu. de damasiail11asen . (15) Otoko no ko \Va tako de hitori de asonde im asu. ( '1 6) Wareware \Va itu de mo tagai ni aisuru h.azu desu. (17) Kodomo wa tagai ni tat1katte wa ikemasen. (18) Ano hito wa zibun no yti 11'0 urimasil:n ka. (19) lie, urimasen desita keredomo zibun no neesan no 11'0 Âˇurimasita. (20) Watasi no taipurait;a: \VO zibun zisin no husyooziki na untensyu ni nusumaremasita.

)

LESSON XIV DIRECT QUOTATIONS

Vocabulary ~

meisi daimeisi doosi tubaki .,ooge mukasi

kondo

kokuban yonaka konsyuu

sensyuu noun raisyuu pronoun honloo no verb taitei camelli a ivory sinzi'ru long ago, klotowaru ancient times tanomu this time, iu next time moosu blackboard ossyaru midnight this week

last week next week true generally to believe to refuse to request to say (plain) to say (humble) to say (honorific)

One featUl\\! 9f the Japanese language is its frequent use of direct quota ions. These are employed not only to repeat the actual word of the ,speaker, but also to translate what in English wou ld be merely an indi 'ect quotation. Even the expression of a person's though,ts, requests, etc., etc. is quite freq uen tly done by means of a direct qu otation. Direct quotations, the refore, a.re expressed ' by verbs which signify speech, thought, req uest, refusal, etc. preceded or followed by to, koo, or sao. To (which is th e most frequently used ) and soo follow th e quota lion : .

Mari a san wa "0 tabe nasai" to iimasi.ta. "Eat" , said Maria. "0 tabe nasai" 500 Maria san wa iimasita. " Eat': said Maria. Kioo precedes the quotation:

Maria san \Va koo iimasila Maria said, "Eat" , 54

tabe nasai n. t

The quotation is nol always an , exact rendition of lhe original speech. The quoter may transform a: plain speech into a polite or a humble one, a pronoun into a noun, etc., etc. For instance, a person has actually said: " Watasi wa uti e kaerimasu" . Another person in reporting these 路 words migllt say: " Juan san wa o-talro e o-laaeri ni naru to ossyai-, masita. "

Colloquially, the expression ' tte is frequently employed ins~ead of to iimasu. Mairimasu ' tte. He says he will go. Indirect quotations are not often emp loyed in Japanese. There are two ways to transta:te them: 1. By mean

of a causative verb:

Kodomo ni kusuri wo nomasemasit!a. I made the child drink the medi~ine (instead of I to d the child that he should tlrink the medicine) . 2. By

l11ean~

of a direct

quot~ion:

Kodomo ni " kusuri wo iimasita.

nomi naslai" to watasi wa

I told the child "drink the medicine" (instead of I told the child that he ...... ) As seen from the above, the conjuncJion that before an indirect quot:lition is rendered by to, which, unlike that, should never be omitted. Uncertainty is expressed in the following manner: (a) On the part of the quoter by to 1m: Kare wa kau to lea iimasita. He said he would buy, I believe. (b) On the part of <the person quoted, by ka to after i the prvbable future, fammar form. Kare wa kaoo ka to iimasita. He said that perhaps he would buy.

As lVe rlave sair before, thoughts, requests, written statements, even hearsay, are often changed to direct quotations. Sore IV a uso lia to omoimasu ka. D o you think th at it is a lie ? Hitotu kudasai to tanomimasita. He begged for one. Man ni "Gakkoo" to kaite Illt'imasu. " Gakkoo" lVas wri tten on the ga te. Ramos an IVa byooki da to kiite Unasu. I hear thaI Mr. Ramo is sick. The l ast sentence may also be expressed thus in Japanese: Ramos san IVa byoo ki da sao desu. thea that Mr. Ramos is sick. (500 desu ~t th e end of a sentence means: I hear, they say, or it is said that ...... )

To OIDOU is used after a verb in the probable future with th e fo llowi ng meanings: I.

Inten,tion, when the subject of the two verbs is the same: Inaka e ik oo to omoimasu. I intend to go to ~he country.

(.. Hope, fear, thought, if the subjects are different: Ano hito wa inaka e iku daroo to watasi \Va imasu. t1'ink he will !ยงO to the country. Notice tbese special constructions with to iu : Nan (i) to iimasu ka. What do you say? O-namae wa nan to iimasu ka. What is your name?

0010-

""re wa Santo:; sa n to iu hito de:;u. Thi, ma n i called Mr. San los. • Quite of ten to iu is not translated in I:nglish. EXERC ISES ( I) In :tnc;cnt lime -, peo ple did not helieve Ih al lhe earth i, ruun,\' (") 13enilo refused 10 lend tbe ne ll" hook. ( ,) I{;ullun said ,. rh is tim e I will SUCCeed " . (-I) I reque skd S(..corro to read . (5) I think Gcning said U, al she lI'ould Lomt! this II-eek. «() ) Eva -ays that -he will probably come ne xl \I·eek. (7) "Vh al is writ n on the hlackboard) (8) "Noun, pronouns, verb;' is Ivri lten on the blackhoani. (9) Llst II'ed I heard that Conchil, an d Claro WeI' married . ( 10) Th ey -ay Ih at Carlos and Paci ta are always quarreling. ( I I) What i thaI ge ntleman's nan e? ( 12) He is a lawyer ( 1-1) called MigUel. ( I 3) Wh at is thM fl owe r ca ll ed? ThaI is a fl ower calle d ca mellia. \ 15) T resa intends 10 buy an r. ld hicycle ( I f\ ) I think tha;I Lolit'a play~ th e piano every day. (II) I 'aid th at I gelll!rally go to hed al mi dnight. (I ~) Wh;\t is ivory) (19') I don't think that is true. (2ll) Mis, Horja a ked wheth er Milag ros -wo uld g;o on Wedne sday.

( I) Mukasi, hilohilO W;t sekai \l'a Ill arui to sinzi lllascn desita. (;1) Benito sa n II a atarasii hon 11"0 kasa nai to kolowa rilll asita. (3 Ihlllo n sa n 11';1 koo 0 'yaimllsita, "kondl1 \Va seikl10 illla.yol1". (4) _oeOITO sail Ili "o-yomi na5.1i·' tu wa tasi wa lan ollli lll asi la. (5) Gening sa n \"a konc'.I'uu kuru to ka iilll asila. (6) Eva sa n 11''1 ra isy uu kuru daron ka to iilll:tsu. (7) Kok uhan ni nan to bite aril11asll ka. ('i) K,)kuhan ni "mei i, dailllesi, doosi" to kaite arilll ilsu , I J ) Sen yuu Conchita an to Claro an wa kekkon si ta to kl;;iIll a"ita. ( I 0) Carlos ,a n to Paciqa ' an Wit itu de 111 0 kenka suru S\lI) de u. ( I I) Ana kata no n:Ull ac \I'll nan to 055_ :Lim:1. u 'ka. I (12) An a kala lIra Mi oUel 10 iu bengosi -an desu. ( 13) r~o hana 11'<1 nan to i1lllflSU ka. ( l-l) Are \1';[ tul',lki to iu ~~n a desu. ( 15) Teresa sa n W~L hurui zi tensya \\'u

ka oo to omotte ima~ u . (1 6) Watasi IVa Lolita san IVa maio niti piano IVO hiku to ollloill1asu. (17) Watasi IVa: " taitei (1 8) ZoO'ge to iu mona yo naka ni neru" to 1l100sill1asita. IVa nani desu ka. (19) Sore wa hontoo da to' omoimasen. ( 20') Borja san \Va Milagros san ga suiyoO'bi ni iku ka to' kikill1 asita.

LE SON XV.

USES OF "DE" AND uNI" Vocabulary kusuri-ya tikuonki I<langoku saibankan meisya

- drugstore - phonograph - prison - judge - occulist - crate - crab - hrick -nail - pneumonia - south

zaru

kani renga kugi haien minami

higasi nisi kita matu kowasu mor,au

- east - west - norlh - pine - to break - to receive

syuppan suru

ag;aru sizumu

_ 路 to sail - to rise - to sink, to set

De and ni prc enl a problem almost As difficult as that. of wa and gao Following is a cl assi fication of 'th eir principal' meanings and u S.

DE IS USED TO DENOTE PLACE, MEANS, INSTRUMENT, MEASUR e, PRICE, CAU SE OR REASON, CIRCUMSTA~CE, TIME, ETC., ETC. Il is used to transl ate lhe foll owing prepositions: (10 denote th e pl ace where an a'ction is performed)

I. AT

Hon-ya de syoose tu IVO kaimasila. I bought a novel at the bookstore. 2. BY (t o ,1enote means) Densya de kaerimasu ka. Will yo u return by electric-car' .I

BY (to, denole measure)

Saloo IVO pondo de urill1a 路u. I sell ugar hy the pound.

"()r~ W(l '.111 p~ - o de

I h'lu;:ht thi

FOR

(lfl

for

!,artitiv~

kail11asita_ !,e,,,s.

thr~~

,ense)

"UIlU t;uola"O II'U Illutlu de .~' . -Li -~en haraima -ita. I !,aid fifty cen ts for , ix "f thee egg.

-I. IN (to denote th e place where an a lion occurs) Ano hit o \\'a inaka de uJ11 ar~ m asi ta. He lI'a~ horn in lI\e co untry .

iN (to denote ".cno

til:1 )

igoto \\'a i ti zitka n de o\\'ari :na -yoo .

ha ll finish this work in an hour. 5. OF ( n indicate material) <

Y,me '\"II 'letu de ,iekit<! Iln asu. The n of 路i - m ade , of iron.

OF ( showi ng C<lUscor re;L on) K are \\'a haien de sinim asi ta. He died o f pne um oni a.

6. ON (t o indicate 1'0 ition or circumstance) Gakk oo ni iku 1l1ill de se nse i ni aim :lsi ta. I m et th e l eac her 0 11 the road to school. 7. WITH (to indi cale inslrum ent) N ani'de kakima u ka.

Witi,l what do yo u \\Tite' 8. THROUGH (to indi ca l e mean) Anatn no sewa de korarem ;lsita. ( I lI'as ahk 10 come lhrough your a-- i ' lance. ,

NI IS U - ED TO TRANS LATE: , I.

AT (10 in dicak th e pla ce where so mething is) O -isya sa n wa uli nj irn asu ka, Is lh e docl or al home ~

AT (l o indicate lh e hour ) i(u zi nj ikim asyoo, Lei us go at 9 :00 o' cl oc k, 2. BY (to de note th e ag nt) Ok ane lI'a doroh,oo nj nusumarem asita, Th e m oney " 'as ~t o kn by a thief. 3 , FOR ( 10 d'e nole ellin g pri ce ) N ana 'en ni urimasi ta, I so lei it for 'even ce nl -,

FOR (to denote th e indi rect object) An ata oj k aim a i ta, I hou ght il f or yo u. 4. FROM (1 0 denote procedence ) Haha nj (k ara m ay also be used ) k ore wo 1110raiIllasi lao I rece iv ed this f rom my mother. 5. IN (10 denole th e pl ace where so mething is or exists) Kok o nj gozaim asu. I t is her~ . 6, INTO (to denote the fin al point of an acti on or mo..fion. E In ay :\'1'50 he use d here) )

Ka go ni ( el irete kud asa i. Please rut it into the bas ket.

7. ON (t o indicl.le time) LJoyotl hi ni iras-yaima -u ka. Will yo u go on !:>aturda~ ? 8. TO (to indicate th e indirec t ohj ect) Ana ta ni agema ),00. I shall g-ive it to yo u.

TO (to indicate purpo 'e) T amago \\'0 kai ni mairima ita. I we nt to huy egrrs.

E ERel ES ( I) I bought th e med icine at that nearhy dru o路-store. (1) At what tim e did yo u arrive at Tutuilan Station' (3) I did not go iV rain, I we nt in a call'. ' (4) The pretty dishes were broke~ hy tllat fooli 1 maid. (5) I hought a ph onograp h for eigll pe 0 anli sol,i ill for eleven. (6) - Whom did yo u meet II' en yo ll passed in fron.t of the prison ga te? (7) Did you write! a l etter to your friend til e judge' (8) I received a beau ti ful sou v nir from my uncle the oceulist. (10) Th er are many ( 9 ) How much for all th ese pen cils? fli es in th e kitchen, don路t play there. ( I I) HOII' many crabs are th ere in that cra te? ( 11) Please put the paper (13) This building is made or'stone, iron inside the box. and brick. ( 14) Wllat is the pri e for one Inilldred nails? ( 15 A I don' t need much paper ; twe nty heets wi ll he enough. (1 6 ) Did yo ur grandchild die of pneumonia' ( 17) I went to th e store to buy fruits. (1 8 ) On the twentieth of thi s m onth a hip sail for the South . (1 9 ) The SUIl rises ill th e eas t al;d se ts ill the west. (1 0 ) There are many pine trces in illl:! lon ouillains of ffie N or th . (I) Kusuri wo so no tik ai kusuri-ya de kaimasita. Tutuli an ekl ni nan zi ni tukimasita ka. '( l) Kis) a de nakute, zidoosya de ikimasil1a. (4) Kirei na sara two baka na zyotyuu ni kowasarem<lsita. (5) Tikuonki ",~o

(1) ikaano hati

peso de ka.t! â€˘ zy uu iti pe'o ni u ri I11 ~.sita. ( 6 ) K an,!;'ok u no m Oil no mae wo boolta l oki ni dare ni aim asita k a. ( 7) O Âˇ tOll1 oda ti no sa ihanka n ni tegami \VO kakill1 asila ka . ( 8 ) W atasi no ozi no lI1eisya ni utuk usii oll1iyage \vo 1I10raill1 asila. ( 9 ) Kono enpitu \l'a lI1in a de iku ra clesu k a. ( 10 ) . Oaido k oro ni \Va bak usan no hai ga im asu k ara, asoko dt; aso ncle wa ik em a en. ( I I) Sono za ru ni k a'ni ga nalllbik i illlasu kit. ( I 2) Kam i \VO hako ni ( or e) irete kud asai. ( I 1) Ko no ( 1-1) tatem ono \Va i i ya tetu ya renga de dekite im asu. Kugi wa hyap-p on de ikura desu k a. (1 5 ) Kami IVa tak usan i rim ase n, ni,zyuu-Ill ai de takusan desu. ( 16 ) 0 Ill ago san wa haien de nakun arim asita k a. ( I 7) Kudam ono \VO kai ni mi se e m airim asita. ( 18 ) Kongetu no hatuk a ni hun e wa minami e syupp an sim asu. ( 19 ) Hi wa higasi ni agatte nisi Il i sizum im asu. ( 20 ) Ki ta no yam a ni m alu no ki ga l ak usa n arim asu.

Âť

,LE SON X\ I USES OF KOTO AND MONO

Vocahu lary - duty - enemy - 11a tt\ esbip - l i ar - plant - seed - exercise - certa in -unskil fu l, incompetent okotte iru - to be angry sinpai desu - to be anxious, afraid

gimu teki gunkan usotuki syokubutu lane undoo tasika na heta na

yakusoku wo mamoru yakusoku wo yaburu yurusu yosu 010

wo tale-

' ru ryoori suru -

tome 'ru sirase'ru

'ayamaru

to keep a pro mise t o break a promi se to forgive to cease, gi ve up to make a noist'. to coo k to stop to inform, Jet kno\\' to ap ologize

Koto and mono, two' of the mos t freq uently used Japanese! words, serve qui1:e a variety of purposes besides W1 at of tran -Iating the ferm thing. In t hi co nnecti on, it must be reme mbered th at the very word thing need not al way be expressed in th e English tran l ati on, although th e idea might be there.

Kare wa watasi 11 0 kolo 11'0 hanasimase n. ' He does not talk about me (m eanino- anyth ing about â€˘ me) . A very important use of mono and koto is as a mea ns of suhs tan ti vizi llg bOQh adjec tives and ve rh -. Mono is quite often ahhreviated to no.

Hu ka i !C awa de oyogu no wa ahunai. Hukai k awa de oyogu koto 1I'<l abun ai. S\\'imm ing in a d ep river i - dangerous. or To swim in a dee p rive r is dangero u Âˇ.

,. ,

Thus, we see that the first form pf the verb followed by' mono or kolo may be the equivalent of a gerund or an infinitive. However, if the gerund or the infinitive is used not as subject, but as a complement, it cm be translated only by. koto. ltiban 1i undoo wa oyogu koto desu. The best exercise is swimming. Another example of this use of koto is that ol the potential formed by !!he verb followed by koto ga dekhu. Kaku koto ga dekimasu ka. Can you write? (literally which is writing? )

Can you do th at thing

Koto af~r th e simple past of the verb aJnd followed by ga arimasu ka is equiv alertt to: have you (or hu he, have they). ever..... ? Sisi wo mita kobo ga llU'imasu ka, â€˘ Have yo ever seen a li on ? The affirmative answer to th"is and similar questions is â€˘ rendered by !!he saIme verb and koto ga arimasu; the negative by the verb and koto ga anmlasen. Sisi wo mita Iroto ga arimasu. I have seen a lion (once, sometime). Sisi wo mila koto gao arimasen. 1 have never seen a lion. When used at the end of a sentence, koto ma!y serve as a sort of exclamation. Baka na koto. What a fooli sh thing! Koto ni yotte after the simple present is equivalent to a gerund precedec;t by the preposition by. J

â€˘ Hataraku koto ni yotte okane We earn money by working.

\VO

mookemasu.

Mono followed om preceded by the second tennination of verbs, by the stem of adjectives, or by nouns, serves also to form a large number of compound words, whose significance ca n be e;u,ily gleaned from the meaning of the component :

mono-oki hitori mono hataraki mono uri-mono nui-mono kai-mono kimono nomi-mono tabe-mono inaka-mono

store-room single (unmarried) person industrious person thing for sale sewing a purchase dress (a thing worn) a drink food peasant EXERCISES

- (1) Are yo fond of walking ? 2) I hate to wake up early in the morning. (j) My younger brother is an expert at reading kana. ( 4) It is your duty to keep your promises. (5) It is a good ~hing to fiorgive an enemy. (6) My going to the country is not certain. (7) Have. you ever seen a (8) I have neveI been angry yet. battleship? Yes, I have. (9) I have given up horseback riding. (10) I am afraid of falling from the horse. (11) Stop making such a noise. (12) Please inform him of my apologizing. (13) Is it the same thing? ( t 4) It is a thing that happens frequently. (15) Whatlih alt liar says is not true. (16) I can never f.orgive his breaking the promise. (17) I am quite incompetent at cook,ing. (18) Did you succeed in finding the ( 19) I could not stop the cat from plants and the seeds? drinking the milk. (20) Rowing is a good exercise.

( t Aruku koto ga suki desu ka. Aruku no l ga roki desu ka. (2) Asa hayaku okiru no ga kirai desu. (3) Otooto wa kana wo yomu no ga zyoozu desu. (4) l Y(\kusoku wo mamoru koto wa anata no gimu desu. (5) ,' Teki 66

wo yurusu no wa yoi koto desu. (06) Wai;asi ga inaka e iku no \Va tasika de wa arimasen. (7) Gunkan wo mita kolo ga arimasu ka. Hai, mila koto ga arimasu. (8) Watasi wa mada okotte ita koijo ga arimasen. (9) Uma ni noru no wo yosimasita. (10) Uma k.ara otiru no ga sinpai desu. (II) Sonna oto wo tateru no wa o-yosi nasai. (12) Ana, kata ni watasi no ayamaru no wo sirasele kuoasai.. (13) Onazi koto desu ka. (14) Tabi-tabi no koto desu. ( IS) Ano usotuki no iu koto \Va hontoo de wa arimasen. (16) Ano kata ga yakusoku wo yaburu no wa waltasi wa kessite ( .\ 7) Ryoori sum koto ga taihen yurusu koto ga dekimasen. heta desu. (18) Syokubutu to tane wo mitukeru koto rti seikoo simasita ka. (19) Neko ga mir'Uku wo nomu no wo tomeru koto ga dekimasen desita. (20) Kogu no wa ii undoo desu.

67 ,

(LESSON XVII YOO DESU -

YOO NA -

YOO NJ

Yocabulary syoolroo suihu suihei udewa rusu kakasi ono kire daiyamondo genan entotu Zl

- officer - sailor - marine - bracelet - absence - scarecrow - - ax - cloth - diamond - man servan t - chimney - character, fetter, word

zi wo hiku -

konogoro hatati

hikaru rna ni au

okure'ru tokasu zyoobu na

to look for words (in a 'dictionary) now-a-days 20 years (of age) to shine to be in lime (for) to catch (the train) to be late to melt healthy, robust

A very useful co nstruction is th at one formed with the particle yoo followed by desu, Dla or ni, Yoo desu, often contracted to yoo da is used after verbs (in t heir familiar form), after quasi-adjectives, and after ' nouns fo llowed by no, It signifies it looks laS if" .. ., it seems that .. .!. Ana onna \Va naite iru yoo desu. That wo man seems 路to be crying. Ano orill a \Va zyoobu na yoo desu. That ~voma n see ms to be (looks) healthy. Ano a nna wa kodomo no yoo desu. That woman seems to be (looks like) a child.

Soo desu may also be used instead of yoo desu lrut then, the verb is used in its second termination and the q~asjc,Kdjec-

ti ve drop ' it fi nal na or no. Soo des~ may al ' o fo ll ow true adj ecti ves arl er th ~.I' have dropped th ~ ir final i. An a ann a \\'a naki 500 desu. Th at wOlllan seelll s to he crying. A na ann a lI'a zyoob u soo desu. Th aI wo man see ms to be (l ooks) health y. Ana ann a II'a tuyo 500 desu. Th at WOlll :ln see ms to be (l ooks) stro ng. I f the expression precedes a noun, 500 is folloll'ed by na instead of by desu and becomes a qu a i路adj ective . N aki $00 na onna wo mimasita. I s~v a woman who see n,ed to be cry ing. ZyoOb u soo na ann a ga kimasita. A wo m'an who see med to be h ea U.ll ~i call1e. Tu yo soo na ann a ni aimasit,. I met a II' man w ho see med- to be strong. T wo oth er exp ression ' with si mil ar signi fica nce are th e suffi x rasii and th e verb mie路ru. Rasii adjec ti ves adjectives may often

is added to th e fa mil'i ar form of v erbs, to quasi( after 路th ey have dropped th e na or no) to true ( with or without th e fi nal i) and to nouns. , Rasn be tra n latect by the English termin ati on ly 91' ish.

Naku-rasii onn a 11'0 mimasita. I saw a wo man who seemed to be crying. Zyoobu-rasii onn a ga kim as~ta. A wo man who see med to he hea lthy ca me. Tuyo i.rasii onn a ni aim asita.

~ met a I~Ol11 a n who see med to he stro ng. 禄

Kodo mo-rasii onn a ga hairim asita. , A childish (l ooking) wo man entered.

Mie' ru is used :tfter lhe verb (familiar form) and yoo ni, wi th the qua i-adjective (after changi ng th e na or no termination to ni ). with a true adject i ve in its altverbial fortn (i.e. the linal i changed to ku) amt afte r a noun foll wed by DO ';00 ni .

Onna wa nak u yoo ni miemasu. The wo man seem - to he crying. Onna wa zyoob u ni miema su. Th e wom an l ooks he althy. On na wa tuyok u miemasu. Th e wo man l ooks str ong . .onna \l'a kodoillo no yoo m miemasu . 'Che wom an l ooks like a chi ld. Yoo na is si milar in signifi ailce to the aforemenlioned expre sion s, bu it i used as an adj ective and always preced s the noun to which it refers. It i equi valen t to like, as.

Juan no yoo na' otoko 11'0 mita koto ga arim <lse n. I have ne ver een a man like Juan. No ti ce that yoo n a i preceded by no, except after kono, sono, and ano (\\'hich are co ntraction of kore no, sore no , . and are no ) Kana }'IDO na isu wo kosiraete kudasai. Please m ake a chair like thi .

Used adVerbially, y oo na is changed to yoo ni, as seen Other verhs are from th e examples with the verb mie路ru. also employett wit h yoo ni. Isu \. 0 kono yo!> ni kosiraete k udasai. Pl ease make a chair as this ( one is made). Yoo ni also means so that, so as to, in order ~.

Go路zi no kisya de iku yoo ni isogimasyoo. C" Let LI S hurry so as to go by the five o'clo k t[a in. 70

So ...... tnat f"ih)wc.i h~ a \crb in the nega tive potential is also translateJ h~ yoo ni (or hodo)' preceded hy the negati ve verh and fu lloll'd h) an adiec!iye. Yama lI'a nohurarcnai yoo ni (hodo) takai Liesu. The muuntain is so high that it cannot he climl;~Li. Yoo ni i often u,;ed al ' o hefore th e impem!ive of iu. L) ot.\ uu ni sara \\0 arau yoo ni itte kudasai. Tell the maid to \\'ash the dishes.

Yon ahll1c is used a~ a ' uffix after the second terminati on of verhs; it means way or wo.y of doing. The \\'holtl Instead of expres 'iun is tran -furmed inlo"a sort of noun. yoo, the suffi x kata may also he employed. Ko\lu;no ni yomi-yoo 11'0 osyemasita. KoLibmo ni yomi路 kata \Yo osyem asita. I taught the Lhi ld how to read (the way how to read). EXERCISES ( 1) NOII'路a-da~ 路 ) our little sister looks as if she \Vere sick. (2) It looks like rain, so please take an umh re lla \Vi~ h you . ( l) Th aJ gentleman seems to be an officer. (-I ) That big-lool1ing sail or is not yer twenty (transl ate ha- not yet hCLome). (5) Have yo u ever seen such a dirty looking man) He looks like a. scarecrow. (6) This seem to he Carmen' hracelet, - 0 don't use it. (7) A manly l ooking (8~ T hat m arine came during your absence this morning. seems to be true. (9) Do you want a pencil like ' mine) (t 0) I want to buy an ax like that one. (1 t) Do you neeli cloth lik e this? ( 12) Can yo u wash the dishes as the ( 13) I shall wash them so <ls not to hreak maid does? ( 15 ) Let them. ( 14) These diamonds sparkle like stars. us leave early th ai we may catch th e morning train. (16 ) Do hurry so as not to be late. ( t 7) The letter is written'in Dnglish sd that yo u will unders tand it well. (I S) Tell (19) The soap was the man- servant to cl ean the chimney. so ibrd that it could' not melt. (20) That child does not 71

know hoI\' to luok forowod - in a dictionary. ( I) Kono-goru imoolo -an \\'a hyooki n:t yoo desu (hyo ki no yoo ni llli~lllasu, de.). (2) Ame ga huru yoo ctesll Rara, ka a 11'0 mofte ilte kuda ai. (3) Ano kata \Va .5)'00koo san no yoo desll. (~) Ano ooki-soo-na suihu \Va mada halali ni nari lllasen. (5) Ann a kita'na-soo -n a otoko 11'0 milta kolo ga arimasu ka. Kak a i no yoo ni miema'su. (6) Kore IVa Carmen sa n no udcwa no yoo desu kara, lukatle W;t ikcmasen. (7) Kesa 0 rusu no aida ni oloko-rasii (8) Sore IVa hontoo-rasii desu. suihci san ga irass.yaim asita. (9) Watasi no no yoo na npitu ga ho ii desu ka. ( 10) ono yoo na ono ga ka imi l\i!su. ( I I) Kono )'00 na kire ga irim a u ka. (12 Sara 11'0 zyo tyuu no yoo ni arau kolo ga dekimasu k,t. ( I I) Ko\\'asanai yoo ni araima yoo. daiyamolll10 wa hosi no yoo ni hikarimasu. ( I ~) Kon ( 15) Asa n kisya ni l11 a ni au yoo ni hayaku dckakemasyoo. (1 6 ) 'Okure-nai yoo ni d isogi nasai. (17) Anala ga yok u (18) wakaru yoo . ni h!gami IVa Ei go de kaile aril11 asu, Genan ni entol IVO kirei ni 5uru 00 ni itte kudasai . ( 19 ) (10) Ano kocton'lo Sekken wa tokas IlIli ioo .ni kalai d ita. lI'a zi no hiki-yoo 11'0 ilk ima'ien.

,â€˘

LESSON XVIII' CONJUNCTIONS &

P~SITIONS

Vocabulary byoonin sinrui rekisi suugaku bunpoo ryoozi ryoozikan rnimikazari gekkyuu

--: --

matti migi

patient relatives histor'y mathematics grammar consul consulate earrings monthly salary matches right

hidari koohuku benri Ila huben na isogasii ki wo tuke. ' ru zutuu gla suru

iituke' ru kega wo suru

- left - happy, lucky - co nve nient - inconvenient - busy -

to take care to have a headache to command

to get hu rt

In the First Hook lYe presen ted 'the co njunctio ns in most frequent use, like: and (to, ya, sosite) , also (mo) , because (kara, nQ de) , but (ga, keredomo) , eltc. We shall add here a fell' more, all of whi ch are also empl oyed in everyday con· versation. AS -

toori ni or yoo ni

Ramos san \Va watasi ga itta yoo ni (toori nil kilvasita. Mr. Ramos came as I said. used.

When the' verh fo llows the conjunction only boori is Ni is omitted. • Watasi ga omotta toori desu. It is as I thought.

. AY( or SO)" LONG AS -

aida wa, uti wa

) • Alllc g-a huru aida w.a (uti Wla) dekakemasen.

) I shall not go out as long as it rains. 73

AS SOON AS : • ina yoa -

1. Ya -

after th e familiar present of verbs.

Tegami \\'0 dasu ya ina ya kaeril1lasita. I re turned as soon as I posted tne let ter. 2. Sidai -

after the second t rminatio n of verbs.

Tegami \vo dasi sidai k ae rimasita. I returned as soon as I posted the letter. 3. The subjun tive form of th e verb Tegami wo dasitara kaeri masi ta. I returned a soon as I posted the letter.

AFTER : Ato kara -

after a noun or a pronoun

Anata no ato kat1a mairil1lasu. I. sh 1\ go after yo u. Ato de, noti ni -

•after th e pa t tense of verbs

Hataraita ato de (Dlc>ti nil yasumil1lasita. After I had worked I rested. Kara -

after the subordinative of verbs

Hatarai te loara yasumimasita. After I had worked I re ted. ougi -

•

after the hour Hati zi sugi ni irassyai Come after eigh t 0' clock.

BEFORl.: preceding a vcrb whether present or p.ast is translated either by the familiar present followed by mae ni or by the fourth termination follo wed by nai uti ni. T aberu mae ni ne.te \Va ikemasen. Tabe-oai uti ni nete wa ikemasen. D on't go to bed before eating.

BESIDES -

hoka ni, sore ni, o-'i"ake ni, 50no ue

Aille ga hu rl! hoka ni taihcn s<lpllIi desu kant ikil11 asen. Ame ga hurim as u sore ni (o-make ni, sono ue ) taih en samu i desu kara ikilll ase n. shall nOtt go heca use it is raining, b side -, it is ve ry co ld. BOTH .... AND, NEITHER. ... NOR -

mo .... mo

Inu mo nek o roo dai suki desu. I lik e hath Ga t and dogs. Isu mo tukue mo ka ite \Va ik emase n. Buy nei ther the chair nor th e desk. OTHERWISE, ELSE -

de nai to, de nakereba.

O-isogi nasa i de nakereba kisya ]1o ma ni aim asen. Do hurry, oth erw ise you will ' miss th e train . TIiEN, AITER THAT -

sore kara.

Wata si wa sanpo ni itte sore kara kaerim aj ta. I took a wa lk, th en I return ed. THEN, IF THAT IS SO wa, de wa .

sore narn, sonnara, sore de

O naKa ga sukim asita. Sonnara (sore de ma l tabe nasai. I am h\mgry. Th en eat. THOUGH, ALTIiOUGH, EVEN : I. After a no un or a quasi-adj ectIve -

.I ) )

,de mo.

Tak ai zidoosya de roo kaim asyoo . T hough it is an expensive car I shall buy it . Tosi yori de mo t~yoi desu. Altho ugh old he is stro ng.

2. After adjecliv.!s and form - mo

verb '

their

ulJordinative

Zidoo 'ya wa takakute roo kaimasyoo. Though the car is expensive I will buy it. Aluta lI'a itte mo lI'a tasi wa ikimasen. Eve n if (although) you go I shall not.

WHENEVER -

liD itu de roo

Mango IVO taberu to itu de roo byooki ni narimasu. Whenever I eat mangoes I become ill.

ka, kill doo ka. Whether is al so tra11Slated by the affir m a~ive and negative forms of the verb followed by no ka

WHETHER -

- i tens it 11'0 lI ru ka sirimltse n. Z路te nsya wo uru ka doo ka sirimasen. Zi. nSJ<l . \\' 0 ul'u no k.a ura-n ai no ka ' irimasen. do l' knoll' wheth er he will sell th e bicycle (or no) ,

WHILE (DURING) -

aida ni, toki Di.

Inak;l ni sunda toki ni (aida ni ) m<Lsen desita.

inblln

IVO

yo rni-

didn't read the newsp;tpers \\'hile I li ved in the co untry. IltS seen from oille of the ahove exa'm pl es, so metimes the co njuncti on is not translated in J apanese, an equivalent co nstructi on tak ing it place. Other ins'tance of this omision arc th e con junction provided, inste ad of which, the affirmative 'uhjunctive may be u-ed, ami the conjunction unless, for wh ich Ih 路 negative lIhjllncl'ive m ay he sub tituted. Okane ga areba i u 11'0 kaillla lI . I shall hllY th e chairs provided I

h al~e mone,~

Okane ga nakereba i 1I 1I'0l;ain1a en. I Unle s I have money I hall not huy the chaid.

EXERCISES (I) Won't yo u take care as you promised? (2) it is as yo ur father comm anded. (3) I went to the f1ieatre as usual (translate as al ways). (4) As long as he has money he is happy. (5) As soon as I read this novel I shall lend ' it to you. (6) Before the doctor came The patient died. ( 7) I shall depart before my relatives come. ( 8) I have a headache, besides, I hurt myself, so I wo n' t go. (9 ) I shall leach both grammar and mathematics. (1 0 ) Neither the consul nor his wife were at the consul ate. ( 11) Both ( 12) Even my right hand and my l eft hand are palnful. if it is a convenient car don' l buy il. (13) I shall buy it even if it is inconvenient. ( 14) Even if the earrings are old 1 won't sell them. (15) Work we ll, oth erwise I won' t pay you your monthly salary. (16) Whenever my friend goes for a walk I go 100. ( 17) See whether there are matches ( 18) Whether it is' i~teresti ng or not or not in the kitch en. ( 19) ,' hile you were studying I want to read f~at book. algebra 1 was rea ing history. (20) Unless 1 am busy 1 go to the park everyday. (I) Yakusoku .sita yoo ni ki wo tukemasen ka. ( 2) ( 3) Itu mo no Anata no otoosan ga iitukela toori desu. toori sibai e mairirnasi ta. (+) Ano hito wa okane IVO motte (5) Kono syoosetu wo ,romi iru aida IVa koohuku desu. sidai, kasite agernasyoo. (6) O-isya ga k.uru mae ni bYl10nin wa sinde simaimasita. (7) Watasi no sinrui ga ko-nai uti ni dekakemasyoo. ( 8) Zutuu ga -suru hoka ni, kega IVO site imasu kara rnairil11asen. (9) Bunpoo rn o suugaku mo osiemasu. (10) Ryoozi san 1110 ok usarn a 1110 ryobzikan ni wa i rassy,a imasen desita. (11) ' Watasi no l11igi no Ie mo hidari no te mclitai desu: (12) Benri na zidoosya de mo katie wa ikern?,el1. (13) Huhen de 1110 kaimasyoo. (14) Mirnika(15) Yoku o-halaraki nasai zari w~ hurukule 1110 urima:sen. J )

de nakereba gekkyuu: wo haratte agemasen. (16) Tomodati ga sanpo ni iku to itu demo watasi mo ikimasu. (17) Daidokoro Ili matti ga aru k a doo ka goraLl nasai. (18) Omosirokute mo omosiroku-nakute mo 50no hon ga yomitai. (J 9)All ata ga daisuu wo benkyoo sila aida ~ (loki Ili路) walasi wa reki si wo YOll1imasita. (20, Isogassiku nakereba malniti kooen e ll1airill1asu.

LESSON XIX "

A FEW MORE PREPOSITIONS Vocabulary

dote suna hukuro hikidasi ko-yama kJoya iriguti ookami kitune sugata

ookisa bank sensoo sand tobi-iro-no bag tya-iro-no drawer midori-no hill ati koti hut entrance hurumau wolf ni'ru fox figure, form tigau appearance yorokobu

size war brown light brown green here and there, aU. about to behave to resemble to differ to rejoice

In the fi 5t book a list oft the most common prepositions was given; to this will be added now a. few 'mor~ which occur rather freq uently in Japanese every-day conversation. I. Abo ut (in reference to ) --..: ni tuite

Sensoo ni taite kikimasita ka. Have you heard about the war? 2. Al ong -

ni soote

Kawa no dote ni soote take ga haete imasu. Bamboo trees are growing along the banks I of the river. 3. By (meaning the agent) verb)

ni yotte (and a passive

Tegami wa otooto ni yotte kakarelnasita. The letter was wri tten by my brotl\er. 4. Except, but } ) 1

(wo) nozoite, no bolda wa

Hutari wo nozoite mina dekakemasita. Hutari no hoka wa mina dekakemasi ta. All excep t two departed.

)

5. Int o -

e or

Mizu 11'0 bin e (or nil irete kudasai. Please pour the water into the bottle. 6. Over ( * ), above (meaning more th an) -

izyoo

Ano onna wa m oo go-zyus-sai izyoo desu. That woma n is already over fifty. 7. Towards (ind icating direction) -

DiO

hoo e

Hikooki wa yama no hoo e tonde ikim asita. The airp lane flew towards th e mountains. 8. Towards (meaning to face ) -

muk1:1tte

Gakkoo Iva hatalce e mukatte imasu. The choo l looks towards the fie lds. 9. Tdwards (meaning wi th regard t<Âť

ni taisite

S, ntos san w,a doobutu ni taisite taihen si nsetu ni . hur OrR ai masu. Mr. a ntos behaves very kindly towa rds a nim als. 10. Within

hefore periods of- time) kan no uti ni, no aida ni, inai ni Hon wo san zi kan no uti ni (san zi kan no '!aida ni, sa n zi kan inai nil yomim asyoo. I shall read the book within three hours.

It should be borne in mind th at so metimes prepositions need .10t be translated. The fo ll owing sentences will serve tll illustrate this point: Watasi no koto wo hanasimasu ka. Are yo\! speaki ng abCJUt me? Ni-sa:no zy us-satu no hon ga hond ana ni arim asu. T here are between twenty and thirty books in the bookshe lf.

('t')

Ovor mO!Uling beyond - mukoo, and over meaning on upon ~ ( ' 0 ue, 1I.o\'c already heen given in the first book ' l

Kono enpitu wa iro ga tigaimaiu. These pencils differ in color. Ano Joobutu wa ookisa ga nite imasu. Those animals resemble each other in size. Ane no okane wa ni-sen peso desu. My elder sister's money amounts to two thousand pesos. Sore 11'0 kiite y.orokobimasita. I rejoiced upon hearing that. EXERâ‚ŹISES ( I) They a~e not talking about the same thing. (2) It is dangerous to play along the river bank. (3) By whom was the book wrillen? (4) Except thread there was noth(5) Please pu'l:, the sand into that br.own ing in the box. bag. (6) There are over seven pesos in that drawer. (7) Can you see the huts over that .hill? (8) 'Pretty green lan:terns are hanging .over the entrance. (9) That man went (10) My new house IDOks walking towards the post office. towards Manila Bay. (1 I) You must behave politely to(12) Will you finish the wDrk within wards the teacher. ( 13) I shall make it within a week. ( 14) The two days? wolf and the fox resemble each other in appearance. However, they differ in size a,nd color. (15) Mr. Lara was talking abou,t the war. ( 16) Does the sugar in that bag (17) I bought nothing eXFept a amount to five pounds ~ (18) I eat between two and, three Iight1-brown umbrella. dozen egg every week. (19) There were boxes all abDut the room. (20) I rejoiced at meeting Maria. (I) Ano hito-Ia!ti wa onazi koto ni luite hanasimasen. (2) Kawa no dote ni sDote asobu no wa abunlli. (3) Hon wa dare ni yotte kakaremasifa ka. (4) ltD 11'.0 nozoite hako ni o/a nani mo arimasen. (5) Suna 11'0 ano tobi-iro-I~o hukuro/e irete kudasai. (6) Sono hikidasi ni nana peso izyo') irimasu. (7) Ano ko -yama no mukoo ni koya ga miem,lsu ka. (8) Iriguti no ue ni kirei de midori no tyoDlin

)

ga sao'atte ima u. ('il) Ano kat a wa y uuhin kyoku no hoo e arllile ikimasita. (10) Watasi no atarasii uti \Va Manila" 'an e mukatte ima u. (I I) Sensei ni ta isi te teinei ni huru(12) Hutuka no aida ni sigoto mawa nakereba ikem asen. \1' 0 oemasu k a. ( I J ) Issyuukan no aida ni kosiraemasyoo. ( 1-1) 'Ookami to kitune wa suga ta ga nile imasu. Keredomo â€˘ iro ya ooki sa ga ti gaimasu. (1 5) Lara san wa sensoo no (1 6 ) Hukuro ni aru satoo \l'a go kol o IVO hanasile imasita. ( 17) T ya-iro-n o k asa IVO nozoite, rtani mo pondo de u ka. kaim<lsen desita'. (1 8) Mai-syuukull ni-san daasll 110 tamaÂˇ go IVO tabemasu. ( 19 ) Heya no ati- kDti ni hako ga arimasu. (2 0 ) Maria san ni alte yorokob imasita.

, (

LESSON XX, PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES Vocabulary ti denw.a yuri kado hana-ya asagohan abura sy>okuzi yabu oo-mizu arasi yubi

- blood - telepbone -lily - corner - fl ower shOl' - breakfast - oi l - mea l - thick et, jungl - flood torm - fin ger

binboo na

mekura no lOtto tumori desu kangae'ru

mazeoru yooi suru bikkuri suru -

poor, desti tute blind surely t o intend to thin k to mi x to prepare to be frightened or surprised

There is ill J apane quite a large 'n'u mhu of suffixes which, added t eith er complete 1I'0rds or to the stems of 1I'0rd-, serve to form nell' ones ol to g iv e some additlional mea ning 10 the old ones, Some of these suffi xes, lik e go ,(language) rasii (ish, Iy), zyuu (all lover, throughout), have already been give n ; here lI'e shall expla in so me others, th e o nes mos t fr~quently tmployed in eve ryday lang uage, Suffixes which are added to nouns: Darake means full of, covered with (oft~n used in a had sense) , doro- da~ake

i i-darake Ya -

mudd y (full of mud) stony (covere\i wilh sto ne)

means a 'hop or Ihe person who

I t th e sho p-ke eper

}

qucntly added: pan-ya par\:ya san

baker} baker

/ J

~eel'

th e shop,

th e one referred to, san is fre-

u ed to form the plu ral of some!

Domo, gata, tati, -

no uns: huzin &lata kodomo tati

ladies children

Suffixes added to the stem of true adjectives: means a tinge of the l\uality expressed by the adjective:

Mi -

akami -

a tinge of red

Sa - means th e gualit.l( in an abstract sense, it usually - refers to the deg ree of the quality:

nagasa Sugi'ru -

length

means an excess of Qle quality: ooki-sugi' ru -

too big

Sugi' ru .is nTs@ added to the seco nd termination of the.

ve rbs : iisugi"ru -

to talk in excess

Suffixes added to the second terminati on of verbs : Gake -

means whilst, on the way : Gakkoo e iki-gake ni -

On the way

school',

means that two actions are accomp lished iâ€˘ multaneously:

Nagal1a -

tabe-nagara yomu -

to read wh ile eating

mea ns that the action referred to is difficul t to accomplish :

Nikui -

â€˘ yomi-nikui -

difficult fo read

means tj1 at the action refe rred to has been recen tly accompl ished: '.

Tate -

umi-bte no tamago -

a new laid egg '

, \

Yasui or ii - means that the acti on referred to is easy, the opposite of nikui : yomi-yasui, yo mi-ii -

easy to read

Yoi - means that the thin g referred to is comfortable fo r th at actio n whi ch the verb signifies: sumi-yoi uti Verbal uffixes ot her vubs.

house comfortab le to live in

added to the seco nd termin ation of

Aw~ · ru

means together or to happen to ; kakaru as a suffix also me an to happen to : Nui-awase·ru - to sew toge th er (nuu mea n to sew) r oo ri-awasemasu or toori-kakiarirn,..su to happen to pa s.

Kakaru

o· dasu -

mea ns th aI' an action is ahout to start:

Huri-kakarimasu or hu ridasimasi1. T o s t ~r raining Naosu -

to do over again

Kangae-naosu mind

way of correction:

to think over aga in, change one 's

Tuzuke·ru -,- to co ntinue, to go o n, to keep on, to re main: Hatarak ituzukemasu -

to continue wo rking I

There i also a variety of prefixes in Japanese, a ·>few of the mo t co mm o n being: Iilki den -

aki-ya- an un occupied house denki, densya,' denwa, denpoo

empty, ope n electric ity

hu or bu - serves to form the negativ~ of some quasi- adjectives : hu sin etu na - unkind (

mai - every ko - Iitile myoo - tomorrow

mai-asa, mai-ban, mai-n iti ko-inu, ko-neko, ko.-yama myoo-niti, myoo-asa, myoo-ban

Joo- ame, oo-k aze ryoo-te, ryooasi rai - nex t, coming rai-ge tu, rai-nen sarai - th e one after next sallai-getu, sarai-nen sen - former, previous sen-getu, sen-nen

00 -

hig

ryoo - bo th

EXERCISES ( 'I ) \"' hen the chi'ld saw ~he blood-covered man, he was frigh tened. ( 2) I intend to buy so me lilies at th at corner f lower shop. (3) I f yo u ea t so much, surely yo u will beco me ill. (4) On his way back, the poor illimi llIan fell into the hrook. ( 5 ) I read the newspape r every morn ing while ( 6) I dislike book - which are difficult I have my breakfast. to understand. ( 7) These are very comfortab le hoes. (8) I wa nt to buy some fresh ly picked tomatoes. (9) Paco think s he will go. D ear me! Has he changed his mind agai n ? (1 0) You haa better go befolie it starts rain ing. ( I I) Shall' I,)' e mi x together the oil ami th e vinegar? (12) Why ivas (;ann en crying while prepari ng th e meal ? ( 13 ) See if there is an e,mply bottle in the cuphoard. ( 14) The little bi rds are singi ng in th e ~h icket. ( 15) On account of the fl ood and the storm, I sh.all not go to Pangasin an to(16) I hurt both of my feet besides the little fin morrow. ger of my l eft hand. (17) Wi ll yo u go to Pampanga next (19) Who month ? {'I 8) No, I already went la t week. is th e wo man standing by the teleph one? (J O) he is th e l ady who co mes every evening .

â€˘

r1)

Kodomo wa ti-d ar.nke no hito \\'0 mite, hikkuri simasita. ( 2 ) A no kado no hana-ya de y uri 11'0 kau tum ori desu. (3) Tabesugiru to, kitto byooki ni narim asu. (-I) Kaeri-gake ni tlinb oo de mekura no otoko wa ko-gawa e oti masita. (5) . Mai-asa asa-gohan wo tabe-nagara -i nhun 11'0 yo mimasu. ( 6 ) Wakari-nikui hon \Va kirai desu. (7) Kore wa hak i-yo i ku tu desu. ( 8 ) Tori-taite no tomato O'a kaitai desu. ( 9 ) Paco san wa'ik oo to k angact,\ in1a u. Oya! ano hito \Va mata kangae -n aosimasita ka. ( 101; AmI! ga huri dasu mae ni iku hoo ga ii. ( 11) Abura to !u wo

mazeawasemayoo ka. (1 2) Carmen., sa n wa syokuzi \vo ( 13) TOcla na ni akiyooi-s inagara naze nai te imasita ka. (1 4 ) Ko-t ori \Va yabu de naile bin ga aru ka goran nasai. ( 15 ) Oomi zu 10 arasi no lame ni myoo- nili Panim asu. "a inan e wa malrlmasen. (1 6 ) W atakusi wa ryooasi no ( I 7) hoka ni hidari no Ie no ko-yubi 11'0 kega sim asila. Raige tu I'ampanga e ir~sya m asu ka. ('1 8) li e, moo sen: SYUli mai rimasita. (1 9 ) D enwa no soba ni l atle irll onna \I路a dare desu ka. ( 20 ) Maiban irassyaru hu zi n de gozaimasli .

.f I

) 1

APPENDIX

( I

I ,

A REVIEW OF THE USES 01" IMPORTANT POSTPOSITIONS KARA 1. After a verb in the preseht or past tenses -

because '

Ame ga hurimasita kara ikimasen desita. I did not go because it rained. 2. After a verb in the subordinative -

after or since

Inaka e itte kara sensei ni aimasen. After (or' since) I went to the country I have not met the teacher. 3. After a noun or a pronoun -

from

(,a) Indicating a person: Kore wa imooto IGara moraimaiita. \ received this from my sister. (b) Indicating place: Tanbo kara mairimasita. I came from the rice field. (c) Indicating time: Asa roku zi kara hatarakimasu. I work from six o'clock in the morn\ng.

MADE -

until, till, up to

1. Indicating pl'llce:

Koko kara Antipolo made arukimasu. I shall walk from here to (up to, until) Antipolo. , 2.. lnaicating time: (

Asa kara ban made benkyoo simasita. 1 studied from morning till evening.

•• Note: Do not confuse made with macla which means yet, still. Macla wakai desu. He is sm·] young.

MO ·

After a noun or a pronoun: (a) Both ..... and (with an .affirmative verb) Rappa mo' taiko mo kaimasita. . ] b.ought both the trumpet and the drum. (b) Neither... ,.

nor

(with a negative v,erb)

Rappa mo taiko mo kaim'asen desita. ] bought neither the trumpet nor the drum. (e) ' Also, too

Watasi mo mairimasu. ], too, shall go. 'Suiyoobi !DO irassyamasu ka. Will y,ou come on Wednesday too? MOO

1. Before a numeral -

Moo hitotu kudasai.

Give me one more. 2. With a verb in the present tense -

about to

Arne ga moo hurimasu kara, kaerimasyoo. Let us return as it is about t'o rain.

3. With a verb in the past tense -

already

Moo sinbun

IVO yomimasita. I have already read the newspapers.

4. After' a verb or an aldjeetive in the subordinative even if, althougb , Ana.ta wa itiziku wo katte mo watasi wa ta~~masen. Even if you buy the figs ) won't eal them:r

'-, I{ingo

a umakute rno kall nasen. the al'pks are nice! I won't buy them.

Althllu.~h

NO 1. After nouns or pronoun in the po - cs ive case Walasi no tomoliati no tokei wa kirei desu. My friend's clock is pre tty. 2. In connectio n with the above no is used to t.ransl ate of Mani la D() toori wa semai desu. The streets of Manila are narrow. 3. BeI\\'een two noun, in apposition TOlllotiati no -Maria san ni mada aimasen ka. Have you not met yet my friend Maria? -I. llet\\'e~n an auxiliary numeral and the noun to which it refer5, > â€˘

Ni-hikl no uma g-a irinl:lsu. I need two horses. (Rememher that if the numeral follows the noun the no is omitted; U.ma ga ni-hi ki irimasu). 5. After a noun that indicates the material Âˇ of which somelhing is m.ade Kinu no kimono wa yasuk u arimasen. Silk dresses are not cheap_ 6. After an adjective or a verb, no is equiv.aienl to the one Siroi no ga suki desu. I like th e white one.

Mita no wa utukusi desu. The one I saw is beauti f ul. 7. After a verb and followed by desu, no se rves to ro und

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off the 'entente or it may signify intentio n or obligation,

â€˘

Kyookai e iku no desu, I go to church, or I mu t go to church, or I intend to go to c11urch, 8. AMer vhe subject of a subordinate clause (ga may' <Ilso be used in th is case, but not wa) Anata no (Or gal ueta syokobutu wa karete imasu .. The plants which yo u planted are withering.

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TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS In Japanese some verbs are exclusive:ly transitive, e. g.: nomu (to drink). yobu (to call), wasure'ru (to fo,rget), other- are exclusively intransitive, like: i'ru (to be), oyogu (to swim), teru (to shine), yorokobu (to rejoice). Bul there i - -till a third class of verbs which, descending from a common root, become differentiated and in their respective a-peets do service, the one ,as transitive, the other as intransitive. Thus, from the root sim arise the intransitive simaru am1 the transitive sime'ru (to close) : Man ga siti zi ni simarimasu. The gak cl'oses at even. Man wo siti zi ni simemasu, I shall close the gate at seven. Notice that the suhordinative of the intransitive followed hy imasu and the subordinative of th e tr<Ulsitive followed by arimasu have 1milar meanin"'s: Man g.a sim:tt'e im')su and Man ga simete arimasu hath mean: The gate has been closed or the ,!(,ate is closed. 'Ohserve, tOOl that many transitive verbs ,ending in su have a somewhat causa tiv e meaning: otosu to drop, to let fall Akatyan 11'0 'ot96ite wa ikemasen. Dont drop the haby (or Don't let the baby fall). Another thing worthy of notice is that an intransitive verh may he preceded hy the postposition wo, which4 as is already known, generall y follows the direct object. In this case, the noun followed hy w>o indicates the pl-ace where the action occurs: Suzume IVa niwa no ue wo tonde imasu. fI:.. sparrow is flying over the garden.' Si nce transitive and intr,ansitive cognates often sound and ' I O~) very much alike, beginners should be extremely carefu' in selecting th e one w hich properly expresses their mean, g. Fol'lowing are a few of the most comm on transitive lerlls with th eir respective intransitive cognates:

â€˘ TRANSITIVE VERBS Age'ru

to raise, lift up

Naze nedan 11'0 agcmasita ka. Wh y have you raised the price:

Mado IVO ,ilkemasu ka. Shall I ope n the "'indow? Anata no 1110no wo attllJ1emasita ka. Have you collecteJ your th in gs?

Ake'ru

to ope n

Atume'ru

to asse mble, coll ee! -

Hazime'ru

to begin

Hiroge'ru

to spread

Kiaesu

Kawakasu

to re turn (give back) to dry . â€˘

Kesu

to ex ingui sh, Akari 11'0 kesite kudasai. put Qut -, Please put out the light.

Korobasu

to knock down Aka tya n' IVO korobasite IVa ikemasen, tumble Don't knock down the bahy. down

Kowasu ( -

Sigo to \VO hazimete ku dasai. Please 'begin the work. Tatami 11'0 hirogemasu. 1 sp read the mat. Itu hon 11'0 kaesimasu ka. Wheil will you return the book? Kimono 11'0 Imwakasite ageinasyoo. I shall dry the dress for you.

Koppu wo kowasa nai de kud asai. Please don't break the gla ses.

to bre.ak

Kurusime'ru- to ,cause

Matigae' ru -

suffering, to \\'o rry, torment _to make a mistake

Naze neko 11'0 kurusimemasu ka. Why are you worrying the cat? Kusuri \VO matigaemasila. ' I mistook the medicine (t\'lk the wfong one). ]

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INTRANSITIVE' VERBS Agaru

to rise. go up

Kemuri wa sora made agarimasu. Smoke rises up to the sky.

Aku

to open

Atumaru

to assemble -

Hazimaru

to begin

Hirogaru

to sl'read

Kaeru

to return

K.awaku

to become dry -

to become, extinguished, Hi ga kiemasita. to vanish - The fire is extinguished. fall down, Kodomo IVa korobimasita. tumble - The cilild tumbled down.

Korobu

Koware'ru -

Kurusimu

Kyoo mon IVa akimasen . The gates will not open today. Hito bito wa siyakusyo ni atumarimasita. The people assembled at the municipal building. Yasumi \\'.a itu hazimarim3su ka. When does vacation begin? Kazi wa hayaku hwogarimasita. The conf'loagration spread .apidly. Itu uti e kaemnasu ka. W'hen will you return home ? Nodo ga karJakimasita. My throat is dry.' (I al11 thirsty ).

to be broken

Sara wa kowarete jl11as} . The dish is brokeQ.

to suffer, worry

Naze kurusinde. imasu ka. Why do you suffer?

be mistaken, wrong, different -

W.atasi IVa matigatte il11asita. I was mistaken.

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T~NSITIVE

Mituke'ru Nakusuru Naosu

Nekiasu

to find

Okane IVO mada mitukemasen ka. Have yo u not fo und th e money ye t ? - Kodomo gl ho n IVO nakusimasita. - . to lose The child lost the book. - to heal. mend, O isya IVa kega IVO naosimasita . repair - The doctor healed th e IVo und. -

to put to sleep

Nigasu

to Id escape, send away -

Nur,asu

to wa.t

Otosu

Odorokasu -

Okosu

Akatyan IVO nekasite kudasai . Please put the baby to sleep. Ano suri IVO nigasite wa ikemasen. Don't let th at pickpocket escape.

Kimono IVO nurasimasita ka. Did you IVet your dress? t let fa ll, Sara \90 oliosimasita. d,op .. ;- I dropp d the dishes.

to :, (IJnish, tartle -

KoplJm IVO odorokasite wa ikemase Don' t startle the ch ild.

to w~ke, raise up

Hati zi ni okosite kudasai. Please wake up at eight.

to stop

Sono zitensya wo tomete ku dasai. Please stop that bicycle. Tuzuke'ru -,to continue - Hanasi wo tuzukernasyoo ka. '. Shall I continue IVi th the story? - Te wo ugokasemasen. - to move Ugokasu I cann ot move th e hand . - to give b irth Hu tago wo umimasita. Umu to - She ga ve bi~t h to twi ns. - to burn - Tegami IVO yaite simaimasita. Yaku I burned th e letter. - to stop, cease, Biiru IVO yamemasita. Yame'ru gi ve up - I have given up beer. Tome'ru

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INTRANSITIVE

Mitukaru

. -:- to be found- Okane ga moo mitukarimasita. The money has alread) h~t!n found. Nakunaru - to become Hon ga nakunarimuita. lost, to die- The book is lost. Naoru - to get well, beEome Byoonin wa moo naorimasila. mended - The patient is already well. Ne'ru - to sleep, go Zyuu zi ni nemasita. to bed - 1 wen t to sleep at ten. Nige'ru

to escape.

Nure' ru

Oti'ru

to be or get wet to fan -

Odorolru

Oki'ru

Tomaru

Tuzuku

Ugoku

Umare'ru

ytake' ru

to be astonished, startled to awake, get up -

Syuzin wa nigete ikima ita. The. prisoner escaped. Kimono wa nurete im asu. The dress is wet. Vane kara otimasita. J fell from the roof.

" Kodomb wa odoroite nakimasit:l. Th e child was startled and crie.d.

Kesa hati zi ni okimasita. This morning I woke. up at eight. - Kisya wa doko de tomarimasu ka. to stop Where does the train stop ? to continue - Ame ga san-zi-kan tuzukimasita, The rain continued for tt-\'ee hou rs. to move - Asoko kara ugokanaide ku das.1 i. Please don ' t move from there, to be born - Doko de umarelll8Su ka. Where were you born ? to be burnt - Uti w,a yakete sirfnimasita. The house was burned down. Arne wa itu yamimasyo. to stop, When will the rain stop? cease

WHEN TO USE tHE VARIOUS TERMINATIONS USE THE FIRST: 1. for the familiar present: Kodomo wa yomu. The child reads. 2. For th e prc!'ent followed by no desu (no desu may be for emphasis or may serve merely to round off the sentence). Kodomo wa yomu no desu. The child reads. \

3. For the probable future: Kodomo wa yomu desyoo. T he chi ld will (probabl'Y) read . 4. For the coriaitio nal: Kodomo wa. yomu nara .... .. Kodomo wa yomu to .. .. .. [f the child reads ...... 5. For th e potential: Kodomo wa y\omu koto ga dekimasu The child ca n read . G. J3efore koto, mono, or no when the verb is subs tan'tivized : Kodomo wa yomu koto (mono, no) ga suki desu. The child likes to read .

7. Before tame ni: KodofllO IVa yomu tame ni hon IVO kaimasita. The child bought a book in 'Jrder to read. 8. Before tokoro desu: Kodomo wa yomu tokoro desu. The chlTd is about to read. 100

9. BeioretuJl1ori desu: "- od()Jl1() wa yomu tumori desu. The chil,1 intends to read. 10. Before halO desu:

KodoJl1o \\"a yomu hazu desu. The child ough t to read. I I. Before 500 desu:

Kodama \\"a yomu S()(l desu. It i sa id tilat the child reads. I~.

\3efore yoo desu: "- odomo \\'a yomu yoo desu. The child seems to read.

13. Before ni tiga i arimasen. r' KOllunlo wa yomu ni tigai arimasen. 路 The child un c'ouhtectl.v re,.ds. 路

USE TH E SECOND: I. For Ihe present ,Iffirmalive:

Kodama \\"a yomimasu. The chi ld reads. ~.

For the present negative: Kodomo \\'a yomimasen. The chi ld docs not read.

3. For the past affirmative: Kodama \\'a yoroimasita. The child read. 4) For the !1,l"l ne ga ti ve: ("

Kodomo wa yomimasen desita . The child did not read. 101

5. For the I'rob,& I.: future, affirmative: \"' atasi wa yomimasyoo. I hall probab ly read. 6. For th e prohalJ;e future,

n ~ga tiv e:

Kodama wa yomimasen desyoo. T he chi ld will probably not read. 7. For th e imper ative:

'0 yomi nasai, Please read.

yomi kudasai.

8. For th e imp er.ati ve , first person plural: Y'o mirnasyoo. Let us read. 9. For, the desiderative: Wata ~wa hon ga yomitai. I路want to read books. 10. For

the~lOnorifl'C

forms : .

o o

yomi naS3imasu, 0 }'\Omi de gozairnasu, yomi ni narimasu. You re ad.

11. Before ni .a nd a verb af motio n :

1~.

Koda ma lI'a yomi ni gak koo e ikimasu. The chi'\d goes to schoo l in orde r to read. Before nagara: Kodama wa -),ominagara ringo IVa tabete imasu. reaJing ~he child is eating the apple.

W~i1e

13. In combinati on with other verbs: H~dasu, toorikakaru. To start raining, to happen to pass.

14. In ' combination with ylasui, nikui, yoi, etc. Yomi-yasui. EasY' to read.

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...

•

•USE THE TI1IRD: for the ubordinative:

Kodomo IVa yonde iOlasu. The child 'is reading. Yonde kudasai. Please read. Yonde IVa ikel11asen. Don't read. Yonde 1110 ii desu. You may reall. Kodomo wa yonde kakimasu. The child reads and writes. KOl10mo wa yonde kara asobimasita. Aftt"r r~a.ding the child played.

•

':'

USElll! THE FOURTH:

1. For h~ presenl Ileo'aliv~ (.familiar): Kodomo wa yo~,,!,ai. The child does not read. 2.

For the past negative (famil·iar): KodoJllo wa yomanakatta. The child did not read.

3. For tho. imperative negative:

Yoma nai de kudasai.

Please do not read. 4. For the imperative afflrmative: Yoma nakereba ikemasen.

You must read. For the potential:

•

Kodomo wa yomaremasu. The cpild can read . 103

•

6. For the nega tive subordihative: Kodomo W~l hon wo yomanai de kaerimasita. Th e chil d returned Âˇ without reading the book. 7. For the co nditional negativt! (present): Kodomo wa yoma n'ai nam .... .. Kodomo wa yoma nai to .... .. Kodomo wa yoma nakereba .. .. .. If th e ch ild does not read .... .. 8. For th e co nditional negati ve (p as t): Kodo mo w,a Y0l7;lil nakattara ...... I f th e eh i1d did not read .. .... 9. For the ca usative : Wata i IVa kodomo ni yomasemasu . make th chilli read. --r-c.-

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104